Region VIII

Province of Southern Leyte

San Juan National High School
San Jose, San Juan, Southern Leyte

THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF GLOBAL WARMING

FOR RICE FARMERS IN THE YEAR 2022-2023

In Fulfillment
of the Academic Requirement in
Practical Research II

Presented to:
Mr. Leonardo Servillejo Jr.

Presented By:
Malubay, Kurt Justin J.
Medilo, Angelo James G.
Morales, Christine B.
Nuez, Trisha Jade B.
Onita Rosemarie I.
Pacat, Jellian Mae S.
Paldo, John Dave G.
12 STEM-B
 ABSTRACT

This research explores the economic effect of global warming on rice farmers

in the year 2022-2023 in Barangay Himos-onan Saint Bernard Southern Leyte. To

gathered data, out of 39 registered rice farmer’s that reside in Barangay Himos-onan,

the researchers randomly selected the 15 to be the respondents of the survey. Through

the statistical method called Descriptive Statistics, Content Analysis then transitioned

to Narrative analysis to analyze the data gathered, crop yields, farm income, it

investigates the direct and indirect effect of global warming on the livelihoods of rice

farmers of and the challenges faced and potential adaptation strategies. The research

results showed that there is significant relationship between global warming, crop

yields and farm income in the economic effect of rice farmers. The results revealed

the specific challenges do rice farmers in changing the climate conditions, disease in

crops and insects affecting crops. The findings aim to contribute valuable insights for

policymakers and stakeholders in crafting sustainable measures to mitigate the

adverse effects on this crucial agricultural sector.

Keywords: Crop yields reduction, farm income, economic effect for rice farmers,

global warming
 CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Global warming causes a series of economic issues that threat to human

survival. Human society has experienced several adverse consequences caused by

global warming, and affects various sectors of society. Among those sectors the most

affected of global warming are farmers, who are connected to the environment and

dependent on stable weather patterns for their livelihoods. This study is to aims the

specific effect of global warming on rice farmers in the year 2022-2023.

Global warming is a worldwide issue, and its effect on agriculture have far

reaching consequences. Understanding these effect helps farmers to understand the

specific challenges or opportunities may they face due to global warming. This study

is to aim and evaluate the effect of global warming for farmers and to provide

information that can support agricultural practices. The economic effect of global

warming for rice farmers in the year 2022-2023 aims to identify the consequences of

global warming on agriculture providing insights to support farmer’s livelihoods.

Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather such as heavy rainfall have

influenced crop yields. Global warming such as extreme weather, unexpected

temperature and rainfall fluctuations cause several significant risks to the agro-

economy, TO Ojo et al. (2021). Crop failures and reduced productivity have been

observed in various regions, affecting the income and livelihoods of farmers. A rise in

rainfall has an adverse effect on food crops except for pulses, however it has a
positive relationship with non-food crops throughout the study period, Rajud G.

(2020).

This study is specifically focused on the year 2022-2023, ensuring it captures

the most recent data and events related to global warming and its economic

implications for farmers. Many existing studies might be based on older data or cover

a broader time frame, which may not accurately represent the current situation. This

study uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses to provide a more

understanding of the economic effect of global warming. Quantitative data will help

in assessing economic losses and gains, while qualitative data will capture the

experiences and perspectives of farmers.

This study conduct interviews and surveys with rice farmers to understand their

experiences and perspectives in global warming. Evaluate the outcomes and make

recommendations for improvements. The study can address potential gaps and

provide a more comprehensive and understanding of the effect of global warming on

rice farmers in the year 2022-2023, contributing to more effective strategies. The

findings showed the economic effect of global warming on rice farmers, it also shows

some gaps in the research. The data that were gathered may not enough which hints

that further study into strategies that farmers use and the effectiveness of the strategies

in avoiding the negative economic effect of global warming on their livelihoods are

needed. Addressing these gaps in the findings can help to a more better on

understanding and the development of a more well-structured solution to help the

farmers have more resilience in the face of global warming.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the economic effect for rice farmers in the year

2022-2023 in Barangay Himos-onan Municipality of Saint Bernard, Province of

Southern Leyte.

Specifically, the researchers sought to answer the following questions:

1. What specific challenges do rice farmers face in changing the climate

conditions?

2. How does global warming affect rice farmers in terms?

2.1 Crop yields, and

2.2 Farm income?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no significant relationship between global warming, crop yields and farm

income in the economic effect of rice farmers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study of the impact of global warming on farmers in the year 2022-2023

give information and can benefit the farmers, government, environmental

organization, rural communities and future researchers.

Farmers – The research findings help to understand the specific challenges and

opportunities they face due to global warming during this period. This study

empowers farmers to make decisions about crop selection and adopt strategies to
make decisions about crop selection and adapt strategies to optimize their yields and

economic stability.

Government – The findings in this study would help the government by gaining

insights into the economic implications of global warming for farmers.

Environmental Organization – the findings in this study can support their effort to

promote climate action, conservation, and sustainable agriculture.

Rural Communities – The findings in this study give information to the rural

communities where many farmers reside, by gaining insight into potential impact on

their livelihoods.

Future Researchers – The findings in study serve as their reference in the conduct of

future relevant researches.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Crop yields reduction

Economic effect for rice farmers
Farm income

Global Warming

This study revolves around three variables, first is Crop yields reduction and

second is Farm income which is affected by another variable called Global Warming.

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s theory about the decline of

crop yields and farm income caused by global warming which made crops dry and

made it expensive to maintain had a significant economic effect for farmers. Crop
yields reduction caused by global warming which made the earth too hot that made

the crops dry and made it expensive to maintain as they have to buy more materials to

maintain the crops. It also caused significant drops in farmer’s income and reduced

crop yields which made products much more expensive, Prevention Web (2023).

These two variables greatly affect the economic for farmers at Barangay Himos-onan,

Saint Bernard Southern Leyte in the year of 2022-2023.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The study aims to identify the consequences of global warming on agriculture,

evaluate the effect of global warming for farmers and to provide information that can

support agricultural practices. The study is conducted in the year 2022-2023 to the

registered farmers lived in Barangay Himos-onan Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following are the terminologies found in this research paper, which are

defined conceptually and operationally, respectively.

Global Warming. A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's

atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of

carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

In this research it is one of the enemy in our environment, it can cause overheat that

can affect the plants and make the plants dry.

Agriculture. The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for

the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other

products.

In this research agriculture it all about the crops and income of the farmers.

Farmers. A person who owns or manages a farm

In this research farmers is the person who's taking care the farm, they plant and sell

crops in the market.

Economic Effect. A financial effect that something, especially something new, has

on a situation or person.

In this research economic effect is talks about the effect of global warming to the

income of farmers.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Crop Yields Reduction

Md Shakhawat Hossain, et al., (2019) Marginal impact estimates suggest that

increase in temperature and rainfall will lead to increase in net income from crop

farming. Aung Tun Oo, et al., (2020) Climate change has severe impacts on

agricultural production in this region. Moreover, changes in the precipitation patterns

increase the likelihood of crop failures in the short-run and production declines in the

long run. Dhurba Neupane, Pramila Adhikari, et al., (2022) Climate prediction models

suggest that agricultural productivity will be significantly affected in the future. The

expected rise in average global temperature due to the higher release of greenhouse

gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere and increased depletion of water resources with
enhanced climate variability will be a serious threat to world food security. Ojo, T., &

Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2021, August 1). Climate Change Perception and Its Impact on

Net Farm Income of Smallholder Rice Farmers in South-West, Nigeria. Journal of

Cleaner Production.

Farm Income

Ayano and Maja (2021) that Rapid population expansion is a major cause of

environmental deterioration and threats to sustainable natural resource use. Overuse,

intensive farming, and land fragmentation lead to depletion of resources, reduced

fallow season, soil fertility, and decreased farm income. Landless or small farms

encroach on forests, causing carbon source-sink dynamics and food insecurity.

Hussain et al., (2020) that due to rapid climate change, many abiotic factors such as

rainfall, drought, flooding, temperature and solar radiations are severely affecting the

production of rice at various growth stages. However, mitigating and adaptation

strategies such as alternate wetting and drying, inter cropping with short term

vegetation, limiting chemical fertilizers by precise farming, usage of rice cultivars

with low methane emission, improved tillage, recycling of farm waste into organic

fertilizers, and by developing integrated rice farming system, are needed to hinder

greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields. The large changes have taken place in

smallholder farming systems in South Asia’s coastal areas in recent decades,

particularly related to cropping intensity, input availability, climate risks, and off-farm

activities. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which these changes

have impacted farm-level crop productivity, which is a key driver of food security and

poverty in rainfed, low-input, rice-based systems. Shah-Al Emran, (2022).

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

Mixed method research design was used in this study to provide a

comprehensive understanding and to determine the economic effect of global

warming for rice farmers in the year 2022-2023. This type of design combines both

quantitative and qualitative approaches to offer a clear understanding of the economic

impact of global warming to the farmers.

RESEARCH LOCALE

This study will be conducted at Barangay Himos-onan Saint Bernard,

Southern Leyte.

RESEARCH RESPONDENT

The respondents of this study are the registered rice farmers lived in Barangay

Himos-onan Saint Bernard Southern Leyte. The respondents consisting of fifteen (15)

registered rice farmers to answer the questionnaire.

SAMPLING METHOD

Out of 39 total population of registered rice farmers that reside in Barangay

Himos-onan, a sample size of 15 were used. Samuel J. Stratton, MD,MPH (2021),

Convenience sampling, it is not costly, not as time consuming as other sampling

strategies, and simplistic. When used to generate a potential hypothesis or study

objective, convenience sampling is useful.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In this study, the researchers will be using questionnaires to gather the needed

data. According to Lindermann (2023), questionnaires offer structured and uniform

responses, making the analysis process more streamlined and less time-consuming.

The instrument is convenient for the parts of both researchers and respondents

because it saves the respondents some time. Besides, the respondents were farmers.

They could read and answer the questionnaire with ease. The researchers prepared

their own questionnaire. The questionnaire contains two kinds of questions: the first

part is a dichotomous question, and the second part is an open-ended question. Open-

ended inquiries demand the respondent provide their own response in their own

opinions, while the dichotomous questions, which are typically closed-ended,

“yes/no” inquiries (SmartSurvey,n.d.), The copies of the questionnaire were then

distributed personally by the researchers to the respondents.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

After the researcher-made survey questionnaire was validated, the researchers

multiplied it accordingly to the desired population that is needed for the research. At

the same, approval was sought from the principal’s office and from the subject teacher

to conduct the survey outside school premises. Approval was also sought from

barangay captain to conduct the survey on the desired respondents in barangay

Himos-onan Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte. After using convenience sampling

method to select 15 respondents for this survey, the survey questionnaire were

delivered personally to the respondents and ask for their approval before conducting

the survey. The researchers explained the details and assisted the respondents to help
them accomplish the questionnaires. The questionnaires were retrieved on the same

day they were answered. The results of the retrieved copies of the survey

questionnaire were tabulated using spreadsheet or excel and ensuring confidentiality

of the answers. Then the data were analyzed and interpreted through the use of

appropriate data analysis method that is suited for this research.

DATA ANALYSIS

To analyze the data we collected through survey questionnaires, we used

statistical methods called Descriptive Statistics, Content Analysis then transitioned to

Narrative Analysis. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the annual income

and crop yields of farmers from the years 2022-2023. Researchers used content

analysis to identify, analyze, and categorize key concepts from the answers that were

gathered from the survey questionnaire in a form of percent’s or numbers (Politz,

2023), Furthermore we transitioned to narrative inquiry after analyzing the contents

and single-handedly picked that fits within the criteria that will relate to the research

that are answered by the respondents to further analyze and interpret the respondents

experiences or responses about the questions that were stated in the questionnaire

(LibGuides: Qualitative Study Design: Narrative Inquiry, n.d.). Confidentiality were

ensured at the gathered data to protect the respondent’s privacy.

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the results of the study are presented and discussed with the

reference to the aim of the study, which was to determine whether global warming has

an economic impact to the farmers of Barangay Himos-onan, Saint Bernard, Southern

Leyte. The data collected from 15 respondents of our survey, with confidentiality

ensured, and are virtually presented using bar graph for dichotomous responses.

Subsequently, Descriptive Statistics, Content Analysis and Narrative Inquiry serve as

our primary data analysis methods to further analyze and interpret the open-ended

responses.

Table 1

Q1: Have you heard about global warming?

Q2: Do you think the climate of this barangay is different than it was 25 years ago?

Q3: Have you ever noticed a disease in crops (rice)?

Q4: Have you noticed an increased incidence of insects in the crops?

Q5: Is your annual income stable?Q6: In the year 2022-2023, did you experience any

of the climate-related challenges in your farm?

 Chart Title
16

14

12

10

0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

Yes No

Overall, the news of global warming is known by all 15 respondents in

Barangay Himos-onan, Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte, it shows awareness within the

community of farmers. This awareness offers a better advantage, providing a

foundation of effective strategies to combat climate-related concerns. According to

the 15 respondents in Barangay Himos-onan, Saint Bernard, Southernt Leyte, the

climate of their barangay was different that it was 25 years ago. It shows that the

global warming is really a serious problem that’s just not affecting the farmers of

barangay Himos-onan but also the whole world. Not only the farmers experienced a

bad experience just from global warmings, they also experienced their crops having a

disease which could lead to a great loss for their crops. Because of global warming the

acceleration of reproductive rates of insects lead to an increased incidence of insects

in the crops which greatly affected the crops of the farmers. Forchler, B. (2021).

Global warming caused the farmers some great damages in their crops which then

resulted to less crops being sold, and caused a an instability of their annual income.
All of the farmers experienced climate-related challenges in their farm. It is also

evident as shown in the previous graphs that they are suffering from climate related

challenges from the year 2022-2023.

Table 2

Descriptive Statistics of tables 1-6

Percentage Percentage
Question Yes No
of Yes of No
1. Have you heard about global warming? 15 0 100% 0%
2. Do you think the climate of this barangay
is different than it was 15 0 100% 0%
25 years ago
3. Have you ever noticed a disease in crop
15 0 100% 0%
(rice)?
4. Have you noticed an increased incidence
15 0 100% 0%
of insects in the crops?
5. Is your annual income stable? 0 15 0% 100%
6. In the year 2022-2023, did you experience
any of the climate- 15 0 100% 0%
related challenges on your farm?

Q1.

All 15 respondents are aware of global warming, indicating a high level of

awareness within the community.

Q2.

All 15 respondents believe that there has been a change in the climate, suggesting

a unanimous perception of climate change.

Q3.

All 15 respondents have observed diseases in crops, emphasizing the prevalence

of this issue in the community.

Q4.

All 15 respondents have observed an increase in insect incidence, indicating a

shared concern about pest-related challenges.

Q5.

None of the respondents reported having a stable annual income, suggesting

potential economic challenges within the community.

Q6.

All 15 respondents experienced climate-related challenges in the specified period,

highlighting the widespread impact on farming activities.

In this part, the open-ended questions and their respective responses will

be presented.

Q1. Provide name of the disease in crop.

For question number 1, the respondents mostly have the same experiences in

facing one common crop diseases which is known as “Tungro” that affect the

cultivation of crops for the rice farmers. Tungro is a viral disease affecting rice plants

mostly in Southeast Asia, leading to the stunted growth, yellowing of leaves and

reduced yield (Tungro - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank, n.d.) . The repeated mention of

Tungro among the respondents shows the negative effect for the crops which hinders

crop growths and affecting the crop yields and income of the farmers.

Q2. Provide a name of insects that affect the crops.

For question number 2, the respondents also have some common problems

which are insect infestation that affect their crops, such as “Pijingaw” (Rice bug)

leptocorisa oratorius. Rice bug damage rice by sucking out the contents of
developing grains from pre-flowering spikelets to soft dough stage. Rice bug are

found in all rice environment (Rice bug - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank, n.d.),

“Blackbug” (Scotinophara coarctata). Black bugs remove the sap of the plant. They

can cause browning of leaves, dead heart, and bug burn causes stunting in plants,

reduced tiller number, and formation of whiteheads. On severe cases, black bugs

weaken the plant preventing them from producing seeds (Black bug – IRRI Rice

Knowledge Bank. (n.d.), and “Pilipis”. Some respondents also experience some

insects in their crops which are named “Alibangbang puti”, and “Baobao”. These

insects greatly pose threats to farmers crop yields and the cost of maintaining their

crops.

Q3. Provide climate related challenges you experience on your farm.

For question 3, the respondents said some common experiences about climate

related challenges on their farms which includes excessive heat, unexpected weather

conditions, lack of water supply, and also strong winds. These challenges negatively

affected the crop growth and the health of crops making it difficult for farmers to

maintain crop yields which results to a decrease in income.

Q4. How would you describe the overall effect of these global warming-related

challenges on your farming activities and income in 2022-2023?

For question number 4, the respondents described the effect of global warming

to their farms, income and crop yields. They said on how hard it was to maintain their

crops, they also experienced a decrease in crop yields, and losses in income due to

unexpected weather conditions. This showed that global warming must be faced

seriously and prepare some farming strategies to combat global warming.

Q5. Have you experienced any economic losses or gains as a result of the global

warming related challenges in 2022-2023?

For question number 5, most of the respondents said that they experienced

economic losses because of global warming-related challenges. Facing such factors

like decreased crop yields, increased costs for buying fertilizers and pesticides, and

increased price on the market regarding some goods for maintaining crops greatly

contribute these losses.

Q6. If you’ve experienced economic losses, please estimate the approximate

percentage decrease in your income in 2022 compared to 2023?

For question number 6, respondents gave their estimations regarding of the

decrease on their income in the year 2022 compared to 2023, with percentages

ranging from 2% to as high as 80 % with an average decrease of 23%. This shows the

severity of the situation experienced by the farmers due to global warming-relating

challenges.

Q7. What specific aspects of your farming activities were most affected by global

warming in 2022-2023?

For questions number 7, some aspects of farming activities that were greatly

affected by global warming which the respondents commonly face are the problem of

their water irrigation system, lack of water supply, crops getting damaged from pests

and diseases, and challenges in planting and harvesting because of the unstable

weather conditions.
Q8. What are the agricultural practices you may use in order to make solutions?

For question number 8, respondents showed some agricultural practices that

may effectively combat global warming, the following are: Increasing water supply

through a good water irrigation system, using good and appropriate fertilizers and

pesticides, according to Crop Protection Technologies Aid in fight against climate

change – Pesticide Facts. (2021, June 25). Fertilizers and pesticides also help to

reverse by improving soil health and better sequeer carbon, on the other hand using

hybrid seeds to make crops last longer and the advantages of planting hybrid rice are

increased of yield, vigor (which means them more competitive with weed) and

increase resistance to diseases and insect, (Hybrid rice – IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank.

(n.d.).

Q9. How effective these agricultural strategies been in minimizing the impact of

global warming on your farming activities?

For question number 9, among the respondents answers varies from their

perception depending on factors such as the price of the fertilizers and other farming

materials, how they manage their crops, and the environmental conditions. They also

said that the agricultural practices that they follow were very effective in minimizing

the negative effects of global warming, and most of them said that it was highly

effective in challenges and improving crop yields. While some of them have mixed

results depending on the factors mentioned above.

CONTENT ANALYSIS

Disease in Crop:

Tungro

Insects Affecting Crops:

Pijingaw, Black bug, Pilipis, Bao-bao, Alibangbang puti, Rice bug

Climate-Related Challenges on the Farm:

Changes in temperature (increased heat)

Variability in weather conditions (sudden shifts in temperature, wind, and rain)

Lack of water Supply

Overall Effect of Global Warming-Related Challenges on Farming Activities and

Income:

Negative effect on farming activities

Economic losses due to climate-related challenges

Unpredictability in weather affecting crop yields

Economic challenges due to the cost of inputs (e.g., expensive fertilizers and

medicines)

Economic effect Questions:

Stability of annual income: Unstable for all respondents (15 no)

Economic losses experienced by respondents: Ranges from 2% to 80%

Factors contributing to economic losses: Climate-related challenges affecting crop

yield and quality

Agricultural Practices for Solutions:

Use of fertilizers and medicines to address disease and insect infestations

Water management practices, including water pump installation

Hybrid seed usage for resilience

Increased supply of fertilizers

Farming Strategies:

Responses vary, but generally, the strategies are perceived as effective in

minimizing the impact of global warming on farming activities.

Positive feedback on the use of hybrid seeds, increased fertilizer supply, and

medicinal applications.

NARRATIVE INQUIRY

The community of farmers of barangay Himos-onan, Saint Bernard, Southern

Leyte faced a lot of challenges due to the effect of global warming. Here’s a more

detailed list of their experiences:

Crop Hurdles

The farmers shared the same story about a crop disease known as “Tungro”

that cause a threat to their rice field or crops. And they also faced some insects which
are called Pijingaw, Black bug, Pilipis, Alibangbang puti, Baobao, each causes a

threat to the crops of the farmers. These insects caused damages on their crops which

are also affected by global warming as the fast reproduction of instects are caused by

global warming. Forchler, B. (2021).

Unexpected Weather Changes

Weather patterns became unpredictable due to global warming, with a sunny

day it will suddenly rain. The farmers described their experiences as a bad experience

and caused a financial instability to them because of the damage it brought to their

crops. The unexpected weather changes caused a great effect to their agricultural

routines.

Financial Setbacks

The financial setbacks caused by global warming to farmers were the same for

most of them. Farmers share the same financial hardships, showing that 2%-80% with

an average of 26% income loss were caused by global warming to their crops. This

climate-related challenges became a huge wall for farmers but it also made them to

adapt and seek ways to combat the consequences of global warming.

Effect on Farming Livelihoods

Diving further into their stories, there is a vulnerability of cultivating rice. The

lack of water supply, drying of soil under the influence of global warming held down

the crop growth and yields. The struggles they faced because of this global warming

are holding them back for having a better livelihood.

Resourceful Farming Strategies

Still, in front of these hurdles, the willpower to pursue on farming their

community still held on. Strategies for combating global warming came out of their

stories. From careful selection of fertilizers, a proper amount of crop medicine, and

the adaption of hybrid seeds lead to survival of crops.

Effectiveness of Farming Strategies

The strategies they made came out with great effectiveness. With proper

planning they made it possible to prolong the life of the plants during adversaries,

using hybrid seeds, fertilizer, and pest management they achieved success on their

farming strategies.

SUMMARY

The study in Barangay Himos-onan, Southern Leyte, a survey was conducted

to determine how global warming is affecting rice farmers economically. The survey

of 15 respondents revealed that all farmers were aware of global warming and

unanimously believed that the climate had changed over the past 25 years. The effect

of global warming on their crops was significant, with reports of diseases like Tungro

and increased insect incidents, such as Pijingaw and Black bug, all attributed to global

warming. Unfortunately, none of the farmers reported having a stable annual income,

and all faced climate-related challenges in 2022-2023, indicating a negative effect on

their livelihoods and income.

The farmers described their struggles clearly, mentioning the unpredictable

weather and financial instability due to the damages on their crops caused by global

warming. The data collected of economic losses of farmers ranged from 2% to 80%
with an average of 26%, with variables like climate-related challenges affecting both

crop yield and income of the farmers. Despite these challenges, the farmers

demonstrated resilience by adopting various strategies, including the use of fertilizers,

medicines, water management practices, and hybrid seeds. While the effectiveness of

these strategies varied, farmers generally found success with measures like increased

fertilizer supply, pointing towards the importance of adaptive farming practices in

lessening the effect of global warming.

Furthermore, the study illuminated the harsh realities faced by rice farmers in

Barangay Himos-onan due to global warming. The economic effect on their

livelihoods was evident, with the community experiencing with crop diseases, insect

infestations, and unstable incomes. The information shared by the farmers showed a

list of their challenges, but also showed their resourcefulness and determination to

find effective solutions. This study shows the urgent need for sustainable and climate-

resilient agricultural practices to safeguard the livelihoods of these farmers in the face

of ongoing climate change.

In conclusion, there is an extreme economic impact of global warming on crop

yields and income of farmers. The stories from Barangay Himos-onan farmers show

that the changing climate is messing with their crops and, as a result, their income.

Picture this: diseases attacking their crops, unpredictable weather making it hard to

grow things, and all of it leading to less money in their pockets. Even though these

hardworking farmers are trying smart ways like using better fertilizers and new seeds,

the economic struggle is real. It's a wake-up call for all of us to support these farmers

with sustainable solutions so they can keep making a living despite the challenges of a

warming world.
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, it present the summary ,findings, conclusion derived in the study

which was to aim the economic effect of global warming to rice farmers in the year

2022-2023. Also in this chapter recommendations are offered.

SUMMARY

The problem under consideration involves crop yields and farm income. This

study aim to determine the economic effect of global warming for rice farmers in the

year 2022-2023. This study also involves the specific challenges do rice farmers in

changing the climate conditions. A mixed method research design was used to

comprehensively understand and determine the economic effect of global warming on

rice farmers in the year 2022-2023. This design combines both quantitative and

qualitative approaches to gain a clear understanding of the impact of global warming

on the farmers. The study will take place in Barangay Himos-onan Saint Bernard,

Southern Leyte, with the respondents being registered rice farmers from that area. A

sample size of 15 out of the total population of 39 registered rice farmers in Barangay

Himos-onan was selected. Convenience sampling was used as a cost-effective and

time-efficient strategy for selecting the respondents. After validating the researcher-

made survey questionnaire, approval was obtained from the principal's office, the

subject teacher, and the barangay captain. The questionnaires were personally

delivered to the respondents, who were given the opportunity to provide their

approval before participating. The completed questionnaires were collected on the

same day, ensuring confidentiality. The data from the retrieved questionnaires were

tabulated using spreadsheet or excel, and appropriate data analysis methods were

employed to analyze and interpret the results. To analyze the data collected from

survey questionnaires, we employed several statistical methods. Initially, we utilized

Descriptive Statistics to summarize the annual income and crop yields of farmers

between 2022 and 2023. Next, Content Analysis was employed to identify and

categorize key concepts from the survey responses using percentages or numbers

(Politz, 2023). Following this, we transitioned to Narrative Analysis, selecting

responses that met the research criteria to further analyze and interpret the experiences

of the respondents (LibGuides: Qualitative Study Design: Narrative Inquiry, n.d.).

Confidentiality measures were implemented to safeguard the privacy of the

respondents.

FINDINGS

The findings of the study were summarize according to the statement

of the problem stated in chapter 1.

1. What specific challenges do rice farmers face in changing climate

conditions?

The findings from the data collected on the survey that was conducted on the

farmers of Barangay Himos-onan, Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte, and shows that

farmers faced several challenges in facing global warming. These challenges have in

common for most farmers such as crop diseases like Tungro and an increased

incidence of insects like Pijingaw and Black bug. Furthermore, the lack of water
supply in their area greatly affected their crop yields, income, and their overall

livelihood negatively. Some farmers use hybrid seeds and they make their own water

irrigation system to make their crops last longer from the effect of global warming.

2. How does global warming affect rice farmers in terms of Crop yields and

Farm income?

The data analysis showed a significant economic effect of global warming on

rice farmers in Barangay Himos-onan. Global warming caused a decrease in their

annual income from the year 2022 to 2023, with reductions ranging from 2% to 80%

and an average decrease of 23%. This results shows the severity of the situation and

an urgent need for new various strategies are needed to avoid more negative economic

effect on farmers.

a. Crop Yields

The findings from the data collected on the survey that was conducted

on Barangay Himos-onan showed that global warming has greatly affected the

crop yields on rice farmers in the area negatively. Some diseases like Tungro

and increased incidence of insects like Pijingaw and Black bug in particular

damages the crops of the farmers which contributed to decreased crop yields

among farmers. These challenges affected the rice farmer’s productivity and

their overall economic sustainability.

b. Farm Income

Global warming has given a negative effect on farm income for rice

farmers in Barangay Himos-onan. The data collected from the survey showed

a decrease in their annual income highlights the vulnerability of rice farmers to

climate-related issues and showing the need.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings of the study the data collected from a survey conducted

on rice farmers in Barangay Himos-onan, Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte revealed

several challenges faced by rice farmers in changing climate conditions. Overall, the

study indicates significant challenges, including crop diseases like tungru, increased

incidence of insects like pijangaw and Black bug, and the lack of water supply in the

area greatly affected crop yields, income, and overall livelihood negatively. These

challenges can affect the crop yields, disrupt planting and harvesting seasons, and

contribute to water undersupply. Enough fertilizer and crop medicine could be an

alternative strategy to reduce the effect of global warming to the farmer’s livelihood.

The hybrid seeds could be an improvement to the gains of the rice farmers,

improvements of water irrigation system where can reduce the problem of water

supply. Measures and economical practices are crucial to reduce these effects and

support the resilience of farmers in the face of global warming.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results and conclusions of study the Following recommendations are

offered.

1. It is hoped that the Department of Agriculture will provide enough and

effective fertilizer and crop medicine to the rice farmers, as a farming strategy

to reduce the effect of global warming to their livelihood.

2. It is hoped that the Department of Agriculture will provide hybrid seeds to the

rice farmers.
3. It is hoped that the Department of Agriculture will increase the budget for the

construction of more and well-structured water irrigation system, so that the

rice farmers will not the find any difficulty in water supply.

4. It is hoped that the Department of Agriculture will conduct a symposium or

seminar for rice farmers to gain more knowledge about global warming and

what are the strategies can be used to reduce the effect of global warming to

their economic status.

5. The researchers who would like to depend our study, locate the other factors

that global warming can affect rice farmers when it comes to their economic

status.
REFERENCE

Bhasin, H. (2023, June 12). Dichotomous Question: Definition, Importance and

Examples. Marketing91. https://www.marketing91.com/dichotomous-
question/

Black bug – IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.).

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/
inscts/item/black-bug
Clandinin, D. J., & Huber, J. (2010, January 1). Narrative Inquiry. Elsevier eBooks.
https://doi.org/10.116/b978-0-08-044894-7.01387-7

Content Analysis Method and Examples | Columbia Public Health. (2023, March 30).
Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health.
https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-
methods/content- analysis#:~:text=Content%20analysis%20is%20a
%20research,words%2C%20 themes%2C%20or%20concepts.

Crop Protection Technologies Aid in fight against climate change – Pesticide Facts.
(2021, June 25). Pesticide Facts. https://pesticidefacts.org/perspectives/crop-
protection-technologies-aid-in-fight-against-climate-change/

Edgar, T. W., & Manz, D. O. (2017, January 1). Exploratory Study. Elsevier eBooks.
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-805349-2.00004-2

Emran S-A, Krupnik TJ, Aravindakshan S, Kumar V, Pittelkow CM (2021)

Factors contributing to farm-level productivity and household income
generation in coastal Bangladesh’s rice-based farming systems. PLoS ONE
16(9): e0256694 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256694

Hassan, M. (2023, August 15). Research Findings - Types Examples and Writing
Guide. Research Method. https://researchmethod.net/research-findings/

Hayes, A. (2023, March 21). Descriptive Statistics: Definition, Overview, Types,

Example. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/descriptive_statistics.asp

Hossain, M., Arshad, M. U., Lu, Q., Zhao, M., Mehmood, Y., & Kachele, H.
(2019, October 1). Economic Impact of Climate Change on Crop Farming in
Bangladesh: An Application of Ricardian Method. Retrieved November 11,
2023, from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106354

Hussain, S., Huang, Huang, J., Ahmad, S., Nanda, S., Anwar, S., Shakoor, A., C, Z.,
 Zhu, L., Cao, X., Jin, Q., & Zhang, J. (2020, January 1). Rice Production
Under Climate Change: Adaptations and Mitigating Strategies. Springer
eBooks. Retrieved November 12, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
030-49732-3 26

Hybrid rice – IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.).

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/crop-establishment/
item/hybrid-rice-fact-sheet

Jamieson, S. (2013, December 16). Likert scale | Social Science Surveys &
Applications. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Likert-Scale

LibGuides: Qualitative study design: Narrative inquiry. (n.d.).

https://deakin.libguides.com/qualitative-study-designs/narrative-inquiry

Maja, M. M., & Ayano, S. F. (2021). The impact of population growth on natural
resources and farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change in Low- Income
countries. Earth Systems and Environment, 5(2), 271-283.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00209-6

Maja, M. M., & Avano, S. F. (2021, March 16) The Impact of Population Growth on
Natural Resources and Farmers Capacity to Adapt to Climate Change in Low-
Income Countries. Earth Systems and Environment. Retrieved November 6,
2023, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748- 021-00209-6

Neupane, D., Adhikari, P., Bhattarai, D., Rana, B., Ahmed, Z., Sharma, U., &
Adhikari,
D. (2022, January 7). Does Climate Change Affect the Yield of the Top Three
Cereals and Food Security in the World? Earth. Retrieved November 11, 2023,
from https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3010004

Qie. T., & Baixegiulu, L. J. S. (2021, August 1). Climate Change Perception and Its
Impact on Net Farm Income of Smallholder Rice Farmers in South-West,
Nigeria Journal of Cleaner Production. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.1016/i jelepro 2021.127373

Ojo, T., & Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. (2021, August 1). Climate Change Perception and Its
Impact on Net Farm Income of Smallholder Rice Farmers in South-West,
Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127373

Oo, A. T., Van Huylenbroeck, G., & Speelman, S. (2020, January 9). Measuring the
Economic Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production in the Dry Zone of
Myanmar: A Ricardian Approach. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from
hJanuary 7ttps://doi.org/10.3390/cli8010009

Rice bug – IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.).

 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/
insects/item/rice-bug

The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Insect Pests | National Library of

Medicine. (221, May 12). National Center for Biotechnology Information
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8150874/
Tungro - IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank. (n.d.).
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-
management/diseases/item/tungro

Region VIII
 Province of Southern Leyte
San Juan National High School
San Jose, San Juan, Southern Leyte

Survey Questionnaire: The Economic Effect of Global Warming

For Rice Farmers in the year 2022-2023

Thank you for participating in this important survey. Your insights are
valuable for understanding the economic challenges faced by farmers due to global
warming in the year 2022-2023. Your responses will remain confidential.

Name of the Farmer: _______________________________ Age:|____________

Yes No
1. Have you heard about
global warming?
2. Do you think the
climate of this place is
different that it was 25
years ago?
3. Have you ever noticed
a disease in crop (rice)?
If yes please provide
the question no.1
4. Have you noticed
increased incidence of
insects in the crops?
If yes please provide
the question no. 2
5. Does your annual
income is sustaining?
6. In the year 2022-2023,
did you experience any
of the climate-related
challenges on your
farm? If yes provide
question no.3

1. Provide the name of the disease in crop.

2. Provide the name of insects in the crops.

3. Provide climate-related challenges you experience on your farm.

4. How would you describe the overall effect of these global warming-related
challenges on your farming activities and income in 2022-2023?

5. Have you experienced any economic losses or gains as a result of the global
warming related challenges in 2022-2023?

6. If you've experienced economic losses, please estimate the approximate

percentage decrease in your income in 2022 compared to 2023?
7. What specific aspects of your farming activities were most affected by global
warming in 2022-2023?

8. How effective have these agricultural strategies been in minimizing the impact
of global warming on your farming activities?

9. What are the agricultural practices you may use in this problem in order to
make solution?