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    Fac001 l18 Week 9

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    akifrezan73

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    Fac001 l18 Week 9

    Uploaded by

    akifrezan73
    16 views15 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    16 views15 pages

    Fac001 l18 Week 9

    Uploaded by

    akifrezan73

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    ADVANCED

    MATHEMATICS I
    FAC1001
    o Parallel & Orthogonal: planes
    o Parallel & Orthogonal: lines &
    planes
    Parallel & Orthogonal: planes
    o Two planes with normal vectors a and b are:
    (i) parallel if a and b are parallel
    (ii) orthogonal if a and b are orthogonal
    a b

    ∴ a = 𝜆b for some scalar 𝜆.


    b

    ∴ a∙b= 0
    Parallel & Orthogonal: planes
    ▪EXAMPLE 1:
    Prove that the planes 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝒛 − 𝟓 = 𝟎 and
    − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟐 = 𝟎 are parallel.
    ▪Solution:
    The planes have normal vectors,
    𝐚 = 𝟐, −𝟑, −𝟏 and 𝐛 = −𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟑 .
    Thus,
    b = −𝟑 𝟐, −𝟑, −𝟏
    = −𝟑a ∴ 𝐛 = −𝟑a

    Therefore, the vectors a and b are parallel


    and hence the planes are also parallel.
    PARALLEL & PERPENDICULAR: LINES & PLANES

    n = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄
    𝝅: ax + by + cz = d
    l r = a +tv
    v

    n = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄
    Line and plane are parallel if, 𝐧 ∙ 𝐯 = 𝟎
    v

    l Line and plane


    n = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄
    v are
    v n = 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 perpendicular
    if, ∴ n = 𝜆v

    𝝅: ax + by + cz = d OR 𝐧×𝐯=𝟎
    EXAMPLE 2
    • Determine if the plane given by −𝑥 +
    2𝑧 = 10 and the line given by 𝐫 =
    5, 2 − 𝑡, 10 + 4𝑡 are orthogonal,
    parallel or neither.
    INTERSECTIONS OF PLANES

    Given two planes in three-space, there are three


    possible geometric models for the intersection of the
    planes.

    An intersection line
    between two planes

    If two distinct planes intersect,


    the solution is the set of points
    that lie on the line of
    intersection.
    INTERSECTIONS OF PLANES

    Given two planes in three-space, there are three


    possible geometric models for the intersection of the
    planes.

    The planes are parallel


    and coincident

    If the planes are coincident,


    every point on the plane is a
    solution.
    INTERSECTIONS OF PLANES

    Given two planes in three-space, there are three


    possible geometric models for the intersection of the
    planes.

    the planes are parallel


    and distinct.

    Parallel planes do not intersect,


    so there is no solution.
    EXAMPLE 3
    • Let l be the line of intersection of the
    two planes
    2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 4 and 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1.
    Find parametric equations for l.
    EXAMPLE 4
    • Describe how the planes in each pair
    intersect.
    a) 𝜋1 : 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 4𝑧 − 7 = 0
    𝜋2 : 3𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 6𝑧 − 2 = 0

    b) 𝜋3 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 2 = 0
    𝜋4 : 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 4 = 0
    ANGLES: PLANE & PLANE
    The angle between two planes is equal to the
    angle determined by the normal vectors of the
    planes.

    The angle 𝜃 between two


    planes with normals of n1
    and n2, respectively, can be
    calculated using the
    n2 formula:
    n1
    𝐧𝟏 ∙ 𝐧𝟐
    cos 𝜃 =
    𝐧𝟏 𝐧𝟐
    ANGLES: LINE & PLANE

    EXAMPLE 4

    • Determine the acute angle between the


    two planes:
    𝜋1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 3 = 0
    𝜋2 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2 = 0
    ANGLES: LINE & PLANE
    The angle between a line
    and plane is 𝜃.
    We find the angle
    between line and a
    normal to the plane, 𝛼.
    𝐧∙𝐯
    cos 𝛼 =
    𝐧 𝐯

    Therefore, the angle between line and plane:


    𝜃 = 90° − 𝛼
    ANGLES: LINE & PLANE

    EXAMPLE 5
    𝑥−1 𝑦 𝑧+4
    • Given is a line, = =
    3 −1 −2
    and a plane, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 8 = 0.
    Find the angles between line and plane.
    Thank you ☺

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