67 MIDDLE EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN ISSN 2694-9970

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Impact of Subsidy Removal on Supervision of Schools in Nigeria

Gregory, D. M
Department of Science Education, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria,
[email protected]

Esenyin Adekunle Benjamin

[email protected]

ABSTRACT
This paper examined the impact of subsidy removal on supervision of schools in Nigeria. Secondary
data collected from both print and online publications were used for the paper. The paper
established that subsidy removal in Nigeria affected supervisor’s job performance and led to
increment in supervision resources. The paper recommended that the federal and state government
should increase funding of education and more priority should be given to schools supervision.
Government should provide more buses and cars for supervisors and subsidize supervision resources
to enable effective school supervision in Nigeria.

KEYWORDS: Subsidy Removal, Supervision of Schools.

Introduction
Subsidy is conceptualized by CPPA, (2012) as deliberate attempt by the government to support a
chosen economic agent – a consumer and a producer and it can be applied in any market that
involves the buying and selling of products and or services. Haley and Haley (2013) pointed out that
subsidies are provided in diverse formats, encompassing direct assistance such as cash grants and
interest-free loans, as well as indirect support such as tax exemptions, insurance coverage, low-
interest loans, accelerated depreciation, and rent rebates. It is any measure that keeps the prices
consumers pay for a good or product below market levels for consumers or for producers.
Onyeizugbe & Onwuka, (2012) observed that in the 1970s, subsidy was introduced into the Nigerian
economy. Fuel subsidy means that a fraction of the price that consumers are supposed to pay to enjoy
the use of petroleum products is paid by government so as to ease the price burden. The Nigerian
government have been subsidizing petroleum products for Nigerian for about five decades now. The
subsidy payment regime in Nigeria have been plagued with corruption, mismanagement and
diversion of funds (Ogunode & Chukwuemeka 2023). Also, Subsidy payment has negatively
affected the entire Nigerian economy. Research has it that the Federal Government of Nigeria has
spent over N3.5tn on petrol subsidies in 2022. The former Finance Minister, Zainab Ahmed
Akabueze noted that fuel subsidies often had a huge impact on the economy and the lives of the
people ((Punch, 2022a; Punch, 2022b; Punch, 2022c; Ogunode, & Ukozor, 2023)”
The negative impact of subsidy payment on the Nigerian economy and the high rate of corruption in
the regime made many Nigerians called for subsidy removal or stoppage. Subsidy removal is defined
by Ogunode, & Aregbesola (2023) as the official termination of subsidies on goods and services that
are enjoying subsidies before. Subsidy removal is a policy to end subsidy payment on goods and
services within a country. Subsidy removal is an official elimination of subsidy on products formerly
subsidized. Subsidy removal is the decision of government or institutions to stop payment of subsidy
on products or services previously subsidized. Subsidy removal is the stoppage of subsidy regime in

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an institutions or country. Subsidy removal is the policy of liberating the prices of goods and service
to be regulated by forces of demand and supply (Ogunode, et al 2023). The Nigerian government in
May 29, 2023 announced the removal subsidy on petroleum products. This announcement led to
increase in the general prices of goods and services and increment in transportation fare (Ogunode &
Ojochenemi, 2023; Project Clue. 2023; Sunday Sun. 2023). The increment in transportation fares
affected all workers in Nigeria both public and private institutions staff this is because majorities
depend on cars and buses for daily transportation to offices.
It affected educational management and sub-educational programme like supervision. Alfonso et al
in Ogunode & Richard (2021) defined instructional supervision as behahiour as officially designed
by the organization that directly affects teacher behaviour in such a way to facilitate pupils’ learning
and achieve the goals of the organization. The position of these authors regarding instructional
supervision is that, it is basically concerned with supporting and assisting teachers to improve
instruction through changing their behaviour. Idoko in Ogunode, Olatunde-Aiyedun, & Akin-Ibidiran
(2021) defined instructional supervision as a process of formerly making provision to change one
behaviour to improve learning. He maintains that behaviour can include administrative, counseling,
supervisory and students’ behaviour. Idoko (2005) in Ogunode & Ajape (2021) opined that
instructional supervision is a process of bringing about improvement in instruction by working with
the people who are working with pupils. Supervision according to Ogunode & Ibrahim, (2023) is a
programme of instruction designed to improve teachers' job performance and students' academic
performance in schools. Instructional supervision is a combination of activities meant to advance the
work effectiveness of teachers and other personnel in the school business. Supervision is the process
of improving teaching and learning in educational institutions because of realizing the goals of
education. Instructional supervision is critical to the development of education.
Harris in Ahaotu, Ogunode & Obi-Ezenekwe (2021 listed ten tasks of supervision which are
instruction related as the following;
a) Developing Curriculum: Designing or redesigning what to be taught by whom, when, where
and what pattern, developing curriculum guide, establishing standard, planning instruction units
and instituting new courses.
b) Providing staff: Assuming the availability of instructional staff members are inadequate and
without appropriate competence for facilitating instruction, recruitment, selection and screening
can be recommended.
c) Providing Facilities: Designing or redesigning and equipping facilities for instruction,
development of space and equipment specification.
d) Providing materials: Selecting and obtaining appropriate material for use in implementing
curricular design. Previewing, evaluating, designing and otherwise finding ways to provide
appropriate materials.
e) Arranging for in-service education: Planning and implementing learning experience that will
improve the performance of the staff instruction related ways. This involves workshop,
consolidation, field trips and training sections as well as formal education.
f) Orienting staff members: Proving staff members with basic information necessary to carry out
assigned responsibilities. This includes getting new staff members acquainted with facilities and
also involves keeping the staff informed of organizational development.
g) Relating special pupils’ service: Arranging for careful co-ordination of services to children to
ensure optimum support for the teaching process. This involves developing policies, assigning
priorities and defining relationship among service personnel to maximize relationship between
service offered and instructional goals of the schools.

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h) Developing pupils’ relation: Providing for a free flow of information on matters of instructions
to and from the pupils while securing optimum levels of involvement in the promotion of better
instructor.
Evaluating instruction: planning, organizing and implementing procedures for gathering, analyzing,
interpretation and decision making for improvement of instruction.
The purposes of instructional supervision include: to directly influence the behaviour of teachers and
the teaching processes employed to promote pupils’ learning, to ensure that each individual teacher
within the school system has been performing the duties for which he was scheduled, to
cooperatively develop favourable climate for effective teaching and learning (Unknown). Others that
have been identified by Ogunsaju in Ogunode, et al (2023) are: to know the performance of the
teachers recruited to teach in the school system; to determine whether a teacher should be
transferred, promoted, retrained or dismissed, to improve the incompetent teacher; to discover special
abilities or qualities possessed by teacher in the schools, to provide a guide to staff development, to
know the effectiveness of classroom management, to assess the “tone” of the school and identify
some of its most urgent needs. Ekundayo, Oyerinde, & Kolawole (2013) in Ogunode & Fabiyi,
(2023), submitted that the essence of instructional supervision in schools is to ensure things are done
the way they should be to achieve the stated objectives. Hence, the purpose of supervision of
instruction includes: directly influencing the behaviour of teachers and the teaching process
employed to promote students' learning; and to ensure that each teacher within the school system has
been performing the duties to which he was scheduled, and cooperatively develop a favourable
climate for effective teaching and learning. It is important to examine the impact of subsidy removal
on supervision of schools in Nigeria.
Impact of Subsidy Removal on Supervision of Schools in Nigeria
Subsidy removal in Nigeria has affected Supervisors Job performance and led to increment in
supervision resources.
Supervisors Job performance
The removal of subsidy on petroleum in Nigeria has affected job performance of supervisors and
teachers in educational institutions. Casting (2016) viewed job performance as execution, conduct,
compliance or conformity with stated decisions or directives issued by a super-ordinate or demanded
by a job. Supervisor job performance involves is the extent a supervisor carries out the official
assignment. Supervisor job performance includes; visitation to schools and ensuring teachers carries
out their function professionally. This shows that performance of any job must be according to the
pattern set performing such tasks. Supervision job require the movement of supervisors form one
educational institution to another educational institutions. These movement are mostly done with
vehicles that used fuel. The increase in the prices of fuel has made many supervisor unable to travel
with their personal cars for supervision and to even to fuel official vehicles for supervision purposes.
Ogunode. & Ukozor (2023) and Ogunode & Agbade, (2023b) maintained that the increase in the
price of fuel has worsened the state of teachers and students who have to depend daily on
transportation to school. It makes life more difficult as most of them depend on it to carry out their
educational programme. Increment in price of fuel have affected most academic staff (teachers).
Most of the academic staff (supervisors) cannot fuel their cars and public facilities are also
expensive. The increment have forced many academic staff (Supervisor) to restructure their lectures
to one day or two day per week. The job performance of many supervisors in Nigeria have been
affected due to policy of reduction of working hours in most public institutions due to subsidy
removal that led to increment in transportation fares across the country.

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Increment in Supervision Resources
Subsidy removal on fuel in Nigeria has led to increase in the general prices of educational resources
which include supervision resources. Supervision resources are resources planned, organized and
designed for supervision of schools. Supervision resources are resources or facilities supervisors used
to carry out supervision in educational institutions. Ogunode & Ojochenemi (2023) noted that
subsidy removal of fuel products in Nigeria has led to an increment in the price of instructional
materials /resources. Also, Ogunode, & Aregbesola (2023); Okonkwo, (2023) and Omoniyi, (2023)
concluded that the prices of various instrument materials have gone up due to the removal of
subsidies in Nigeria. Subsidy removal affected by the petrol price hike is the prices of commodities
in the market moving up high. Sunday Sun (2023) reported that the school administrator of
Graceville Christian School in Jos North, Mrs. Adeloye Lucky noted the increase in this fuel price is
affecting education already. Nigerian books which we used to buy at N1, 200, now cost N2,000,
some N2,500 for the same book because of the cost of transportation and you can’t blame them
because they can’t sell at a loss either, they have to sell it at a profit,” Lucky said. Fuel is our life
wire in this country; it is something that when you touch in this country it will affect everything. Fuel
affects everything. “The cost of instructional materials is very high because of the cost of
transporting these resources from the cities (Darlington & Monday, 2023; Ejiogu et al., 2023).
Conclusion and Recommendations
In conclusion, this paper discussed the impact of subsidy removal on supervision of schools in
Nigeria. The paper established that subsidy removal in Nigeria affected supervisor’s job performance
and led to increment in supervision resources. The paper recommended the following:
1. Federal and state government should increase funding of education and more priorities should be
given to schools supervision.
2. Government should provide more buses and cars for supervisors and subsidize supervision
resources to enable effective school supervision in Nigeria.
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