Connections I - Chapter 4: Tension Members - Homework Exercise Solutions

Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 4 - Tension Members, Exercise 2 - Ref. P.177

Determine the minimum thickness, t of the gusset plate from Exercise 1. Consider only the
gusset plate for connection design (ignore the angle and bolts).

CSA G40.21 300W Plate

Bolt holes are 13/16" (20.6 mm) dia. (punched)
Bolt pitch = 80 mm
Bolt end distance = 35 mm
Say gusset plate is 350 mm wide
Tf = 300 kN

Consider the following design checks (Hint: Set up equations to calculate t required for each
failure mode and determine governing t):
1) Gross tension 240
2) Whitmore net section (p. 175 of slides) 80 80 80 35
3) Block shear
4) End tear 336.1
350

(Lw)

35O

Ag
1) Gross tension capacity 2) Whitmore net section capacity

Ag = wt = 350t Lw = 2(tan 35O)(240) = 2(0.7002)(240) = 336.1 mm

wn = Lw - (nd) = 336.1 - (1)(20.6 +2) = 313.5 mm
Tr = φAgFy = Tf = 300 kN
0.9(350t)(300)/1000 = 300 kN An = wnt = 313.5t
94.5t = 300
Tr = φuAneFu = Tf = 300 kN
t(min.) = 300/94.5 = 3.17 mm
0.75(313.5t)(450)/1000 = 300 kN
105.8t = 300
t(min.) = 300/105.8 = 2.84 mm
3) Block Shear 240
80 80 80 35
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2]

Agv = 2(240 + 35)t = 550t

An = 0

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] = Tf = 300 kN

0.75[0 + 0.6(550t)(300+450)/2]/1000 = 300
92.81t = 300
t(min.) = 300/92.81 = 3.23 mm

4) End tear
From Exercise No. 1 above 35
Pattern No. 1 bolt Br will not govern
Agv = 2(35)t = 70t
An = 0

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] + nVr(remaining bolts) = Tf = 300 kN

0.75[0 + 0.6(70t)(300+450)/2]/1000 + 3(79.0) = 300
11.81t + 237 = 300
t(min.) = (300-237)/11.81 = 5.33 mm

Pattern No. 2
Agv = 0
wn = w - (nd) = 150 - (1)(20.6+2) = 127.4 mm

Say 150
An = wnt = 127.4t

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] + nVr(remaining bolts) = Tf = 300 kN

0.75[(1)(127.4t)(450) + 0]/1000 + 3(79.0) = 300
43.00t + 237 = 300
t(min.) = (300-237)/43.00 = 1.47 mm

t (required) = t (max.) = 5.33 mm Use 6.35 mm (1/4") (could also consider 9.53 mm (3/8"))
(End tear, Pattern No. 1 governs)
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 4 - Tension Members, Exercise 3 - Ref. P.179

Check the flange and web capacity for brace member from Chapter 3, Exercise 2, slide 152.

CSA G40.21 350W beam

Brace is W250x73 (use Section 6 of CISC Handbook of Steel Construction to determine flange and web thickness)
Bolt holes are 13/16" (20.6 mm) dia. (drilled)
Bolt gauge in flange (svertfpl) = 150 mm
Bolt gauge in web (svertw) = 100 mm
Bolt pitch (shorf) = 80 mm
Bolt end distance (zhorf) = 35 mm

From Chapter 3, Exercise 2 (slide 152):

Tf (total) = 1250 kN
Tf (flange) = 488 kN
Tf (web) = 274 kN
From Section 6 of CISC HSC for W250x73: A = 9280 mm2, d = 253 mm, b = 254 mm, t = 14.2 mm, w = 8.6 mm

1) For each of the flange and web consider the following design checks:
a) Block shear (Hint: Identify critical block shear failure pattern prior to detailed calculation)
b) End tear

2) Check 2 possible net section failure modes considering flanges and web together (this is a tough one that may
not be obvious).

FLANGE BLOCK SHEAR

Ref: Slide 168, Pattern 6a
wn = w - (nd) = [(254-150)-(2 x 0.5)(20.6)] = 83.4 mm
An = wnt = (83.4)(14.2) = 1184 mm2

Agv = 2[(3)(80)+35](14.2) = 7810 mm2

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] = 0.75[(0.9)(1184)(450) + 0.6(7810)(350+450)/2]/1000 = 1766 kN

Ref: Slide 168, Pattern 6b
By inspection will not govern (Pattern 6a will be more critical).

Ref: Slide 168, Pattern 6c 1446 kN < 1766 kN, therefore

Pattern 6c governs
wn = w - (nd) = 254 - 2(20.6) = 212.8 mm
An = wnt = (212.8)(14.2) = 3022 mm2

Agv = [(3)(80)+35](8.6) = 2365 mm2

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] = 0.75[(1.0)(3022)(450) + 0.6(2365)(350+450)/2]/1000 = 1446 kN > Tf(flange) = 488 kN O.K.

35
FLANGE END TEAR
Pattern No. 1
An = 1184 mm2 (from above block shear, pattern 6a)

150
Agv = 2(35)(14.2) = 994 mm2
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] + nVr(remaining bolts)
= 0.75[(0.9)(1184)(450) + 0.6(994)(350+450)/2]/1000 + 6(79.0)
= 538.6 + 474 = 1013 kN
35

Pattern No. 2
An = 0
Agv = 4(35)(14.2) = 1988 mm2
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] + nVr(remaining bolts)
= 0.75[0 + 0.6(1988)(350+450)/2]/1000 + 6(79.0)
= 357.8 + 474 = 832 kN > Tf(flange) = 488 kN O.K.

832 kN < 1013 kN, therefore pattern no. 2 governs

Pattern No. 1 35
80
wn = w - (nd) = [100 - (2 x 0.5)(20.6)] = 79.4 mm
An = wnt = (79.4)(8.6) = 682.8 mm2

Agv = 2(80+35)(8.6) = 1978 mm2

100
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2]
= 0.75[(1.0)(682.8)(450) + 0.6(1978)(350+450)/2]/1000 = 586 kN

Pattern No. 2
35
An = 0 80

Agv = 4(80+35)(8.6) = 3956 mm2

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2]

100
= 0.75[0 + 0.6(3956)(350+450)/2]/1000 = 712 kN

Therefore Pattern No. 1 governs, Tr = 586 kN > Tf = 274 kN O.K.

WEB END TEAR 35

80
Pattern No. 1
An = 682.8 mm2 (from above web block shear, pattern 1)
Agv = 2(35)(8.6) = 602 mm2

100
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] + nmVr(remaining bolts)
= 0.75[(1.0)(682.8)(450) + 0.6(602)(350+450)/2]/1000 + 2(2)(79.0)
= 338.8 + 316 = 655 kN

Note that from the solution to Ch. 2,3: Summarized Exercises, Exercise 2
on slide 152 we see that bolt shear will govern over bolt/web bearing
capacity even though the bolts are loaded in double shear.
 35
Pattern No. 2 80
An = 0
Agv = 4(35)(8.6) = 1204 mm2

100
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2] + nmVr(remaining bolts)
= 0.75[0 + 0.6(1204)(350+450)/2]/1000 + 2(2)(79.0)
= 216.7 + 316 = 533 kN > Tf(web) = 274 kN O.K.

533 kN < 655 kN, therefore pattern no. 2 governs

TOTAL MEMBER NET SECTION FAILURE

Pattern No. 1 35
80 80 80

Total effective net area calculated in one step:

An

An = Ag(total) - ndt(flg bolt holes)

= 9280 - 4(20.6)(14.2) = 8110 mm2

Ane = An = 8110 mm2 (since each of flanges and web are connected)

100
Tr = φuAneFu = 0.75(8110)(450)/1000 = 2737 kN > Tf(total) = 1250 kN O.K.
Pattern No. 2

Flange net areas:

wn = w - (nd) = (254) - (2)(20.6) = 254 - 41.2 = 212.8 mm (per flg) s = 160
35
An = wnt = 2(212.8)(14.2) = 6044 mm2 80 80 80
Ane = An = 6044 mm2 (treating as single connected element)
An
Web effective net area:
wn = w - (nd) = [253 - 2(14.2)] - (2)(20.6) = 224.6 - 41.2 = 183.4 mm

g
g = (224.6 - 100)/2 = 62.3 mm

100
An = wnt + (s2t/4g) = (183.4)(8.6) + 2(1602)(8.6)/(4 x 62.3)
= 1577 + 1767 = 3344 mm2
Ane = An = 3344 mm2 (treating as single connected element)

Total effective net area (flanges + web):

Ane = Ane(flgs) + Ane(web) = 6044 + 3344 = 9388 mm2

Tr = φuAneFu = 0.75(9388)(450)/1000 = 3168 kN > Tf(total) = 1250 kN O.K.

35
Pattern No. 3 80 80 80

Total effective net area calculated in one step: An

An = Ag(total) - ndt(flg bolt holes) - ndt(web bolt holes)

= 9280 - 4(20.6)(14.2) - 2(20.6)(8.6) = 7756 mm2

Ane = An = 7756 mm2 (since each of flanges and web are connected) 100 These bolts
fail in shear
Tr = φuAneFu + nVr(remaining bolts)
= 0.75(7756)(450)/1000 + (8)(79.0)
= 2617 + 632 = 3249 kN > Tf(total) = 1250 kN O.K.
Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 4 - Tension Members, Exercise 4 - Ref. P.184

L203x203x19
CSA G40.21 300W
Four 1” dia. A325 bolts, threads included in the shear plane
Bolt holes are 1 1/16" (27.0 mm) dia. (punched)
Bolt pitch = 80 mm
Bolt end distance = 45 mm
Angle bolt gauge = 115 mm

Calculate the maximum tensile strength based on the following connection design checks:
1) Gross section
2) Effective net section tension
3) Block shear
4) End tear
45
80

Tf
115
1) Check the factored gross tension capacity of the angle:

From Section 6 of CISC HSC, Ag = 7390 mm2

Tr = φAgFy = 0.9(7390)(300)/1000 = 1995 kN

45
80
2) Net tension capacity (effective net area)

An = Ag - ndt = 7390 - (1)(27.0 + 2)(19.1)

= 7390 - 553.9 = 6836 mm2

203
115
From slide 161:
Ane = 0.80An = 0.8(6836) = 5469 mm2

Tr = φuAneFu = 0.75(5469)(450)/1000 = 1846 kN An Ag

3) Block shear capacity 45

80
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2]

An = wnt
An
= [203 - 115 - (27.0+2)/2](19.1)
203

= (73.5)(19.1) = 1404 mm2 115

Agv = [(3 x 80) + 45](19.1) Agv

= (285)(19.1) = 5443 mm2

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2]
= 0.75[(0.6)(1404)(450) + 0.6(5443)(300+450)/2]/1000
= 0.75(379,080 + 1,224,675)/1000 = 1203 kN
 45
4) End tear capacity 80

End tear pattern No. 1

From 3b above: An = 1404 mm2

203
115
Agv = (45)(19.1) = 859.5 mm2

Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2]
= 0.75[(0.6)(1404)(450) + 0.6(859.5)(300+450)/2]/1000
= 0.75(379,080 + 193,387)/1000
= 429.4 kN

End tear pattern No. 2 45

80
An = 0
Agv = 2(45)(19.1) = 1719 mm2

203
Tr = φu[UtAnFu + 0.6Agv(Fy+Fu)/2]

115
= 0.75[0 + 0.6(1719)(300+450)/2]/1000
= 0.75(0 + 386,775)/1000
= 290.1 kN < 429.4 kN (Pattern No. 2 governs)

End Tear Connection Capacity = Tr(end tear) + nVr(remaining bolts) = 290.1 kN + 3(141) = 713 kN

Note we could have also said that since the end tear (local block shear at end bolt) capacity (Tr = 290 kN) is greater
than the bolt shear capacity (Vr = 141 kN) that the end tear failure mechanism will not goven.

From the above design checks it is the End Tear, Pattern No. 2 that governs the design of the member/connection.
However, note that when we consider the bolt shear capacity the bolts will govern the connection capacity.
5) Bolt Shear Capacity

Vr = nVr(bolt) = (4)(141) = 564 kN Governing connection capacity

Part II: Standard Connections, Chapter 4 - Tension Members, Exercise 5 - Ref. P.186

Consider the design of the angle only (ignore the gusset).

L152x152x19
CSA G40.21 300W
Angle is welded to gusset plate on 2 sides (heel and toe)

Calculate the maximum tensile strength based on the following connection design checks:
1) Gross section capacity
2) Effective net section tension capacity 12
12
1) Check the factored gross tension capacity of the angle:
Tf

152
From Section 6 of CISC HSC, Ag = 5440 mm2

(w)
Tr = φAgFy = 0.9(5440)(300)/1000 = 1467 kN

2) Net tension capacity (effective net area) 200

Ane = An1 + An2 + An3 < Ag Consider each leg separately (Lw)

Leg No.1 (flush with gusset plate) Leg No.1

Welded on 2 parallel sides Lw/w = 200/152 = 1.32 Leg No.2

For 2w > Lw > w:
Centroid of

152
An2 = 0.50wt + 0.25Lwt = (0.50)(152)(19.1) + (0.25)(200)(19.1) = 1452 + 955 = 2407 mm2
Leg No. 2
Leg No.2 (outstanding leg)
Connected by single longitudinal weld
Effective width of Leg No.2, w = 152 - 19.1 = 132.9 mm
Distance to centroid of effective width, x = 132.9/2 = 66.5 mm
x
For Lw > w: An3 = (1 - x/Lw)wt = [1- (66.5/200)](132.9)(19.1) = 1695 mm2
19.1
132.9
Total effective net area
Ane = An1 + An2 + An3 = 0 + 2407 + 1695 = 4102 mm2 < Ag = 5440 mm2 O.K.
Tr = φuAneFu = 0.75(4102)(450)/1000 = 1384 kN Governing connection capacity, Tr = 1384 kN