Algebra I m5 Topic B Lesson 4 Teacher
Algebra I m5 Topic B Lesson 4 Teacher
Algebra I m5 Topic B Lesson 4 Teacher
ALGEBRA I
Student Outcomes
Students create a two-variable equation that models the graph from a context. Function types include linear,
quadratic, exponential, square root, cube root, and absolute value. They interpret the graph, function, and
answer questions related to the model, choosing an appropriate level of precision in reporting their results.
Lesson Notes
In Lesson 1 of this module, students practiced formulating a function from a graph, making it through the first two steps
in the modeling cycle: interpreting a problem situation and formulating a model. This lesson continues the modeling
cycle by having students compute, interpret, and validate. This is an exploratory lesson, allowing students to practice
modeling through prompts and then to discuss the process with the class. The lesson ends with a difficult modeling
exercise dealing with a square root function.
Refer to the modeling cycle below when abstracting and contextualizing. (See page 61 of the CCLS and page 72 of the
CCSSM.)
MP.1 Throughout this lesson, students work through the steps in the full modeling cycle. When presented with a problem,
&
MP.4 they make sense of the given information, analyze the presentation, define the variables involved, look for entry points to
a solution, and create an equation to be used as a model. After formulating a model, they perform computations,
interpret the model, validate their results, make adjustments to the model when needed, and report results.
Classwork
Exploratory Challenge (10 minutes)
Print and cut out the cards at the end of the lesson before class begins. A card should have either a graph or a function,
not both. Once students are seated, hand out only one card to each student. Make sure to shuffle the cards so that the
matches are not sitting right together. There are 34 cards all together: 17 with graphs and17 with functions in equation
form. Be sure to count ahead of time so that every function card has a matching graph. If there are an odd number of
students, then take a card and play the matching game as well. Instruct students to look at their cards and decide what
the graph/function looks like for their match. Then have them hold up their cards for others to see and move around the
room to look for their match. When the matches have found each other, have them stand next to each other. Check to
make sure each pair is accurate before students return to their seats. Note that this activity requires some estimation of
values on the graphs.
Discussion (5 minutes)
What was your strategy when trying to find your graph or function match?
For the graph: I looked at the overall shape first to identify what type of graph it was (quadratic, linear,
exponential, piecewise, square root, or cube root). I looked at the end behavior of the graph to
determine the sign of the slope (linear) or leading coefficient (quadratic). I also looked at the x - and
y -intercepts, domain, range, and any minimum or maximum y -values. Then, I looked for an equation
to match these characteristics.
For the equation: I first looked for the function type, which narrowed my search considerably. Then, I
looked for key features that are evident from the equation like transformations, x - and/or y -intercepts,
end behavior, slope, etc. Then, I looked for a graph with those characteristics.
If you had to come up with a function based only on looking at a graph (rather than having a function to match
it to), what might some possible steps be?
Identify what type of function it is (linear, quadratic, cubic, exponential, piecewise, square root, cube
root, etc.).
Compare the graph to the parent function; look for transformations (shifts and/or stretching/shrinking).
Look for key features of the graph that may be recognized in the function’s equation.
Check the equation by testing a couple of points that can be read from the graph or from a given table
of values.
Make a table of known ordered pairs to help analyze the values in the graph.
The next example takes us further into the modeling cycle. Display the modeling cycle on the board or screen, and point
out the parts of the activity that relate to the steps in the cycle.
Example 1 (8 minutes)
The following example is used to connect students’ exploration results to the modeling cycle. Work through the problem
together as a class, and use the questions that follow to stimulate a discussion of how to apply the steps in the full
modeling cycle. Students may need to have the parent function provided since they may be somewhat unfamiliar with
the square root function.
Example 1
Read the problem below. Your teacher will walk you through the process of using the steps in the modeling cycle to guide
your solution.
The relationship between the length of one of the legs, in feet, of an animal and its walking speed, in feet per second, can
be modeled by the graph below. Note: This function applies to walking not running speed. Obviously, a cheetah has
shorter legs than a giraffe but can run much faster. However, in a walking race, the giraffe has the advantage.
(0, 0)
A T-Rex’s leg length was 20 ft . What was the T-Rex’s speed in ft /sec ?
What are the units involved in this problem? Define the quantities and variables you would use to model this
graph.
Leg length is in feet, and speed is measured in feet per second, so time is measured in seconds. Use x to
represent the number of feet in leg length and f to represent the speed based on leg length.
What type of function does this graph represent? What clues in the graph helped you recognize the function?
There are only positive values and it starts at (0 , 0), so this is probably a square root function, but it
could be the right half of a cube root function. I need to check a few points to be sure.
After you get the correct response to the first question, draw or project the following three transformations of the square
root function on the board or screen: f ( x )= √ x , g ( x )=√ ax ,h ( x )= ( x−b ). √
Which transformation of the function does this graph represent? How can we determine that?
Sample Response: f cannot be the form because the square root of 2 is not8 , so it is either g or h . We
can test both forms by substituting the x - and y -values from the points provided to us.
First, check the form: g(x )=√ ax .
Exercises
1. Eduardo has a summer job that pays him a certain rate for the first 40 hours per week and time and a half for any overtime. The
graph below is a representation of how much money he earns as a function of the hours he works in one week.
Earnings (dollars)
Time (hours)
Eduardo’s employers want to make him a salaried employee, which means he does not get overtime. If they want to
pay him $ 480 per week but have him commit to 50 hours a week, should he agree to the salary change? Justify
your answer mathematically.
a. Formulate (recall this step from Lesson 1).
i. What type of function can be represented by a graph like this (e.g., quadratic, linear, exponential,
piecewise, square root, or cube root)?
The graph is of a function that is piecewise defined and made up of two linear functions.
ii. How would you describe the end behavior of the graph in the context of this problem?
As x gets infinitely large, so does the function. However, realistically there is a limit to how many hours
per week he can work, so there is a maximum value for this function.
The slope for each graph is positive. We may need to state restrictions on the domain and also on the
range.
b. Compute
i. What strategy do you plan to use to come up with the model for this context?
Identify the domains for each piece (linear function) in the piecewise function. Find the slope and
y -intercept for each linear piece, and then put the equations in slope-intercept form.
ii. Find the function of this graph. Show all your work.
f ( x )=
{13.5(x9−40)+360
x , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 40
, if x> 40
c. Interpret
i. How much does Eduardo make an hour?
ii. By looking only at the graphs, which interval has a greater average rate of change: x <20 or x >45 ?
Justify your answer by making connections to the graph and its verbal description.
The verbal description states that Eduardo gets paid more after 40 hours of work. If you look at how
steep the graph is after 45 hours, you can see that it is increasing at a faster rate than when it was 20
hours or less.
iii. Eduardo’s employers want to make Eduardo a salaried employee, which means he does not get
overtime. If they want to pay him $ 480 per week but have him commit to 50 hours a week, should
he agree to the salary change? Justify your answer mathematically.
d. Validate
How can you check to make sure your function models the graph accurately?
For the values in our graph, we can substitute the x -values into the function to see if the same given y -value
is a result.
Display this graph on the screen or board, and use the questions that follow to explore the modeling cycle.
2. The cross-section view of a deep river gorge is modeled by the graph shown below where both height and distance are measured
in miles. How long is a bridge that spans the gorge from the point labeled (1 , 0) to the other side? How high above the bottom
of the gorge is the bridge?
y Scaffolding:
7
Have students build a table
6 in their math
ሺͲǡͷሻ
5 journals/notebooks that
lists all of the different
Height in miles
4
function types and a
3 picture of the parent
ሺ͵ ǡʹ ሻ function’s graph with key
2
features highlighted.
1
ሺͳǡͲሻ Encourage all students to
0
x use their math
-1 journals/notebooks as a
-2 reference.
0 1 2 3 4
Distance in miles
a. Formulate
i. What type of function can be represented by a graph like this (e.g., quadratic, linear, exponential,
piecewise, square root, or cube root)?
Quadratic
The quantities are height relative to the location of the bridge ( f ) and horizontal distance from the
highest point in the gorge ( x ).
iii. How would you describe the end behavior of the graph?
Opening upward
v. How does knowing the function type and end behavior affect the equation of the function for this
graph?
b. Compute
i. What are the key features of the graph that can be used to determine the equation?
iii. Calculate the missing key features, and check for accuracy with your graph.
f ( x )=2 x 2−7 x +5
Writing the function in factored form, we find f (x)=(2 x−5)(x−1). So, the other end of the
bridge is at the point (2.5 , 0). This appears accurate based on the x -intercept of the graph. The
vertex is located midway between the x -intercepts. Therefore, the vertex will occur at x=1.75 .
Evaluating f at x=1.75 , we find that f ( 1.75 )=−1.125 . The vertex is ( 1.75 ,−1.125 ),
which looks to be accurate based on the graph.
c. Interpret
i. What domain makes sense for this context? Explain.
Since x is the horizontal distance from(0 , 5), the domain that makes sense is x >0. In order to know
the upper limits of the domain, we would need to know the height of the highest point on the other side
of the gorge, which cannot be determined with much accuracy from the given graph. We could assume
it is between 3 and 3.5 miles.
ii. How wide is the bridge with one side located at (1 , 0)?
iii. How high is the bridge above the bottom of the gorge?
The minimum value of the function represents the lowest point. Since the height shown on the graph is
relative to the location of the bridge, the bridge would be 1.125 miles above the bottom of the gorge.
The y -coordinate of the minimum point represents that height below the bridge.
iv. Suppose the gorge is exactly 3.5 miles wide from its two highest points. Find the average rate of
change for the interval from x=0 to x=3.5 ,[0 , 3.5]. Explain this phenomenon. Are there
other intervals that behave similarly?
The average rate of change for that interval is 0 . The two points are points of symmetry straight across
the curve from each other. The line passing through them is horizontal. Any interval with endpoints that
are symmetry points will be horizontal (0 slope).
d. Validate
How can you check to make sure that your function models the graph accurately?
We can substitute any x -value from the graph into the function to see if the resulting y -value is reasonable
for the graph.
3. Now compare four representations that may be involved in the modeling process. How is each useful for each phase of the
modeling cycle? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.
The verbal description helps us define the quantities and, in this case, write the factored form of the equation for the
function. We always need to find another representation to analyze or interpret the situation.
The graph is visual and allows us to see the overall shape and end behavior of the function. We can “see” some
integer values of the function but must estimate any non-integer values. The graph is a good way to check
calculations to make sure results are reasonable.
The table, in general, does not help us to see shapes (patterns in x− y ) any better than the graph does. However, a
table with equal x -intervals does help us to see the patterns in y -values very well.
The equation allows us to accurately calculate values of the function for any real number. It can be rewritten in
various forms to help us see features of the function (vertex form, standard form, factored form). It allows deep
analysis and is sometimes referred to as an analytical model.
Closing (2 minutes)
As a class, review the Lesson Summary below.
Lesson Summary
FORMULATE: Identify the variables involved, classify the type of graph presented, point out the visible
key features, and create a different representation of the relationship if needed.
COMPUTE: Decontextualize the graph from the application and analyze it. You might have to find a
symbolic or tabular representation of the graph to further analyze it.
INTERPRET: Contextualize the features of the function and your results and make sense of them in the
context provided.
VALIDATE: Check your results with the context. Do your answers make sense? Are the calculations
accurate? Are there possibilities for error?
REPORT: Clearly write your results.
Name Date
Exit Ticket
Graphs require estimation for many values, and for most we can calculate exact values using the function equation.
Some key features that may not be visible or clear on a graph can be seen in the symbolic representation.
In a table of values, we can sometimes better see patterns in the relationship between the x - and y -values.
1. During tryouts for the track team, Bob is running90 -foot wind sprints by running from a starting line to the far wall
of the gym and back. At timet=0 , he is at the starting line and ready to accelerate toward the opposite wall. As t
approaches 6 seconds he must slow down, stop for just an instant to touch the wall, then turn around, and sprint
back to the starting line. His distance, in feet, from the starting line with respect to the number of seconds that has
passed for one repetition is modeled by the graph below.
(Note: You may refer to Lesson 1, Problem Set 1 to help answer this question.)
How far was Bob from the starting line at 2 seconds? 6.5 seconds? (Distances, in feet, should be represented to
the nearest tenth.)
2
So far we know: f (t)=a(t−6) +90 (Now we need to find a .)
Substitute (0 , 0):
−90 −5
a (0−6) + 90=0a (−6) + 90=036 a=−90 a=
2 2
=
36 2
−5 2
The final function is f ( t )= (t−6) +90.
2
−5
f ( 2 )= ( 2−6 )2+ 90=50
2
−5
f ( 6.5 )= ( 6.5−6 )2 +90=89.4
2
Bob was 50 ft and 89.4 ft from the starting line at 2 seconds and 6.5 seconds, respectively.
2. Kyle and Abed each threw a baseball across a field. The height of the balls (in feet) is described by functions A and K , where t is
the number of seconds the baseball is in the air. K models the height of Kyle’s baseball (equation below), and A models the
height of Abed’s baseball (graph below).
2
K ( t )=−16 t +66 t +6
We need to find the time when the ball is back on the ground (i.e., when the height function equals 0 ).
First Abed’s:
We can see from the graph that the ball is in the air from t=0 to somewhere between 4 and 6 . So, just by
reading the graph, we might estimate the time in the air to be a little more than 5 seconds. We can get a
more accurate number by formulating a model and then doing some calculations.
2
Using the vertex form: A(t)=a (t−2.75) +126
If we substitute (1 , 77):
−49
a (1−2.75) +126=77 3.0625 a=−49 a= .0625=−16
2
3
2
So, A ( t )=−16( t −2.75) +126=0.
2 −126
−16 ( t −2.75 ) =−126( t−2.75 ) =
2
( t −2.75 )2=7.875
−16
t−2.75=± √ 7.875t=2.75 ± √ 7.875t ≈−0.06 or 5.6
Only the positive value makes sense in this context, so Abed’s ball was in the air for 5.6 seconds.
We see in the graph of y= A ( t ) that the highest point for Abed’s ball is 126 ft . Now we need to find the
maximum value for K. One way to find the maximum is to put the equation in vertex form:
So, the vertex for K is ( 2.0625 , 74.0625 ) , and Kyle’s ball went about 74 ft into the air. Abed’s ball
went higher.
Now we are looking for the y -intercept for y= A (t) (i.e., the height when time is 0 ). We can either use
the vertex form of the equation, or we can rewrite the equation in standard form.
2 2
¿−16 t +88 t−121+126¿−16 t +88 t +5
That means (0 , 5) is the vertical-intercept, and the ball was at 5 ft when thrown by Abed.
2 2
A ( t )=−16 ( t−2.75 ) +126¿−16 ( 0−2.75 ) +126 ¿−16 ( 7.5625 ) +126
¿−121+126¿ 5
So, the ball left Abed’s hand at a height of 5 ft .
2
A ( x )=x +2 x−9
B ( x ) =2 x−10
C (x)= √ x
2
D ( x )=−x + 2 x−9
E ( x )=−2 x−10
{
F ( x )= 5 ,if x ≤ 4
2 x , if x >4
G(x )=√ x
3
x
H ( x )=2
I (x)=−5
J (x )=2 x+10
2
K ( x )=x −16
2
L ( x ) =−x −25
M (x)=¿ x∨¿
N ( x )=−2 x+ 10
P ( x )=√ x−4
Q ( x )=
{2xx,if,if xx<≥ 00
2