Topic 2.

1 Change in Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences (Daily Video 1)

AP Precalculus
In this video, we will explore two different methods to express both arithmetic and geometric
sequences and discuss which method is best in a given situation.
Let’s REVIEW!
Arithmetic Sequences Geometric Sequences
• A sequence of numbers in which the • A sequence of numbers in which the
difference between any two consecutive ratio between any two consecutive
numbers is a constant !. numbers is a constant *.
• The "!" term, ## , in the sequence can be • The "!" term, ## , in the sequence can be
expressed by: ## = #$ + !(" − 1). expressed by: ## = #$ (* #%$ ).
Observe: 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, … Observe: 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, …
The value of ! =____. The first term #$ = _____ The value of * =____. The first term #$ = _____
To get from the first term to the fourth term, we To get from the first term to the fifth term, we
add _______ to the first term _______ times. multiply _______ times the first term _______
Write an equation, in terms of !, for the fourth times.
term. Write an equation, in terms of *, for the fifth
#& = 2 + _________________ term.
#' = 2 ∙ _________________

The general (or generic) term ## of an The general (or generic) term ## of a geometric
arithmetic sequence with a common difference sequence with a common ratio * is given by
! is given by ## = #( ∙ _____________, where #( is the 4!"
## = #( +_____________, where #( is the 4!" term.
term.

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE! *Note: The presenter incorrectly wrote a sum instead of a sequence.
! # " % &
Is the sequence −5, − " , −4, − " , −3, … arithmetic or Is the sequence 1, − $ , ! , − "# , … arithmetic or
geometric? Justify your answer. geometric? Justify your answer.

Use the general equation ## = #( + ( ∙ (* − +) to Use the general equation ## = #( ∙ -'−) to find the
find the eighth term of the sequence. Show how eighth term of the sequence. Show how you
you arrived at your answer. arrived at your answer.

What should we take away?

We should be able to recognize whether a sequence is arithmetic or geometric and write an
equation for a general term of both.
Topic 2.1 Change in Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences (Daily Video 2)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will analyze functions that represent arithmetic and geometric sequences.
Let’s REVIEW!
Arithmetic Sequences Geometric Sequences
● A sequence of numbers in which the ● A sequence of numbers in which the
____________ between any two ____________ of any two consecutive
consecutive terms is a constant. terms is a constant.
● A constant, often denoted !, can be ● A constant, often denoted ", can be
_______ to any term to get the next term _____________ by any term to get the
in the sequence. next term in the sequence.
● Can be expressed, in general, as an ● Can be expressed, in general, as an
equation: _______________________ equation: _______________________

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!

Example 1: Is the sequence arithmetic or geometric?
Four people can sit around a square table. If two tables are put together, 6 people can sit around
them. If three tables are put together, 8 people can sit around them.

If we count the number of people around the table, This sequence is _______________ with
we get the first few terms of the sequence: 4, 6, 8… #! = _____ and ! = _______.

Use the equation #" = ## + () − +)! to find

the 8th term, #$ .

Example 2: Is the sequence arithmetic or geometric?

A ball is dropped from the roof of a house that is 27 feet above the ground. Each time the ball
!
bounces, it reaches a height that is % of the height from which it last fell.

The first few heights of the ball are 27, 9, 3… This is a geometric sequence with a first term of
Use these terms to explain why this cannot be #& = _____ and " = _____.
an arithmetic sequence.
Using #" = ## (" "'# ) find how high the ball will
be after its 6th bounce.

What should we take away?

Equations can be written for arithmetic and geometric sequences by using a starting term and either
a common difference (if _____________) or the common ratio (if ______________).
Topic 2.2 Change in Linear and Exponential Functions (Daily Video 1)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will compare linear and exponential growth and practice representing these
growth patterns with function formulas and graphs.

Let’s WARM UP!

Imagine two fast growing vines that sprouted from Jack’s magical beans. When you begin
measuring the vines, they are both 10 feet long. For the next 4 days, Vine A’s length increases 50
feet each day, while Vine B’s length doubles each day. The tables that follow show the changes in
length for both vines.

Vine A’s length on day ! is "(!) = _____________ Vine B’s length on day ! is ((!) = _____________
Whenever ! changes by 1 day, Vine A’s length Whenever ! changes by 1 day, Vine B’s length
changes by ____ feet. becomes ____ times as long.
Whenever ! changes by ∆! days, Vine A’s length Whenever ! days have passed, Vine B’s
changes by ________ feet. length is ___ times as long as its starting
length.

Let’s look at another EXAMPLE!

Which vine will be longer 3 days after the vines are 10 feet long (! = 3)?
Vine A Vine B Vine Length Comparison
"(3) = ((3) = Vine A is 160 – 80 = 80* feet longer
* The video has an error here.

Which vine will be longer 30 days after the vines are 10 feet long (! = 30)?
Vine A Vine B Vine Length Comparison
"(30) = ((30) =

Anytime the growth factor is greater than 1, _______________ growth will always outgrow linear or
polynomial growth.
Let’s PRACTICE!
If Vine B’s length grows by only 5% each day (instead of 100% or doubling) will Vine B ever
become larger than Vine A?

Let’s compare their lengths after 180 days (about 6 months).

Linear growth (Vine A) Exponential Growth (Vine B)

"(180) =_____________ = __________ The growth factor is ________
((!) = _______________
After 180 days, Vine B is about _________ feet ((180) = ______________ ≈ ________
longer than Vine A.

What should we take away?

• Linear functions have a constant ________ of change.
• Exponential functions have a constant __________ of change.
• If a function is growing exponentially (growth factor > 1), equal changes in the independent
variable produce larger and larger changes in the dependent variable. In the long run,
exponential growth (growth factor > 1), will always outpace _________ and other
_________________ functions.
Topic 2.2. Change in Linear and Exponential Functions (Daily Video 2)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will explore patterns in linear and exponential growth by contrasting
ideas of a constant percent change with a constant amount of change.

Let’s WARM-UP!
Recall that: If two quantities are changing together at a constant rate of change, ______ changes in
one quantity results in a _____________ change in the other.

Let’s REVIEW!
Let’s examine the graph of g, which models the distance of a rocket from the ground (initially 10
feet off the ground), if its distance off the ground is doubling every second since liftoff.

What is the function for the distance the rocket

is off the ground after t seconds?

!(#) = ___________________

When # days have passed, the rocket’s distance

from the ground is _____ times as far as its
starting length.

The distance off the ground for another rocket

is modeled by the function ((#) = 15(4! ).

The rocket’s distance from the ground

______________ or increases by _____% every
second.

Describe the distance off the ground in terms of the number of seconds, #, since liftoff.

!(#) = 5(1.3! ) ℎ(#) = 12(1.07! )

The rocket is initially ____ feet off the ground The rocket is initially ____ feet off the ground
and its distance from the ground increases by and its distance from the ground increases by
___% or grows by a factor of _____ every ___% or grows by a factor of _____ every
second. second.
Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!
Another rocket is 30 feet off the ground when it lifts from its launching site. Its distance from the
ground !(#) doubles every 3 seconds.

Show how to find the 1-unit growth factor, b.

What is the function that gives the height of the

rocket after # seconds?

*Note: Video states ! years, instead of seconds.

Let’s PRACTICE!
Exploring Growth Patterns: Water levels in lakes in the western United States are dropping. If the
recorded water level of a lake in this region was 1215 feet in 2015 and 1042 in 2020, what
methods might you use to project what the water level will be in 2035?

Let # represent the number of years since 2015.

Let 2 represent the water level of the lake in
feet.

Using the points (0, 1215) and (5, 1042) show

how to find the linear and exponential growth
rates.

What should we take away?

• If two quantities are related _________ the changes in the two quantities are ___________ and
the corresponding changes in the two quantities’ values remain _________ as the two
quantities’ values vary together.
• If two quantities are related ______________ the value of the dependent quantity changes by
a constant factor 3 for every one unit increase in the value of 4.
The value of the dependent quantity gets larger if ____________ and the value of the
dependent quantity gets smaller if ________.
Topic 2.3 Exponential Functions (Daily Video 1)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will learn the key characteristics of an exponential function, including
general form, growth/decay, and domain/range.
Let’s WARM-UP!
Linear Function Exponential Function Neither

Based on the pictures, write a sentence or two to explain how exponential functions look compared
to non-exponential functions.

Let’s REVIEW!
An exponential function has the form _______________, where __________ and ________.

What is the base of each of the following functions? Science and economics applications often involve
!(#) = 2! base = _____ exponential functions.
" !
!(#) = '#( base = _____
Example: If bacterial doubles every hour, you would
!(#) = 3* #! base = _____
have _____ bacterial after # hours, written as
!(#) = ______.
e is called _________________and is about _______.

Let’s REVIEW!
Exponential Growth Exponential Decay
• A quantity ___________slowly in the • A quantity ___________ rapidly in the
beginning, then there is _________ beginning and then there is a ______
increase. decrease.
• Used to model population growth, • Used to model population decay, find
compound interest, doubling time, etc. half-life, etc.
• The graph is always ________________. • The graph is always ________________.
• The base, !, is always greater than ____. • The base, !, is between ____ and ____.
• The domain is __________. • The domain is _________.
• The range is ________. • The range is _______
 Both exponential growth and exponential decay can be written in the form $(&) = )! ! , where ) is
the initial value.

Let’s PRACTICE!
A function that has exponential growth has a base (multiplier) that is _____________.
A) Equal to 1 B) between 0 and 1 C) greater than 1 D) less than 0

Given $(&) = 3! , choose the best representation of the domain.

A) (0, ∞) B) (−∞, ∞) C) (−∞, 0) D) (-3, 3)

Given $(&) = 2! , choose the best representation of the range.

A) (0, ∞) B) (−∞, ∞) C) (−∞, 0) D) (-2, 2)

What should we take away?

Topic 2.4 Exponential Function Manipulation (Daily Video 1)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will learn the properties of exponential expressions and how to
use them to rewrite the expressions in equivalent forms.

Let’s WARM-UP!
Explain why (−7)! is not equivalent to −(7)! . Use the words base and power in your response.

Let’s Look at an EXAMPLE!

Complete each table and then write the general rules for exponents in the final row of the table.

Original Product Exponential Form Original Product Exponential Form

2" ∙ 2# (2" )#
3! ∙ 3" (4$ )#
4% ∙ 4" (+ # )!
+" ∙ +! (2 ∙ 3)#
+& ∙ +' (3 ∙ 4)#
(+,)#
Original Product Exponential Form (+ & )'
3$
(+,)'
3"
2!
2(
5("
5)
4*
4$
+!
+"
+&
+'
Let’s PRACTICE!
Use the properties of exponents to rewrite each expression in simplified form. Show how you
determined your answer.

!" ! # "
1. 2.! /" ∙ 4/." 2. 3. 2+(+ ! , ! )!
$"# !

&
"# ! (&")!
4. + " , ! ∙ +, " 5. 6. ! "
!"# "!

&(# )# ($ &)($ ∙&)"

7. (20# 1 ! )" 8. 9. ! "
()(" )# )(# ∙$(! )"

What should we take away?

Exponential Properties used to rewrite equivalent expressions:

Product:

Power:

Quotient:
Topic 2.4 Exponential Function Manipulation (Daily Video 2)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will learn equivalent representations of exponential expressions,
including negative and fractional exponents.

Let’s Look at an EXAMPLE!

Zero Property of Exponents:
Explain why ! ! = 1. Note: 0! is _______________.

A negative exponent conveys the number of times to multiply the ___________ of the base.

Example: 7"# = ___________

Write each expression with a single, positive exponent.

a. 2"$ $ "$ c. ! "% d. (2 + 4!)"#
b. ) *
%

Rational (Fractional) Exponents

! #
! " = _________ ! " = _________

$ ! % %
a. 8% b. 16& c. 4$ d. 100"$
Let’s PRACTICE!
Use the properties of exponents to rewrite each expression in simplified form. Note: Answers should
contain only positive exponents.

! ! "$ ' ! &$ '(

1. )1$ 2 $ * 2. )! % 3 "# * 3. %& &

! ! #' #

4.
!" " # # 5. ! # !⁄# # %"
"
$ &
!" # # %$
$
%!
$" # # %
# 6. ! ) # "
(" # # # )%"

What should we take away?

Zero/negative exponents

Fractional exponents
Topic 2.5 Exponential Function Context and Data Modeling (Daily Video 1)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will explore how proportional growth patterns suggest an
exponential model.

Let’s REVIEW!
The general form of an exponential equation is: _______________
• For every one-unit increase in the !-value, the "-value increases by a common _______ or
proportion.
• A ______________ sequence can be modeled by an exponential equation with only integer
values of !.

Interpreting the Parts of an Exponential Equation: " = $ ∙ & ! What is '?

• $ is the __________ value and graphically it is the • It is also known as Euler’s
same as the "-value when ! is _________ number.
• & describes how the graph increases (or decreases). & • It is ________________ (like ()
is the growth rate if ________ and it is the decay rate and it is approximately
if ____________. ____________.
• ! describes the number of times the growth or decay • ' is used to represent
factor is applied. ___________ growth.

Let’s Look at an EXAMPLE!

A small business is growing at a fast rate, but it is unclear whether its growth follows an
exponential model. The business’s revenue in its first year of operation was $150,000. In year 2, its
revenue was $223,000. In year 3, its revenue was $310,000. Is the business’s growth over its first
three years exponential?

The ratios are ________________ and _______________.

Compare the proportional change
in the "-values over equal-width
A Are the growth rates equal? YES or NO (circle one)
intervals of !-values.

Is the growth rate exponential? YES or NO (circle one)

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!
The population in Mali was 7.09 million in 1980. Since that time, the population has increased, on
average, 2.07% per year. Write an exponential equation that models the population in Mali since
1980.

$ =_______ million The equation is ______________, where " is _________________(in millions)

& = _______ and ! is _________________________.

Based on this model, what would we expect the population to be in 1994?

Why must ! = 14?

How close was the prediction?

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!

You invested $11,235 five years ago. Interest is compounded continuously at a rate of 3%. What is
this investment worth today?

What should we take away?

• The parts of an exponential equation have meanings in terms of the graph and in terms of the
real-world context.
• ' is an irrational number and it is about 2.71828.
Topic 2.5 Exponential Function Context and Data Modeling (Daily Video 2)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will explore how different forms of equivalent exponential
functions reveal different characteristics about particular exponential patterns.

Let’s REVIEW!
Interpreting the Parts of an Exponential Equation: ! = # ∙ % !
• # is the initial value and graphically it is the same as the !-value when & is zero.
• % describes how the graph increases (or decreases). % is the growth rate if % > 1 and it is
the decay rate if 0 < % < 1.
• & describes the number of times the growth or decay factor is applied.

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!

Two Ways to Describe a Growth Rate
• To compare two growth rates, they need to be on the same _____________ of the
dependent variable.
• Compare 1% interest compounded each month to 12% compounded each year.

1% per month for 12 months for & years 12% per year for & years

Circle the greater growth rate.

Convert the Following Growth Rates (Round to the nearest ten-thousandth.)
• A certain type of bacteria is growing at a rate of 1% per day. What is the equivalent weekly
rate of growth?

• A student’s childcare business grew 30% over the course of a year. What is the equivalent
monthly rate?

Why is the exponent for this problem a fractional exponent?

• A nation’s GDP is forecasted to grow at a rate of 2.5% per week over the next year. What is
the equivalent annual rate?

Why do we subtract 1 from each of the above calculations?

 Rewriting a Function with a Different Growth Rate
The population of a certain type of bacteria can be modeled by the equation +(-) = 300 ∙ 2" ,
where +(-) represents the number of bacteria after - days.
• What does the 300 represent in this context?

• How many bacteria are present after 7 days?

• Rewrite the function so the growth rate is weekly (1) instead of daily (2).

What should we take away?

• There are multiple ways to write the same exponential model.
• Given growth rates can be written over different time intervals.
Topic 2.6 Competing Function Model Validation (Daily Video 1)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will explore patterns in data that reflect how linear, exponential,
and quadratic models differ.

Let’s WARM UP!

Three functions are graphed on the left. They are:

!(#) = #
!(#) = 2! − 1
A !(#) = # "
B
C Which graph goes with which function?

What is making it difficult to tell these graphs apart?

It may be very difficult to tell what type of function best models a set of data with two points.
The minimum number of points needed to assess which model is best is _______.
Why can’t we always rely on negative value for # to identify which function is best for a graph?

Rates of Growth for Different Functions

Linear: A _____________ means Exponential: The *-values Quadratic: The *-values can
the *-values increase by the increase _________________. ______ and the difference
same amount for equal values between the differences of the
of #. y-values is ___________.

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!

What type of model is represented by the data? Explain.
Show the calculation of the differences. Show the calculation of the ratios.
Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!
What type of model is represented by the data? Explain.
What *-values repeat? ______
Compute the first differences and second
______ differences for the table to the left.
______
______ Based on the data in the table, why is the
______
______ quadratic model the best choice?

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!

What type of model is represented by the data?
Show the calculation of the differences of the differences.

What should we take away?

At least ___ points are needed to assess which model is best.
If the *-values are repeated, a quadratic model may be best.
A _____________ model is best if the differences between *-values over equal intervals of # is
a constant.
A ________________ model is best if the differences between the differences of the *-values
over equal intervals of # is a constant.
An _________________ model is best if the proportions between the *-values over equal
intervals of # is a constant.
Topic 2.6 Competing Function Model Validation (Daily Video 2)
AP Precalculus
In this video, we will explore what a residual plot reveals about a given model.

What is a residual?

Residual = !-value from the data point – !-value from the ______________.
If the residual is negative, is the point above or below the line? _____________
If the residual is positive, is the point above or below the line? ______________

Table of Some Residual Values and a Residual Plot

The ordered pair for a point on a residual plot is (", _______________).

Is the model appropriate?
• If there is a pattern, the given model _________ appropriate.
• If there is not a pattern, the given model _______ appropriate.

Let’s look at an EXAMPLE!

Is the model appropriate? A social media expert is
studying how a particular meme is spreading. They
can see how many times the meme has been viewed
each hour on their platform. After creating an
exponential function, !(#), to model the number of
views after # hours, they look at 12 hours of data and
see the residual plot shown here. What can be said
of the exponential model based on this residual
plot?

What should we take away?

• A residual plot shows how different the actual !-values are from what the model predicts.
• A residual plot has "-values for the "-axis and the value of the residuals for the !-axis.
• A residual plot shows which values are most different from what the model predicts.
• If the residuals are randomly distributed, a given model is appropriate.
• If the residuals follow a pattern, a given model is not appropriate.