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    6 - L6 - Obesity - FOURTH YEAR

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    mohameddohen
    Obesity and over weight are terms commonly used to describe individuals with increased body fat or increase in adiposity (weight gain)

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    6 - L6 - Obesity - FOURTH YEAR

    Uploaded by

    mohameddohen
    21 views19 pages
    Obesity and over weight are terms commonly used to describe individuals with increased body fat or increase in adiposity (weight gain)

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    6- L6- Obesity- FOURTH YEAR

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    Obesity and over weight are terms commonly used to describe individuals with increased body fat or increase in adiposity (weight gain)

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views19 pages

    6 - L6 - Obesity - FOURTH YEAR

    Uploaded by

    mohameddohen
    Obesity and over weight are terms commonly used to describe individuals with increased body fat or increase in adiposity (weight gain)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Obesity

    Definition
    Obesity and over weight are terms commonly used to
    describe individuals with increased body fat or increase
    in adiposity (weight gain).

     The worldwide prevalence of obesity is 13 %.


     11 % of the men and 15 % of the women in the world are
    obese.
     38% of the men and 40 % of the women are overweight.
     Worldwide, there are more individuals with obesity than
    individual who are underweight.
    Definition
     The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies according to
    categories of BMI, body weight into underweight (BMI < 18.5
    kg/m2) , normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight and

    obesity

     The correct definition of overweight is (BMI 25-29.9) kg/m2.

     The correct definition of obesity is BMI > 30 kg/m2.

     BMI of 40 kg/m2 is associated with a decreased life expectancy

    of around 10 years.
    Causes
    Weight gain is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy
    expenditure.

    1- Highest fat intake.

    2- Consumption of energy – dense food and drink’s high in fat and sugar.

    3- Alcohol promotes weight gains

    4- Decreasing physical activity

    5- Family and genetic predisposition.

    6- Certain drugs many contribute to weight gain e.g. corticosteroids,

    sulphonylureas, tricyclic anti- resents.

    7- Endocrine causes are rare.


    Assessment of Obesity
    1-Qualitative assessment ‘distribution of adiposity’
    location of fat in different parts of the body’.

    2- Quantitative assessment

    a)Relative body weight (R.W.):


    b) Body mass index (BMI):
    c) Waist circumference:
    d) Skin fold test:
    Relative weight:
    It is measured as
    body weight (Kg) /
    the desirable weight
    (Kg), then Output
    multiplied by the
    100.

    Ideal RW is supposed to
    be 100.
    Body Mass Index
    -BMI is computed using the following formula:
    BMI = Weight (kg)/ Height (m²)
    -Evidence shows that high BMI (obesity level) is
    associated with type 2 diabetes & high risk of
    cardiovascular morbidity & mortality
    -Ex :Patient Wight is 90 kg and Hight 160 cm ,Calculate
    BMI ?
    Answer: BMI = 90 / (1.6) 2 = 35.1 ( obese grade 2 )
    BMI (WHO - Classification)

     BMI < 18.5 = Under Weight


     BMI 18.5-24.9= Healthy weight range
     BMI 25-30 = Overweight (grade 1
    obesity)
     BMI >30-40 = Obese (grade 2 obesity)
     BMI >40 =Very obese (morbid or
    grade 3 obesity)
    Waist circumference
    • Waist circumference is measured at the
    level of the umbilicus.
    The subject stands erect with relaxed
    abdominal muscles, arms at the side, and
    feet together.
    The measurement should be taken at the
    end of a normal expiration.
    Waist circumference
    Waist circumference predicts mortality better than any
    other anthropometric measurement.

    It has been proposed that waist measurement alone


    can be used to assess obesity.
    MALES FEMALE
    (obesity) >102cm >88cm
    Waist/Hip Ratio
    Skin fold test
    • It is one of common method determining body fat Percentage
    • The assessor, using forefinger and the thumb ,grasps and lifts the subcutaneous
    tissue and skin from underlying muscle .

    • Places the pincers of skin fold caliper, applying a constant pressure.


    • Holds this position for 3-4 seconds .
    • Take three measurement for accuracy.
    • Provides the actual skin fold thickness in mm.

    Normal skin fold thickness


     20 mm in man.
     30 mm in women
     Skin fold test is usually used in infants and young children.
    Skin fold test
    Thickness of skin over the middle of triceps muscle is measured in
    millimeters by special device.
    Risk of obesity (complications):
    1. It increases mortality

    2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

    3. Hypertension and stroke.

    4. Hyperlipidaemias.

    5. Coronary heart disease and hypertension.

    6. Gallstones.

    7. Arthritis of the hip, Knee and foot.

    8. Breathlessness, sleep apnea.

    9. Infertility, hirsutism.

    10. Pregnancy complications, perinatal mortality, pre- eclampsia, gestational diabetes, pre- term
    labour, deep vein thrombosis.

    11. Stress incontinence and abdominal hernia.

    12. Psychological: depression.

    13. Social: disability on low-income, reduced employment prospects.


    Prevention and control:
    The prevention and control of obesity depends on behavioral
    modification including the following issues:

    1) Self-monitoring using a food diary.

    2) Need for long-term lifestyle change.

    3) Need to modify eating habits.

    4) Need to assess present exercise level and ideas to increase


    this if necessary.

    5) Separation of eating from other activities level and ideas


    to increase this if necessary.
    Prevention and control:
    6. Planning of daily food intake.

    7. Possibility of changes to individual eating style.

    8. Identification of the causes of negative emotions


    and stress.

    9. Dealing with situations that interfere with every


    day food choices e.g. eating out, holidays, family
    pressure and cost.
    Prevention and control:
    A high protein content and low GI is more

    effective for weight maintenance after weight

    loss in adults, to induce weight loss in children

    and had a favorable effect on risk markers for

    type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.


    Prevention and control:
    Bariatric surgery is used for obesity treatment

    and it decreases the incidence of type 2

    diabetes in obese individuals after surgery by

    about 80-90%.

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