IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO.

4, OCTOBER 2010 2565

Lightning-Induced Overvoltages Transmitted Over

Distribution Transformer With MV Spark-Gap
Operation—Part II: Mitigation Using LV
Surge Arrester
Nehmdoh A. Sabiha and Matti Lehtonen

Abstract—When the distribution transformers are exposed to From impulse tests on the transformer LV windings [12],
lightning overvoltages, it is worthy to study the low-voltage (LV) [13], it is known that surges exceeding 30 kV damage the LV
network response at the customer terminals using an accurate and windings. But as has already been considered, long-duration
simplified high-frequency transformer model. The impact of LV
network feeder numbers, lengths, types, and loads on the lightning- surges of a smaller magnitude (perhaps as low as 3 kV) may
induced overvoltage reached at the service entrance point is inves- transfer sufficient voltage to the high-voltage (HV) winding to
tigated. The high-frequency model representation of distribution damage its insulation. The earlier consideration of the frequency
transformer and the LV network are combined in a single arrange- of LV surges indicates likely values well in excess of 24/100
ment in the environment of the Alternative Transients Programs/ transf.-years for 1-km lengths of LV lines. Two beneficial ef-
Electromagnetic Transients Program. Finally, a study is carried
out to mitigate the overvoltages by allocating the surge arrester at fects are the result if the length of the line is less than 100 m.
the secondary side of the distribution transformer concerning the The frequency is reduced by a factor of 10, and the magnitude
medium-voltage spark-gap operation. A simplified surge arrester of the voltage applied to the capacitance of the LV winding is
model is represented and verified. This study can enhance the over- reduced when the available capacitance of the LV line is com-
voltage protection of Finnish LV networks. parable to or less than that of the winding. These considerations
Index Terms—High-frequency distribution transformer, suggest that LV arresters should be fitted to transformers whose
low-voltage surge arrester, medium-voltage spark gap, miti- associated length of the LV overhead line exceeds 100 m.
gation of overvoltages. In this paper, the lightning-induced overvoltages transmitted
from the MV network to the LV network through the distribution
I. INTRODUCTION transformer are studied under MV spark-gap operation through
the voltage waveforms and the peak voltage profile along the
feeder as well. Finally, the role of the LV surge arrester with
HE TRANSFERENCE of surges from medium-voltage
T (MV) to low-voltage (LV) networks is the most frequent
among all possible mechanisms of overvoltage generation on
MV spark-gap operation is investigated based on the data of
the low-voltage surge arrester (LOVOS) recommended by ABB.
It is found that an arrester on the transformer secondary side
consumer loads which also threaten the insulation of power dis- can protect the customer load from the overvoltage transferred
tribution lines. This transference may take place according to through the distribution transformer due to lightning-induced
one of the following mechanisms: 1) coupling of both circuits overvoltage from the primary side of the transformer.
through distribution transformers and their connections; 2) elec-
tromagnetic coupling between MV to LV conductors if they are II. LV SURGE ARRESTER
installed one above the other; 3) indirect current injection into LV surge arresters come in the form of modules to be in-
the LV circuit due to flashovers across MV to LV insulators [1]. stalled inside the LV switchboard. There are also plug-in types
So many studies have been performed to investigate the induced and those that protect power outlets. They ensure secondary pro-
overvoltages on the distribution line caused by the lightning tection of nearby elements but have a small flow capacity. Some
stroke [1]–[8]. Other studies have been performed through the are even built into loads although they cannot protect against
observations of lightning-induced voltage on distribution lines strong voltage surges. Properly applying a surge protective de-
[9]–[11]. vice (SPD) is dependent on the configuration of the power dis-
tribution system and equipment connected to the electrical dis-
Manuscript received September 22, 2009; revised December 31, 2009. First tribution network [14].
published March 29, 2010; current version published September 22, 2010. This
work was supported by the Graduate School of Electrical Engineering (GSEE), A. Selection of Surge Arrester
the Ministry of Education, Finland. Paper no. TPWRD-00711-2009.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of The most important parameter for the selection of a
Electronics, Communications and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Aalto metal–oxide arrester is the highest power frequency voltage
F1-00076, Finland (e-mail: [email protected]). which the arrester can continuously withstand. It is ex-
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. pressed as the effective value and is often called maximum
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2042976 continuous operating voltage (MCOV). The rated voltage of
0885-8977/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
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2566 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2010

TABLE I
LV SURGE ARRESTER GUARANTEED DATA

Fig. 1. Frequency-dependent model [17].

A simplified model has been presented derived from the

IEEE model [18]. In this model, the capacitance is eliminated
an arrester can be used together with for the selection of
since its effect on the model behavior is negligible, and the two
arresters [15]. There are two products: 1) LOVOS 5 and 2)
resistances in parallel with the inductances are also removed.
LOVOS 10 where their nominal discharge current with impulse
The operating principle is quite similar to that of the IEEE
characteristic 8/20 s is 5 and 10 kA (peak value), respectively.
frequency-dependent model. The model parameters are deter-
These products ensure the protection of LV overhead lines of
mined by using only the electrical data and do not take any
individual electric energy receivers, distributing transformers,
physical characteristics of the surge arrester into consideration.
and other LV power equipment from the effects of lightning
The inductances in their model can be defined in microhenries
and switching overvoltage.
as [18]
In the current study, the LV surge arrester is inserted between
the phase and earth, and in this case, can be chosen con-
(2)
cerning the form

(1) (3)

where is the highest voltage for equipment. Therefore, the where is the arrester rated voltage in kilovolts, is the
value is selected to be equal to 280 V as a standardized residual voltage at 10-kA fast front current surge s),
voltage for 240/400-V networks as reported in [16]. is the residual voltage at 10-kA current surge with a
The surge arrester protection level is usually determined as 8/20- s shape.
the ratio where is the voltage peak value on the ar- The definition of nonlinear resistors characteristics ( and
rester terminals during flow of the nominal discharge current ) is derived from the curves proposed by IEEE Working
. For different types of sparkles arresters and various man- Group 3.4.11, and are referred to the peak value of the residual
ufactures, it is contained in the three to five limits. When se- voltage measured during a discharge test with a 10-kA lightning
lecting the arresters type, attention should be given to the value current impulse .
of this ratio. The lower the ratio is, the greater the insula- The main problem in this model is that not all of the data re-
tion protective margin of protected equipment will be. Arrester quired calculating the dynamic parameters are available in the
type LOVOS 5/280 is selected with the guaranteed data listed in datasheets of several manufacturers. Very often, the manufac-
Table I. turer does not declare the residual voltage for steep pulse (with
B. Surge Arrester Modeling a rise time between 0.5 and 1 s). This problem has been over-
come through defining the model parameters also in case of
Several accurate models have been proposed to describe the missing data in the datasheet as addressed in [19], where the
arrester behavior such as models reported in [17]–[19]. The dif- parameters are modified as
ficult point of these models is the identification of their parame-
ters and the required field tests to determine their values. Com- (4)
monly used models are discussed as follows. (5)
IEEE Working Group 3.4.11 [17] recommended the
metal–oxide surge arrester model shown in Fig. 1. More In this paper, the arrester model presented in [18] is used due
sophisticated versions of this model can be made by adding to its simplicity and its inductance parameters are calculated by
more sections of non-linear resistance separated by R-L filters. using (4) and (5) [19], where is not available in the data
However, the working group was satisfied by the two-section sheet. So, it is found that and are equal to 0.0084 and
model, as it gave good correlation with laboratory-test data. 0.0028 , respectively. The nonlinear characteristics of the
In order to identify its parameters, Working Group 3.4.11 two elements and are based on the per-unit data pub-
suggested an iterative procedure where corrections on different lished in [18] and summarized in the Appendix associated with
elements are necessary until a satisfactory behavior is obtained. the corresponding nonlinear characteristics of and .
The starting values can be obtained through formulas taking
into account the electrical data, including residual voltages and C. Model Validation
the physical parameters, such as overall height, block diameter, The surge arrester model is tested using the ATPDraw cir-
and columns number. cuit shown in Fig. 2. A discharge current of 8/20 s, 5 kA,
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SABIHA AND LEHTONEN: LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGES TRANSMITTED OVER DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER—PART II 2567

Fig. 2. ATPDraw circuit for the surge arrester.

and 25 kA for nominal and maximum conditions, respectively,

is injected to the surge arrester’s aforementioned parameters.
Adding 1-M resistance is used in parallel with the current
source in order to avoid the numerical instability of the com-
bination of the current source and nonlinear elements. Regu-
larly, it is recommended to add high resistance parallel with the
current source in a field of Electromagnetic Transients Program
(EMTP) and Alternative Transients Programs (ATP).
By evaluating the simulation results, the error in the simulated
residual voltage is found 4.22% and 18.63% at the nominal
and the maximum discharge currents, respectively. This error
is computed as the deviation from the manufactured data using
the form that , where is simulated residual
voltage (the simulated voltage protection level) where the pa-
rameters computed by (4) and (5) are taken as initial values.
Then, these parameters are tuned and the corrected values are
therefore determined for and as 0.0048 and
H. Consequently, the error for nominal and maximum dis-
charge currents reaches 1.5% and 0.55%, respectively. The
residual voltage and absorbed energy are as shown in Fig. 3 ac-
cording to the nominal and maximum discharge currents and
considering the corrected parameters. Comparing the simulated
results of the surge arrester evaluation with its data sheet pro-
vides evidence of the efficacy of this model.

III. SIMULATED SYSTEM

To investigate the effect of lightning strokes on the LV net-
works, an accurate model of the transformer is necessary as well
as a model of the LV network to obtain a real response in this
situation. So an accurate and simplified model for the distribu-
tion transformer under lightning strokes proposed in [20] is used
in this paper, where the high-frequency model representation of
the distribution transformer and LV network are combined in
a single arrangement in the environment of ATP/EMTP. The
transformer model and its parameters are summarized in the
Appendix.
The overall ATPDraw circuit is shown in Fig. 4 where the
ATPDraw network of the distribution transformer presented in
[20] and the network of the overhead cable feeder are combined
Fig. 3. LV surge arrester model verification under nominal and maximum
in a single ATPDraw file, and the LV surge arrester model and discharge current. )a) Injected nominal and maximum discharge current. (b)
spark-gap operation are added to this arrangement. The overall Residual voltage under nominal and maximum discharge current. (c) Absorbed
LV network circuit consists of seven identical overhead cable energy under nominal and maximum discharge current.
feeders, 49 load, and 350-m feeder length. Each feeder is di-
vided into seven subsections with seven different loads where AMKA 70, and their multiplies [21]. In this section, the AMKA
each subsection length is 50 m. At the end of each subsection, cable type is used where its identification is reported
there is a resistive load which is randomly selected in a range of in [22]. More details supporting the ATPDraw simulation are il-
1 to 2 kW. For example, the load distribution from point A1 to lustrated in the Appendix where the cable was represented using
point G1 is 1, 2, 1.5, 1, 1, 2, and 1.5 kW, respectively. the frequency-dependent JMarti model.
In Finland, the most common LV lines are aerial-bundled The simulation is carried out by using the induced over-
cables where the most common cable types are AMKA 35, voltage of 94.5 kV, 0.9/9.4 s as the lightning source on the
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2568 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2010

Fig. 4. ATPDraw overall circuit.

primary side of the distribution transformer. This impulse This is because the distance between the phase conductors is
represents an indirect induced overvoltage where its time char- generally much smaller than the distance between the line and
acteristics have been identified considering that the induced the lightning channel [26].
overvoltages have a time-to-half value much shorter than that The evaluation of the induced overvoltages is carried out by
of the lightning current, as reported in [23]. The magnitude can investigating the voltage profile concerning different scenarios.
be determined by using Rusk’s formula taking into account a These scenarios are different feeder numbers (one, two, and
distribution of lightning current and the distance of the striking seven feeders), different feeder lengths, different load values,
point from the transmission line [24]. Therefore, the magnitude and replacing sections of overhead cables by underground
can be varied from zero up to hundreds of kilovolts based on cables. These scenarios were reported in [27]; however, the
the aforementioned conditions. However, the criteria used to MV spark gap was not considered, and the mitigation was not
select the magnitude value has concerned the MV spark-gap studied. These scenarios are accomplished without and with
characteristics, in which the mean value, which has been ex- considering the spark-gap operation of the MV network. The
perimentally ascertained in [25], was found to be equal to 94.5 mitigation of these overvoltages is investigated by using the
kV. This mean value is the overvoltage at which the probability surge arrester modeled in previous section. In order to accom-
of the spark-gap flashover is 50%. The mean of the MV spark plish these test cases, the ATPDraw network shown in Fig. 4 is
gap is used in order to consider its operation effect on the in- modified based on each scenario condition in turn.
duced overvoltage at the customer terminals. This magnitude is
equally considered for each phase; in which this procedure has
IV. IMPACT OF FEEDER NUMBER
been adopted based on a fact that voltages induced by nearby
lightning on overhead distribution lines have approximately The effect of the parallel feeders is investigated when the
the same amplitude and waveform induced in the three phases. lightning-induced overvoltages occur at the primary terminals
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SABIHA AND LEHTONEN: LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGES TRANSMITTED OVER DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER—PART II 2569

of the distribution transformer. This study is carried out con-

cerning a network of one-, two-, and seven-feeders (overall net-
work) network in Fig. 4.
When the MV spark gap operates and the LV network is
not protected, the corresponding voltage waveforms at points
SEND, A1, and G1 are shown in Fig. 5 for a one-feeder net-
work. Fig. 5 shows that the MV spark-gap operation increases
the overvoltages transmitted to the LV network. This is due to
the steep voltage collapse in MV spark gap and, hence, stronger
coupling through the distribution transformer capacitances.
When the LV network is protected with surge arresters, the
corresponding voltage waveforms at points SEND, A1, and G1
are shown in Fig. 6 for the one feeder network. Then, Fig. 7
summarizes the MV spark-gap impact and it shows the LV
surge arrester protection effect through the peak voltage profile
along the feeder and considering the number of feeders such
as one, two, and seven feeders. Increasing the parallel feeders
reduces the induced voltages where this arrangement can im-
prove the lightning protection, mainly because the number of
parallel circuits connected to the busbars reduces the overall
surge impedance and, thus, reduces the lightning overvoltages
which arise at the busbars [28]. As shown from Fig. 7, the
overvoltages transmitted through the distribution transformer
due to spark-gap operation are limited by the LV surge arrester
to be less than 1000 V.

V. IMPACT OF FEEDER LENGTH

This part of this study is carried out on only one feeder
with different lengths. The feeder lengths are considered 350
m (each subsection length is 50 m), 175 m (by reducing the
subsection length to its half value) and 700 m (by increasing
each subsection length to its double value). The load does not
change. Accordingly, the results in Fig. 8 show the influence
of the MV spark-gap operation and LV surge arrester on the
low-voltage network. Increasing the feeder length does not af-
fect the voltage at the secondary point of the transformer which
is the point SEND in Fig. 4. This is because the surge impedance
seen from the feeder does not change at the secondary terminal
by changing the feeder length. However, decreasing the feeder
length increases the rate of reduction of the distributed voltage
profile over the feeder distance itself. Furthermore, the LV
surge arrester action in limiting the overvoltages transmitted to
LV network is confirmed with considering the MV spark-gap
operation.

VI. IMPACT OF LOAD REDUCTION

Considering the MV spark-gap operation and LV surge ar-
rester protection, the loads are reduced to their half values con-
cerning the one-feeder network (350-m length); also, the un- Fig. 5. Secondary voltage transferred of one-feeder network under MV
loaded condition is taken into account. The corresponding peak spark-gap operation, no LV SA. (a) SEND. (b) Point A1. (c) Point G1.
voltage profile for different loaded conditions is shown in Fig. 9.
The peak voltage profile increased when the loads are reduced;
this is because the network damping is reduced where this in- voltages to 1600 V because the reflection coefficient is equal to
crease reached the maximum values along the feeder under un- one at the end of the feeder as it is unloaded.
loaded conditions. The transmitted overvoltages to the LV net-
work are limited to less than 1000 V in case of half load and full VII. IMPACT OF UNDERGROUND CABLE
load due to the surge arrester operation; however in case of un- To study the impact of underground cable (UGC) on the trans-
loaded conditions, the surge arrester limits the transmitted over- mitted overvoltages through the distribution transformer to the
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2570 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2010

Fig. 7. Impact of spark-gap operation and LV surge arrester.

Fig. 8. Feeder length impact under MV spark-gap operation and LV SA.

Fig. 6. Surge arrester-based mitigation for a one-feeder network under MV

spark-gap operation. (a) SEND. (b) Point A1. (c) Point G1. Fig. 9. Load-size impact under MV spark-gap operation and LV SA.

LV network, the overhead cable feeder is first totally replaced performance is shown in Fig. 10 considering the MV spark-gap
by an underground cable. The considered underground cable is operation, and the LV network is not protected by the surge
a four-core, XLPE/PVC cable and its data are reported in [29] arrester. For the comparison point of view, voltage profiles of
and the frequency-dependent JMarti model was used concerning the UGC one feeder without and with the MV spark-gap oper-
the cable configuration illustrated in the Appendix. Considering ation and the influence of the LV surge arrester are shown in
the UGC one-feeder network, the corresponding time-domain Fig. 11. This figure shows how much the spark-gap operation
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SABIHA AND LEHTONEN: LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGES TRANSMITTED OVER DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER—PART II 2571

Fig. 11. UGC behavior under MV spark-gap operation and LV SA.

Fig. 12. Impact of MV spark-gap operation for 2 UGC and LV SA.

over the transformers are high regardless of the LV network con-

struction (OHC or UGC). This information is attained in this
study as some network designers assume that the UGC in LV
networks can kill the overvoltages transmitted from the distribu-
tion networks. However, these overvoltages are still high enough
to be hazardous due to spark-gap operation. Installing a surge ar-
rester at the LV network beginning can protect the network and
prevent these overvoltages from reaching the customer entrance.

VIII. CONCLUSION
Using the proposed high-frequency transformer model, the
effect of lightning-induced overvoltages penetrating through
Fig. 10. Secondary voltage waveforms transferred for UGC. All of the feeder the transformer to the customer side has been investigated.
are under MV spark-gap operation. No LV SA. (a) SEND. (b) Point A1. (c)
Point G1.
Also, the impact of feeder numbers, lengths, types, and loads
on the overvoltage reached at the service entrance point has
been investigated through the peak voltage profile along the
increases the transmitted overvoltages through the distribution feeder. These voltage profiles for different conditions show
transformer. Also, LV surge arrester reaction should be accom- reasonable results. Also, an LV surge arrester has been mod-
plished for limiting the transmitted overvoltages through the dis- eled and verified. This surge arrester has been installed at the
tribution transformer. The same influence can be depicted also transformer secondary side in order to mitigate the induced
when two UGC sections are at the beginning and at the end of overvoltage transferred from the MV to LV side in case of
the feeder as shown in Fig. 12. spark-gap operation and in case that the overvoltage is too
Under circumstances of MV spark-gap operation, the LV net- small to trigger the spark gap. This mitigation has been studied
work should be protected where the transferred overvoltages through the peak voltage profile along the feeder. The feeder
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2572 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 25, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2010

TABLE II
ELEMENTS VALUES OF THE HIGH-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER MODEL

Fig. 13. Surge arrester elements nonlinear characteristics. (a) A0 nonlinear

characteristics. (b)A nonlinear characteristic.

Fig. 15. Three phase conductors + one messenger overhead cable.

Fig. 14. High-frequency transformer model.

type, overhead cable, underground cable, or combination be-

tween them has been studied by installing the surge arrester
at the transformer secondary side. Generally, installing surge Fig. 16. Four cores, XLPE/PVC underground cable.
arresters at the transformer secondary side has mitigated the
induced overvoltage transferred from the primary side before
going to the consumers in an LV network. This protection has In overhead cable, the messenger conductor has two dual
been required for the Finnish LV networks of either OHC or functions, it is earthed in addition to being uncovered for the
UGC. protection purpose. The dimensions and parameters are:
• Conductor cross-section mm ;
APPENDIX • Outer insulation thickness mm;
Nonlinear Characteristics of and : The nonlinear • Over messenger area mm ;
characteristics of the two elements and of the LV surge • Conductor resistivity m;
arrester are shown in Fig. 13. They are based on the per-unit data • Relative permeability of the conductor material ;
published in [19] where the peak value of the residual voltage • Relative permeability of the insulator material outside the
measured during a discharge test with a 10-kA lightning current conductor 1;
impulse was used to be a reference. • Relative permittivity of the insulator material outside the
High-Frequency Transformer Model: The high-frequency conductor 2.3.
transformer model proposed in [21] is shown in Fig. 14, and its Underground cable dimensions and parameters are:
elements values are listed in Table II. • Conductor cross section mm ;
OHC and UGC Configurations: The feeders are repre- • Outer insulation thickness mm;
sented by using the JMarti model where their configurations are • Overall diameter mm;
specified using integrated line/cable constants (LCC) objects. • Conductor resistivity m;
The configuration of the overhead cable and the corresponding • Relative permeability of the conductor material 1;
dimensions and parameters are shown in Fig. 15. The under- • Relative permeability of the insulator material outside the
ground cable sections are considered four-core cable buried conductor 1;
0.7 m deep under earth and arranged as shown in Fig. 16. The • Relative permittivity of the insulator
feeder model either for overhead or for underground cable has material outside the conductor
been verified for high-frequency scanning with the existing Pipe data are:
cable routine in Alternative Transients Program (ATP), which • Depth m;
is called an exact PI model. • Inner radius m;
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SABIHA AND LEHTONEN: LIGHTNING-INDUCED OVERVOLTAGES TRANSMITTED OVER DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER—PART II 2573

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