41

EXERCISE No. I
PESTS OF MANGO
There are
have been number of
reported damaging insect pests of
this fruit and
Owering
borer, fruitstage are the mango tree but the most over 175
species of
hoppers. Also mango abundant and destruetive insect
mango
down the fly, mango nut weevil
yield. It is almost and mealy bug in North India, at the
fruit drop and the trees necessary tocaterpillar pests stem
control these plat a major role in bringing
Sr.No. Pest Name remain without fruit.
may pests otherwise there is a
heavy
Mango hoppers Scientific Name
nlo LiSse of
9pung
Amritodus atkinsoni Family Order
Mango Stê borérBatocera Cicadellidae Hemiptera
Mango Fruit fly rubus
Mango Bactrocera dorsalis Cerambycidae Coleoptera
weevil
stone Sternochaetus Tephritidae Diptera
mangiferae Curculionidae Coleoptera
Mango mealy bug
Bark eating Drosicha mangiferae
caterpillar Indarbela tetraonis, PseudocoecidaeHemiptera
Mites .quadrinotata Inderbellidae Lepidoptera
Oligonychus Tetranychidae Acarina
8 Red ant mangifera
Oecophylla
Formicidae
smaragdina Hymenoptera
1) Mango hoppers: Amritodus atkinsoni
Distribution and status: (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera)
India, Indonesia, Formosa,
Burma, Pakistan, Bangladesh Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Srilanka,
and Malaysia.
season and
devastating in all mango growingMajor
Host range: Mango areas.
pest prevalent in the flowering
Life history:
Eggs are laid in single into the tissues of
and unopened flowers. Incubation period: 4-7the young leaves) shoots, flower stalk
instars. Life cycle completed in 2-3 weeks days. Nymphal period: 8-13 days, 5
Nature of damage:
Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from
resulting in withering and premature dropping oftender shoots and inflorescence
flower buds and also wilting and
drying of shoots and leaves.
The flower stalks and leaves in infested trees become sticky due to the
of honey-dew secreted by the depositionm
hoppers that encourages the growth of black soot
mould on foliage and other parts.
The hoppers take shelter in cracks and crevices on the bark during
season.
non-flowering
IPM:
0 Avoid close planting, as the incidence very severe in overcrowded orchards.
0, Orchards must be kept clean by ploughing and removal of weeds.
Pruning of dense canopy to facilitate aeration and sunlight.

Ratnai Collge of Agriculture,Akluj

 C u, Avoid excess use of
n e e m o
nitrogenous fertilizers.
Avoid water logging or
damp conditions.
Spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL 2.5-3.3 L, methyldemeton 25
EC or malathion 50 EC 1.5 -2.0 L in 1500 2000 L of water per ha or new
molecules like buprofezin 25 SC 1-2ml/L of water or imidacloprid 17.8 SL 2-
4ml/tree or lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC 0.5-1.0m/L of water at 10 -15 L of water
per tree.
Neem oil 5 mli/lit of water can be mixed with any insecticide for spray
Spray 3 per cent neemoil or neem seed kernel powder extract 5 per cent
2) Mango Stem borer: Batocera rubus (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera)
Distribution and Status: India, Bangladesh
Host range:
Mango, rubber, jack-fruit, fig. papaya, apple, eucalyptus and mulberry,
morings and silk cotton.
Life history:
Egeslaid singly on the bark or cracks and crevices on the tree trunk or
branches. Incubation period: 1-2 weeks Grubs yellow, grub period 6 months, and
pupal period is 19-36 days. Adults grey with two pink dots and lateral spine on
the thorax with
a longevity of 6
months
Nature of damage:
The grubs
feed by tunnelingthe bark of branches and main stem showing
mass of refuge exudes from the bored hole. Shedding of leaves and drying of
terminalshoots takes place in early stage of attack while damageto main stem_
causes tree death. fupetion- 3nside he laT Va@l tunne n Slem
Management:
i.Growtolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam Humayudin
ii. Remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches ofthe tree
ii. Avoid injury at the base oftrunk while pruning
iv. Remove alternative hosts like moringa, silk cotton in the near vicinity.
v. During off-season, apply absorbent cotton soaked in 10 ml monocrotophos 36 SL
per tree by padding without unnecessarily injuring the trunk.
vi. holes
Use amay
needle or long wire to pullout thegrubs from the bore holes. The bore
befilled withborer solution 2 parts cs2+1 part chloroform + 1 part
creosote oil or BDCT mixture orpetrol)and laterseal with moistmud,
vii. Swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g/L (basal portion of
the trunk -3 feet height) after scraping the loose bark to prevent oviposition by
adult beetles.
3) Mango Fruitfly; Bactrocera dorsalis (Tephritidae: Diptera)
Distribution and Status:
India, Pakistan, South-East Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Formosa, Philippines,
Australia, China, Hawaii Islands, China and Taiwan.
Host range:
Mango, guava, peach, apricot, cherry, pear, ber, citrus, banana, papaya,
avocado, passion fruit, coffee, melons, jack fruit, strawberry.
Life history:
The adult fly is brown or drak brown with hyaline wings and yellow legs.
Adult lays up to 200 eggs in a month in clusters of 2-15 just beneath the skin of
and
theripening fruits. The egg period is 22-23 days. The maggot feeds on pulp
become full grown in about 7 days. It pupates 3-7 inches below the soil.

Ratnai College of Agriculture, Akluyj 16

 M destaoy y conveot Vulp no hol srmtling, drseolouoed

Sngato asulls bor Patch on f7uib danp

Nature of damage
The maggots
semi liquid mass unfitklestroy and convert the pulp into bad smelling, discoloured
for human
consumption. Infestation results in brown rotten
patches on fruit which later
pressing. drop and liquid oozes out from the fruit upon
Managenment:
i. Row
akshcY ii. The
interspaces may be ploughed to expose and kill the soil borne
infested and fallen fruits should be puparia.
iii.
Apply a bait-spray of malathion 50 EC@ carefully disposed off.
2 ml/ L with molasses
g/L)before ripening. or jaggery (10
iv. Male annihilation
technique: Set up fly trap using methyl eugenol. Prepare
uRt[ha methyl eugenol 1 ml/L of water + 1 ml of malathion solution. Take 10 ml of this
mixture per trap and keep them at 25
am. Collect and
different places in one ha between 6 and 8
destroy the adult flies.
v. Raking of soil around the tree to expose and kill the
4) pupa.
Mango stone weevil: Sternochaetus mangiferae (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)
Distribution and Status
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Burma,
Philippines, East Australia, Africa and Hawaii. Malaysia, South Vietnam,
Host range: Mango
Life history:
Adult lay eggs singly on the marble sized fruits by
Surface tissue and covering over with transparent secretion. _scooping
Egg period -out the
7 days,
grub period 20-30 days yellow creamy grub apodous with five larval instars.
Pupation occurs inside the nut along the concave side; pupal period7 days. Adults
stout, 6 mm long, dark browm in colour. Life cycle completed in 40-50
Nature of damag: days.
The grubtunnels in a zig-zag manner through the pulp endocarp, seed coat
and finally reaches the cotyledons and destroys them. The pulp is damaged
making it unfit for consumption. As the fruit develops the tunnel get closed.
adults that emerge from the pupae The_
also feed on the developing seed and hasten the_
maturity of infested fruit.
IPM:
QUnder-sized fruits left on the tree should be picked and destroyed.
Undertake general cleanliness and destruction of the weevils on the bark during
August. If the trees are few, bag the fruits with cloth or try paper bags for
protection.
Collect and destroy the fallen fruits and stones
Spray application of malathion 50 EC Imi/L; Carbaryl 3-4 kg (4 g/L of water) or
Quinalphos 3- 4 L (2 ml/L of water) in 1500-2000 L water per ha in Sept-Oct on
the tree first at marble stage of the fruit second at 15 days interval.
During non flowering season direct spray towards the base of the trunk.
The infested bark should be washed withkerosene emulsion.
Spray deltamethrin spray 1.5-2.0 L (1 m/L of water)in 1500-2000 L water per
haafter six weeks of fruit set.
5) Mango mealybug: Drosicha mangiferae (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera)
Distribution and Status:
India, Bangladesh, China and South East Asia
Host range:
Mango, apple, apricot, ber, cherry, Citrus spp., fig, grape vine, guava,
jack, jamun, litchi, mulberry and pomegranate.
Ratnai College of Agriculture, Akluj 171
 honeyd ouo ttooc
uacr
S ck he
h e 3uiee Relense
Sooty mou ld 0 y h g
Life history:
Oval, shining pink eggs laid inthe soillupto 15 cm. Egg hatching starts at
the end of December and continues upto month. First instar nymphs
ascend the trees
climb and
immediately. They pass 3 nymphal instars. Adult longetivity for
male and female are 7 and 15-35 days respectively. Female lays eggs for 22-47
days during april-may. Adults are oval, flat, body covered with white mealy
powder. Males have one pair of black wings and are crimson red.
Nature of damage:
Damages caused by nymphs and wingless females They infest the leaves
and inflorescence. Nymphs climb up the tree congregate together and suck juice
from young shoots, panicles and flower pedicels. The honey-dew secreted
encourages the growth of black sooty mould which affect normal photosynthetic
activity of plant. The affected parts dry up and yield is reduced substantially.
IPM:
Remove weeds like Clerodendrum inflortunatum and grasses by ploughing
during June-July.
Plough orchards during summer to expose the eggs to natural enemies and
extreme heat.
0, Band the trees with 20 cm wide alkalthene of polythene (400 gauge) in the
middle of December (50 cm above the ground level and just below the junction
of branching).Tie stem with jute thread and apply a little mud of fruit tree
grease on the lower edge of the band.
Release Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri@10/tree
D.If necessary spray dimethoate 30 EC or moncrotophos 36 SL 2.5-3.3L
methyldemeton 25 EC or malathion 50 EC®1.5 -2.0L or chlorpryriphos 20 EC
3.0-4.0 L or methyl parathion 50 EC 1.5-2.0 L in 1500 -2000 L water per ha
gOnce the pest reaches the top of the plant, control becomes rather difficult.
Bark eatingcaterpillar: Indarbela tetraonis, L quadrinotata (Inderbellidae:
Lepidoptera)
Distribution and status: Throughout India, Burma, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka
7 - S days
potential major pest. S0July Augseveity
Host range: Mango, guava, zizyphus, litchi, orange, pomegranate, bauhinia, loquat,
mulberry, moringa, rose, guava and eugenia. LcTas crivores
Life history:
Adults emerge in summer and lays 15-25 eggs in clusters under loose bark
of the trees. Eggs hatch in 8-10 days. Larvae makes webs and feeds making zig
zaggalleries on the wood filled with frass and excreta and later bores inside the
wood. Larval period is 9 -11 months and then pupates inside the stem. Pupal stage
is 3-4 months. ntunn e)s
Nature of damage: Damgge Stoge
Young trees succumb to the attack. Caterpillars bore into the trunk or
junction of branches make zig zag galleries Presence of gallery made out ofsilk
andfrass is the key symptom. They remain hidden in the_tunnel during daytime,
come out at night and feed on the bark. Under severe infestation, flow of sap is
hindered,plant growth arrested and fruit formation is drasticallyreduced
Management:
gKill the caterpillars by inserting iron spike into the tunnels.
an

Injecting ethylene glycol and keroseneoilin the ratio of 1:3 into thetunnel by
means of a syringe and then sealthe opening of the tunnel with mud.
Dip a small piece of cotton in anyof the fumigants, like chloroform or petrol or
kerosene, introduce into the tunnel and seal the opening with clay or mud.

Ratnai College of Agniculture,Akluj ehy delfa- pelhy'e