Grade 11

Geography
Revision - Term 1

THE ATMOSPHERE
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Introduction
Purpose of this Revision
 How can it
be
What is it?
managed?

What is
the YOUR
impact? QUESTIONS Where is
AWESOME
GEOGRAPHERS it?
TITLE
ASK
What/how
happened?
Why is it
there
What does
it look like?
DATA RESPONSE QUESTIONS

Maps Cartoons

TYPES OF
DATA USED Info-
Diagrams graphics

Case Stats
studies Graphs

Application of content on data important

The Earth’s
energy
balance
1. The Earth’s Energy Balance

• The unequal heating of the

atmosphere and the transfer
of energy
• Significance of the Earth’s
axis and revolution around
the Earth
The unequal heating of the atmosphere and the
transfer of energy

• Areas closer to the

Equator do not get
hotter and hotter.
• Winds and ocean
currents transfer
surplus energy from
equatorial areas to the
poles.
• Therefore a heat
balance is maintained
on Earth.
Significance of the Earth’s axis and
revolution around the sun
Global air
circulation
 2. Global Air Circulation
• High and low pressures
• Relationships between air
temperature, air pressure and wind
• World pressure belts
• Circulation patterns
• Geostrophic flow
• Föhn winds
• Monsoon winds
 High- and Low pressures

HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE

•Air sinking •Air rising

•Anti-clockwise •Clockwise
•Air moves away from HP •Air moves towards LP
TEMPERATURE, AIR PRESSURE AND WIND

RISING
COLD WARM COLD
AIR AIR AIR
SINKS SINKS

LP
HP HP

Via Afrika
 What do you remember?

LP HP
a) Would a HP or LP will be found at the man?
b) Give a reason for your answer
c) Would a HP or LP will be found at the woman?
d) Give a reason for your answer.
e) What is the movement of air from the woman
towards the man called?
Coriolus force
 GLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION PATTERN
POLAR HP •Very Cold
•Decending air
SUB POLAR LP •High Pressure
•Very warm Westerlies
•Ascending air
•Low Pressure SUBTROPICAL HP Winds
deflect to
RIGHT
Tropical easterlies
in NH
EQUATORIAL LP (ITCZ)

Winds Tropical easterlies

deflect to
LEFT SUBTROPICAL HP
in SH
Westerlies •Air from
•Air spun away equator sinks
•Fronts SUB POLAR LP here
•Low Pressure •High Pressure
POLAR HP
Cold
air Tri-cellular
Air spun away
sinks Polar model
Fronts
cell

90° N Ferrel
cell Cooler
60° N
air sinks
Westerly winds

30° N
Hadley
cell
Air flows back to
Equator
Hot air rises
0°
 What do you
remember?
a) Name the cells at 1, 2 and 3
3 b) The (Subtropical HP/ Sub
polar HP is found at 4
c) (Southwesterly /
Northwesteriy wind is found
2 at 5

5 4
1
J D
K C
L E
B
F
A
G
B
H
C
I
 How to deal with Diagrams and Maps

GET A MENTAL IMAGE OF THE DIAGRAM / MAP

1 Read the title

2 Read the text

3 Read the labels

4 Look at the key

5 Identify the infor-

mation needed
Key Questions:
• What is it?
• Where is it?
• Why is it there?
Geostrophic flow: Forces

Coriolis force causes the deflection

of air to the RIGHT in the NH an to
the LEFT in the SH

Pressure gradient is the force that causes air to

move from a HIGH to a LOW pressure
 Types of pressure gradient

What happens when these two forces combine?

(Coriolus force and pressure gradient)
Geostrophic flow in the Southern Hemisphere

Caused by the
combined effects
of pressure
Why can no gradient and
Coriolis force
deflection to
the left take
place at X? X
 Föhn wind
What is a Föhn wind?

Leeward side
Windward
side

• Hot , dry wind that originates in mountainous areas

• Air descends on leeward side and heats up
DALR: 1°C/100m
WALR: 0,5°C/100
700m 12,5°C

13°C 13°C Cloud base

600m

13,5°C 14°C
500m

14°C 15°C
400m

14,5°C 16°C
300m

15°C 17°C
200m

16°C 18°C
100m
Monsoon winds

SUMMER WINTER
Land warm Land cold

LP HP

Dry NE
Moist SW Monsoon
Monsoon
HP
LP
Sea cold Sea warm
 Africa’s
Weather and
Climate
3. Africa’s Weather and Climate

• The role of oceans in climate

control
• El Nino and La Nina
• Synoptic weather maps
 Role of oceans in Climate control

Leeward side
Windward
side

• Air cooled
by water • Air warmed
• Holds less by water
water vapor • Holds more
water vapor
El Niño and La Niña

Leeward side
Windward
side
Weather station models (revision)
Synoptic weather maps
Exam questions: Synoptic weather maps

Leeward side
Windward
side
 Droughts and
Desertification
4. Droughts and Desertification
• What are droughts?
• What is desertification?
• Causes of droughts
• Causes of desertification
• How does desertification
happen?
• Effects of droughts and
desertification
• How managed?
 What is drought? What is desertification?
Drought is an extended period of Desertification is a process of land
below average rainfall. degradation in mainly arid and
semi-arid areas.

CAUSES OF DROUGHTS CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION

• Excessive build-up of heat on the • Global climate change.
Earth’s surface • Farming is done on unsuitable
• Less water vapour available land.
• Larger evaporation rates • Poor agricultural practices such
• Less rainfall as overgrazing
• Climate change • Deforestation
• Weather cycles such as the El • Soil erosion
Niño • Lack of knowledge
D
E
S
E
R
T
I Leeward side
F Windward
I side
C
A
T
I
O
N
 Droughts and Desertification

EFFECTS MANAGEMENT
• Fewer crops means less food • Policy approaches that promote
• Unemployment sustainable resource use
• Rural depopulation • Prediction of droughts
• Soil erosion • Water restrictions
• Fires due to dry vegetation • Recycling of water
• Less exports • Construct dams
How to deal with Data-response Questions
How can it
be
What is it?
managed?

What is
the YOUR
impact? QUESTIONS Where is
AWESOME
GEOGRAPHERS it?
TITLE
ASK
What/how
happened?
Why is it
there
What does
it look like?
1. Define desertification What is it?
2. Make use of an atlas and identify 3 countries in the Where is it?
Sahel where the Sahara desert had spread.
3. Why did desertification happen in these countries? Why is it there?

4. How did the process desertification occur in the Sahel? What

happened?
5. In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the
negative effects of desertification and how it can be What is the impact?
managed. How can it be managed? (4x2) (8)
Hoe om ‘n Paragraaf-tipe vraag aan te pak
DENKE
Benodig kritiese
denke en analise LENGTE
Beperk jou
antwoord tot die
SINNE voorgeskrewe
Antwoord in vol
AGT reëls
sinne tot die
punt
UIT HOEVEEL DELE
Baie vrae het TWEE dele
ONDERSTREEP waarna verwys moet word
• Hoofonderwerp
• Aksiewoord
• Fokusarea GEBRUIK VAN BRON
Wel deurdagte
antwoorde aangepas
tov die bron
Unpacking a Paragraph-
type Question
Detailed Part 1 of your
NB full explanation answer only
NB Length required negative
sentences

paragraph EIGHT Explain negative

lines

IN a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines to explain the negative

effects of desertification and how it can be managed..

effects desertification and Management

strategies

Consequence Content topic 2 parts Part 2 of

what happened desertification answer
Examination
Tips
Examination Tips

Plan

Organise

Picture it

Practice
Revise

Refresh
“Quality education for every learner,
in every school, in every classroom”

A Glenn Samaai Presentation