The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2020

The
Fuel Cell
Industry
Review
2020
1 FUEL CELL INDUSTRY REVIEW 2020

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of many individuals and companies within the fuel cell industry in providing
information for and assistance with the compilation of the Fuel Cell Industry Review 2020. The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2020
is based on shipment information between October and December and news items up to December.
COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER
The Fuel Cell Industry Review 2020 is the copyright of E4tech. Material from this publication may be reproduced without prior
permission provided that E4tech is acknowledged as the source and a link given to www.FuelCellIndustryReview.com.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AFC – Alkaline Fuel Cell kW – Kilowatt
APU – Auxiliary Power Unit LH2 – Liquid Hydrogen
BEV – Battery Electric Vehicle LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas
BOC – British Oxygen Company (Linde subsidiary) LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas
BOS/BOSNet – TETRA based digital radio system in Germany M&A – Mergers & Acquisitions
BMW – Bayerische Motoren Werke AG MCFC – Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
Capex – Capital Expenditure METI – Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
CARB – California Air Resources Board MoU – Memorandum of Understanding
CEA – French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission
MW – Megawatt
CHEM – Chung-Hsin Electric and Machinery Mfg Corp
NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
CHP – Combined Heat and Power
NEV – New Energy Vehicle (authorized battery and fuel cell vehicles in China)
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas
OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer
COVID/COIVD-19 – Coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2)
Opex – Operational Expenditure
DKTI – German Climate Technology Initiative
PACE – Pathway to Competitive European FC mCHP market
DMFC – Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
PAFC – Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
DMI – Doosan Mobility Innovation
EFOY – Energy For You (SFC Energy fuel cell products) PEM(FC) – Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (Fuel Cell)
EMU – Electric Multiple Unit (train) PILOT-E – Norwegian funding scheme for clean energy innovation
ENOVA – Norwegian government enterprise responsible for promotion of POSCO – (formerly Pohang Iron and Steel Company), a South Korean
environmentally-friendly production and consumption of energy steel-making company
EVs – Electric Vehicles PPA – Power Purchasing Agreement
FC – Fuel Cell PSA – Peugeot S.A.
FCE – FuelCell Energy (USA) PV – Photovoltaic
FCEB – Fuel Cell Electric Bus R&D – Research and Development
FCEV – Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Ro-Ro – Roll-on/Roll-off (ferry)
FCH JU – Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (EU) RoW – Rest of the World
FCT – Fuel Cell Today RVK – Regionalverkehr Köln public transport agency (Germany)
GE – General Electric SK – Saskatchewan
GM – General Motors Company SOFC – Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
GW – Gigawatt SPAC – Special-Purpose Acquisition Company
HDV – Heavy Duty Vehicle (trucks, sometimes also applied to buses) SUV – Sports Utility Vehicle
HRS – Hydrogen Refuelling Station
TESS – Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corp.
ICE – Internal Combustion Engine
UAV – Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
IE – Intelligent Energy
UGV – Unmanned Ground Vehicle
IP – Intellectual Property
UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply
IPO – Initial Public Offering
US – United States
ISO – International Organization for Standardization
UTC – United Technologies Corp.
JIVE – Joint Initiative for hydrogen Vehicles across Europe
UTR – Utility Tractor Rig
JLR – Jaguar Land Rover
JV – Joint Venture VTOL – Vertical Take-off and Landing (aerial vehicle)
kFW 433 – Förderung für das Heizen mit Brennstoffzelle (German national W – Watt
mCHP programme)
March 2021

Table of contents
Acknowledgements 2
An industry chasing the Zeitgeist 4
About the Review 6
Looking back on 2020 8
Cars 9
Hydrogen refuelling stations 11
Buses 13
Shipments by region 17
Commercial vehicles 19
Shipments by application 21
Trains 23
Material handling and forklift trucks 25
Maritime 26
Shipments by fuel cell type 28
Stationary fuel cell systems 30
Portable 36
2021: slowing down or speeding up? 39
Data tables 40
Notes 42
About E4tech and the authors 43
Can we help? 44
Picture Credits 45
1

An industry chasing the Zeitgeist
Despite the title of this publication, we’ve said The other major shaper of 2020 has been COVID,
before that the fuel cell ‘industry’ is not a single of course. Numbers of fuel cells shipped would
industry at all. As those inside it know, it is divided potentially have been much higher had it not
by different materials, stages of maturity, been for the drag effects of the pandemic:
applications and regions – all contributors to the slowing supply chains and production at one end,
fact it has taken time to get going. But it does and of course curtailing demand at the other.
seem to be getting traction. Part of that is down
to decades of hard work and investment in R&D, Nevertheless, most of the year’s numbers were up
technology improvement, and demonstrations. over 2019: nearly 82,500 units were shipped, or
Thankfully, part of it is also down to changes in about 10,000 more than the year before. MW
external conditions. Improving air quality is were up by about 100 to 1,300 MW. Over 50,000
increasingly non-negotiable. Reducing fuel cell micro-CHP units went to Japan and
greenhouse gas emissions likewise. And all while Germany, and Korea looks set to deploy more.
maintaining economic development and Hyundai shifted about 8,500 NEXO cars; Toyota
opportunity. paused while the new Mirai was prepared and
finally launched at year end. Materials handling
The growth spurt of the battery industry, allied was up too, with Plug Power announcing
with some of the drivers above, has catalysed shipments up from around 6,000 to more like
thinking in where and how fuel cells can fit. 10,000 units year-on-year.
Countries and regions which did not support
batteries early on are scrambling to catch up and Conversely, China slowed down. Our estimate for
wish not to risk a repeat of their errors with fuel 2019 turned out to be low, and 2,700 units were
cells. So, support is being targeted at industrial shipped by year-end, which nearly halved in 2020
development and competitiveness as well as – we think only 1,400 or so were delivered. This is
solving societal problems. Which in turn is easily explained though – Chinese policy has
helping industry to decide on and take changed. Most of 2020 saw a limbo where –
investment steps: Weichai’s 20,000 unit per although strong signals of the changes had been
annum PEM factory in China; Daimler and Volvo sent – nothing was set in stone until very late.
setting up their fuel cell truck JV; CHEM Energy Now that support for supply chain end selected
building a factory for remote systems in S Africa. regions is confirmed there will be much more to
come, with 50,000 vehicles intended to be on
There have been missteps, some of them major. Chinese roads by 2025. That will help keep
Nikola’s well-publicised descent from high-valued Weichai’s production line busy, but also less
upstart did not help the company, though well-known players such as Unilia – the merger
ironically it may have helped the industry, by between Vancouver’s OverDrive and Shanghai
reinforcing the need for caution and deep due Cosmic Chemical Technologies.
diligence by investors. It hasn’t stopped the big
deals from going ahead though – Plug Power Heavy-duty remains a sector where fuel cells can
moving to become an end-to-end ‘hydrogen help. Buses remain the trailblazer, with hundreds
economy’ player through acquiring Giner in Europe and hundreds more to come. Optare in
electrolysers and United Hydrogen; Michelin and the UK partnered with Arcola Energy to develop a
Faurecia’s tie-up with Symbio producing the fuel double-decker, and Bamford continued to push
cells for PSA commercial vehicles; Bloom’s tie-up its Wrightbus investment. Caetano in Portugal is
with SK E&C pushing towards renewable using its Toyota supply partnership to deliver
hydrogen as well as fuel cell power, by returning buses into different fleets. China continues to lead
to Bloom’s electrolyser roots. The teaming up of though, and in an interesting twist Nanjing
unexpected bedfellows like Trafigura and H2 announced, in April 2020, a plan to replace all of
Energy in Switzerland further illustrates the its battery buses with range-extender fuel cells.
zeitgeist – lower carbon, cleaner air, sustainable
hydrogen.

Most of the global truck manufacturers have also Fuel cell shipments are ever more dominated by
adopted some form of fuel cell strategy, from PEM and SOFC, though Doosan is keeping the
Daimler and Volvo through CNH, Hyundai, Hino PAFC flame well and truly alive and has backlog to
and North American providers like Navistar. As keep its factories full for the next year or so. SFC
CNH points out, large long-haul units are a Energy is doing much the same for DMFC, with
disproportionate contributor to CO2 emissions consistent markets in remote areas, military and
from trucking, and a solution there, with a limited recreation. FuelCell Energy is still recovering from
number of strategically placed refuelling stations, a painful 2019 and although it has order backlog
could cover a lot of Europe’s needs. Hyzon Motors, it has not been able to produce and ship much
a new name based on Horizon Fuel Cells equipment. AFCs show signs of scaling though –
expertise, arrived on the scene too, aiming at GenCell got an IPO off the ground in 2020 and
trucks and buses globally, at high-power single AFC Energy has had scale-up investment. We
stacks of 370 kW, and with an initial production expect the mix of options to continue for a while,
agreement with Dutch systems integrator at least.
Holthausen.
What do we expect in 2021? We hope that
Scale up further and fuel cells may play in off-road vaccinations will help the world get back on its
vehicles in construction and mining, though here feet, and that the belated realisation that climate
the competition changes – not batteries but resilience is essential will continue to drive clean
hydrogen ICEs are aiming for the same markets. energy. That should help to keep capital
Non-traditional specialists are helping the mobilising, and policy supportive. Korea and
incumbents here, such as Williams Advanced China certainly should see continued ramp-up of
Engineering (yes, the people who started in production and deployment. Other regions may
Formula One) working with Anglo American and follow, as post-COVID stimulus packages combine
Fortescue Group. Weichai has also developed a with investor enthusiasm. The new Mirai should
vehicle in partnership with China’s CHN Energy help re-enthuse the car sector, and 2020’s record
Group and CRRC Yongji. number of hydrogen refuelling stations augurs
well for vehicles generally. And the delineation
Marine developments continue too, though between batteries and fuel cells may become
most remain at the project stage, rather than clearer: JLR is pushing ahead with a fuel cell SUV
early commercial fleets. Still, PEM players such prototype, as is BMW. Batteries are very likely to
as Ballard, Nedstack, Powercell and Proton dominate at the smaller vehicle end, but may not
Power have all taken maritime orders, Hyundai make as much technical or commercial sense at
of course has its own ship company, and the larger.
Toyota’s partnership with the Energy Observer
round-the-world educational yacht has evolved The continued involvement of major players is vital
into a solutions company called Energy Observer and will help the ‘industry’ mature and compete –
Developments. Ballard has even set up a whether that be in specialist supply of components
dedicated marine centre in Denmark. and stacks, or of end-to-end solutions.

About the review
Applications
To allow year-on-year data comparisons, we base our categorisation of shipment data on that defined
by FCT. For applications, these categories are Portable, Stationary and Transport, defined as follows:
Application type Portable Stationary Transport

Definition Units that are built into, or Units that provide Units that provide
charge up, products that electricity (and propulsive power or range
are designed to be moved, sometimes heat) but extension to a vehicle
including small auxiliary are not designed to be
power units (APU) moved
Typical power range 1 W to 20 kW 0.5 kW to 2 MW 1 kW to 300 kW
Typical technology PEMFC PEMFC PEMFC

DMFC MCFC DMFC
SOFC AFC
SOFC
PAFC
Example • Small ‘movable’ APUs • Large stationary prime • Materials handling
(campervans, boats, power and combined vehicles
lighting) heat and power (CHP) • Fuel cell electric vehicles
• Military applications • Small stationary (FCEV)
(portable soldier-borne micro-CHP • Trucks and buses
power, skid-mounted • Uninterruptible power • Rail vehicles
generators) supplies (UPS)
• Autonomous vehicles
• Portable products • Larger ‘permanent’ APUs (air, land or water)
(torches, battery (e.g. trucks and ships)
chargers), small personal
electronics (mp3 player,
cameras)
Portable fuel cells encompass those designed or able to be moved, including small auxiliary power
units (APU); Stationary power fuel cells are units designed to provide power to a ‘fixed’ location, also
including APUs on e.g. trucks and large vessels; Transport fuel cells provide either primary propulsion
or range-extending capability for vehicles.
Fuel cell types

Shipments by fuel cell type refer to the six main electrolytes used in fuel cells: proton exchange
membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC),
molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and alkaline fuel cells (AFC). High
temperature PEMFC and low temperature PEMFC are shown together as PEMFC.
Explanations of these six main types of fuel cells can still be found on the FCT website
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/technologies

Geographic regions
We maintain FCT’s four

main geographic
regions of fuel cell
adoption: Asia, Europe,
North America and the
Rest of the World (RoW).
RoW
Asia
North America
Europe
Reported shipment data Data sources and methodology

E4tech has been publishing this Review for seven We have been in direct contact, either verbally or in
years now. Tables of data can be found at the back writing, with over 50 companies globally for this
of this Review going back to 2015. Editions of the report. Some of these are not yet shipping other
review prior to 2018 included historical than small quantities for tests but of those that are
information from Fuel Cells Today dating back to shipping very few declined to give us primary data.
2012. Data are presented for each year in terms of
For those – but also for others, as a way to sense-
annual system shipments and the sum total of
check our numbers – we have collected and cross-
those systems in megawatts, both divided by
referenced data from publicly available sources such
application, region and fuel cell type as described
as company statements and statutory reports, press
in the section below.
releases, and demonstration and roll-out
Shipment numbers are rounded to the nearest programmes, in addition to discussions with other
100 units and megawatt data to the nearest parties in the supply chain. We do not count
0.1 MW. Where power ratings are quoted, these replacement stacks in existing applications, and
refer to the electrical output unless stated where possible we also do not count inventory, only
otherwise. In general, we use the nominal, not systems that are shipped to users.
peak, power of the system, with the exception of Our dataset is based on firm numbers for the period
transport. Because continuous power depends January to the end of September 2020 and in a few
heavily on system design and how it is used, we cases as late as December 2020. Where we do not
report peak power for these units. have full year data we use forecasts shared with us
by individual companies or forecasts prepared by us
The reported figures refer to shipments by the
in discussion with industry. We will revise data for
final manufacturer, usually the system integrator.
2020 in our 2021 edition as appropriate. We have
In transport we count the vehicle when shipped
revised the figures for 2019 in this report: Unit
from the factory. This is because the shipments of
numbers were increased by 2.5% and megawatt
stacks or modules in a given year can be
numbers increased by about 6% compared to our
significantly different from the shipment of final
published 2019 forecast. The main changes relate to
units (e.g. vehicles) in the same timeframe. We use
a higher number of fuel cell vehicles (trucks and
stack and module shipment data to help us sense-
buses) in China than initially forecast, and a higher
check numbers between years. The regional split
shipment of large stationary fuel cells to Korea than
in our data refers to the countries of adoption, or
forecast, after final data for 2019 became available.
in other words, where the fuel cell products have
been shipped to, not where they have been We thank all of the companies that have
manufactured. Where possible, we do not include responded to our requests for data and
shipments for toys and educational kits. clarification. If you ship – or plan to ship – fuel cell
systems and we have not been in touch with you,
please do contact us so that we can further
improve our coverage for future editions.

Looking back on 2020
Well, that did not go to plan! And shareholders and boards started valuing
companies with a climate plan – and indeed a
As our 2019 report went to press, COVID-19 was hydrogen/fuel cell plan – rather than discounting
just a few people with flu-like symptoms in China. them. Yet more organisations joined the
Major fuel cell and hydrogen initiatives were in Hydrogen Council, and esoteric conversations
planning, with multiple high-level conferences about ‘net zero’ carbon emissions started to
worldwide. Factories were ramping up and local concretise. Fuel cells also became a more concrete
and regional governments supportive. We were part of decarbonisation solutions, and of
convinced we’d see another major uptick in economic development plans.
shipments, ‘perhaps even double’!
The supply chains are still wobbly, and deliveries
But by the time of Tokyo’s FCExpo in February, it are still delayed. But the enthusiasm of existing
was clear that ‘normal’ had been suspended. governments for green solutions has set the
Despite the organisers’ best efforts, the event was industry back on a strong path. As the US rejoins
a ghost trade show, and lockdowns subsequently the Paris Agreement, things there could become
hit every major region. Promised fuel cell orders more positive too, perhaps with Federal initiatives
could not be fulfilled, as supply chains were to bring together the various State solutions.
disrupted. Even the factories that were open had
to find ways to work with suitable personnel 2020 was brutal, but the fuel cell industry seems
distancing, slowing production further. Illnesses to have survived it. Japan and Korea maintained
and sadly, deaths, hit the industry like every other. strong programmes, and others joined.
Headhunting continued apace, always a sign of
Despite all of that, more fuel cell units and more more work than people, even if those hired often
power were shipped – up 10% or so on 2019. have yet to meet their colleagues! As a consulting
Companies found ways to make and ship product, business we had more, bigger and more varied
and the industry, as part of the ‘green wave’ fared projects to work on in every aspect of the fuel cell
much better than legacy industries like oil and space, including a real upswing in due diligence
gas. Government money continued to flow into – reinforcing the investment trend.
the sector, which began to be seen as a more
important and nearer-term part of a sustainable None of us will have been sorry to bid farewell to
future than ever before. 2020. We can only hope that vaccines, coupled
with coherent and competent national and
The realisation that businesses and humanity international plans, will allow all of us back to
needed ‘pandemic resilience’ was followed by a work, to visit our loved ones, and to deliver on the
rapid appreciation that climate change is a much promise of cleaner energy and transport, so that
worse shock to the system, and climate resilience we can face the climate challenge as we faced the
was needed even more urgently. So external COVID challenge.
investors piled into fuel cell and hydrogen stocks;
major corporations continued M&A or other
partnering activities; technology developers and
scientists scented a good time to launch start-ups.

Cars
Toyota and Hyundai: keeping the faith establishing a joint venture to develop, produce
and commercialise fuel cell systems for heavy
Despite the pandemic’s impact on the global duty applications.
automotive industry, 2020 saw more fuel cell cars
shipped than ever before, with more than 8,000 Some fresh sparks?
sold worldwide. Deployments of the Hyundai
NEXO increased by more than a third over 2019, After a long period of fuel cell dormancy, Groupe
though shipments of the Toyota Mirai decreased, PSA announced a fleet of fuel cell vans in 2021.
almost halving outside of Japan. The pandemic The first 100 vehicles – the Peugeot Expert,
was partly to blame, but also the much- Citroen Jumpy and Opel Vivaro models – will be
anticipated launch of the next-generation Mirai. retrofitted with fuel cell range extenders provided
by Symbio, presumably as was done with the
Renault Kangoo ZE Hydrogen vans. In parallel,
subsidiary Opel plans to road test a fuel cell
version of its Zafira Life van.
BMW Group maintains its plans for a few X5s to
have fuel cell powertrains by 2022 as pilots for its
iHydrogen NEXT, building on its development
collaboration with Toyota, but commercialisation
remains for ‘the second half of the decade’. And
while Audi intends to release a small-series luxury
fuel cell SUV by 2023, the VW Group is still
keeping its fuel cell activities very quiet, with no
More NEXOs are now on the road than Mirais, production fuel cell vehicle likely anytime soon.
though the December 2020 launch of the new
version puts the pressure back on Hyundai. The Things are moving in China though, with SAIC
new Mirai ‘drives like a Mustang’ according to one Motor presenting its hydrogen strategy plan,
owner, with a 20% smaller and 50% lighter – but, aiming for 10 FCEV models, 30,000 shipments and
at 128 kW, higher power – fuel cell stack under 10% market share by 2025. Its Maxus EUNIQ 7,
the bonnet. The relocation of the stack and claimed to be the world’s first fuel cell multi-
adoption of a rear-wheel-drive platform allow for purpose vehicle, joins the existing Roewe car and
a five-seat cabin and a third hydrogen fuel tank, the Maxus FCV80 van.
leading to 30% longer range. Toyota targets a
New players
10-fold increase in global Mirai sales, in line with
previous announcements of boosting its With the enthusiasm behind hydrogen in general,
production capacity to 30,000 units a year. and an increasingly mature fuel cell supply chain,
new players are arriving. H2X aims to introduce a
And then there’s everybody else
series of zero emission vehicles to Australian
Shipments from other manufacturers remain far roads, with its Snowy SUV (60 kW fuel cell system,
behind Hyundai and Toyota. Honda has deployed ultracapacitor and optional plug-in battery
limited numbers of Clarity Fuel Cell vehicles and charge), which could hit the market as early as
continues to co-develop next-gen fuel cell 2022. Ronn Motor Group is targeting the same
systems with GM. Still no concrete news on the date for roll-out of its Myst luxury SUV and
Fuel Cell System Manufacturing joint venture, set Q-Series, comprising sedan and multi-purpose
to operate within GM’s existing battery pack vehicle designs, focusing on the US and China
manufacturing facility in Michigan, originally markets. But fellow Arizona-based Nikola’s plans
slated to start activities in 2020. Daimler has given for its much-publicised Badger pick-up truck were
up on fuel cell cars for now, consolidating its fuel thrown into turmoil by the short-seller report we
cell activities into the newly-constituted Daimler discuss elsewhere, and now their non-binding
Truck Fuel Cell GmbH & Co. KG, a subsidiary of MoU with GM only covers the provision of GM’s
Daimler Truck AG. Volvo Group will acquire 50% of fuel cell system for Nikola’s Class 7/8 trucks, and
the partnership interests in this subsidiary, not for the Badger.

I feel the need for fuel cell speed! 200,000 fuel cell vehicles on the road by 2025. A
lot of them will be Hyundais…
Gumpert Aiways, a joint venture between German
sports car brand Roland Gumpert and Chinese And while Toyota sold more Mirais in Japan than
electric mobility player Aiways, announced the in 2019, shipments to the rest of the world
start of production of Nathalie, its methanol- decreased. Domestic sales picked up in
powered fuel cell sports coupé. Denmark’s Blue December, presumably partly because of the new
World Technologies supplies the 15 kW reformed Mirai. Curiously, the Japanese roadmap also
methanol fuel cell system range extender, based envisages 200,000 fuel cell vehicles by 2025.
on high temperature PEM technology. The ‘first
edition’ series has a 65-litre tank, resulting in a Downturn in California
range of about 850 km. Fewer than 1,000 fuel cell cars were sold in
And California start-up Hyperion Motors unveiled California in 2020, the lowest number since 2015.
its XP-1 hydrogen fuel cell supercar concept, California has been hard-hit by COVID, which
which it claims will offer 1,000 miles range. certainly takes some of the blame. Still, San
Capitalising on advanced aerospace technology, Bernardino county signed an agreement with
some derived by NASA, the company is aiming at shared-vehicle programme StratosShare to make
an ultra-lightweight design with state-of-the-art five Mirais available to county departments. At
hydrogen storage solutions, potentially applicable federal level, Hyundai agreed to provide five
beyond the automotive industry. NEXOs to the Department of Energy, part of a
collaboration to assess the status of hydrogen and
fuel cell technologies and address challenges.
What about the rest of the world?
German ride-sharing service CleverShuttle added
25 Hyundai NEXOs to its fleet, claimed to be the
largest in the country. Its current fleet of 45 Mirais
has reportedly achieved a combined total of
5 million kilometres with few problems. Airport
Taxi Zürich fielded 10 NEXOs, and 500 Mirais are
Car racing is also in the news, with the MissionH24 expected to complete the Hype hydrogen taxi
programme now backed by Michelin and its joint fleet in Paris.
venture Symbio as an opportunity to boost their
work on fuel cell and hydrogen technologies. Firms and fleets are testing the fuel cell water too.
Developed by the Automobile Club de l’Ouest – Dutch engineering and construction firm Jos
organiser of the Le Mans 24 Hours event – and by Scholman took delivery of 11 NEXOs and is
GreenGT, the programme aspires to an electric- planning on developing a hydrogen refuelling
hydrogen category in the 2024 race. And the station close to its facilities in Nieuwegein, while
Hyraze League is scheduled to launch in 2023, British gas operator Cadent North London
planning to be a new environmentally-friendly started a commitment to 1,000 zero emissions
motorsport competition with 800 HP (597 kW) vehicles across its networks by 2026 by deploying
fuel cell race cars. It is supported by partners 5 NEXOs. The Berlin fire brigade added 4 Mirais to
including motorsports engineering experts HWA its fleet, and local police departments in Germany,
AG, which expect to develop the concept and key Switzerland and Italy now have fuel cell patrol
components of the vehicles. cars. As part of the EU project LIFEalps, South Tirol
in Italy purchased 10 Hyundai NEXOs for long-
Asia takes the lead term renters, the South Tyrolean government, and
South Korea has become the global leader in fuel public and private project partners. Down Under,
cell car deployment, surpassing California, with the Australian Capital Territory landed an
more than 10,000 Hyundai NEXOs on the road. Australia-first fleet of 20 NEXOs, though they will
Domestic shipments increased by 38% in 2020 not hit the road until a dedicated hydrogen
and, driven by public policy, should keep refuelling station opens in Canberra.
increasing. South Korea’s New Green Deal aims for

Hydrogen refuelling stations
As 2020 started, it looked like the strong growth in hydrogen infrastructure with Nel Hydrogen
rate for hydrogen refuelling infrastructure Fueling receiving an order from ZE PAK, a Polish
deployment evident in recent years would be energy company, for an H2Station™ for both cars
continued. But COVID has hit the supply chain and buses, and Toyota Motor Poland and the
hard, delaying construction and deployment and Polish Oil and Gas Company (PGNIG) announced a
reducing the rate at which new stations have cooperation to advance H2 in the country. Czechia
come onstream in the year. How quickly these also announced its first three public hydrogen
delays are recovered from will vary by region, but stations, to be rolled out by Unipetrol Group and
faster deployments are expected in the coming Bonett Group.
year as existing projects are fulfilled and hydrogen
momentum continues. The pace at which new Hympulsion, deploying the largest mobility
HRS have been announced has certainly project in France, has installed the first of 20
continued unabated. stations in the Zero Emission Valley, and Nel ASA
signed an MoU with Everfuel A/S where the latter
2020 saw equipment suppliers developing a majority stake in H2 Fuel Norway AS. And the
solutions with both increased station capacity first two of six green hydrogen refuelling stations
and new refuelling capabilities, including covering the route between Lake Constance and
technical innovations. Air Liquide announced an Lake Geneva have opened, supporting the
enhancement to its HRS design, upping capacity deployment of Hyundai’s first 50 Xcient
and including dual filling to meet the increasing commercial fuel cell trucks. In China, Linde and
demand of the US market. The new high-capacity the Dalian Bingshan Group have agreed a new
stations can fill vehicles simultaneously at 700 bar, joint venture company to manufacture hydrogen
dispensing up to 1,000 kg/day (enough for up to refuelling stations in Dalian, China, tripling Linde’s
250 passenger cars), and at around 25 m2 are production capacity in the next few years. And
more compact than before. A similar large- Valmax Corp. will cooperate with HnPower Co.,
capacity station was unveiled in France to refuel Ltd. (a technical partner of Osaka Gas) to localise
heavy-duty trucks. core components and help building HRS. In
Canada, HTC Extraction Systems (Regina, SK) looks
The California Energy Commission announced its set to acquire up to 20% equity in the US-based
largest investment in hydrogen infrastructure company, PowerTap Hydrogen Fueling Corp. for
since 2015, funding 110 new stations over the C$6.5m (US$4.9m). Its small footprint hydrogen
next five years. FirstElement deployed the first production system steam reforms renewable
passenger car HRS in California to have four natural gas (biomethane) and is claimed to offer a
fuelling positions and the largest capacity to date carbon capture ability. Down under, Fortescue
(1,200 kg). Haskel Hydrogen Group launched two Metals Group and ATCO Australia have agreed to
new compact ‘plug and play’ portable hydrogen explore hydrogen vehicle refuelling infrastructure
stations, the Nano and Nano-Pro, aimed at small in Western Australia and green H2 specialist
fleet customers. Infinite Blue Energy has teamed with New Volt
On the industry side, new alliances are being Infrastructure for green H2 for road transport in
forged and corporate investments and Australia, to be supplied through 17 EV fast-
consolidations are emerging. Mitsui & Co., Ltd chargers and green HRS at key locations on major
invested US$25m into FirstElement Fuel, roads. The Infrastructure Reference Group has
California’s biggest developer and operator of provisionally approved NZ$20m (US$13m) to
hydrogen stations. As lead investor, Mitsui will establish New Zealand’s first nationwide HRS
collaborate with FirstElement and look to use network from Hiringa Energy, involving the
their experience to expand into new business installation of 8 HRS for heavy duty vehicles with a
areas and regions. Chesterfield Special Cylinders gross budget of NZ$69m (US$45m).
announced a five-year framework agreement for
hydrogen storage cylinders to support Shell’s HRS
roll out plans in Europe. Poland took its first steps

Supply chain delays are evident in the slowing Korea is providing subsidies and reducing
down of new stations deployed globally. H2 regulations to encourage the construction of new
Mobility Germany said that 81 HRS were refuelling stations to facilitate planned expansion,
operating in Germany in early December, with 8 but deployment numbers are as yet far from its
more in trial, 6 in approval and 4 in planning. ambitious roadmap, which calls for an expansion
Germany’s 2020 goal of 100 Stations with 700 bar from the current 43 stations to 310 in 2022.
capability, the basis of a national network, will
now be fulfilled in early 2021. Though other 37 refuelling stations were in operation in China
European countries are some way behind, with in December 2020, far from their goal of 100.
only 78 operational HRS between them, over half Recent signals are promising though, with Shell
in France, the UK and Norway. China announcing a JV with Zhangjiakou City to
deploy hydrogen refuelling stations in the city to
In California the story is the same. In early support 1,000 trucks and buses used for logistics
December, 42 stations were open, 15 in for the Beijing Winter Olympics in 2022. The
development – while 64 had been targeted by initiative includes a 20 MW electrolyser. In
CARB by 2020. Still, the target of 200 stations by December 2020, Air Liquide China also signed an
2025, intended to enable economies of scale and agreement with Sichuan China National Nuclear
growth without further state incentives, is still Guoxing Technology Co., Ltd. in Chengdu, to
within reach. In September, Shell was awarded further develop the hydrogen energy industry
US$40m in grants to build 48 stations in chain in Southwest China, including collaborating
California. in their hydrogen refuelling station rollout plan.
Japan leads the pack, with 133 stations
operational (including mobile stations), though
again this is a slowdown compared with 2019,
and short of the 2020 target of 160 stations.
Ongoing regulatory reforms, capex and opex
reduction targets have been set out to accelerate
deployment of HRS toward Japan’s 2025 target of
around 320 stations. And despite the Tokyo
Olympics delay, Japan intends to maintain the
promotion of the event as a platform to showcase
the country’s commitment to hydrogen.

Buses
After two decades of development and The European H2Bus consortium, with HRS and
demonstration the Fuel Cell Electric Bus (FCEB) hydrogen suppliers plus fuel cell developer
revolution is underway. Driving and refuelling Ballard, plans to deploy 1,000 FCEBs and their
experiences compare to diesels/diesel-hybrid supporting infrastructure. In September it
buses, and operational characteristics can even be announced that it was joining with Wrightbus to
better. Cost remains higher, though is dropping offer a range of vehicle types, with a 12 m bus
fast. At the same time, public transport authorities available for €375,000 (US$424,000) after funding,
have an imperative to eliminate health-damaging using Ballard’s FCMove modules announced in
emissions, whilst continuing to offer transport to 2019. Hydrogen will sell for Euro 5-7/kg and
the public, so more and more authorities are maintenance will cost €0.25 to €0.35/km. The first
committing to zero emission bus fleets. In 2020, 600 vehicles are due for deployment in Denmark,
the New Zealand Government committed to Latvia and the UK, supported by Connecting
phase out diesel buses by 2035, as did Sunline Europe funds. Funded in part through JIVE,
Transit in California. With very few long-term zero Regionalverkehr Köln (RVK) public transport
emission vehicle options, FCEBs are firmly under agency in Germany now operates Europe’s largest
consideration in almost every part of the world. FCEB fleet, 35, and four HRS. RVK started back in
2011, operating a mix of Van Hool A330 and other
All of that said, 2020 was a difficult year for vehicles in the area. 15 more FCEBs are due in
public transport, with COVID restrictions 2021, these will be Solaris’ Urbino 12 bus,
reducing ridership dramatically in many areas. powered by Ballard’s modules. RVK has plans to
Intended bus developments did not always go field 230 FCEBs out of a fleet of 300 vehicles (the
ahead, and the sector may have gone through other 70 being CNG units) and build six more HRS,
fundamental change. the initially-high costs of which fall off rapidly per
European FCEBs multiply vehicle as the fleet increases. In nearby Wuppertal,
WSW Mobil GmbH started operating ten Van Hool
Despite headwinds, Europe’s FCEB ambitions A330 in 2020, part of Europe’s largest vehicle order
remain strong. The end of 2020 saw an estimated in 2019 of 40 vehicles across Wuppertal and Köln.
115 FECBs in operation, and 350 are planned for
2021. National Climate Energy Plans suggest the London has also been a long-term operator of
fleet could expand to 8,000–17,000 vehicles by FCEBs. In 2020 it announced the phase-out of its
2030. As ever, major FCH JU projects are an original fleet of Wrightbuses from 2010, and that a
important driving force. The €57m supporting fleet of 20 Wrightbuses (Wright is now owned by
JIVE and JIVE2, plus national and regional funds, is Bamford Bus) would come in from 2021. These
delivering deployment across Europe. double decker vehicles have Ballard FC-veloCity
Birmingham in the UK has 20 Wrightbuses on fuel cell modules, and the buses are said to cost
order supported by JIVE, UK Government Office £545,000 each (US$698,000). Another UK pioneer,
for Low Emission Vehicles and City Council Funds. Aberdeen in Scotland, took delivery of its first
double decker FECB in October, the first of a
15-vehicle order worth £8.3m. These vehicles will
join the existing fleet of ten Van Hool buses.
Across Europe the story is similar. Bielefeld in
Germany ordered four Caetano 12 m City Gold
buses, partly funded by the North Rhine-
Westphalia Government, which is also supporting
Duren’s purchase of five FCEBs. Südwestdeutsche
Landesverkehr wants to be amongst the first to
trial the Mercedes eCitaro REX (range extender),
supported by State and Federal grants. Hamburg
Hochbahn has launched a tender for up to 50
FCEBs for delivery between 2021 to 2025, and

Frankfurt wants 20. Emmen in the Netherlands While Ballard fuel cell modules have figured
has ten FCEBs on order, plus a Shell built HRS. In strongly in buses, 2020 saw an agreement with
Denmark, Aalborg finally received three Van Hool Audi AG for Ballard to use the jointly developed
A330 buses under another FCH JU project, Ballard FCgen-HPS (High Performance Stack) in all
3Emotion. The same project saw eight Van Hool applications. This will have a maximum output of
18 m articulated Febus, using Ballard FCveloCity 140 kW, and a higher power density than existing
modules, enter service in Pau, France. And four of Ballard modules. A relative newcomer to the
the unusual VDL 12 m Citea bus are now sector is ElringKlinger, the German fuel cell
operating in South Holland, again part of developer, which has a relationship with VDL.
3Emotion. Portuguese Caetano has an agreement to use
Toyota’s 60 kW fuel cell modules in its City Gold
These buses are modified electric vehicles fitted buses. French bus manufacturer Saffra is using a
with a trailer ‘back-pack’ with Ballard FC modules. 30 kW Symbio (Michelin) fuel cell as a range
Ten trolleybuses, with fuel cell modules fitted to extender with a 132 kWh battery for the Businova
double their range, are operating with Rigas- product, five of which have been ordered by the
Satiksme, in Riga, Latvia. A Solaris Urbino 12 is Auxerrois Community in France.
being trialled with Viennese bus operator Wiener
Vienna. And Ireland has plans to trial a Caetano With buses starting to move more smoothly,
City Gold bus through Hydrogen Mobility Ireland. efforts are underway to expand the offering,
including FCH JU plans to support development
European OEMs are responding by developing of long-distance fuel cell coaches.
further models and looking to ramp up
production. Wrightbus plans to deliver 3,000 zero North America, speeding up?
emission buses, including FCEBs, by 2024.
The FCEB fleet in the USA is also growing, though
more slowly, and there are positive signs both
there and in Canada. At the end of 2020 64 FCEBs
should have been active, with another 30
planned for 2021 and beyond. Many are in
California, driven by the challenge of emissions
and air quality and supported through various
state incentives. Three transit authorities account
for 47 vehicles: Orange County, AC transit
(Alameda-Contra Costa) and Sunline of Thousand
Palms. Orange County introduced ten New Flyer
Xcelsior Charge vehicles in February. Current and
future orders are also led by Californian
customers: Golden Empire Transit of Bakersfield
will get five, and Foothill Transit of West Covina
The UK’s Optare, part of the Indian conglomerate has authority to buy twenty. The move is towards
that also owns Ashok-Leyland, will introduce its zero emission bus fleets, with Orange County
MetroDecker in 2021. Developed with Arcola already committed to do this by 2040.
Energy, Ballard fuel cells figure once again.
Hungarian developer Goldi Mobility has been In the other 49 States, Stark Area Regional Transit
working with Hy-Hybrid Energy of Scotland to in Ohio has a fleet of 12 vehicles, and Hawaii is
develop its GOLDiON 12 m and 18 m buses; commissioning three Eldorado National units. All
Solaris reported 57 orders for its Urbino 12 bus of Hawaii’s counties have pledged to have zero
launched in 2019, and Caetano is taking orders emission bus fleets by 2035. Further afield,
for its H2.City Gold bus, launched at the same Champaign-Urbana Transit of Illinois has ordered
time. Barcelona has ordered eight Caetano buses, two New Flyer Xcelsior Charge vehicles, and Las
along with an HRS. Vegas has a Federal Low-No grant for two more.

Most of these FECBs are produced by New Flyer Orders by local and regional governments can
and ElDorado National. Fuel cells come from number in the hundreds: in April Nanjing
Ballard and US Hybrid, integrated by either BAE announced an intent to replace its entire electric
Systems or Siemens. Both OEMs introduced new battery bus fleet with range-extender FCEBs, a
40 ft (12 m) models in 2019, the New Flyer total of 7,000 vehicles, with a leading Chinese bus
Xcelsior and ElDorado Axess. In Canada, FCEBs manufacturer placing a 3-year US$15m order with
look set to make a comeback. While the ten- Canada’s Loop Energy to support the switch. This
vehicle FCEB fleet in Whistler was the world’s activity is down to a generous subsidy regime,
largest, providing public transit during the 2010 reported to be as much as CNY0.7m (US$100,000)
Winter Olympics, it was axed in 2014. The absence per vehicle, from the Chinese Government and
of FCEBs in Canada since then has been a source local and regional authorities. The regime is
of frustration to many, not least Ballard and changing, and Chinese cities are now vying for
Hydrogenics, who have powered buses in many Model City status, which will unlock further
other regions of the world. This looks set to FCEB funds.
change, with the start of the grandly-titled
Pan-Canadian Hydrogen Fuel cell Electric Bus Chinese FCEBs tend to be smaller than their
Demonstration and Integration Trial, which will European and US counterparts. As battery-
include transit authorities MiWay of Mississauga dominant hybrids; the fuel cell operates as a
and Winnipeg Transit, and industry including range extender, with fuel cell modules in the 40
Ballard, Hydrogenics, ABB and New Flyer. kW to 60 kW range – though subsidy changes will
likely see larger units in future. Automotive
Asia: China Races Ahead groups large and small are in the fray, including
Zhontong, Foton, Foshan Feichi, Golden Dragon
China has the world’s largest bus and coach and Geely. However, these businesses and others
market, so it should not be surprising that it also are currently largely dependent upon imported
has the world’s largest FCEB fleet. Even with our fuel cell technology. Ballard, Hydrogenics,
access, accurate counts are hard, but around Hyundai and Toyota all have relationships and
3,600 buses have been delivered. Foton Bus alone supply fuel cell modules either from their home
reports delivery of 600 vehicles to 2020, and a countries or factories in China, usually as joint
range of Chinese OEMs offer models: in 2020 ventures. Toyota has an agreement with Re-Fire of
alone the Ministry of Industry and Information Shanghai, which itself supplies OEMs such as
Technology Catalogue of New Energy Vehicles Foton. And other established fuel cell businesses
mentioned eight new FCEB models. Often, more are joining in: 2020 saw Nuvera’s E-60 PEM
FCEBs enter service in one month in China than in module get certification from Chinese authorities,
one year in other markets; 79 started operations joining its E45 model, currently in 10.5 m FCEBs.
in October 2020, and deliveries are in tens of Loop Energy’s 50 kW PEM modules are being
units. Changshu received 20 Suzhou Jinlong integrated into Skywell’s 10.5 m FCEBs.
FCEBs in January 2020, whilst Zhengzhou
replaced 30 buses with FCEBs in one go.

Korea Japan
Korea’s FCEB activity is smaller than China’s, but Japan’s FCEB bus activities are, like Korea,
ambitious by world standards. The national dominated by one company: Toyota. The Sora
roadmap includes 2,000 FCEBs by 2022 and FCEB runs on two 114 kW Mirai fuel cell modules
40,000 by 2040, with Hyundai leading the charge, integrated with a nickel metal hydride battery.
using its NEXO fuel cell module in the Elec City Despite Japan’s long history in hydrogen, its bus
hybrid bus. Two modules totalling 180 kW, plus a ambitions are modest, with only 1,200 FCEBs
78.4 kWh battery and a 180 kW central motor, expected on the roads by 2030. The end of 2020
drive the 11 m long vehicle, the first of which saw 91 FCEBs in service with various public
entered service in 2019. Five of the Elec City transport and private operators, the largest single
FCEBs delivered to Busan in 2019 were joined by one being the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,
a further 15 in 2020. The city intends to field 100 with a target of 70 units for the end of 2020. The
by 2022, and is developing the supporting initial driver behind this was the ill-fated 2020
infrastructure, with two HRS due to open in 2021. Tokyo Olympics. These and other FCEBs are partly
The Elec City is also being introduced into service supported by the Ministry of the Environment.
with the Korean National Police Agency, with two
vehicles running from the end of 2020. About 800 India
diesel buses will be replaced by 2028. Incheon India’s FCEB journey has been sedate. Technology
Airport also has activity, with Air Liquide installing has been under development for the last decade,
an HRS to refuel Hyundai FCEBs which will replace culminating in Tata Motors’ StarBus in 2018,
the current diesel fleet. Seven vehicles were reportedly under test for the past two years.
planned by the end of 2020. And Hyundai’s first Up to ten FCEBs are said to be on India’s roads,
export of FCEBs saw two Elec City vehicles though this might double in the near future. The
delivered to Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and the
National Thermal Power Corporation put out a
call for the supply of ten FCEBs and fuel cell cars
to operate in Leh, Ladakh and Dehli. The StarBus
may be a contender, as may Ashok-Leyland’s
subsidiary Optare.
Other regions
FCEB activity elsewhere has been limited.
Sarawak in Malaysia officially launched its first
FCEB service in June 2020, with three Foshan
Feichi Automobile FCEBs operating the route.
Foton, part of the Beijing Automotive Group,
plans to develop activities in both Australia and
New Zealand and will import a 12 m FCEB,
powered by Toyota fuel cell modules, into
Australia in March 2021 as a demonstrator for the
local diesel bus operators. More significantly in
Australia, May 2020 saw the H2OzBus consortium
launched, with an initial target for 100 FCEBs
operating across ten hubs. ITM Power and BOC
will supply the hydrogen and the HRS, and Ballard
the fuel cell modules. The FCEB manufacturers
have yet to be announced. Australia’s Fortescue
Metals also got hydrogen religion, announcing
that it would deploy ten fuel cell coaches from US
developer Hyzon at its Christmas Creek mine in
Western Australia from 2021, part of an effort to
reduce the carbon emissions from its vehicle fleet.

Shipments by region
Shipments by region of adoption 2016 - 2020 (1,000 units)
100
RoW
80 Asia
North America
60
Europe
40
20
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f
Megawatts by region of adoption 2016 - 2020
1500
RoW
1200 Asia
North America
900
Europe
600
300
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f
2020f is our forecast for the full year, based on firm data from January to September, and in some cases to as late as December.
We have revised the figures for 2019 in this report, now with firm full year data where previously a final quarter forecast was required.

Shipments by region
At nearly 82,500 units, 2020’s fuel cell shipments 2020 did see continued growth in stationary fuel
are up significantly on 2019’s 72,600. In cells in North America though, led by Bloom
megawatts shipped they increased from 1,192 MW Energy. Bloom now also ships one third of its
to 1,319 MW in 2020. The 2020 numbers were output to Korea, in its partnership with SK E&C.
inevitably reduced because of the slowdown from We saw annual stationary fuel cell shipments in
COVID. Asia continues to lead the shipments, with North America grow from 104 MW in 2019 to
Ene-Farm as usual topping the unit numbers, 115 MW in 2020. But this gain is offset by a big fall
while Hyundai again shipped most MW. in Mirais shipped to the US, from nearly 1,500
units in 2019 to fewer than 500 in 2020. That’s a
Asia’s lead results largely from strong policy 120 MW drop in Mirai shipments, which
instruments: Chinese NEV support, Korea’s contributes to a net 84 MW fall in capacity
Hydrogen Economy Roadmap and Renewables shipped to North America.
Portfolio Standard, and the triennially revised
Basic Energy Plan and the Strategic Roadmap for Vehicle fuel cells are typically in the tens of kW (at
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells of Japan. Similar policy the low end for range extenders, higher in some
instruments may emerge in Europe, but Asia is trucks), and so the large but fluctuating numbers
likely to stay well in the lead for fuel cell of fuel cell vehicles now fielded in China
shipments globally. contribute to significant volatility in industry
numbers. 2019 was a bumper year, with our initial
For policy reasons, Hyundai has focused NEXO forecast of 1,673 units for China some way under
deployment on Korea, where they contribute the final total of 2,737 units (~100 MW), mainly
hugely to the MW shipped. With around 6,000 buses, trucks and then vans. We expected
local units in 2020, the NEXO shipments represent continued growth into 2020, but changes to
576 MW of power, or close to 50% of global fuel subsidy policy, and subsequently to eligibility,
cell shipments by megawatts of all kinds. resulted in a subdued output, down to just over
Europe’s annual shipments grew by 17% year-on- 1,400 units (~87 MW) for 2020. With policy now
year in MW terms (again mainly NEXOs), from becoming clear, we expect a return to growth
113 MW to nearly 132 MW. They also grew in in 2021.
number, led by micro-CHP units for the German Overall, increased Ene-Farm micro-CHP
KfW 433 initiative, from just over 10,500 units in shipments, increased larger CHP and prime power
2019 to just over 12,500 units in 2020. As with shipments (chiefly from Doosan Fuel Cell and
other regions, fewer Mirais were shipped to Bloom Energy), and higher numbers of NEXOs
Europe as Toyota prepared for the global release drove annual Asian shipments from ~744 MW in
of the new model Mirai in December 2020. 2019 to ~912 MW in 2020. This represents 69% of
Unit shipments to North America rose from just the global MW shipped.
over 8,000 units in 2019 to over 10,500 units in While we expect new support policies to drive
2020, led largely by Plug Power for materials uptake in Europe too, we think Asia will stay
handling. The megawatts shipped during 2020 comfortably in the lead in 2021.
declined, from 339 MW in 2019 (less than our
forecast of 384 MW in that year) to 253 MW in 2020.
The adjustment to megawatts shipped for 2019 is
attributable to lower numbers than forecast of
NEXOs and Mirais to the US. At the same time,
more NEXOs were shipped to Europe and fewer to
North America.

Commercial vehicles
Trucks again Refuse collection vehicles are also starting to be
fuel cell adopters. Breda, in the Netherlands, is
Just like in 2019, heavy duty was an important operating FC refuse trucks under the REVIVE
sector for fuel cells in 2020. And there were global project and Hydrogenics, now owned by
headlines aplenty, some less welcome than Cummins, has supplied fuel cells as range
others… extenders for FAUN’s refuse trucks. The 3x30 kW
Nikola followed the current trend and reversed FCs allow a range of up to 560 km.
into a SPAC to IPO mid-year, and its value rocketed 2020 not only saw truck deployments, but also
on news about a tie-up with GM for its Badger agreements amongst players in the sector.
pick-up truck. Then came a damning research Daimler and Volvo signed a binding agreement to
report from short-seller Hindenburg Research, produce and commercialize fuel cell systems for
previously targeters of Ballard and Bloom, HDV applications and other uses, and a new
suggesting that Nikola had little or no technology entity, Daimler Truck Fuel Cell, consolidates the
and was pulling a lot of wool over a lot of eyes. company’s current fuel cell activities under the
The shares crashed, founder Trevor Milton joint venture. Plug Power announced an MoU for
resigned, and GM hastily drew back from a the demonstration of its ProGen engine in Class 6
nascent agreement to take an 11% stake. The and 8 trucks, to be used by Linde. The fleet is
truth, as usual, seems to rest between Nikola and expected to be fielded in early 2021. Other
Hindenburg’s stories, but it does seem that Nikola partnerships include Honda Motor with Isuzu
was claiming more than it could deliver. Still, Motors to develop H2-powered trucks, Total
Nikola maintains strong partnerships with Bosch, Group’s stake in Hyzon Motors, TRATON and Hino
CNH Industrial and Nel Hydrogen, and has signed who plan to develop BEV and FCEV trucks
a purchase agreement of US$30m for 85 MW of together, Toyota and Fujian Snowman
alkaline electrolysers to help it create its fuelling cooperating on hydrogen fuel cells, and Ballard’s
network. IVECO will work with FPT Industrial, both deal with Audi for use of the FCgen-HPS modular
CNH companies, to produce Nikola’s Tre in Europe, 140 kW stacks.
and GM will now supply FC powertrains for
Nikola’s North American heavy-duty trucks. The future is also becoming clearer. Hyundai’s
roadmap and vision sets out a ramp to a 2,000
Hyundai Motor shipped the first ten units of its trucks/year production capacity by 2021 and to
Xcient fuel cell heavy-duty truck, the world’s first deploy 25,000 trucks in Europe by 2030. Hyundai
to come off a production line, to logistics also has plans for North America with its HDC-6
operators in Switzerland. 1,600 units are planned Neptune, hoping to achieve hundreds of trucks
to be shipped by 2025. Powered by two 95 kW by 2022 and 12,000 by 2030; and for China,
NEXO stacks, the Xcient can travel up to 400 km targeting 27,000 units by 2030, based on three
on a single fill of gaseous hydrogen. And Scania different models. Two letters of intent have been
has supplied Norwegian wholesaler ASKO with signed already with Chinese companies for the
four hydrogen powered trucks, to be piloted in supply of 4,000 trucks by 2025.
daily use. The 26 t trucks each have a 90 kW
PEMFC, and 33 kg hydrogen at 350 bar gives them The Daimler Trucks strategy diverges from others,
a range of 500 km. with an emphasis on liquid hydrogen for its 40 t
GenH2 fuel cell truck. Customer trials are planned
for 2023, and series production in the second half
of the decade. Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus
Corporation, part of the Daimler truck group,
intends to make all new vehicles for Japan
CO2-neutral by 2039, with series production of
fuel-cell trucks by the late 2020s.

The Nikola Tre is slated for manufacture in Ulm, Other players planning to supply trucks include
Germany, at the IVECO facility, with production of Toyota and its subsidiary Hino for both the
the initial BEV units apparently expected within Japanese and North American markets, Cummins
the first quarter of 2021 and the first deliveries to and Navistar, MAN under its brand TRATON,
customers in the same year. Fuel cell electric Freudenberg Sealing Technologies and Quantron,
versions, built on the same platform, will be and Foton and Feichi in China. And Swiss
tested during 2021, with an expected market company GreenGT, better known for its Le Mans
launch in 2023. Nikola has also unveiled plans for fuel cell developments, continues to integrate its
its manufacturing facility for the Nikola Two in technology onto the Kamaz truck chassis.
Coolidge, USA, with a planned production
capacity of 35,000 trucks annually. Construction is Illustrating the importance and the ambition, a
scheduled for completion in late 2021. coalition of vehicle manufacturers, technology
and infrastructure providers and more signed a
The other fast mover in the sector is Hyzon statement in March with targets of 5-10,000
Motors, offspring of Chinese-Singaporean fuel hydrogen trucks on Europe’s roads by 2025, and
cell company Horizon, which has acquired the at least 100 fuelling stations. The ambition is for
former GM fuel cell facility in Honeoye Falls, New 100,000 trucks by 2030 and 1,500 HRS. While
York. The facility will be used to manufacture FC non-binding, this clearly shows a cross-industry
systems and support integration into US class 8 acceptance that fuel cells will play an essential
(over 33,000 lb, ~15 t) heavy trucks. The company role in cleaning up heavy duty vehicles.
also launched Hyzon Motors Europe BV, its new
European HQ and manufacturing centre based in
Groningen, the Netherlands, in partnership with
local company Holthausen. Hyzon, building on
the know-how gained in China through shipping
buses and trucks there, expects to ship hundreds
of fuel cell heavy vehicles by the end of 2021. And
ensuring it has a footprint in both hemispheres, it
is also setting up a division in Australia, targeting
FC truck assembly by 2022, and is planning to
deploy 1,500 trucks in New Zealand by 2026.

Shipments by application
Shipments by application 2016 - 2020 (1,000 units)
100
Portable
80 Stationary
60 Transport
40
20
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f
Megawatts by application 2016 - 2020
1500
Portable
1200 Stationary
Transport
900
600
300
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

Although one effect of COVID-19 has been to The materials handling application is not only
slow the increase in fuel cell shipments over 2020, strong but getting stronger. In 2019, market
they are still growing. The leading applications leader Plug Power’s annual report indicated over
remain passenger cars, CHP, and prime power. 6,000 units shipped. 2020’s first three quarter
reports suggest numbers closer to 10,000 units
In unit numbers, micro-CHP dominates, with over over the year – a huge achievement given COVID.
47,000 units forecast for Ene-Farm in Japan and Other materials handling providers, like Hyster-
over 5,000 units to the KfW 433 initiative in Yale’s Nuvera business, continue to develop their
Germany. Approaching 1,000 more units went to markets. Much larger materials handling facilities
the pan-European PACE programme. are now employing fuel cells as demonstrators,
The growth in 2020 is some testament to the for example at shipping ports.
resilience of the markets. Japan no longer Large CHP and prime power above 100 kW
subsidises PEM micro-CHP installations (SOFCs together contributed over 270 MW new capacity
get a small contribution) yet shipments remain in 2020, and around 400 units globally (up from
relatively stable. And many of Europe’s micro-CHP roughly 230 MW in 2019). Smaller fuel cells for
units are built around Panasonic technology, grid support and off-grid power seem to number
licenced and developed for the European market about 2,200 units, contributing around 8 MW of
by Viessmann, enabled through the capacity.
improvements engendered by Ene-Farm.
As in 2019, around 4,000 portable fuel cell units
Vehicles, particularly the passenger cars of Toyota were reported as having shipped in 2020. Many of
and Hyundai, also contribute hugely to overall these are from SFC Energy and include a mix of
numbers, with over 8,500 cars shipped in 2020. recreational battery extenders, remote
But car unit numbers are dwarfed by their monitoring and remote power units, some for
capacity, around 859 MW globally, nearly two military uses.
thirds of the shipped capacity for all applications.
While UAVs seem an excellent opportunity for fuel
Buses and trucks account for further shipments, cells, in 2020 numbers grew slowly, with offerings
though modest outside China. Excluding China, from Plug Power (former Energy OR), Intelligent
global fuel cell bus and truck shipments in 2020 Energy, Doosan Mobility Innovation and others
were about 300 units, equating to 22 MW. Inside accounting for multiples of tens of units.
China, buses, trucks and vans (led by SAIC’s Maxus
FCV80) reached over 1,400 units shipped in 2020,
a combined 87 MW capacity for the year. This
significant decline from 2019 was caused partly
by policy uncertainty, as manufacturers paused
efforts until they knew funding could be available.
As the picture clears, more stringent criteria for
funding will be applied: focusing on building up
supply chain capability in cluster cities, the local
policy and institutional environment, and
reducing costs and creating economies of scale.
Simply making the vehicle and running it will no
longer be enough. This is logical, as China’s
market becomes increasingly sophisticated and
specialised, and points to the longer-term policy
goal of developing indigenous capability to
enable a targeted 50,000 cumulative vehicles to
be fielded by 2025.

Trains
Alstom’s move to put fuel cells in trains a few The successful lower Saxony trial has further
years back seems to have finally given the sector cemented interest across Europe. May saw Alstom
momentum. Although others had worked on get a €500m (US$565m) order for 27 iLints for
hydrogen trains – ‘hydrail’ – none had a fully lines around Frankfurt, due in 2022 and including
engineered commercial vehicle. But 2020 saw hydrogen supplied by Infraserv. Another iLint was
further growth. tested on the line from Julich to Obermaubach,
with the local transport authority expected to
Like others, European rail operators have zero order two units, and in the Netherlands one
emissions requirements to look forward to. For completed testing over the 65 km between
many, this means upgrading parts of their Groningen and Leeuwarden. In Austria the
networks still serviced by diesel technology, often Federal Railways tested a unit for three months on
dating back thirty or more years. Non-electrified rail lines around Vienna. Italian rail operator
lines are still a large part of the European rail Ferrovie Nord Milano has ordered six Alstom
network: 28% in the Netherlands, 41% in Coradia Stream trains, using the same fuel cell
Germany and 62% in the UK. A 2020 study by the technology as the iLint, for service beginning in
German Aerospace Centre, DLR, concluded that 2023. Snam, the Italian gas utility and
by 2038 up to 2,500 hybrid trains, including fuel infrastructure provider, will work with Alstom on
cell battery hybrid multiple units, could be providing hydrogen.
required for 130 of the local German rail networks
either wholly or partly without overhead lines. All this has led to orders for at least 41 train
units, produced in Salzgitter, Germany. And since
In spring 2020 two units of the Coradia iLint these trains require fuel cells, Cummins, which
finished their 18-month passenger service trial, acquired Hydrogenics and hence this fuel cell
completing 180,000 km of service and 95% business line, will open a factory in Herten,
reliability on the Eisenbahnen Verkehrsbetrieb Germany to manufacture the PEM power modules
Elbe-Weser line in Lower Saxony. 14 Coradia iLints and systems.
will begin commercial service in 2021/22,
replacing the current diesel units. The Coradia Although Alstom has been the pioneer, other
units will be refuelled by the world’s first rail- European businesses have plans. The Siemens
dedicated HRS at Bremervoerde station. Linde will Mireo Plus H incorporates Ballard fuel cells into its
build the HRS, using UK’s ITM electrolysers, with Mireo regional train platform to provide 600 km
some funding from Germany’s National of range at up to 160 km/hour (99 mph). Early in
Innovation Programme for Hydrogen and Fuel 2020 Siemens and Deutsche Bahn signed the
Cell technology. ‘H2goesRail’ partnership, to test the train over
lines in the Tübingen area of Germany from 2024,
using hydrogen from renewable power. Spanish
rolling stock manufacturer CAF plans to develop a
fuel cell version of its Civia three-car regional
platform, using Toyota PEM modules hybridised
with batteries as part of an FCH JU funded
project; and Talgo, another Spanish player, has
announced tests of its Talgo Vittal One in 2021.
In France, national rail operator SNCF is working
with regional authorities to introduce the Alstom
Regiolis fuel cell hybrid train to the regional TER
services, 50% of which run on diesels today. The
Regiolis should start operations in 2021 in the
regions of Grand Est, Occitanie, and Nouvelle
Acquitaine. SNCF aims to eliminate all diesel
trains by 2035.

The UK has similar aspirations, but with more In contrast, Korea’s ambitions for fuel cell trains
non-electrified lines and some 2,500 diesels that are relatively new. The Korean Railroad Research
need replacing in the near future. The start point institute has announced that it will use 400 kW of
is to convert existing older electric trains. In Horizon PEM modules for a train demonstrator
summer 2020, train leasing business Porterbrook’s and start a three/four-year test programme in
HydroFlex fuel cell train ran on a UK mainline. A 2021. It is not clear whether this development is
converted Class 319 with a Ballard fuel cell, in place of or additional to work with other
developed in conjunction with the University of organisations, including Woojin Industrial
Birmingham, the train retains overhead and third Systems, on a design incorporating a 1.2 MW fuel
rail capability. The objective is to extend the lives cell. Rolling stock manufacturer Hyundai Rotem
of older EMUs in its fleet by replacing diesel units. has agreed with Hyundai automotive to use
Another train leasing business, Eversholt, and 95 kW of PEM modules for a fuel cell tram, top
Alstom are investing £1m in the UK to develop speed 70 km/hour (43 mph), range 150 km, for
the Breeze fuel cell train. This is another testing in 2021. Hyundai Rotem also signed an
conversion of an existing older EMU class, the 321, agreement with Ulsan city to assist the
of which there is a fleet of 177. The Breeze, also to development of a proposed 48 km tram network
replace diesels units, will become the 600 series due to open in 2027.
and be converted at Alstom’s Widnes Transport
Technology Centre. Tram development is also active in China. Rolling
stock business CRRC already delivered fuel cell
In Scotland, Arcola Energy has worked with Brodie trams for Qingdao and Tangshan in 2016 and
Engineering on adapting a redundant ScotRail 2017, and 2020 saw the service start on the first
class 314 unit to operate on fuel cells, to phase of the 17 km Gaoming line, with eight
demonstrate the feasibility of operations over trams supplied by CRRC Qingdao Sifang powered
Scotland’s non-electrified lines. The Scottish by Ballard fuel cell modules.
Government wants to eliminate diesel services
within 15 years, five years before the rest of the India, like Korea, is a relative newcomer.
UK rail network. Nevertheless, Indian Railways has announced
ambitious plans to electrify its entire network by
Whilst the focus in Europe is on passenger trains, 2024, and for only clean power to be used by
moves are afoot to undertake a pilot project in 2030. Fuel cell trains are part of the mix. A four-car
northern Sweden to convert diesel freight unit will be converted by the Diesel Loco
locomotives to hydrogen. Polish train Modernisation Works in Patiala to operate with
manufacturer Pesa Bydgoszcz also has its eyes on 300 kW of fuel cell modules and batteries and be
a fuel cell freight locomotive and is cooperating capable of 140 km/hour (87 mph).
with refiner PKN Orlen on the project to deliver a
demonstrator in ‘three to four’ years. USA
Asia Like Japan, the USA has seen fuel cell train
developments over the years, but no real
Fuel cell train developments have been underway deployment. This will change in 2024, when the
in Japan since the 2000s, but progress has been San Bernardino County Transport Authority will
slow. East Japan Railways has long had plans to start operations with a two-car hydrogen FLIRT
demonstrate the technology and signed an train, with technology from Stadler Rail of
agreement in 2020 with Hitachi and Toyota to Switzerland.
develop the two-car fuel cell Hybari. Toyota will
supply four 60 kW modules, based on Mirai
technology, and Hitachi the hybrid powertrain,
including two 120 kWh lithium ion batteries, for
testing from 2022.

Material handling and forklift trucks
2020 saw more growth for materials handling Also in Europe, French retail giant Carrefour is
vehicles, still mostly in North America. Plug using 137 forklift trucks from STILL, a KION Group
Power maintains its domination, with nearly company, in a large scale pilot – again using Plug
10,000 systems shipped. System sizes are growing systems. Linde, also under the parent KION,
too: Nuvera added a 60 kW engine for heavier demonstrated its Plug-powered FC30 fuel cell
applications, and a wider range of applications is forklift in Switzerland. The two brands are pooling
being demonstrated, from larger container their experience into KION’s New Energy Systems
handling equipment at air and seaports, to unit. Linde’s demonstration followed an
tractors in China, and niche applications like snow announcement of an MoU with Plug Power for its
groomers in Europe. larger systems for on-road Class 6 and Class 8
trucks, to be used by Linde for product deliveries
Hyundai also entered the sector (to complement as early as 2021.
its car, bus, truck, train and ship offerings), signing
an MoU between Hyundai Mobis, Hyundai Motor Nuvera has added more than just a 60 kW unit:
Company and its engineering and construction two 45 kW, E-45 fuel cell engines are integrated
unit early in 2020. Seven months later, a first into the Hyster container handling, top-pick and
forklift with a 5 t carrying capacity was reach stackers for the ports of Los Angeles, US
showcased, built around the NEXO engine. This is and Valencia, Spain, and the 60 kW E-60 itself
the first medium-sized H2 forklift and it will be can be expanded for on-road applications up
trialled at ports and distribution centres. More to 120 kW.
forklifts and medium to large excavators are
slated for commercialisation in 2023. In the Not to be outdone, Toyota fielded the first
meantime, July saw UK construction vehicle OEM, hydrogen fuel cell utility tractor rig (UTR) with
JCB, announce the world’s first fuel cell excavator. Fenix Marine Services at Pier 300 in the Port of Los
The 20 t 220X excavator successfully completed Angeles. Based on the Mirai fuel cell, the aim is to
12 months of trials. JCB has ambitions to be a test its use in the real world which could see it
world leader in hydrogen powered construction support the movement of 1 million containers per
equipment (and now also buses), complementing year. And not far behind Toyota was the trial of a
its battery electric offerings. yard tractor from Terberg in the United Waalhaven
Terminals in Rotterdam.
Despite COVID, Plug managed to nearly double its
shipments year-on-year, including moving Fuel cells are also being demonstrated on the ski
towards fulfilment of a US$172m 2019 order for slopes of Austria, in a snow groomer, and in
H2 forklift deployments including GenDrives, the Chinese fields in a fuel cell electric tractor. The old
GenFuel H2 fuel, storage and dispensing gear, and and wise amongst you will recall that the very first
GenCare aftermarket service and support. Other fuel cell vehicle, in 1959, was an Allis Chalmers
GenKey deployments include a six-month trial for tractor. Plus ça change…
UK supermarket ASDA’s chilled distribution
centre, with a view to more widespread adoption.
Gaussin, an engineering company for transport
and logistics products, intends to use Plug’s
ProGen range for logistics vehicles for seaports,
airports and distribution hubs in 2021 for
European, US and other global markets. Green
hydrogen will fuel the zero-emissions vehicles
and help its uptake in logistics clusters. Plug
Power targets 50% of its hydrogen to be green
in 2024.

Maritime
Cleaner shipping is high priority, and while much the Hjelmeland-Nesvik route. LH2 is planned to
of the focus is on long-term large-scale use of come from a new facility in Mongstad, Greater
cleaner fuels, 2020 did see more fuel cell activity. Bergen, involving BKK, Equinor and Air Liquide.
More marinized fuel cell offerings have emerged, The same LH2 should supply the Topeka Ro-Ro
with a better range for smaller vessels. Shipyards ferry, developed by Wilhelmsen as a member of
are trialling cold ironing and ports are great the 14-partner HyShip project, that will transport
cluster locations for hydrogen, including land-side goods between Kristiansund and Stavanger as
applications like materials handling and port well as distribute containerized LH2 from
drayage. Ballard, CMR Prototech, Nedstack, Mongstad to bunkering hubs. And while Viking
PowerCell and Proton Power have all received announced back in 2017 that it would develop a
stack orders for hydrogen-based shipping 900 passenger, 500 crew cruise ship using the LH2
applications for 2021, and Freudenberg has bunkering, more recent reports suggest LH2 is
approval in principle by DNV GL for its methanol- being considered for cold ironing of the cruise ship.
fuelled fuel cell, which will be installed on an
AidaNova cruise ship in 2021 for the ‘Pa-X-ell 2’ ‘FreeCO2ast’, an ENOVA (PILOT-E) funded project
project. Toyota has developed a fuel cell system focused on large ships, has Havyard Group
for marine markets, with trials now taking place leading with Norwegian Electric Systems
on the Energy Observer green catamaran. An delivering the design, Linde the LH2 tanks and
associated company, EODev (Energy Observer PowerCell the fuel cell modules. Four ships are
Developments), now offers portable fuel cells, contracted, the first should start operating in
range extenders to 1 MW and a floating platform 2021. Multiple marinized 200 kW modules deliver
for H2 supply in marinas. a total power of 3.2 MW, the largest yet deployed
on a ship. Another ENOVA-funded project, the
2020 saw Ballard’s Marine Centre at Hobro, ‘Hellesylt Hydrogen Hub’ will be a H2 supply
Denmark, launch (ha ha) the industry’s first facility to ships in the Geirangerfjord, 200 km NE
module designed for primary propulsion power in of Bergen, one of two World Heritage Fjords in
ships. The 200 kW FCwave, claimed to last more Norway. Ferry operation should begin by 2022,
than 30,000 hours, can be scaled to multi-MW with H2 from surplus hydropower at Hellesylt by
power levels. ABB extended its MoU with Ballard 2023. Edda Wind has signed long-term charters
to build PEM systems for ocean-going ships, with with MHI Vestas and Ocean Breeze Energy, for two
stacks to be assembled at HDF Energy’s facility in of four offshore wind service vessels to be
Bordeaux. Other projects in build include the powered by H2 fuel cells, ordered from Spanish
ELEKTRA hydrogen push boat, with operation on yards. The hybrid electric newbuilds, also
the Elbe planned from 2021; the HySEAS III ferry, ENOVA-funded, will be operated by Østensjø
now expected to come into service with Rederi AS from 2022, servicing the BARD farm,
Caledonian McBrayne in 2022; and Compagnie 100 km offshore.
Fluvial de Transport’s Rhône push boat, part of
the FCH JU FLAGSHIPS project, is expected to Other parts of Europe are not standing still
start operations in 2021. Initiatives are multiplying elsewhere too:
Norway – a hive of activity ShippingLab, the consortium to realize the Danish
Blue Hydrogen initiative, plans a large (Ballard)
Norway’s drive for zero emissions fjords is pushing fuel cell dredger with H2 from wind at the Port of
hydrogen in shipping, including design company Hvide Sande; the Waddenfonds Green Shipping
LMG MARIN and ferry operator Norled. Another initiative will start with a mobile H2 (Nedstack)
FLAGSHIPS ship is a retrofitted biodiesel-fuelled fuel cell generator in ports; and E.ON, Port of
ferry, MF Hilde, with fuel cells and hydrogen, for Rotterdam Authority and DeltaPort
operation on the Norwegian west coast Judaberg- Niederrheinhäfen are to create an inland
Helgøy route in 2022. LMG Marin is fitting two infrastructure for goods transport by 2050,
further ferries, Hydra and Nesvik, with two 200 kW starting with a pilot on the German inland
FCwave modules and 80 m3 liquid H2 storage, for DeltaPort location in Voerde & Wesel. The Port of

Den Helder, ENGIE and Damen Shipyards plan to technology to replace at least one of three diesel
develop HRS facilities for maritime and road generators typically on-board a Very Large Crude
transport in the Den Helder region, with €1.4m Carrier. Meanwhile, Wärtsilä is developing
from the German finance fund DKTI. The 2.6 MW ammonia storage and supply systems for use on
solar park, electrolyser, HRS facility and a H2 fuel Eidesvik Offshore’s supply vessel Viking Energy
cell ship should be operational in 2021. within the EU project ShipFC. Wärtsilä already
designs LPG cargo handling systems, also used to
Nedstack is now developing 200 and 500 kW stacks transport ammonia. The ship will field a 2 MW
for marine markets, and is a partner in ammonia fuelled fuel cell by 2023.
the FELMAR-consortium. In the WEVA project, the
135 m vessel Antonie van Lenten will be fuelled by Asia is following fast
green H2 from the Nouryon salt factory in Delfzijl
and run to the Botlek in Rotterdam. Two more ships In the ‘Commercialization of Hydrogen Fuel Ships’
are already in development. The Ulstein SX190 project, Vinssen HL (with Hyundai as an investor)
Zero Emission hybrid support vessel has a total will put H2 fuel cell vessels in the Ulsan
installed power of 7.5 MW, with a 2 MW PEM from Metropolitan City’s Hydrogen Green Mobility
Nedstack, the balance diesel electric. Sea trials of Regulatory Free Zone, for small vessels operating
the ship are expected from 2022. on the Taehwa River from 2021. Hyundai Mipo
Dockyard is to build a ship propelled by fuel cells,
AVL is supporting TECO 2030 ASA in the with either diesel or LNG fuel, by 2022, to carry up
development of its TECO Marine Fuel Cell, to 375 passengers. Bloom Energy and Samsung
designed for heavy-duty marine use. The systems Heavy Industries (SHI) will collaborate in the
should be deployed on tugboats in the Blue design and development of fuel cells for shipping.
Danube hydrogen and similar projects. Proton SHI plans to replace all existing main engines and
Motor Power Systems won a second order for a generators with SOFCs, aiming to present a
144 kW fuel cell for Fincantieri’s 25 m long floating design to customers in 2022.
lab, ‘ZEUS’ (Zero Emission Ultimate Ship), while
PowerCell delivered an MS-30 system. In Yanmar signed an MoU with Toyota to develop
September, Kontakt-Elektro showcased its fuel cells for maritime applications, based on Mirai
commercially-available fuel cell motor cruiser in systems. Field tests are planned for early 2021.
Hungary. The 6.2 m boat can transport 8 people And NYK Line, Toshiba Energy Systems &
at up to 12 knots (22 km/hour), at this speed for Solutions, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and ENEOS
37 NM (66 km). are looking at powering a medium-sized tourist
ship with TESS H2 fuel cells: design 2021,
It’s not just PEM fuel cells construction 2023, demonstration 2024.
Meanwhile Mitsui OSK Lines and e5 Lab, Tokyo,
MSC Cruises project PACBOAT will integrate a CEA are studying a car carrier with a hybrid fuel cell
Liten 50 kW SOFC onboard the LNG-powered drive for inshore zero emissions operation.
Europa cruise ship due to go into service from Offshore, the ship would use an LNG-fuelled
2022, and the American Bureau of Shipping and generator and large-capacity batteries.
Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering have
a joint development project to use SOFC

Shipments by fuel cell type
Shipments by fuel cell type 2016 - 2020 (1,000 units)
100
AFC
80 MCFC
SOFC
60
PAFC
40
DMFC
20 PEMFC
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f
Megawatts by fuel cell type 2016 - 2020
1500
AFC
1200 MCFC
SOFC
900
PAFC
600
DMFC
300 PEMFC
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

Led by passenger cars and micro-CHP shipments, MCFC remains the exclusive domain of FuelCell
PEM fuel cells continue to dominate, both in Energy, though the company also has SOFCs in
number and in capacity. Over 53,600 units were development. Production suffered further in
shipped in 2020, or ~1,030 MW. The range is 2020, and stands at less than 10 MW pa, with only
extensive: from direct hydrogen units used in one new shipment reported.
vehicles to reformer-based fuel cells in micro-CHP,
fuelled by natural gas and LPG. This number is up AFCs remain the Cinderella of the fuel cell world.
from the just over 45,700 units (948 MW) shipped In both number and capacity, these hardly figure
in 2019. in the count. GenCell Energy’s investor website
discloses just 18 installations since its formation in
SOFCs remain second in terms of unit numbers. 2011. But AFC is an intrinsically low-cost
The nearly 25,000 units equated to 148 MW technology and the position may change. With
capacity shipped in 2020, up from nearly 22,000 ABB, AFC Energy plans to bring a DC Fast
units and 107 MW capacity in 2019. This growth in Charging system for EVs to the market in Europe
SOFC units comes largely from an overall rise in and US in the second half of 2021. Bosch plans to
Ene-Farm shipments, enhanced by a slight shift bring a similar (SOFC) offering to market in
from PEM-based units towards SOFC, favoured by conjunction with Ceres.
their higher efficiency and slowly reducing system
costs. In capacity terms, Bloom Energy servers DMFCs remain the mainstay of portable systems
continue to be deployed, now also in significant below 100 W, where the high stack costs are offset
volume in South Korea through SK E&C. Future by the ease of refuelling and long runtimes. These
opportunity exists in data centres, with units continue to ship in the low thousands (nearly
expected from Bloom, from Bosch, using Ceres’ 4,000 in 2020). As the required power approaches
SteelCell technology, and from others such as 1 kW or more, PEMFCs are favoured on cost
SOLIDpower – though significant volume will grounds, exemplified by SFC Energy’s use of
take time. adKor PEM technology in delivering power
supplies for BOS digital radio towers in Germany.
The next largest fuel cell type shipped, by
capacity, is the PAFC, led by Doosan Fuel Cell and We count PBI fuel cells as a PEM variant. Danish
with smaller stacks also from Fuji Electric. company SerEnergy continues to ship product for
Doosan’s reported shipments remain well over backup power, while Blue World Technologies has
100 MW, and their Q4 report suggests sales of begun limited production of units for Gumpert
PAFCs in Korea may quadruple by 2024, buoyed Aiways’ high end Nathalie passenger car, though
by a near tripling of manufacturing capacity to numbers could increase as it plans to put in place
260 MW/year in 2021. 5,000 units or 50 MW of capacity.

Stationary fuel cell systems
The deployment of stationary fuel cell systems in electrical efficiency now up to 40% and overall
2020 followed the steady but unspectacular efficiency claimed at 97%. Like Aisin’s unit, it is
growth trend of the past few years. While the lighter and smaller than previously. While PEM is
effect of COVID has slowed things in Europe and considered mature and has received no subsidy
the USA, Asia has steamed ahead. The sector since 2019, SOFC support remains. The retail price
remains heterogeneous, with every fuel cell for the Aisin Seiki unit is ¥1.68m, about
technology represented across the size spectrum US$16,300, above the target price of ¥1.23m set
from kW to MW, reflecting differences in operating by Government, and will still get a small subsidy.
performance, power densities and fuels.
Interestingly, in mid-2020 METI announced
Japan still leads the numbers game projects with four utilities to build virtual power
plans using customer-side assets. Osaka Gas
Deployment in Japan reflects the longstanding intends to use 1,500 Ene-Farm units, with Internet
commitment of both Government and industry to of Things capability, as a source of additional
Japan’s Hydrogen Society ambition. 2020 saw power when required by the grid. The value
new stationary fuel cell developments and proposition of micro-CHP systems should be
products announced – which should build the enhanced if such virtual power plants become
commercial proposition and enable faster mainstream.
deployment to come.
(Not yet) commercial units?
Japan is home to by far the world’s largest fleet of
micro-CHP fuel cells. Deployment of these Ene- Bigger, so-called ‘commercial scale’ fuel cell
Farm units since 2011 has been about getting the systems of ~5 kW to 100 kW have lagged the
volume required to drive the technology along smaller units. More expensive to develop, they
the learning curve and generate substantial came later to the market and have not been
economies of mass production. Though others supported by policy in the same way. Published
have come and gone along the way, Ene-Farm Japanese data suggest fewer than ten SOFC
units are now PEM technology from Panasonic systems operating in early 2020, including Miura’s
and SOFC from Aisin Seiki. The flagship products FC-5B 4.2 kW SOFC system using Ceres SOFC
are both rated at 700 W, operate on natural gas or technology. Miura and Ceres have announced a
LPG, and are supplied via Japan’s gas companies, joint specialist maintenance team for these
notably Tokyo Gas and Osaka Gas. Official figures systems in Japan’s metropolitan areas, which
suggested 313,000 Ene-Farm units in total had tends to suggest a higher number of fielded
been deployed by March 2020, 43,000 more than ~
5 kW units than published. And Kyocera’s 3 kW
a year earlier. Our figures suggest a full calendar system is also available, but the status of SOFC
year increase close to 47,000 units over 2020. developments reported in the past by Denso,
While this leaves installations some way short of Hitachi Zosen and Fuji Electric remain unclear. Fuji
the aspirational 2020 target of 1.4 million units still manufactures PAFC based FP-100i systems of
announced at the start of the programme, the 100 kW, but sales have been slow.
market is now close to self-sustaining, and a
2030 target of 5.3 million remains.
Industry continues to invest: in February Aisin
Seiki, working with Kyocera and Toyota Motor,
released a new model Type S (SOFC) system, with
increased electrical efficiency of 55%, up from
53%, and an overall efficiency of 87%. Service life
is up from 10 to 12 years. Panasonic’s new PEM
micro-CHP system for apartments came out in
June 2020, and can handle 200-700 W electrical
outputs and operate in blackout mode, with an

From natural gas to hydrogen? Toyota’s interest in broadening uptake of its Mirai
PEM automotive units continues. Following
In contrast to the SOFC and PAFC systems, interest installation of a 100 kW PEM system at its
in hydrogen-fuelled commercial scale PEM is Honshu plant in 2019, 2020 saw verification tests
more bullish. Using pure hydrogen as a fuel of a 50 kW stationary system in Shunan, working
eliminates the expensive natural gas reforming with the chemical business Tokuyama, using
system and substantially raises the electrical by-product hydrogen. And Panasonic is working
efficiency, to more than 50%. For now, the on the deployment of hydrogen fuelled PEM
challenge is a reliable and sufficient supply of systems at the 18 hectare Harumi Flag property
hydrogen, which at present mostly comes from development in Tokyo for 2021, despite the
‘brown’ sources – natural gas using steam postponement of the Tokyo Olympics. The
methane reforming. But with a global drive for hydrogen-fuelled 5 kW systems will achieve 57%
green hydrogen, change is expected. electrical efficiency. Brother Industries’ BFC4-5000
Toshiba Energy Systems and Solutions has been a unit, with a 4.4 kW power output, is also targeted
pioneer in the commercial deployment of at the commercial market.
hydrogen fuelled PEM systems for stationary Fuel Cell Hybrids
power and heat. Its H2Rex system has been
deployed at 120 sites across Japan, at power Mitsubishi Power, the new name for Mitsubishi
ranging from 700 W through 3.5 kW to 100 kW. Hitachi Power Systems, is the world’s only
Hotels, stores and markets are customers. The developer of a pressurised SOFC hybrid system
system boasts 50-55% electrical efficiency, and still standing. The 250 kW MEGAMIE system, an
90%+ total efficiency in the power and heat SOFC stack with a turbine driven by the high
mode. Renewable hydrogen is entering the mix, temperature exhaust from the SOFC, is still in
with 2020 seeing an H2Rex system deployed at early commercial deployment though. April 2020
Michinoeki-Namie in Fukushima, using hydrogen saw a second ‘commercial’ system start operations
from the Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research at the Hazama Ando Technical Research Institute
Field, an electrolyser plant powered by 10 MW at Tsukuba in Ibaraki Prefecture. The SOFC stack
Solar PV. Toshiba, having abandoned its smaller comes from CECYLLS, the JV established in
Ene-Farm units, is relocating its H2 energy February by Mitsubishi and NGK Spark Plug,
production facility, from Yokohama City to the whilst the micro-turbine is supplied by Toyota.
Ukishima area, upscaling production ten-fold
to meet demand. Toshiba even announced a Korea has the power
1 MW PEM system, comprising ten of its standard Korea remains the leader in the deployment of
100 kW modules. stationary fuel cell systems at the industrial/grid
scale. The world’s largest fuel cell park, 59 MW of
Fuel Cell Energy/POSCO MCFC systems, is in
Gyeonggi, and 2020 saw it joined by the world’s
largest 50 MW facility fuelled purely by hydrogen,
in Daesan. 114 of Doosan’s 440 kW PureCell PAFC
systems use by-product hydrogen from Hanwha’s
nearby petrochemical works to supply power and
heat to the local grid.
Korea’s fuel cell ambitions are very much part of a
plan. Government sees hydrogen and fuel cells as
an enabler of emissions reductions, energy
diversification and both domestic and export-led
economic growth. 8 GW of large-scale stationary
fuel cell systems is planned for 2040, with another
7 GW exported. 2.1 GW more will provide power

and heat for buildings. That translates to annual another 900 kW will go to KT Corporation, the
deployment in the range of 350 MW-400 MW. Up telecoms business. Korea now features strongly in
to now, deployment has been driven by a Bloom’s longer term technology strategy with
Renewable Portfolio Standard which includes fuel hydrogen-fuelled SOFC systems to be fielded in
cells, and which ratchets up annually. It looks like 2021 in partnership with SK E&C, as well as
2022 will also see a Hydrogen Portfolio Standard, electrolysers. One home for the hydrogen-
separating hydrogen and fuel cells from typical powered units will be the Changwon RE100
renewables like solar and wind. This should Project, which will take 1.8 MW. Solid Oxide
further boost demand. electrolyser systems will be added from 2022.
These stationary fuel cell technologies have POSCO Energy and Fuel CellEnergy remained
primarily been acquired from overseas. Doosan, locked in stasis, with FCE terminating its
POSCO and SK Engineering and Construction marketing agreement with POSCO in summer
(SKE&C) have either bought foreign technology or 2020. But elsewhere in Korea, stationary fuel cell
partnered with non-Korea technology suppliers. systems are part of Hyundai’s plans. Like Toyota, it
POSCO Energy pioneered the approach, working is applying its NEXO automotive PEM technology
with Fuel Cell Energy. Doosan acquired the to the market, and in September 2020 it shipped
erstwhile UTC PAFC technology, and SK E&C has systems to Switzerland’s GRZ Technologies as part
partnered with Bloom Energy and their SOFC of power supply systems for buildings. Indigenous
systems. SK E&C’s parent, SK Group, entered into a S-Fuel Cell started exporting fuel cell units to
JV with Plug Power very early in 2021, though not China, also for buildings, and another Korean
for stationary systems. business, Bumhan, was reported to be sourcing
PowerCell PEM systems for applications in Korea.
Doosan Fuel Cell has been installing its PureCell
PAFC units as fast as it can manufacture them. At North America remains subdued
the end of 2019, 318 units (140 MW) were under
construction, supplied by factories in Iksan, Korea The USA has pretty much all of the stationary
and South Windsor, Connecticut, USA. The 2020 deployments in North America, using mainly
target across South Korea is 142 MW. The Incheon home-grown technology: Doosan’s systems were
Fuel Cell development, supported by Korea Hydro originally developed by UTC in Connecticut;
and Nuclear Power, ordered 39.6 MW. Doosan has FuelCell Energy’s too; and Bloom Energy is in
its sights set high – the 2023 global sales target California and Delaware. Deployment has been –
has been raised to 300 MW – up from 184 MW in and continues to be – driven by a mix of Federal
2019. The Iksan plant capacity will increase to and State regulations, capital subsidies, tariffs and
260 MW per annum. And ambitions go beyond its tax breaks. End user interest in green, self-energy
current PAFC technology: it wants to be generation is growing though; attractive to the
“Hydrogen Energy Global No. 1 Player”, adding USA’s larger corporations with declared
both PEM and SOFC technology to its portfolio. environmental policies and targets. In States with
The SOFC roadmap, built around a technology weaker or congested grids on-site self-generation
agreement with the UK’s Ceres, includes a 50 MW is also tempting.
manufacturing plant, breaking ground in 2021. But deployment of stationary systems in North
Solid oxide electrolyser development is also part America in 2020 was down, maybe linked to
of the mix. political uncertainty, perhaps also to the impact
Bloom Energy, for a long-time firmly US-focused, of coronavirus on general US economic activity
and its Korean partner SK E&C are working on a and investment decisions. While Bloom had
factory in Gumi to manufacture 50 MW of Bloom’s already reported 92 MW of new acceptances by
SOFC systems under their JV. 2020 saw two Q3, 28 MW of those were headed for Korea. New
Bloom-powered facilities start operation in US orders or intentions included retail chain Stop
Gyeonggi: 19.8 MW at Hwasung and 8.1 MW at & Shop, planning to convert 40 of its stores to
Paju. Korea Midland Power has ordered 6 MW and Bloom’s AlwaysON microgrid system. Systems

were also delivered as COVID response units Agreement with Hydrogène de France to develop
to Vallejo and Sacramento medical facilities in and manufacture PEM systems as part of HDF
California, and to two Southern California Gas Energy’s Renewstable power generation system
facilities in Los Angeles, plus the Gillette which integrates the fuel cell with electrolysers,
Stadium in Massachusetts. An AlwaysON system hydrogen storage and renewable power. Plug
was also reported to be operating in Yokohama Power of the USA has had some interest in smaller
City Hall, Japan. size system for telecoms applications, and now has
its new GenSure High Power Platform for stationary
FuelCell Energy still seems to be rebuilding after power applications of between 500 kW and 1.5 MW
its existential crisis in 2019, focusing on for high power end users, such as data centres.
restructuring its finances as well as adopting its These will use 125 kW ProGen Systems packaged in
new ‘PowerHouse’ Strategy, built around Power standard ISO containers.
Purchasing Agreements. Although it booked few
new product sales in 2020, the order backlog in Europe is big on ambition but small on
terms of PPAs remains substantial. But numbers
developments did continue: 7.4 MW of
SureSource 4000 units for the US Navy Base Far fewer stationary fuel cells systems have been
at Groton, CT; the smaller San Bernardino, CA deployed across Europe than in North America,
1.4 MW SureSource 1500 which will operate on Korea or Japan. The market is more fragmented,
biofuels; and a SureSource 4000 at the Danbury, grids are typically stronger and more reliable, and
CT Triangle Street development. FCE’s Torrington subsidy regimes and regulations less favourable.
facility, shut in March due to the Coronavirus But European businesses continue to develop and
crisis, resumed production in June. The only new invest in a range of stationary power
orders announced were for four SureSource 3000 technologies.
(2.8 MW) units for four sites across Connecticut, Deployment to date has hinged on European
under the Shared Clean Energy Facility sponsored Union initiatives led by the Fuel Cell and
by the State, and will be operated under 20 year Hydrogen Joint Undertaking 2 (FCH 2 JU), or
PPAs providing power to EverSource and United country level-support, the most important of
Illuminating utilities. which is Germany’s Federal KfW 433 grant. The
Doosan Fuel Cell America now operates in the FCH 2 JU’s PACE programme is a five year, €90m
shadow of its Korean sister plant Iksan in terms of initiative supporting 2,800 micro-CHP fuel cell
numbers, but retains a healthy backlog and is systems across ten countries and involving five of
producing at or close to capacity. New units Europe’s leading domestic micro-CHP developers:
included those for the New Britain development BDR Thermea, Bosch, SolidPower, Sunfire and
in Connecticut, and a proposed tri-generation Viessmann. KfW 433 will support systems of
unit for Toyota Long Beach, CA remains on plan. between 250 W and 5 kW electrical with up to
€28,800. Not surprisingly, most fuel cell
Three other major developers can serve stationary deployments in Europe have been in Germany,
markets, although their attention to date has been though Belgium has seen substantive
on mobility. The first two are Canadian: deployment in Flanders, where both PACE and
Hydrogenics offers its Hy-PM XR units from kW to some smaller regional Government support is
MW scale, but its focus in recent years has been available. Other countries receiving PACE units
almost exclusively mobility. Cummins, owners of include Italy, Netherlands and the UK. But PACE is
Hydrogenics for a year now, may be focusing its due to end in 2022 and some suppliers have
stationary ambitions on the SOFC technology it nearly met their commitments. No plan for a
acquired from GE. Ballard has largely scaled back its successor has yet emerged, though KfW 433 will
stationary activity to its smaller FCgen-H2PM be continued, possibly even with slightly higher
systems for back-up and remote applications, support, and Italy has a little-known programme
including telecoms, though it does have a 1 MW which, under certain circumstances, promises to
PEM stationary system using by-product hydrogen offer 110% of the capital cost of a system.
at a refinery in Martinique in the West Indies.
Ballard also has a Product Development

Between them, the five developers above field went bankrupt and merging the best of that with
both PEM and SOFC micro-CHP units, and the best of its own in-house technology. The
introduced new products for 2020. BDR Thermea’s BlueGEN units are produced in Heinsberg,
latest SenerTec Dachs PEM system has 750 W Germany, whilst SOFC cells and stacks come from
power, 38% electrical efficiency and 92% overall. the 25 MW capacity factory in Mezzolombardo in
Stack life is an impressive 12 years. The BDR Italy, opened in August 2020. The BlueGEN
Thermea Group’s Dutch subsidiary Remeha’s technology is also used in Bosch’s Buderus brand
eLecta 300 also uses a PEM stack. As with most SOFC micro-CHP system, replacing the Japanese
domestic systems, the waste heat is supplemented Aisin Seiki unit formerly used. Electrical
by a burner, often for much more thermal power – efficiencies of up to 60% are advertised for units
5.2 to 21.8 kW in this case. The Remeha subsidiary of 5 to 11 kW.
also began public trials of a pure hydrogen boiler
system (no stack present) in Rozenburg in June, SOLIDpower is reported to be working on two
with plans for a larger trial in the UK to follow. further commercial scale systems: a 6 kW BlueGEN
(BG-60) system with 60% efficiency for 2022, and
Sunfire has a variant of its Sunfire Home SOFC a 180 kW system incorporating 30x 6 kW stacks.
system using LPG, with outputs of 750 W power The market focus for this will include data centres
and 1.25 kW heat, at an advertised electrical and other power-hungry applications in grid
efficiency close to 40% and overall efficiency at congested locations. SOLIDpower has also been
89%. The SOFC stack, the PowerCore, is also used in working on a 25 kW Solid Oxide electrolyser.
the Sunfire-Remote system available at 400 W to
1.2 kW, and optionally to 3. 6kW operating on The complicated web of fuel cell relationships
propane/natural gas. These are targeted for remote includes another Bosch agreement, this time with
locations such as sensors on oil and gas pipelines, Ceres, another of Europe’s SOFC developers.
and railway infrastructure, including that of Bosch increased its equity stake in Ceres from
Deutsche Bahn. 4% to 18% in 2020, for £38m (US$49m). The
technology is destined for commercial scale
Viessmann’s offering is a new 750 W VitoValor PT2 applications, and Bosch has started
System, still based on Panasonic’s PEM module and manufacturing Ceres cells and stacks at a pilot
incorporating a boiler and hot water tank to boost facility in Germany. 10 kW SOFC systems are
the thermal capability. Electrical efficiency is 37%, going into five sites in Germany. Ceres has other
overall efficiency 92% and the stack life also relationships too. Its business model is different
12 years. Bucking what is a trend towards SOFC in from most other developers, as it is based on
some places, June 2020 saw Viessmann sell its licencing agreements with OEMs, usually systems
Hexis SOFC business to mPower GmbH, a integrators. Significant partners include Miura and
subsidiary of India’s h2e Power Systems business. Honda in Japan, Weichai of China and Korea’s
Viessmann retains a right to use Hexis SOFC Doosan. The agreement with Doosan for Ceres’
technology, however, in its stated role as a system SteelCell technology, for commercial scale units of
integrator, a useful route to market for mPower, 5 kW to 20 kW, was extended in October 2020 for
which also has accesss to IKTS SOFC technology £43m plus licence fees. And in the UK Ceres
developed in Dresden. opened its new Redhill pilot cell and stack plant,
already earmarked for a capacity upgrade from
Italian business SOLIDpower has been focused on 2 MW to 3 MW per annum.
improving and developing the BlueGEN
technology it acquired when Australia’s CFCL

Elcogen, in Estonia, manufactures SOFC cells and South Africa, Vodafone in India and Docomo in
stacks in Tallinn for system integrators, including Japan, and over 3,000 units have been sold in 33
Finland’s Convion. 2020 saw an agreement with countries over six continents. In September 2020
Magnex, a Japanese SOFC stack and system CHEM opened a factory in South Africa’s Dube
developer, and with Korean companies E&KOA, an Trade Port Special Economic Zone. This will
SOFC stack manufacturer, and P&P Energytech, a manufacture G3 system for the South African and
system integrator. Elcogen plans to expand its other regional markets.
European cell manufacturing capacity to 2 MW
by 2021/22. The agreement with Convion is for Israel’s GenCell, one of only two alkaline fuel cell
50 kW C50 fuel cell systems, the first of which was players, floated on the Israeli Stock Exchange in
to be installed at the LEMENE project in Finland as November. Its A5 and G5 systems play in telecom
part of a microgrid. Convion, spun out of Wartsila, is and power back-up markets, but sales have yet to
unusual in that its aspirations are solely towards ramp up. The A5 is fuelled by anhydrous
the commercial 5 kW to 100 kW market segment. ammonia, which can be much lower cost than
The FCH 2 JU’s COMSOS project is focused on diesel, and should run for a full year on a 12 ton
developing and demonstrating products for this tank. The G5 UPS is fuelled by a set of six
market, and brings together Convion, Sunfire and hydrogen cylinders, delivering 15 hours’ backup
SOLIDpower to field commercial scale SOFC power at 5 kW output.
systems with electrical efficiencies of 50% to 60% Altergy is another survivor, with its 5 kW Freedom
and overall CHP efficiencies of 80% to 90%. Power System sold sporadically into various US
Convion will deploy two of its C50 units, Sunfire its states; Ballard has its H2PM system and
20 kW system and SOLIDpower a 12 kW SOFC unit. Hydrogenics (now Cummins) its HyPM-X; and Plug
German PEM developer Proton Motor, which Power’s GenSure E series of systems has outputs
works across both stationary and mobile from 200 W to 4.4 kW. These North American
applications, was reported to have an order for a suppliers are likely to see some benefit from the
36 kW PEM system for a residential property decision by the California Public Utilities
developer in Bochum, Germany. Proton Motor Commission to make a 72-hour power back-up
offers stacks and systems in two sizes, up to 8 kW mandatory for telecom towers in the State,
and up to 25 kW. following extreme weather events and the fire
season in 2019, which apparently caused some
The Energy Observer yacht was intended to counties to lose up to 60% of their tower coverage
showcase integrated hydrogen fuel cell systems at any one time.
globally. Its development spin-off, EODev, has
signed an agreement with the Eneria subsidiary of A similar back-up capability applies also to
the Monnoyeur Group for the industrialization of Germany. In January this year Ballard announced
EODev’s GEH2 generator. The GEH2 offers 100 kVA Equipment Sales Agreements with adKor GmbH
at 230/400 V and 50 Hz, using Toyota’s Mirai H2 and SFC Energy for 500 FCGen-1020ACS (2.9 kW)
stack. 4 units can be stacked in 20 ft containers to stacks to be used in Jupiter systems to support
deliver 2 MVA ensembles. EODev also raised a first BOSNet digital radio towers across the country in
full round of funding in September, securing meeting the Federal 72 hour back-up power
€20m investment. requirement. Initially, 200 sites are being
converted, with a potential for 650 sites in total.
Off-grid Between one and three stacks are required for each
tower. Previously, adKor, together with their system
Another long-time and generally slow-moving partners, had won tenders for emergency backup
(there have been occasional annual volumes in power equipment for over 400 radio tower sites.
the low 100s, mostly for remote telecoms) market
for stationary fuel cells is off grid. CHEM has
remained in the game, and its ME2 Power G3 PEM
RMFC uses 225 L of methanol fuel for up to 100
hours’ run time at 2 kW, though it can hit 5 kW.
This has proven popular with telecoms tower
operators worldwide, including Vodacom in

Portable
SFC Energy remains top of the portable fuel cell 801 module in the 1.2 kW Eco-GH2 product.
tree, having sold over 45,000 units in its 20 years. Intelligent Energy is also marketing packaged
It is the sole volume producer of DMFC systems, 1.2–4 kW modules as the IE-Lift series, including a
though its licensing arrangement with adKor battery box replacement for forklifts.
means it also provides PEMFC for needs above
about 1 kW, currently for digital telecoms
systems. March 2020 saw the deployment of its
1,000th EFOY Pro DMFC, as an off-grid power
supply for Singapore, and the EFOY 80 and 150
leisure range have been restyled, made smaller
and lighter, and now come with complementing
lithium-ion battery options of 70 and 105 Ah
capacity. Coupling them with solar means
complete hotel load solutions for small boats –
and other markets, like the AuroraHut floating
panoramic cabins on Finnish lakes.
Also in March, UK-based Bramble Energy unveiled
a 1 kW H2 fuel cell named the K1000 or ‘Big The UK’s Adelan has packaged a small LPG-fuelled
Kahuna’. Designed as a diesel generator SOFC as a demonstrator, targeting applications
replacement, the first prototype is in testing and such as welfare cabins for construction sites. And
design iteration. Adaptive Energy (once Adaptive Materials,
previously owned by Ultra Electronics) now
In August, Bramble raised £5m in a Series A package most of its small SOFCs in remote
round, aiming to launch of its portable power stationary applications. UltraCell continues to
range in 2021. First out will be a 20 W unit (the focus on military applications with its PBI-based
BD20), shortly followed by 60 W and 100 W RMFC systems.
versions. These look well suited to BOC’s HYMERA
CCTV, process monitoring and control, and Estonian company PowerUP now provides
lighting tower applications. Higher power density, portable fuel cell systems with outputs between
liquid-cooled systems are in the pipeline. 200 and 6,000 W. Its UP200 targets smaller uses
such as lights, and the top-end UP6K is aimed at
cabins, yachts and RVs, and backup power for
telecom towers. They claim corrosion-resistance,
operability in marine conditions and in all
climates. The UP400 targets yachts, to power the
essentials of GPS, radio, bilge pump and lights for
€8,500 (US$10,300). They run on compressed
hydrogen, meaning lightweight Type III cylinders
are required.
The longer a portable unit is left in one place, the
more like a stationary unit it becomes, such as
Adaptive Energy’s Performer P250i, packaged by
channel partner RedHawk Energy, LLC, to address
railway power outages. More fuel cells are being
‘Portable’ fuel cells can also be ported and used as critical backup systems, attesting their
dropped, often left for long periods of time, or reliability.
integrated into trailers or cabinets. Recreational
boating is increasingly targeted, for example by In May, the South African government deployed
WATT Fuel Cell’s Imperium LPG-fuelled SOFCs of seven H2 fuel cell units to a military hospital in
up to 1,000 W. Like SFC, WATT also targets the oil Pretoria to assist with the response to COVID-19.
and gas industry, with its Nemesis range. TCP in Bambili Energy, a microenterprise focused on
the UK packages HYMERA fuel cells in lighting commercialising IP from the HySA programme, is
and CCTV towers, but also the Intelligent Energy working with Horizon and Element One to
incorporate HySA IP into their products, including

5 of the 7 systems to be deployed. Powercell is the Military procurement contracts can be uncertain
partner for the other 2. Bambili plans local and patchy. SFC’s Q3 report noted sales to the
manufacturing of the stationary fuel cell systems military segment were particularly hit by
by March 2021. procurement delays associated with COVID,
nearly 70% lower than the comparable period
In June, Intelligent Energy supplied a single in 2019.
FCM801 and a single FCM802 module to MBR
Global, for a Malaysian microgrid supplying UAVs
back-up power to individual homes. MBR’s
existing deployments include Asia’s first H2-based More unmanned aerial vehicles, both civil and
off-grid community, with Enapter supplying its military, are seeing their batteries augmented with
modular AEM-based EL 2.1 electrolyser. The fuel fuel cells. Doosan Mobility Innovation (DMI),
cell modules will be integrated into its H-RES Adaptive Energy, Intelligent Energy, Horizon and
system, which uses H2 electrolysed from rainwater Plug Power remain very active. Honeywell acquired
using PV power. the assets of Ballard Unmanned Systems in
October 2020, one of the former Protonex
Vehicle-based power supply platforms remains an businesses. Elbit is working with Honeywell to
option, like Denyo and Toyota’s system for disaster develop a VTOL fuel cell drone with longer
relief – and for outdoor events such as concerts. endurance. DMI launched its DS30 drone and DP30
A 7.3 t Toyota ‘Dyna’ light-duty truck with a Mirai powerpack at the 2020 Consumer Electronics
engine and 65 kg H2 in 27 tanks (total volume Show, claiming a world first in mass producing
1,626 litre), can both travel long distances and, H2-powered drones for commercial use. In April
when static, generate power for long periods of 2020, DMI used its drone to distribute 15,000
time. The 8.5 kW single and three phase output protective masks to 490 residents of Korea’s Gapa,
stack can run for around 72 hours. Toyota and Mara, and Biyang Islands. Hanyang will use the
Honda are working together on ‘Moving e’, a drone to do remote checks of Haenam Solar City,
Toyota fuel cell bus that doubles as a mobile Korea’s largest (98 MW) photovoltaic plant. DMI
power platform for disaster response. The hybrid now plans to go bigger, with a 5-15 kg fuel cell
export power system has a maximum output of package powering drone gross weights of
18 kW and a 454 kWh capacity. 100-200 kg, covering distances between
100-400 km.
Military
Military fuel cell developments remain either very
secretive or very limited. SFC Energy remains well
positioned, with UltraCell’s 50 W XX25 and XX55
systems now
joined by the
Blade range of
ruggedized
systems up to
165 W. Adaptive
Energy continues Intelligent Energy has also been busy, signing a
to package its distributor deal in April with Japanese UAV
SOFC systems for company RoboDEX Inc, based around its 2.4 kW
both UAVs and module. June saw a similar agreement with Korea’s
UGVs. Both SFC Hogreen. A retrofit of the module into a M600 Pro
and UltraCell frame with a 9 litre, 300 bar cylinder delivers
now provide 80 min flight time against 20 minutes with battery
buried systems alone. In July, US-based Parry Lab was signed up
for covert watch, for new and retrofit designs. US company Zephyr is
fitted with now retrofitting pairs of 800 W IE modules into a
snorkels for air custom-built VTOL drone for the US Army,
breathing. targeting 14 hours’ flight time.

August 2020 saw Plug Power announce a new battery power alone. Mind you, some seats will be
1 kW ProGen fuel cell for small scale robotics, replaced by H2 storage capsules, reducing
automatic guided vehicles and UAVs. With capacity from 50 to 40 people for the Dash 8-400.
compressed hydrogen, a UAV with the 1 kW The work will start with a so-called ‘iron bird’
module delivers 3-4 times the endurance of a ground-based prototype, with actual fight tests
battery, and up to 9 times with liquid hydrogen. expected from 2024.
It’s not just DMI going bigger – Horizon is working And for rotor-driven planes, Urban Aeronautics
with GOLDI Mobility of Hungary to deliver signed an agreement in June with HT-PEM
enhanced ISR (Inspection, Surveillance, developer HyPoint Inc. (formerly BMPower) to
Reconnaissance) capability to Europe, and bring H2 fuel cells into its 4-passenger CityHawk
Intelligent Energy’s 2.4 kW module has been eVTOL design. Bigger actors are also in the (air)
integrated into ISS Aerospace’s new heavy-lift frame. DLR has signed an MoU with MTU Aero
drone: flight time 100 minutes with 8 kg payload. Engines to equip and test a Dornier 228 aircraft
with a H2-powered fuel cell and a single-sided
Manned aerial vehicles? electric propeller drive of 500 kW power. They
It’s not just UAVs. Fuel cells are back in vogue for want to develop a complete aviation-compatible
larger aircraft, both fixed wing and rotor driven, drivetrain, with cooling, for a maiden flight
capable of carrying people. September 2020 saw around 2026. Airbus has revealed three concepts
ZeroAvia fly a Piper M class six-seater plane for for zero-emission commercial aircraft larger than
20 minutes with power from a 100 kW Powercell ‘Group I’ (15 m+ wingspan) that could enter
stack. Also partnered with Intelligent Energy, service by 2035. These explore H2 for primary
ZeroAvia’s next goal is a 250 mile flight from an power – with heat engines rather than fuel cells –
airfield in Orkney, and the ultimately aim is though Airbus is now teamed with ElringKlinger
500-mile regional flights in 10- to 20-seat fixed for fuel cell activities, in a strategic partnership
wing aircraft. Avions Mauboussin, supported by deal in the ‘low to mid-double-digit million
France’s Burgundy Franche-Comté region, intends Euro range’.
to develop similar capability, starting with a Fuel cells for ground support equipment are also
2-seater Alérion M1h and then a 6-seater Alcyon popular again, from bus and car fleets at airports,
M3c. Plug Power has teamed up with Universal to the tugs at Hamburg, Memphis and Albany, NY,
Hydrogen for regional aircraft, with a 2 MW with Plug Power 10 kW GenDrive stacks. Cummins
H2-electric powertrain aimed at mid-sized is working on a similar tow-tractor demonstration
regional turboprop aircraft, such as the Dash for Hamburg airport.
8 or ATR42/72 families, for flights up to 1,000 km
(540 nautical miles). This range would cover 90%
of existing routes, far more than possible with

2021: slowing down or speeding up?
2021 did not dawn bright. Lockdowns persisted in That said, Europe remains strong on the supply
many regions, and growth continued to stutter. side, and country strategies are increasingly
The automotive industry, and many parts of the influencing company ones. We expect some
energy industry, suffered extreme losses. important fuel cell manufacturing
announcements, and continued deployment in
But for hydrogen-related industries things looked heavy duty vehicles of all types. Those
very different. Multiple countries made or deployments will make inroads into proving
reiterated their net zero carbon commitments, business models, start to pay off the investment
including China. The US welcomed a new in manufacturing, and nucleate clusters around
administration, which promptly rejoined the Paris which other applications can grow.
Climate agreement, and officials were once again
allowed to utter the words ‘climate change’. The white heat of the sector will burn a few
Hydrogen strategies and roadmaps continued to companies – we have seen and are seeing more
emerge, and while fuel cells are not always ‘technology-light’ attempts to enter, just to
explicitly included, most often they are. Mergers benefit from available funds looking for a home.
and acquisitions – almost unaffected by 2020 Thankfully, investors are increasingly savvy, and
conditions – carried on in early 2021. Investors most of the more speculative companies get little
either started or carried on paying attention to funding or traction. In fact, the vast majority of
the sector, and stock prices surged. Plug Power players are already well-established, with track
announced a mammoth US$1.6bn investment records and scar tissue from previous investment
from SK Group to build a hydrogen and fuel cell cycles. Others are founded by people who bring
economy in Asia, while new fuel cell truck and bus that same experience from previous roles. Either
entrant Hyzon Motors, carrying out an IPO by way, we believe that most of them know what
reversing into a SPAC, was valued at US$2.6bn. they are doing, and how to make the most of the
current enthusiasm.
While some of the valuations in the industry
suggest froth – or at least too much money As we’ve said before, what is most needed is
chasing too few opportunities – the fundamentals proof. Proof that it’s not only forklifts and drones
remain strong. Simply put: that have a business case. Proof that scale can be
achieved, and competitive cost, and growth
– Decarbonisation – and fast – is essential sustained. We think the chances of 2021
– Hydrogen will help us decarbonise demonstrating more of those proof points
are good.
– Money can be made with fuel cells and
hydrogen while decarbonising We learned our lesson about predictions in 2019,
and won’t be saying anything about numbers this
If nothing else, some of the enforced slowdown in year. But the signs do suggest a positive outlook
2020 enabled industries to take stock and plan. for 2021...
Plug Power’s deal includes a planned fuel cell and
electrolyser Gigafactory, and others are looming.
Fuel cell projects and products are scaling too.
And China, having taken stock itself, will be back
in growth mode in 2021 as their new fuel cell
support mechanisms make themselves felt. Korea
should also continue to support the sector, so
Asia is likely to remain a focal point for scale-up
and roll-out.

Data tables
1,000 Units 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

Portable 4.2 5.0 5.7 3.9 4.1
Stationary 51.8 54.9 51.9 52.2 57.8
Transport 7.2 10.6 10.9 16.4 20.5
Total 63.2 70.5 68.5 72.5 82.4
Shipments by region of adoption
1,000 Units 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

Europe 4.4 5.1 7.7 10.7 12.7
North America 7.7 9.4 9.3 8.1 10.7
Asia 50.6 55.3 50.9 53.5 58.8
RoW 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.2
Total 63.2 70.5 68.5 72.5 82.4
1,000 Units 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

PEMFC 44.5 43.7 39.7 45.7 53.6
DMFC 2.3 2.8 3.7 3.7 3.8
PAFC 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
SOFC 16.2 23.7 24.9 22.8 24.7
MCFC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
AFC 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 63.2 70.5 68.5 72.5 82.4


Data tables
Megawatts by application
Megawatts 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

Portable 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4
Stationary 209.0 222.3 220.6 274.8 324.8
Transport 307.2 435.7 584.5 921.1 993.5
Total 516.5 658.6 805.8 1,196.3 1,318.7
Megawatts by region of adoption
Megawatts 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

Europe 27.4 38.9 41.2 113.0 148.6
North America 213.6 331.8 425.3 339.2 252.7
Asia 273.8 285.8 337.9 743.9 912.4
RoW 1.7 2.1 1.2 0.2 5.0
Total 516.5 658.6 805.8 1,196.3 1,318.7
Megawatts by fuel cell type
Megawatts 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

PEMFC 341.0 466.7 609.0 948.0 1,029.7
DMFC 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
PAFC 56.2 81.0 86.3 130.9 132.2
SOFC 62.9 85.2 84.1 106.8 147.5
MCFC 55.7 24.7 25.8 10.2 8.8
AFC 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.1
Total 516.5 658.6 805.8 1,196.3 1,318.7


Notes
– Data for 2014 to 2020 have been collected directly from fuel cell manufacturers and integrators
where they were able to share it. For those who were not able to share primary data, and to sense-
check our numbers, we have collected and cross-referenced data from publicly available sources
such as company statements and statutory reports, press releases, and demonstration and roll-out
programmes, in addition to discussions with other parties in the supply chain.
– Our 2020 figures are a forecast for the full year. The dataset contains firm numbers for the period
January to September 2020 (and in a few cases as late as December 2020). For any remaining period
of the year we use companies’ own forecasts, shared with us, or ones we prepare in discussion with
industry.
– We will revise data for 2020 in our 2021 edition as appropriate. We have slightly revised the figures
for 2019 in this report: Unit numbers were increased by 2.5% and megawatt numbers increased by
about 6% compared to our published 2019 forecast. Unit numbers are rounded to the nearest 100
units. An entry of zero indicates that fewer than 50 systems were shipped in that year.
– Megawatt numbers are rounded to the nearest 0.1 MW. An entry of zero indicates that less than
50 kW was shipped in that year.
– The reported figures refer to fuel cell system shipments by the final manufacturer, usually the
system integrator. In transport we count the vehicle when shipped from the factory.
– We do not count replacement stacks in existing applications, and where possible we also do not
count inventory, only systems that are shipped to users.
– Portable fuel cells refer to fuel cells designed to be moved. They include small auxiliary power units
(APU), and consumer electronics (e.g. phone chargers). Toys and educational kits are not reported.
– Stationary fuel cells refer to fuel cell units designed to provide power at a ‘fixed’ location. They
include small and large stationary prime power, backup and uninterruptable power supplies,
combined heat and power (CHP) and combined cooling and power. On-board APUs ‘fixed’ to larger
vehicles such as trucks and ships are also included.
– Transport fuel cells refer to fuel cell units that provide propulsive power or range extender function
to vehicles, including UAVs, cars, buses and material handling vehicles.
– Our geographical regions are broken down into Asia, Europe, North America and the Rest of the
World (RoW), including Russia.
Shipments by fuel cell type refer to the electrolyte. Six main electrolyte types are included here. High
temperature PEMFC and conventional PEMFC are shown together as PEMFC. Other types of fuel cells
currently in an early stage, such as microbial fuel cells and solid acid fuel cells, are not included in the
numbers shown.

About E4tech and the authors
Since 1997, E4tech has helped clients to understand and profit from opportunities in sustainable energy,
with deep expertise and long experience in many sectors, and in the energy transition. Fuel cells and
hydrogen are particular areas of strength, and we have carried out hundreds of projects for early stage
companies, SMEs, large companies, financiers and governments worldwide. These projects include:
– market forecasting and competitor analysis
– business plan development and strategy
– technical and commercial due diligence
– support for policy development.
Please see www.e4tech.com for details and our email address for enquiries.
The Review effort is led by those below, and supported by many members of E4tech, in data gathering,
drafting and interpretation in different languages, such as Chinese, French, Italian and German.
Prof David Hart is a Director of E4tech, responsible for the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen
Practices. In 25 years in the sector he has been an expert adviser, consulted and carried
out research for national governments, major industrial companies, start-ups, financial
organisations and NGOs. He has been an invited keynote speaker at conferences on six
continents.
Dr. Stuart Jones is E4tech’s Energy Technology Knowledge Manager.

He has extensive industry experience with fuel cells, hydrogen
and battery technologies.
Jonathan Lewis has over twenty years’ experience in business development,

from strategy and policy through business plans to technology
commercialisation. More than 10 years in the fuel cell and hydrogen area, he was
with Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems Ltd, and is now an independent adviser. He has
extensive experience, including in a variety of roles with the FCH JU.
E4tech has conducted numerous influential analyses in the fuel cells and hydrogen energy space, in
addition to renewable and bio-based fuels and chemicals; batteries and other energy storage; low
carbon transport, innovation policy and support and sustainability more broadly. Much of our work is
client confidential. Examples of our public work can be found at www.e4tech.com.
Please Donate – but not to us

In a very difficult year globally, E4tech has been fortunate. Our work can be conducted remotely
and we are in a sector which has received – and is receiving – exceptional interest.
If you found this Review useful in any way, please consider donating to a cause – any cause – that
benefits those less fortunate. Food banks, mental health charities, aid organisations and many
others would welcome your support. Thank you.

Can we help?
Would you like to know more about the fuel cell or hydrogen industries? What we think the future
looks like? How it affects you? We have supported organisations in the fuel cell and hydrogen sectors
globally for 23 years, as well as companies in many other areas who may be touched by these
developments. We would be delighted to discuss the Review with you, formally or informally, and any
needs you may have.
Our services include:

Bespoke Expert Briefings
– Would you like a focused discussion on the detail of the fuel cell sector or the
whole breadth of hydrogen energy for your team or your Board?
We can tailor a presentation or workshop, long or short, to cover the big picture
or the fine detail.
Market and Supply Chain Analyses

– Are you looking for something better than the generic fuel cell market forecasts
typically available? We can build bespoke forecasts for regions, applications
and components
– Do you need to better understand the supply chain, the value pools, global
market opportunities or the competition?
– We have carried out detailed analyses for large and small corporations worldwide,
feeding into technology and supplier choices, business development and
strategy.
Commercial and Technical Due Diligence Evaluations

– Are you thinking of investing in or acquiring a technology or company?
Our many technical and commercial analyses for due diligence purposes have
helped diverse investors to understand risks and opportunities.
Business and Strategy Support

– Could your business plan or strategic approach be strengthened?
We have data, projections and a deep understanding of the fuel cell sector, its
past and possible future to help you develop and stress-test your strategy or
accelerate its implementation.
Objective Review and Expert Resource

– Do you need an external perspective or some extra resource?
We can evaluate your strategy or your programmes, bring in views you may
not have considered, or simply provide expert resource to your team for a
specific project or task.
We are always happy to discuss aspects of the sector and questions you may have. Please contact us
directly through www.e4tech.com and we’ll find the right person for you to talk to.

Picture Credits
The pictures in the Fuel Cell Industry Review come from various sources. They are credited below.
We thank all of the organisations involved.
PAGE IMAGE IMAGE CREDIT

5 Night and Day – 50 MW PAFC facility at Daesan Doosan Fuel Cell Co., Ltd
8 PAFC manufacturing Doosan Fuel Cell America
9 Toyota Mirai in California Dr Tim Lipman
10 Hyperion XP-1 supercar Hyperion Motors
12 ENEOS-JERA hydrogen refuelling station ENEOS Corporation
13 Wrightbus double-decker for NX West Midlands Wrightbus
14 Optare MetroDecker double-decker bus Arcola Energy and Optare
15 Line-up of Golden Dragon fuel cell buses Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co., Ltd
16 Hyundai Elec City bus for Saudi Arabia Hyundai Motor Corporation
19 Hyundai Xcient in Switzerland H2 Energy AG
20 Hyzon fuel cell truck prototype Hyzon Motors/Holthausen
22 STILL fuel cell forklifts STILL GmbH
23 HydroFLEX fuel cell-powered train Birmingham University
24 Stadler FLIRT train for San Bernardino Stadler Rail and the San Bernardino
County Transit Authority
25 Allis Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959 National Museum of American
History, Behring Center
27 HySEAS III ferry planned for 2022 Caledonian MacBrayne
29 Modular hybrid power unit AFC Energy
31 H2Rex pure hydrogen fuel cell system Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions
34 Convion C60 ensemble (EU DEMOSOFC project) Convion
35 2.5 kW Jupiter series fuel cell used by SFC Energy AdKor
36 Bramble Energy K1000 prototype Bramble Energy
36 WATT Imperium ported SOFC WATT Energy
37 Mole (buried fuel cell system for covert watch) UltraCell
37 Drone featuring 2-4 kW IE-Soar fuel cells Intelligent Energy
38 First FC powered manned aircraft takes flight ZeroAvia
39 Future Center Europe FC concept car Nikita Konopatov
Note on currencies:
The following exchange rates can be used as guidance to convert currencies mentioned in this report.
These are the average mid-point exchange rates from 30th November 2019 to 30th November 2020.
US$1 = € 0.8855 €1 = US$ 1.1306 £1 = US$ 1.2814 ¥1 = US$ 0.0093
US$1 = £ 0.7810 €1 = £ 0.8826 £1 = € 1.1340 ¥1 = € 0.0082
US$1 = ¥ 107.34 €1 = ¥ 121.31 £1 = ¥ 137.57 ¥1 = £ 0.0073


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1 FUEL CELL INDUSTRY REVIEW 2020

COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER

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Application type Portable Stationary Transport

Typical power range 1 W to 20 kW 0.5 kW to 2 MW 1 kW to 300 kW

Typical technology PEMFC PEMFC PEMFC

Fuel cell types

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We maintain FCT’s four

Reported shipment data Data sources and methodology

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Shipments by region of adoption 2016 - 2020 (1,000 units)

Megawatts by region of adoption 2016 - 2020

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Shipments by application 2016 - 2020 (1,000 units)

Megawatts by application 2016 - 2020

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Shipments by fuel cell type 2016 - 2020 (1,000 units)

Megawatts by fuel cell type 2016 - 2020

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1,000 Units 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f

Stationary 51.8 54.9 51.9 52.2 57.8

Transport 7.2 10.6 10.9 16.4 20.5

Total 63.2 70.5 68.5 72.5 82.4

Shipments by region of adoption

1,000 Units 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020f