Retco East Africa Limited v Josephine Kwamboka Nyachaki & another [2021] eKLR

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

IN THE HIGH COURT OF KENYA

AT NYAMIRA

CIVIL APPEAL NO. E007 OF 2020

RETCO EAST AFRICA LIMITED...........................................................APPELLANT

-VERSUS-

JOSEPHINE KWAMBOKA NYACHAKI & FRANCIS MORURI NYACHAKI

(Suing as the Personal Representatives and Legal Administrators of the

estate of EVANS MICHIEKA NYACHAKI (Deceased)......................RESPONDENTS

{Being an Appeal from the judgment of the Honourable M. O. WAMBANI (Mrs.) -

Chief Magistrate Nyamira dated and delivered on the 17th day of November 2020

in the original Nyamira Chief Magistrate’s Court Civil Case NO. 135 OF 2017}

JUDGEMENT

This appeal challenges the quantum of damages awarded to the Respondents as a result of an accident that occurred on 7th April,
2017 along Nyamira-Kisii road at Omogonchoro area in which the deceased EVANS MICHIEKA NYACHAKI suffered fatal
injuries. The Appeal is premised on grounds that;

“1. The quantum of general damages in respect of lost dependency is inordinately high, erroneous, oppressive and punitive
and amounts to a miscarriage of justice.

2. The Learned Trial Magistrate ignored and/or paid lip service to the Appellant’s submissions and especially the
precedents cited therein.

3. The Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and fact entering judgment for pain and suffering without considering the
applicable principles as established by precedent cited to her, considering the said precedents and thereby making awards
under the said head which was so high as to amount to an error in law in this particular case.

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4. The Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law when she held without any reference to any precedent or legal basis that the
multiplier applicable was 37 years and then proceeding to award damages on the basis of that arbitrary multiplier.

5. The Learned Trial Magistrate erred in law and in fact in reaching a multiplicand of Kshs. 20,000/= without considering
the evidence before her and without any reference to any precedent or legal basis and thereby making an award which was
so high as to amount to an error in law in this particular case.”

The appeal was canvassed by way of written submissions.

Appellant’s Submissions

On the damages for pain and suffering, the appellant submitted that the deceased died on the same day of the accident; that he was
pronounced dead on arrival at Ram Hospital. He submitted that the trial court awarded Kshs.100, 000 for pain and suffering without
considering the appellant’s submissions and the authorities cited therein. He relied on a number of cases for the proposition that it
would be an improper use of a court’s discretion to make an award without reference to the cited cases. Counsel prayed that the
award under this head be substituted with Kshs.10, 000/= and cited four cases where a similar amount was awarded;

Eldoret HCCA 163/2011, Suluenta Kennedy Sita & Another v Jeremiah Ruto [2017] eKLR.
Garissa High Court Civil Appeal NO. 10 OF 2014 Hassan Salat Gudow (Suing as Legal Representative of the
Estate of Ali Hassan Salat) v Mohamed Adan & 2 Others [2015[ eKLR
Kisii Civil Case No. 229 Of 2010 Samwel Kimtai Koriri (Suing as Personal and Legal Representative of Estate of
Chelangat Silevia v Nyanchwa Adventist Secondary School & Another [2016] eKLR.
Eldoret Civil Appeal No. 98 of 2010 William Kinyanjui & another (Suing as the Legal Representatives of the Estate
of Jane Florence Njeri Kinyanjui (Deceased) v Benard M. Wanjala & Another [2015] eKLR.

On the award under the Fatal Accidents Act and more specifically the multiplier, Counsel submitted that at the material time the
deceased was 23 years as proved by the death certificate produced in evidence and that the trial Magistrate ignored a cardinal
principle in the assessment of damages that comparable injuries should as far as possible be compensated by comparable awards and
hence reached an award that was unjust, inordinately high and unfair. Counsel contended that the trial Magistrate did not also
consider the appellant’s submissions and authorities on this issue and thereby made an error of misdirection for which this court
should interfere. Counsel submitted that a multiplier of 20 years was more reasonable. He relied on the following cases:-

Kerugoya HCCA No. 23 Of 2016, Ireri Moses v Peter Mutugi Muthike (Suing as the Legal Administrators of the
Estate of the Late Mary Njeri Muthike [2019] eKLR.
Nakuru HCC No. 110 Of 2004, Daniel Mugaru Kuria v Geofrey Githeki Macharia & Another [2006] eKLR.
Machakos HCCA No. 113 Of 2006, Ramesh R. Vaya & another v Hiten Z. Limbani [2015] eKLR.
Eldoret HCCC No.111 Of 2008, Achuma Chrombeiye & Another V Moses Shivachi [2019] eKLR.
Nakuru HCCA No. 76 of 1999, Julius Mokua Ongera v Esther Njoki Gicharu [2006] eKLR.
Nairobi HCC No. 1615 Of 2001, Satwinder Singh Bhogal v Satwinder Kaur Benawra & 2 others [2004] eKLR.

Concerning the multiplicand, Counsel submitted that the trial court adopted Kshs.20, 000/= without analyzing evidence before it
and without considering the appellant’s submissions. Counsel relied on a number of cases for the proposition that it was an error for
the trial court not to consider his submissions. Counsel further submitted that the respondents did not prove that the deceased was a
boda boda rider as claimed or that he used to earn Kshs. 20,000/= per month and urged this court to adopt the minimum wage which
at the time amounted to Kshs. 5,844/= as per the Regulation of Wages 9 (General) (Amendment) Order 2015.

The Respondents’ Submissions

The respondents on the other hand urged this court to uphold the award for pain and suffering and loss of amenities. Counsel for the
respondents submitted that the appellant had relied on cases where the deceased persons died immediately after the accident yet in
this case, the deceased died after 30 minutes. To support his submission Counsel relied on the case of David Kahuruka Gitau &

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another v Nancy Ann Wathithi Gitau [2016] eKLR, where the court awarded Kshs. 100,000/= in respect of a deceased who died
30 minutes after the accident.

On the issue of loss of expectation of life, Counsel for the respondents submitted that the award of Kshs.150, 000/= was reasonable
and that the appellant had not contested the award in this appeal.

On the multiplicand, Counsel submitted that the respondents tendered evidence that the deceased was 23 years old and a rider
earning Kshs. 20,000/=. Counsel relied on the case of Mombasa CA No. 317 of 2003 Checkers Trading Ltd & another v
Fatuma Kimanthi & another and the case of Jacob Ayiga Maruja & another v Simeon Obayo [2005] eKLR to support his
submission that it is not only documentary evidence that can prove earnings. Counsel submitted that the award of Kshs. 20,000/=
should be upheld as the deceased earnings were proved through evidence and on the basis of the persuasive authorities. Counsel for
the respondents also urged this court to uphold the multiplier of 37 years adopted by the trial court. Counsel contended that as the
deceased was 23 years he would have worked for a further 37 years noting that people who work in the informal sector tend to work
for longer than those in the formal sector. Counsel cited the case of Susan Wanjugu Muchemi v James Kabathi Mwangi [2005]
eKLR where the court adopted a multiplier of 26 years for a deceased aged 29. Counsel for the respondents further urged this court
to uphold the dependency ratio adopted by the trial court, the special damages and the apportionment of liability as the same were
not contested.

Lastly, on whether the appellant’s submissions and precedents were considered, Counsel for the respondents submitted that the trial
court considered the evidence adduced, the circumstances of the case and other decided cases in arriving at her reasoned decision.
Counsel urged this court to uphold the trial court’s judgment and submitted that the trial Magistrate exercised her discretion
properly.

This being a first appeal, it is the duty of this court to re-consider, re-evaluate and re-analyze the evidence afresh and come to its
own conclusion. It is also not lost to this court that an appellate court can only interfere with an award of a trial court where the
appellant demonstrates that the award is so inordinately high or so inordinately low as to amount to an erroneous assessment of the
damage, or that in coming to that assessment the trial court took into account an irrelevant fact or that it failed to take into account a
relevant fact. The above principles were reiterated in the case of Mbogo & another v Shah [1968] EA 93, where it was held at
page 96 that: -

“An appellate Court will interfere if the exercise of the discretion is clearly wrong because the Judge has misdirected himself
or acted on matters which it should not have acted upon or failed to take into consideration matters which it should have
taken into consideration and in doing so arrived at a wrong conclusion. It is trite law that an appellate Court should not
interfere with the exercise of the discretion of a Judge unless it is satisfied that the Judge in exercising his discretion has
misdirected himself and has been clearly wrong in the exercise of the discretion and that as a result, there has been
injustice”

Having carefully reconsidered and evaluated the evidence before the trial court I make findings as follows: -

Pain and Suffering

The court heard that the deceased died after 30 minutes. That was not controverted. The deceased must have suffered considerable
pain. The awards for pain and suffering are usually nominal but each case must be determined on its own merits. In the persuasive
case of Mercy Muriuki & another v Samuel Mwangi Nduati & another (Suing as the Legal Administrator of the Estate of
the late Robert Mwangi) [2019] eKLR, the court observed: -

“The generally accepted principle therefore is that very nominal damages will be awarded on these two heads of damages if
the death followed immediately after the accident. The conventional award for loss of expectation of life is Ksh. 100,000/-
while for pain and suffering the awards range from Ksh. 10,000/= to Ksh. 100,000/= with higher damages being awarded if
the pain and suffering was prolonged before death.”

I have considered the cases relied on by the parties herein. In this case where the deceased died 30 minutes after the accident an
award of Kshs. 100,000/= for pain and suffering is not only fair but reasonable as the court is also enjoined to consider passage of

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time and inflation. Kshs. 10,000/= proposed by the appellant is what was awarded in the eighties and the nineties. The award under
that head is upheld.

Multiplicand

In their submissions, the respondents submitted that they adduced evidence at the trial court that the deceased was 23 years old and a
rider earning Kshs. 20,000/=. They relied on the case of Mombasa CA No. 317 of 2003 Checkers Trading Ltd & Another v
Fatuma Kimanthi & another and the case of Jacob Ayiga Maruja & another v Simeon Obayo [2005] eKLR for the proposition
that it is not only documentary evidence that can prove earnings. I have considered the evidence by the deceased’s mother who
testified that the deceased used to run a boda boda transport business prior to his death and was earning a monthly income of Kshs.
20,000/=. During cross-examination, she stated that she did not have the deceased’s M-pesa statement and hence had no way of
proving his earnings. A boda boda rider’s wage if not known, can be discerned from the law and the approach by courts has been to
resort to the minimum wage prevailing at the time of the deceased’s death. I am persuaded that the trial magistrate acted on a wrong
principle by adopting a multiplicand of Kshs.20, 000/= when the same was not proven. In my considered view, the trial magistrate
should have resorted to the minimum wage as is the practice. I accept the multiplicand of Kshs. 5,744.20/= proposed by counsel for
the Appellant as the same is the applicable minimum wage as per the Legal Notice No.117 of 2015, THE REGULATION OF
WAGES (GENERAL)(AMENDMENT) ORDER 2015. I rely on the Court of Appeal decision in the case of Isaack Kimani
Kanyingi & another (Suing as the legal representative of the Estate of Loise Gathoni Mugo (Deceased) v Hellena Wanjiru
Rukanga [2020] eKLR where the minimum wage was adopted as a multiplicand.

Multiplier

I have considered the rival submissions and the cases cited on this issue. The respondents relied on the case of Susan Wanjugu
Muchemi v James Kabathi Mwangi [2005] eKLR where the court adopted a multiplier of 26 years for a deceased aged 29 years.
The appellant on the other hand cited cases where a multiplier of between 15 to 20 years was adopted for a similar age. It is my
finding that the multiplier of 37 years adopted by the trial Magistrate did not take into account other similar cases and that she
therefore misdirected herself. In my view, considering the cases cited by both sides a multiplier of 27 years would be more
reasonable and I hereby adopt the same.

Special damages and damages for loss of expectation of life

These shall remain undisturbed as they were not contested. This also applies to the dependency ratio and the apportionment of
liability.

On whether the trial court considered the appellant’s submissions and the evidence before it, I note that at page 12 paragraph 5 of
the judgement the Learned Magistrate observed as follows: -

“The Defendants submissions are dated 29th /10/2020 and filed in court on the 3rd /11/2020. The gist of the Defendant’s
submissions is that the Plaintiffs be awarded Kshs. 10,000/= for pain and suffering, for loss of dependency the Plaintiffs be
awarded Kshs. 467,520/=…that is a brief outline of the parties’ premises. The court has considered the parties’ premises,
each in its entirety….”

It is therefore my finding that the trial court considered the submissions by both parties and the evidence on record and analyzed the
evidence in light of the law and in each finding gave a justification for the same. That ground of appeal cannot therefore hold.
Accordingly, this appeal succeeds only to the extent afore-stated and judgement for the appellant against the respondents shall now
be as follows: -

i. Liability at 50%:50%

ii. Pain and suffering Kshs. 100,000/=

iii. Loss of expectation of life Kshs. 150,000/=

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iv. Loss of dependency (5844.20 x 1/3

x 27 x 12) Kshs. 631,173.6/=

v. Special damages Kshs. 97,950/=

vi. Sub-total Kshs. 979,123.6/=

vii. Less 50% (Kshs. 489,561.8)

viii. Total Kshs. 489,561.8/=

The Appellant has succeeded partially and hence shall have half the costs of this appeal. It is so ordered.

JUDGEMENT SIGNED, DATED AND DELIVERED (ELECTRONICALLY VIA MICROSOFT TEAMS) AT NYAMIRA
THIS 24TH DAY OF JUNE 2021.

E. N. MAINA

JUDGE

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