CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA

KKKH4473 WASTEWATER TREATMENT

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM (IETS)

TITLE:

FINAL REPORT IETS

LECTURER:

PROF. IR. DR. FATIHAH BINTI SUJA’

PREPARED BY: GROUP 8

HASLINDA BINTI AMIL HAMZAH (A176445)

MUHAMMAD HARITH LUQMAN BIN HAMDAN (A174428)
 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
1.1.1 Sources of Industrial Wastewater Treatment 2
1.1.2 Food Industry 2
1.1.3 Industrial Effluent Treatment System 3
1.2 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY 4
1.2.1 G&M Coconut Industry Sdn Bhd 4
1.2.2 Examples of G&M Coconut Industry Sdn Bhd 5
1.3 ECONOMIC ASPECTS 5
1. 3.1 Supply 5
1.3. 2 Demand 6
CHAPTER 2 PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS AND WASTE AUDIT 7
2.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 7
2.1.1 Manufacturing Process 7
2.1.2 Process Description 8
2.2 WASTE AUDIT 9
2.2.1 Coconut Milk Process Waste Audit 9
2.3 WASTE QUANTIFICATION 9
2.4 APPLICATION OF WASTE MINIMIZATION 10
2.5 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS & COMPARISON TO REGULATIONS 11
2.6 PROPOSED IETS 12
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT 15
TREATMENT SYSTEM (IETS)
3.1 WASTE AUDIT 15
3.1.1 Material Balance for Coconut Milk Process 15
3.2 IETS DESIGN 16
3.2.1 Material Balance for IETS 17
3.2.2 Design Of Each Unit Operation 22
4.0 References 24

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Industrial wastewater is the aqueous discard that results from substances having been dissolved
or suspended in water, typically during the use of water in an industrial manufacturing process or
the cleaning activities that take place along with that process. The objective of industrial
wastewater treatment is to remove those dissolved or suspended substances. The best approach to
working out an effective and efficient method of industrial wastewater treatment is to understand
how substances are dissolved or suspended in water and then to deduce plausible chemical or
physical actions that would reverse those processes.

1.1.1 Sources Of Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Some of the industrial wastewater sources are:

1. Battery manufacturing
2. Electric power plants
3. Food industry
4. Iron and steel industry
5. Mines and quarries
6. Nuclear industry
7. Organic chemicals manufacturing
8. Petroleum refining and petrochemicals
9. Pulp and paper industry
10. Textile mills
11. Industrial oil contamination
12. Water treatment
13. Wood preserving
1.1.2 Food Industry

Wastewater produced from food industries is the major source of environmental pollution.They
contain large quantities of nutrients, organic components (carbon, nitrogen), inorganic

2
substances, and suspended particles which should be treated properly when directly discharged
into sewage.The quality parameters of wastewater are pH, temperature, appearance, odor, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS).Besides, they also exhibit depletion of
oxygen as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) which
helps in the measurement of water quality.The quality of waste is measured by determining the
oxygen requirement for stabilizing the waste.High amount of BOD and COD indicates the
increase in product lose in waste stream .The common method of BOD measurement is dilution
method and respirometry method. COD is based on biodegradable and non-biodegradable
elements in wastewater. Higher BOD\COD ratio indicates readily biodegradable substances
whereas lower BOD\COD indicates low biodegradable or non-biodegradable elements.
According to a recent study, a 40% global deficit can occur between the expected demand and
the available supply by 2030.

1.1.3 Industrial Effluent Treatment System

Industrial Effluent Treatment System (IETS) is any facility including the effluent collection
system, designed and constructed for the purpose of reducing the potential of the industrial
effluent or mixed effluent to cause pollution.“Industrial Effluent” means any waste in the form of
liquid or wastewater generated from the manufacturing process including the treatment of water
for water supply or any activity occurring at any industrial premises.
Section 4 in Industrial Effluent Regulation, 2009 (IE2009) a premise is required to notify
DOE for new sources, increase in production capacity resulting in increase in effluent quantity
IETS upgrading resulting in worsened effluent quality.

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1.2 BACKGROUND OF COMPANY

1.2.1 G&M Coconut Industry Sdn Bhd

Figure 1.2.1 a : Logo of the company Figure 1.2.1b : The main poultry processing plants

G&M is a coconut food processing plant, mainly serving fresh and frozen coconut milk and
coconut silk. Everything is produced naturally without any artificial additives.G&M factory was
located at Telok Anson Hutan Melintang, Perak.Factory’s internal production of natural pure
coconut milk.
Their main vision is to become a globally renowned coconut product brand. Originally, it
was only one cabin, after 15 years of struggle, the company gradually became a mechanical way
to produce coconut pulp factory.The coconut processing plant at the G&M was originally located
in Sg. Besar, Selangor.In May 2019, a new plan was moved to Teluk Intan, Hutan Melintang,
Perak.
The company strongly believes that the road to success in relying on credit and high quality
products.Hence, the coconut milk that we produce is free of additives.From 2001 to 2007, their
products were sold directly to consumers and are now wholesale to the supermarkets.With
sufficient production lines, they have not faced the problem of oversupply.

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1.2.2 Examples of G&M Coconut Industry Sdn Bhd

Figure 1.2.2a : G&M Coconut Industry products

1.3 ECONOMIC ASPECTS

1. 3.1 Supply

The supply of coconut milk refers to the amount of coconut milk that is available for
consumption or use. The supply of coconut milk is determined by several factors such as the
production of coconuts, the processing capacity of coconut milk production facilities, and the
demand for coconut milk.
Coconut-growing countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, India, and Thailand are the
largest producers of coconut milk. The production of coconut milk in these countries is
influenced by several factors such as weather conditions, disease and pest outbreaks, and
government policies. For example, if there is a drought in a major coconut-growing region, it can
affect the production and supply of coconut milk.
In addition to the production of coconuts, the processing capacity of coconut milk
production facilities is another factor that affects the supply of coconut milk. If there is an
increase in demand for coconut milk, production facilities may need to increase their processing
capacity to meet the demand.
Overall, the supply of coconut milk is influenced by both local and global factors. The
supply of coconut milk can also be influenced by the demand for coconut milk, as an increase in
demand can lead to an increase in production and supply.

5
1.3. 2 Demand

Malaysia is one of the major producers of coconuts in Southeast Asia, and the demand for
coconut milk in the country has been growing in recent years. This is due to several factors such
as the increasing popularity of plant-based diets, the recognition of the health benefits of coconut
milk, and its use in traditional Malaysian cuisine.
In Malaysia, coconut milk is widely used in cooking, especially in traditional dishes such
as nasi lemak, laksa, and rendang. Additionally, the demand for coconut milk has increased in
recent years as more people seek out plant-based alternatives to dairy products. This has resulted
in the growth of the market for coconut milk-based products such as coconut cream, coconut
yogurt, and coconut ice cream.
The demand for coconut milk in Malaysia is also influenced by the growing tourism
industry, as tourists from other countries seek out traditional Malaysian dishes and local
ingredients. This has increased the demand for coconut milk and other traditional ingredients, as
well as for traditional Malaysian restaurants and food products.
Overall, the demand for coconut milk in Malaysia is driven by its growing popularity as a
plant-based alternative to dairy products, its use in traditional Malaysian cuisine, and the growth
of the tourism industry.

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2.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTIONS AND WASTE AUDIT

2.1 Process Description

Figure 2.1 : Process description

2.1.1 Manufacturing Process

Figure 2.1.1a : The manufacturing process of coconut milk products

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2.1.2 Process Description

Process Activity

Dehusking
The process of digging out the coconut shell
using a coconut shell peeling machine

Deshelling
The process of peeling coconut meat from the
coconut shell.

Blanched
Coconut meat is blanched with hot water to
facilitate the crushing process

Pulverizing and extraction

The process of crushing and extracting
coconut meat to obtain coconut milk using a
screw press machine

Pasteurizer
The process of heating coconut milk at a
temperature of 73.5°C to kill pathogenic
bacteria and ensure it is safe to eat

Ultra Heat Treatment

The process of heating up to a temperature of
140°C using aluminum sheets is done for the
preservation of coconut milk.

8
 Homogenizer
The process to prevent the formation of cream
grooves, to increase viscosity or to create a
bulkier texture in coconut milk products

Packing
Once temperature is achieved, the coconut
milk is removed from the heat source,
immediately transferred to stainless steel
filling vessels hot-filled in appropriate
containers and sealed

2.2 WASTE AUDIT

2.2.1 Coconut Milk Process Waste Audit

Figure 2.2a : The waste audit

2.3 WASTE QUANTIFICATION

The increased production of the poultry industry generates a massive amount of waste that must
be managed.These materials constitute a massive amount of solid waste that must be managed

9
properly to avoid environmental damage.Coconut husk, coconut shell, coconut flake, and
wastewater sludge are the most common byproducts of chicken processing.

Table 2.3a : The wastes from coconut milk processing

Type of by-product Quantity of use, Percent of use,

( kg/month ) (%)

Coconut 1357418 27

Coconut milk 363753 89

Coconut Shell 407225 30

Coconut Husk 135741 10

Coconut Water 407225 30

Coconut meat 407225 30

2.4 APPLICATION OF WASTE MINIMIZATION

Coconut trees are a significant and very valuable resource, with such a wide variety of uses, and
they are fully sustainable when managed properly.
The husk of a coconut has long fibers that can easily be woven into ropes and nets. It can
be used to cover eroding landscapes, help prevent further erosion and to promote plant growth.It
then biodegrades without a trace.
Coconut shells are some of the best materials for making activated carbon for filters.
Coconut shells are very dense and are covered in micropores that are ideal for trapping small
contaminant particles. It is also a cheap renewable material that grows all year round.
The leaves are made into brooms and brushes. They can be woven into baskets, mats and
other products. They are commonly used for thatching roofs and can be used to make fences and
temporary shelters. In some countries they are used as cooking ‘wraps’. The dried leaves can be
burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime.

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 Timber comes from the trunk, and is increasingly being used as an ecologically sound
substitute for endangered hardwoods. The wood is used in construction of housing and other
structures, like small bridges and fences. It is also made into furniture and homeware. The trunks
were also traditionally hollowed out as canoes.

2.5 Wastewater Characteristics & Comparison To Regulations

Table 2.5a : Wastewater Characteristics & Comparison To Regulations

Units G&M Coconut Malaysia

Industry Sdn Bhd Environmental
Quality Act 1974

Temperature °C 20 40

PH Value - 7.2 5.5-9.0

BOD5 at 20°C mg/L 4138 80

COD mg/L 5654 200

TSS mg/L 512 100

Oil and grease mg/L 4014 5.0

Keys: BOD5: Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand, COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand, TSS :
Total Suspended Solids
The wastewater produced by the final process is classified as high strength wastewater because it
contains high levels of organic matter such as COD and TSS. Several wastewater treatment
methods for coconut milk processing have been reported. Biological treatment methods, such as
aerobic and anaerobic treatment, have traditionally been used for wastewater treatment.

Furthermore, both biological techniques have some limitations.In order to treat the effluent,
we decided to use a combination of aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems. The anaerobic
treatment process of the coconut milk processed wastewater is often impaired or slowed down
because of the accumulation of suspended solids in the reactor.The anaerobic treatment process
is more suitable in treating high organic loading wastewater .The results presented in table above
show a very high concentration for COD, BOD, pH value and TSS which are higher than the
expected discharge standard for wastewater which are Standard B.The temperature ranges from
20° C are lower than the range of 40°C which is the acceptable range for discharge. Temperature
conditions during treatment ensures stability of the other properties and the chemical reactions

11
that will occur through the activities of bacteria responsible for stabilization of organic content of
wastewater. High BOD will disturb organic matter decomposition in the wastewater.

High BOD and COD will lead to occurrence of eutrophication, which can be toxic to
aquatic organisms, destruct organism nursery grounds, and extinction of certain species
(Al-Gheethi et al. 2015).High levels of TDS are the most commonly found contaminants
responsible for causing harmful effects in coconut milk production.The values for suspended
solids are very high when compared to the acceptable discharge value for effluent.Disposal of
untreated wastewater containing high ranges of suspended solids into aquatic environment is
responsible for development of sludge as well as anaerobic conditions.

2.6 Proposed IETS

Figure 2.6a: Proposed IETS

Primary Treatment

Oil-water separator and equalization tank are the primary treatment that we proposed in this
IETS for coconut milk production. This process is used to remove total suspended solids (TSS).

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 1. Oil-water separator

Wastewater passes through it and it separate oil and water mixtures to undergo
treatment.Oil is lighter than water and can be separated from a stream by allowing it to
rise to the surface.Oil water separators are sized to ensure there is sufficient time for oil
droplets to rise to the surface and be removed from the waste water stream.

2. Equalization tank

Equalization tank is used to minimize the fluctuations in the flow which is reduce the
peaks and flows in wastewater discharges. It also used to stabilize wastewater
characteristics such as discharge, temperature and pH.

Secondary Treatment

For our IETS dissolved air flotation (DAF), aeration tank and secondary clarifier are the process
that we proposed in secondary treatment. In this phase, the biological process is involved.

1. DAF Tank

Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water clarification process that uses air to remove
suspended material from the surface of treated water. DAF works by dissolving air under
pressure.DAF (dissolved air flotation) systems are versatile and efficient chemical
precipitation and physical separation systems designed to clarify wastewater for
subsequent treatment and reuse. The equipment separates total suspended solids (TSS),
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand(COD).

2. Aeration Tank

Aeration provides oxygen to bacteria for treating and stabilizing the wastewater. Oxygen
is needed by the bacteria to allow biodegradation to occur. The concentration of

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 suspended solids, MLSS in an aeration tank is 3000 mg/L. The depth of the tank is 3.5m
and the width is 3m.

3. Secondary Clarifier

Clarifier used to remove solid particulates or suspended solids from. The heavier
suspended solids settle in the clarifier due to the quiescent conditions provided in the
Clarification zone. The settled solids are swept to the center well provided for collection
of sludge. Average downflow velocity of 10 to 13 mm/s and maximum velocity of 25 to
30 mm/s.

Tertiary Treatment

Tertiary treatment is performed to further remove any remaining nutrients and organic materials
to the required levels for discharge. The final cleaning step before wastewater is utilized again,
recycled, or released into the environment is known as tertiary treatment.

1. Holding Tank

Holding tanks are used to collect temporarily the waste water for later removal. UV
inhibitors are installed in these tanks to prevent algae and bacterial growth. The size of
the tank that we proposed is 5000 liters.

2. Sand and Carbon Filter

Sand and carbon filtration are typically used for achieving supplemental removals of
suspended solids and pathogens not destroyed by the clarification process.Sand filters are
mainly used to remove suspended solids in water. This equipment is used in conjunction
with other water treatment equipment. It is widely used in water treatment such as water
purification, circulating water purification and sewage treatment. Activated carbon filter
is mainly used to adsorb 99% of free chlorine in water. It also has a high removal rate of
organic matter and color.

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3.0 DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM (IETS)

3.1 Waste Audit

Figure 3.1a: The waste audit with the value

3.1.1 Material Balance Of Coconut Milk Process

Figure 3.2a: The material balance for input materials

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 Figure 3.2b: The material balance for output materials

3.2 IETS DESIGN

Figure 3.2c: Removal efficiency at each unit operation

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3.2.1 Material Balance for IETS

1. Equalization Tank
BOD
Mass BOD loading = 4.138 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 12414 kg/day
BOD After Removal = 12414 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.2)
= 9931.2 kg/day
Conc. BOD Removal = 4138 mg/L × 0.2
= 827.6 mg/L
Remaining BOD Conc. = 4138 mg/L – 827.6 mg/L
= 3310.4 mg/L

2. DAF Tank
COD
Mass COD loading = 5.654 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 16962 kg/day
COD After Removal = 16962 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.65)
= 5936.7 kg/day
Conc. COD Removal = 5654 mg/L × 0.65
= 3675.1 mg/L
Remaining COD Conc. = 5654 mg/L – 3675.1 mg/L
= 1978.9 mg/L
BOD
Mass BOD loading = 3.310 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 9930 kg/day
BOD After Removal = 9930 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.8)
= 1986 kg/day
Conc. BOD Removal = 3310 mg/L × 0.8
= 2648 mg/L
Remaining BOD Conc. = 3310 mg/L – 2648 mg/L

17
 = 662 mg/L

TSS
Mass TSS loading = 0.512 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 1536 kg/day
TSS After Removal = 1536 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.4)
= 921.6 kg/day
Conc. TSS Removal = 512 mg/L × 0.4
= 204.8 mg/L
Remaining TSS Conc. = 512 mg/L – 204.8 mg/L
= 307.2 mg/L

3. Aeration Tank
COD
Mass COD loading = 1.979 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 5937 kg/day
COD After Removal = 5937 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.80)
= 1187.4 kg/day
Conc. COD Removal = 1979 mg/L × 0.8
= 1583.2 mg/L
Remaining COD Conc. = 1979 mg/L – 1583.2 mg/L
= 395.8 mg/L
BOD
Mass BOD loading = 0.662 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 1986 kg/day
BOD After Removal = 1986 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.75)
= 496.5 kg/day
Conc. BOD Removal = 662 mg/L × 0.75
= 496.5 mg/L
Remaining BOD Conc. = 662 mg/L – 496.5 mg/L

18
 = 165.5 mg/L

TSS
Mass TSS loading = 0.307 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 921 kg/day
TSS After Removal = 921 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.45)
= 506.55 kg/day
Conc. TSS Removal = 307 mg/L × 0.45
= 138.15 mg/L
Remaining TSS Conc. = 307 mg/L – 138.15 mg/L
= 168.9 mg/L

4. Secondary Clarifier
TSS
Mass TSS loading = 0.169 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 507 kg/day
TSS After Removal = 507 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.3)
= 354.9 kg/day
Conc. TSS Removal = 169 mg/L × 0.3
= 50.7 mg/L
Remaining TSS Conc. = 169 mg/L – 50.7 mg/L
= 118.3 mg/L

5. Sand & Carbon Filter

COD
Mass COD loading = 0.395 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 1185 kg/day
COD After Removal = 1185 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.5)
= 592.5 kg/day
Conc. COD Removal = 395 mg/L × 0.5

19
 = 197.5 mg/L
Remaining COD Conc. = 395 mg/L – 197.5 mg/L
= 197.5 mg/L
BOD
Mass BOD loading = 0.165 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 495 kg/day
BOD After Removal = 495 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.55)
= 222.8 kg/day
Conc. BOD Removal = 165 mg/L × 0.55
= 90.75 mg/L
Remaining BOD Conc. = 165 mg/L – 90.75 mg/L
= 74.3 mg/L

TSS
Mass TSS loading = 0.118 kg/m3 × 3000 m3/day
= 354 kg/day
TSS After Removal = 354 kg/day × (1.0 – 0.2)
= 283.2 kg/day
Conc. TSS Removal = 118 mg/L × 0.2
= 23.6 mg/L
Remaining TSS Conc. = 118 mg/L – 23.6 mg/L
= 94.4 mg/L

20
 Figure 3.2d: Value after removal

Final Value After Removal ;

● COD = 197.5 mg/L
● BOD = 74.3 mg/L
● TSS = 94.4 mg/L

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3.3 Design Of Each Unit Operation

1. Equalization Tank

To construct a neutralization tank, it is necessary to choose between a batchor continuous system

type. Since the influent flow is consistent and unexpected fluctuations are not anticipated, the
tank is run as a continuous system in this IETS.

Tank size = 5m x 5m x 4m

𝑉
𝐻𝑅𝑇 = 𝑄

𝑉
30 min = 3
( 3000 𝑚 /𝑑𝑎𝑦 )

3 3
V = 62.5 𝑚 < Tank size = 100𝑚

2. Aeration Tank

Designing an aeration tank requires the consideration of several factors, including the flow rate,
the organic loading rate, the detention time.

Tank size = 4.5m x 4m x 4m

𝑉
𝐻𝑅𝑇 = 𝑄

𝑉
4 hours = 3
( 3000 𝑚 /𝑑𝑎𝑦 )

3
V = 500 𝑚
1986 𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Organic loading rate (OLR) = 3
500 𝑚

3
= 3.972 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 /𝑑𝑎𝑦

3. Secondary Clarifier

22
 2(𝑝−𝑝𝑜)𝑔 𝑑 2
𝑉𝐹 = 9𝑛
(2)

Where,
● VF = Fall velocity
● p-po = Density difference (1000 - 95 kg/m3)
● n = Viscosity (0.6531 u for 40’c)
● g = gravitational acceleration (9.81m3/s)
● d = diameter of the particle (5 u)

2(950)(9.81) 5 2
𝑉𝐹 = 9(0.6531)
(2)

= 19.82 m/s
𝑄 3000 2
A= 𝑉
= 19.82
= 151.36 𝑚

𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 151. 36 𝑥 2. 5

3
= 378.4 𝑚
𝑉 378.4
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑄
= 3000

= 0.13 day or 3.12 hours

23
4.0 References

Johari, K., Saman, N., Song, S. T., Mat, H., & Stuckey, D. C. (n.d.). Supporting Information
Utilization of Coconut Milk Processing Waste as a Low-Cost Mercury Sorbent Figure S1.
FTIR spectra of DCWS over 400 to 4000 cm-1.

Karnasuta, S., Punsuvon, V., & Nokkaew, R. (2015). Biodiesel Production from Waste Coconut
Oil in Coconut Milk Manufacturing. In Agricultural Technology and Biological Sciences
Walailak J Sci & Tech (Vol. 12, Issue 3). http://wjst.wu.ac.th

Elkacmi, R., & Bennajah, M. (2019). Advanced oxidation technologies for the treatment and
detoxification of olive mill wastewater: A general review. Journal of Water Reuse and
Desalination, 9(4), 463–505. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.033

Soletti, J. I., Carvalho, S. H. v, Quintela, P. H. L., Soletti, J. I., Carvalho, V., Quintela, P. H. L.,
Ferreira De, W., & Salles, L. (n.d.). Synthesis of HDL-Biochar composites for removal of
emerging pollutants View project Creation and Consolidation of a Biochar Research
Group-Biochar Production (Biochar), Bio Oil Recovery and Adsorbent Production View
project COCONUT INDUSTRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING DISSOLVED AIR
FLOTATION. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237270987

Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L., & David Stensel, H. (n.d.). Wastewater Engineering Treatment
and Reuse (Fourth Edition).

Yargeau, V. (2012). Water and wastewater treatment: Chemical processes. In Metropolitan

Sustainability: Understanding and Improving the Urban Environment (pp. 390–405).
Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096463.3.390

Jafarinejad, S., & Jiang, S. C. (2019). Current technologies and future directions for treating
petroleum refineries and 1 petrochemical plants (PRPP) wastewaters 2.

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