Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

LECTURE NOTES ON
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV (KAS 302)
B.TECH. (CS)
SECOND YEAR (THIRD SEMESTER)

Module I
(Linear PDE with constant coefficients L4)

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh

Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Sciences and Humanities
United Institute of Technology, Naini, Prayagraj

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 1
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS

A partial differential equation in which the dependent variable and its derivatives appear only
in the first degree and are not multiplied together is called a linear partial differential
equation.
The general form of such an equation is
𝜕𝑛 𝑧 𝜕𝑛 𝑧 𝜕𝑛 𝑧 𝜕𝑛 𝑧 𝜕𝑛 𝑧
(𝐴0 𝑛 + 𝐴1 𝑛−1 + 𝐴2 𝑛−2 2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛−1 + 𝐴𝑛 𝑛 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑛−1 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑧 𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑧 𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑧 𝜕 𝑛−1 𝑧
+ (𝐵1 + 𝐵2 + ⋯ + 𝐵𝑛−2 + 𝐵𝑛−1 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑛−2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑛−3 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑛−2 𝜕𝑦 𝑛−1
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
+ ⋯ + 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝑃0 𝑧 = 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦) ⋯ (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
where the coefficients 𝐴0 , 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , ⋯ 𝐴𝑛−1 , 𝐴𝑛 ; 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵𝑛−2 , 𝐵𝑛−1 ; 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝑃0 are constants or
functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
If all these coefficients are constants then equation (1) is called linear partial differential
equation (PDE) with constant coefficients (CC).
If all the derivatives appearing in equation (1) are of same order, then the differential equation
is called a linear homogeneous linear PDE with constant coefficients while if all the derivatives
are not of same order, then it is called non – homogeneous linear PDE with constant
coefficients.

NON − HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR PDE WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS

𝜕 𝜕
Writing 𝐷 for 𝜕𝑥 and 𝐷′ for 𝜕𝑦 , equation (1) can be written as

𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) ⋯ (2)

If the polynomial 𝑓 (𝐷, 𝐷′ ) in 𝐷, 𝐷′ is not homogeneous, then (1) is called non – homogeneous
linear partial differential equation.
The complete solution of PDE (2) consists of two parts:
(i) Complementary function (CF) which is the complete solution of the equation
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 0. It must contain 𝑛 arbitrary functions, where 𝑛 is the order of the PDE.
(ii) Particular integral (PI) which is a particular solution (free from arbitrary functions) of
𝑓 (𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦)

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 2
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

And, the complete solution of PDE (2) is given by

𝑧 = 𝐶𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼
RULES FOR FINDING COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION
We resolve 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) into linear factors of the form (𝐷 − 𝑚𝐷′ − 𝑎).
If
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) = (𝐷 − 𝑚1 𝐷′ − 𝑎1 )(𝐷 − 𝑚2 𝐷′ − 𝑎2 )(𝐷 − 𝑚2 𝐷′ − 𝑎2 )(𝐷 − 𝑚4 𝐷′ − 𝑎3 )
(𝐷 − 𝑚4 𝐷′ − 𝑎3 )(𝐷 − 𝑚4 𝐷′ − 𝑎3 ) ⋯ (𝐷 − 𝑚𝑛−1 𝐷′ − 𝑎𝑛−2 )(𝐷 − 𝑚𝑛 𝐷′ − 𝑎𝑛 )
Then, the complementary function is given by
𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 ∅𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙)
+𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 ∅𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙) + 𝒙𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 ∅𝟑 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
𝐶𝐹 = +𝒆𝒂𝟒𝒙 ∅𝟒 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟒 𝒙) + 𝒙𝒆𝒂𝟒 𝒙 ∅𝟓 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟒 𝒙) + 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝟒𝒙 ∅𝟔 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟒 𝒙)
⋮
𝑎𝑛−1𝑥
{ +𝑒 ∅𝑛−1 𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛−1 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∅𝑛 (𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛 𝑥 )
(

where ∅1 , ∅2 , ∅3 , ⋯ , ∅𝑛−1 , ∅𝑛 are arbitrary functions.

RULES FOR FINDING PARTICULAR INTEGRAL

The Particular Integral (PI) of the PDE 𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )𝑧 = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is given by
𝟏
𝑷𝑰 = 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚)
𝒇(𝑫, 𝑫′ )
Case I: 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚
1 1
′
𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)

If 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 then
1 1 1 1
𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 ; 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
′
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝜕 𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷 ′ ) 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷
OR
1 𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚
1 𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚
1 𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚
1
𝒆 = 𝒚 𝒆 = 𝒚 𝒆 = 𝒚 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 ; 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) 𝜕 𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷 ′) 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷′
According to the highest powers of 𝐷 and 𝐷′ i.e. if highest power of 𝐷 is greater than 𝐷′, we
use first formula and if highest power of 𝐷′ is greater than 𝐷, we use second formula.

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 3
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

Similarly, if 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 then

1 𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 𝟐
1 𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 𝟐
1
𝒆 = 𝒙 𝒆 = 𝒙 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ ) 𝜕 ′ 𝑓′′(𝐷, 𝐷 ′)
𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷 )
𝜕𝐷
1
= 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 ; 𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏)
OR
1 1 1
𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚
′
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝜕 ′ 𝑓′′(𝐷, 𝐷 ′)
𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷 )
𝜕𝐷′
1
= 𝒚𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 ; 𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0
𝑓′′(𝑎, 𝑏)
and so on.

Question (1): Solve the PDE 𝒔 + 𝒂𝒑 + 𝒃𝒒 + 𝒂𝒃𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚 where the symbols have their
usual meanings.
Solution: We have given that
𝒔 + 𝒂𝒑 + 𝒃𝒒 + 𝒂𝒃𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
⟹ +𝒂 +𝒃 + 𝒂𝒃𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
⟹ (𝑫𝑫′ + 𝒂𝑫 + 𝒃𝑫′ + 𝒂𝒃)𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚
⟹ [𝑫(𝑫′ + 𝒂) + 𝒃(𝑫′ + 𝒂)]𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚
⟹ (𝑫′ + 𝒂)(𝑫 + 𝒃)𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚
⟹ (𝑫 − 𝟎𝑫′ + 𝒃)(𝑫′ − 𝟎𝑫 + 𝒂)𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚 ⋯ (𝟏)
𝝏 𝝏
where 𝑫 ≡ and 𝑫′ ≡
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

Comparing (𝑫 − 𝟎𝑫′ + 𝒃)(𝑫′ − 𝟎𝑫 + 𝒂) with(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟏 )(𝑫′ − 𝒎𝟐 𝑫 − 𝒂𝟐 ), we get

𝒎𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒂𝟏 = −𝒂, 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝒂𝟐 = −𝒃
The complementary function of PDE (𝟏) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙) + 𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒚 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒚)
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝟎𝒙) + 𝒆−𝒃𝒚 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟎𝒚) = 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝒆−𝒃𝒚 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1 1
𝑃𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑛𝑦
(𝐷 + 𝑏)(𝐷′ + 𝑎) (𝑚 + 𝑏)(𝑛 + 𝑎)

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 4
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

1 1
{∵ ′
𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0}
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ) 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
The complete solution of PDE (𝟏) is
𝒛 = 𝑪𝑭 + 𝑷𝑰
𝟏
⟹ 𝒛 = 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝒆−𝒃𝒚 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙) + 𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒏𝒚
(𝒎 + 𝒃)(𝒏 + 𝒂)
where 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 are arbitrary functions.

Question (2): Solve the PDE 𝑫(𝑫 − 𝟐𝑫′ − 𝟑)𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚 .

Solution: We have given that
𝑫(𝑫 − 𝟐𝑫′ − 𝟑)𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚
⟹ (𝑫 − 𝟎𝑫′ − 𝟎)(𝑫 − 𝟐𝑫′ − 𝟑)𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚 ⋯ (𝟏)
𝝏 𝝏
where 𝑫 ≡ 𝝏𝒙 and 𝑫′ ≡ 𝝏𝒚

Comparing (𝑫 − 𝟎𝑫′ − 𝟎)(𝑫 − 𝟐𝑫′ − 𝟑) with(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟏 )(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟐 ), we get

𝒎𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟐, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟑
The complementary function of PDE (𝟏) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙) + 𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝟎𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝟎𝒙) + 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙) = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1 1 1
𝑃𝐼 = ′
𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 = − 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝐷(𝐷 − 2𝐷 − 3) 1(1 − 2(2) − 3) 6
1 𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚
1
{∵ 𝒆 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙+𝒃𝒚 ; 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) ≠ 0}
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷 ′ ) 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
The complete solution of PDE (𝟏) is
𝒛 = 𝑪𝑭 + 𝑷𝑰
𝟏
⟹ 𝒛 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙) − 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚
𝟔
where 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 are arbitrary functions.

Case II: 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)

1 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 )

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 5
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

If 𝑓 (−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) = 0 then

1 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝜕
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷
1
=𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓′(𝐷 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 )
2

1
=𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0
𝑓′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 )
OR
1 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝜕
𝑓(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷′
1
=𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓′(𝐷 2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 )
1
=𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0
𝑓′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 )
According to the highest powers of 𝐷 and 𝐷′ i.e. if highest power of 𝐷 is greater than 𝐷′, we
use first formula and if highest power of 𝐷′ is greater than 𝐷, we use second formula.

Similarly, if 𝑓′(𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 then

1 𝟐
1
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝜕
𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷
1
= 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓′′(𝐷 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 )
2

1
= 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓′′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0
𝑓′′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠0
OR
1 1
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝜕
𝑓′(𝐷, 𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷′
1
= 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚)
𝑓′′(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 )
1
= 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓′′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0
𝑓′′(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠0
and so on.

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 6
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

Question (3): Solve the PDE (𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫𝑫′ + 𝑫′ − 𝟏)𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) .
Solution: We have given that
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫𝑫′ + 𝑫′ − 𝟏)𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
⟹ (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏 − 𝑫𝑫′ + 𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
⟹ [(𝑫 + 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝟏) − 𝑫′(𝑫 − 𝟏)]𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
⟹ (𝑫 − 𝟏)(𝑫 + 𝟏 − 𝑫′)𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
⟹ (𝑫 − 𝟎𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝟏𝑫′ + 𝟏)𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚) ⋯ (𝟏)
𝝏 𝝏
where 𝑫 ≡ 𝝏𝒙 and 𝑫′ ≡ 𝝏𝒚

Comparing (𝑫 − 𝟎𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝟏𝑫′ + 𝟏) with(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟏 )(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟐 ), we get

𝒎𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 = −𝟏
The complementary function of PDE (𝟏) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙) + 𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝟏𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝟎𝒙) + 𝒆−𝟏𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟏𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝒆−𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐷2
− 𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ − 1
1
= sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
−(1)2 − (−(1)(2)) + 𝐷′ − 1
1 1
{∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0}
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 )
1
⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
−1 + 2 + 𝐷′ − 1
1 1
= sin(𝑥 + 2𝑦) = − cos(𝑥 + 2𝑦)
𝐷′ 2
The complete solution of PDE (𝟏) is
𝒛 = 𝑪𝑭 + 𝑷𝑰
𝟏
⟹ 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚) + 𝒆−𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒙) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)
𝟐
where 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 are arbitrary functions.

Question (4): Solve the PDE (𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟐)𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚) .

Solution: We have given that

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 7
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

(𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟐)𝒛 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚) ⋯ (𝟏)

𝝏 𝝏
where 𝑫 ≡ 𝝏𝒙 and 𝑫′ ≡ 𝝏𝒚

Comparing (𝑫 − 𝟏𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝟏𝑫′ − 𝟐) with(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟏 )(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟐 ), we get

𝒎𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐
The complementary function of PDE (𝟏) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙) + 𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝟏𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝟏𝒙) + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟏𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)
1
= sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝐷2 − 𝐷𝐷 ′ − 2𝐷 − 𝐷′ 𝐷 + 𝐷′2 − 2𝐷′ − 𝐷 + 𝐷′ + 2
1
= 2 sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝐷 − 2𝐷𝐷 + 𝐷′2 − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ + 2
′

1
= sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
−(2)2 − 2(−(2)(3)) + (−(3)2 ) − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ + 2
1 1
{∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0}
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 )

1
⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
−4 + 12 − 9 − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ + 2
1
= sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
−3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ + 1
1 (3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ ) + 1
=− { } sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
(3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ ) − 1 (3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ ) + 1
(3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ ) + 1
=− sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
(3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ )2 − 1
(3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ ) + 1
=− sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
9𝐷2 + 9𝐷′2 − 18𝐷𝐷′ − 1
(3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ ) + 1
=− sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
−9(2)2 + 9(−(3)2 ) − 18(−(2)(3)) − 1
(3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ + 1)
=− sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
−36 − 81 + 108 − 1

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 8
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

1
= (3𝐷 − 3𝐷′ + 1) sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)
10
1
= [3𝐷 sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) − 3𝐷′ sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)]
10
1 𝜕 𝜕
= [3 sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) − 3 sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)]
10 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
1
= [3.2 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) − 3.3 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)]
10
1
= [6 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) − 9 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) + sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)]
10
1
= [sin(2𝑥 + 3𝑦) − 3 cos(2𝑥 + 3𝑦)]
10
The complete solution of PDE (𝟏) is
𝒛 = 𝑪𝑭 + 𝑷𝑰
𝟏
⟹ 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚) − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚)]
𝟏𝟎
where 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 are arbitrary functions.

Question (5): Find the particular integral of (𝟐𝒔 + 𝒕 − 𝟑𝒒) = 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚) .
Solution: We have given that
(𝟐𝒔 + 𝒕 − 𝟑𝒒) = 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)
𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
⟹𝟐 + 𝟐−𝟑 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
⟹ (𝟐𝑫𝑫′ + 𝑫′ 𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫′)𝒛 = 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚) ⋯ (𝟏)
The particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = 5 cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
2𝐷𝐷′ + 𝐷′ 2 − 3𝐷′
1
=5 cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
2(−(3)(−2)) + (−(−2)2 ) − 3𝐷′
1 1
{∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚) ; 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 ) ≠ 0}
𝑓(𝐷2 , 𝐷𝐷′ , 𝐷′2 ) 𝑓(−𝑎2 , −𝑎𝑏, −𝑏2 )
5
⟹ 𝑃𝐼 = cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
12 − 4 − 3𝐷′
5
= cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
8 − 3𝐷′

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 9
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

5 8 + 3𝐷′
= { } cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
8 − 3𝐷′ 8 + 3𝐷′
5(8 + 3𝐷′)
= cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
82 − (3𝐷′)2
40 + 15𝐷′
= cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
64 − 9(−(−2)2 )
40 + 15𝐷′
= cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)
100
1
= [40 cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦) + 15𝐷′ cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)]
100
1 𝜕
= [40 cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦) + 15 cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)]
100 𝜕𝑦
1
= [40 cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦) − 15(−2) sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)]
100
1
= [4 cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑦) + 3 sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑦)]
10
Case III: 𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive integers
𝟏
𝑷𝑰 = 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏 = [𝒇(𝑫, 𝑫′ )]−𝟏 𝒙𝒎 𝒚𝒏
𝒇(𝑫, 𝑫′ )
𝐷′
which can be evaluated after expanding [𝒇(𝑫, 𝑫′ )]−𝟏 in ascending powers of ( 𝐷 ) (when 𝑚 >
𝐷
𝑛) or (𝐷′ ) (when 𝑚 < 𝑛) or 𝐷 or 𝐷′ as the case may be.

If a separate constant is present in [𝒇(𝑫, 𝑫′ )]−𝟏 then it should be given preference in

taking the term outside the bracket. It is to be noted that if particular integral is obtained by
expanding [𝒇(𝑫, 𝑫′ )]−𝟏 in two or more different ways, then difference in particular integral will
be immaterial.

Question (6): Solve the PDE (𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟐)𝒛 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙−𝒚 + 𝒙 .

Solution: We have given that
(𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟐)𝒛 = 𝒆𝟑𝒙−𝒚 + 𝒙 ⋯ (𝟏)
𝝏 𝝏
where 𝑫 ≡ 𝝏𝒙 and 𝑫′ ≡ 𝝏𝒚

Comparing (𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟐) with(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟏 )(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟐 ), we get

𝒎𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒎𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 10
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

The complementary function of PDE (𝟏) is given by

𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙) + 𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = (𝑒 3𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 )
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)
1 1
= 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ ′
− 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷 − 2) (𝐷 − 𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)
′

= 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
Now,
1
𝑃1 = 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑦
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)
1
= 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑦
(3 − (−1) − 1)(3 − (−1) − 2)
1 3𝑥−𝑦
= 𝑒
6
And,
1
𝑃2 = 𝑥
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 − 𝐷′ − 2)
1
= 𝑥
𝐷 − 𝐷′
[1 − (𝐷 − 𝐷′ )]2 [1 − (
2 )]
−1
1 𝐷 − 𝐷′
= [1 − (𝐷 − 𝐷′ )]−1 [1 − ( )] 𝑥
2 2
1 𝐷 − 𝐷′
= [1 + (𝐷 − 𝐷′ )] [1 + ( )] 𝑥
2 2
1 𝐷 𝐷′
= (1 + 𝐷 − 𝐷′ ) (1 + − ) 𝑥
2 2 2
1 𝐷 𝐷′ 𝐷2 𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷′2
= (1 + − + 𝐷 + − − 𝐷′ − + )𝑥
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 3
= (𝑥 + − 0 + 1 + 0 − 0 − 0 − 0 + 0) = (𝑥 + )
2 2 2 2
Thus,
𝑃𝐼 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 11
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

1 3𝑥−𝑦 1 3
= 𝑒 + (𝑥 + )
6 2 2
The complete solution of PDE (𝟏) is
𝒛 = 𝑪𝑭 + 𝑷𝑰
𝟏 𝟑𝒙−𝒚 𝟏 𝟑
⟹ 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + 𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + 𝒆 + (𝒙 + )
𝟔 𝟐 𝟐
where 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 are arbitrary functions.

Question (7): Solve the PDE (𝑫 + 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 + 𝟐𝑫′ − 𝟑)𝒛 = 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 .

Solution: We have given that
(𝑫 + 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 + 𝟐𝑫′ − 𝟑)𝒛 = 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 ⋯ (𝟏)
𝝏 𝝏
where 𝑫 ≡ 𝝏𝒙 and 𝑫′ ≡ 𝝏𝒚

Comparing (𝑫 + 𝑫′ − 𝟏)(𝑫 + 𝟐𝑫′ − 𝟑) with(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟏 )(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟐 ), we get

𝒎𝟏 = −𝟏, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟐, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟑
The complementary function of PDE (𝟏) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙) + 𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 − 𝒙) + 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
(𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 1)(𝐷 + 2𝐷′ − 3)
1
= (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
(1 − 𝐷 − 𝐷′ )(3 − 𝐷 − 2𝐷′ )
1
= (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
𝐷 − 2𝐷′
[1 − (𝐷 + 𝐷′ )]3 [1 − (
3 )]
−1
1 ′ −1
𝐷 − 2𝐷′
= [1 − (𝐷 + 𝐷 )] [1 − ( )] (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
3 3
1 ′ ] [1
𝐷 − 2𝐷′
[
= 1 + (𝐷 + 𝐷 ) +( )] (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
3 3
1 𝐷 2𝐷′
= (1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷′ ) (1 + + ) (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
3 3 3
1 𝐷 2𝐷′ 𝐷2 2𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷𝐷′ 2𝐷′2
= (1 + + +𝐷+ + + 𝐷′ + + ) (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 12
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

1 4𝐷 5𝐷′ 𝐷2 2𝐷′2
= (1 + + + + 𝐷𝐷′ + ) (4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦)
3 3 3 3 3
1 4 5
= ((4 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑦) + (3) + (6) + 0 + 0 + 0)
3 3 3
= 6 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦
The complete solution of PDE (𝟏) is
𝒛 = 𝑪𝑭 + 𝑷𝑰
⟹ 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 − 𝒙) + 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙) + 𝟔 + 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚
where 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 are arbitrary functions.

Question (8): Solve the PDE (𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫′𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟑𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚 .

Solution: We have given that
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫′𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟑𝑫′ )𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚
[(𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫′𝟐 ) − 𝟑(𝑫 − 𝑫′ )]𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚
[(𝑫 − 𝑫′)(𝑫 + 𝑫′) − 𝟑(𝑫 − 𝑫′ )]𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚
(𝑫 − 𝑫′ )(𝑫 + 𝑫′ − 𝟑)𝒛 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚 ⋯ (𝟏)
𝝏 𝝏
where 𝑫 ≡ 𝝏𝒙 and 𝑫′ ≡ 𝝏𝒚

Comparing (𝑫 − 𝑫′ − 𝟎)(𝑫 + 𝑫′ − 𝟑) with(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟏 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟏 )(𝑫 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑫′ − 𝒂𝟐 ), we get

𝒎𝟏 = 𝟏, 𝒂𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒎𝟐 = −𝟏, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟑
The complementary function of PDE (𝟏) is given by
𝑪𝑭 = 𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝒙 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒙) + 𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒙)
⟹ 𝑪𝑭 = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒚 + 𝒙) + 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒇𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒙)
And particular integral of PDE (1) is given by
1
𝑃𝐼 = (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦 )
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ )(𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 3)
1 1
= 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ )(𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 3) (𝐷 − 𝐷′ )(𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 3)
= 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
Now,
1
𝑃1 = 𝑥𝑦
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ )(𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 3)

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 13
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

1
= 𝑥𝑦
𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′
𝐷 (1 − 𝐷 ) (−3) (1 − ( 3 + 3 ))

−1 −1
1 𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′
= (1 − ) (1 − ( + )) 𝑥𝑦
−3𝐷 𝐷 3 3
2
1 𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′
= (1 + ) (1 + ( + ) + ( + ) + ⋯ ) 𝑥𝑦
−3𝐷 𝐷 3 3 3 3
2
1 𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′ 𝐷 2 𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′
= (1 + ) (1 + + + ( ) + ( ) + 2 … ) 𝑥𝑦
−3𝐷 𝐷 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′ 2𝐷𝐷′
= (1 + ) (1 + + + ) 𝑥𝑦
−3𝐷 𝐷 3 3 9
1 𝐷 𝐷′ 2𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷′ 𝐷 𝐷′ 𝐷′ 𝐷′ 2𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷′
= (1 + + + + + + + ) 𝑥𝑦
−3𝐷 3 3 9 𝐷 3 𝐷 3 𝐷 9 𝐷
1 𝐷 𝐷′ 2𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷′ 𝐷′
= (1 + + + + + ) 𝑥𝑦
−3𝐷 3 3 9 𝐷 3
1 𝐷 𝐷′ 2𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷′ 𝐷′
= (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦)
−3𝐷 3 3 9 𝐷 3
1 𝑦 𝑥 2 1 𝑥
= (𝑥𝑦 + + + + 𝑥 + )
−3𝐷 3 3 9 𝐷 3
1 𝑦 2𝑥 2 𝑥 2
= (𝑥𝑦 + + + + )
−3𝐷 3 3 9 2
1 𝑦 2𝑥 2 𝑥 2
= ∫ (𝑥𝑦 + + + + ) 𝑑𝑥
−3 3 3 9 2
1 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 2𝑥
=− ( + + + + )
3 2 3 3 6 9

And
1
𝑃2 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
(𝐷 − 𝐷′ )(𝐷 + 𝐷′ − 3)
1
= 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝐷2 − 𝐷′2 − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 14
 Mathematics IV (KAS 302) Module I Linear PDE with constant coefficients

1
=𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
𝜕
(𝐷2 − 𝐷′2 − 3𝐷 + 3𝐷′ )
𝜕𝐷
{ ∵ (1)2 − (2)2 − 3(1) + 3(2) = 0}
1
=𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
2𝐷 − 3
1
=𝑥 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
2(1) − 3
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
Thus,
𝑃𝐼 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2
1 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 2𝑥
=− ( + + + + ) − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥+2𝑦
3 2 3 3 6 9

The complete solution of PDE (𝟏) is

𝒛 = 𝑪𝑭 + 𝑷𝑰

𝟑𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒙𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝟐𝒙
( ) ( )
⟹ 𝒛 = 𝒇𝟏 𝒚 + 𝒙 + 𝒆 𝒇𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒙 − ( + + + + ) − 𝒙𝒆𝒙+𝟐𝒚
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 𝟗
where 𝒇𝟏 and 𝒇𝟐 are arbitrary functions.

Dr. Ravindra Pratap Singh, Assistant Professor, UIT, Naini, Prayagraj Page 15