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    Beam Forming@001

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    Srikumar T B
    Beamforming combines radio signals from multiple antennas to direct transmissions in a particular direction. It takes advantage of interference to change the directivity of an antenna array. Adaptive array systems can adjust beam patterns in real time based on requirements, directing signals precisely towards a targeted user. This provides advantages like increased signal-to-noise ratio and supporting higher user densities in mobile telecommunications.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Beam Forming@001

    Uploaded by

    Srikumar T B
    17 views3 pages
    Beamforming combines radio signals from multiple antennas to direct transmissions in a particular direction. It takes advantage of interference to change the directivity of an antenna array. Adaptive array systems can adjust beam patterns in real time based on requirements, directing signals precisely towards a targeted user. This provides advantages like increased signal-to-noise ratio and supporting higher user densities in mobile telecommunications.

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    Beam_Forming@001

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    Beamforming combines radio signals from multiple antennas to direct transmissions in a particular direction. It takes advantage of interference to change the directivity of an antenna array. Adaptive array systems can adjust beam patterns in real time based on requirements, directing signals precisely towards a targeted user. This provides advantages like increased signal-to-noise ratio and supporting higher user densities in mobile telecommunications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views3 pages

    Beam Forming@001

    Uploaded by

    Srikumar T B
    Beamforming combines radio signals from multiple antennas to direct transmissions in a particular direction. It takes advantage of interference to change the directivity of an antenna array. Adaptive array systems can adjust beam patterns in real time based on requirements, directing signals precisely towards a targeted user. This provides advantages like increased signal-to-noise ratio and supporting higher user densities in mobile telecommunications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    :ation

    9.13
    9.5 BEAM FORMING
    t the
    9.5.1 lntroduction
    '-user
    & Beam
    forming techniques can be used in any antenna system, panicurarry in
    MIM7 systems in order to create a certainrequired antenna airrrrip
    cates
    ' to give the required performance ooor*
    Itrple under the given conditiow.
    ;rom S Beamforming is the combination of radio signals from a set of small non-
    i can
    directional anteirnas in order to simulate a large directional
    antenna. I

    Aligning the transmit signal in the direction of the transrnit rl

    antenna array
    i,
    pattern is called transmit beamforming.
    & It takes advantages of an inte.rference to change the directionality of the
    I

    antenna. Beam former controls theptrase and relative


    amplitude of the signals
    ling at TX.
    ver

    ,,,r),

    ler
    Ier
    lal

    Interferece User
    Fig.9. I 3. Beam forming in MIMO
    & smart anfunnas are normally used because it can be conholled
    automatically
    according to the required performance and the prevailing
    conditions. It is
    divided into two groups namely,
    9" 14
    tiort
    (i) Phased Array Systems (PAS): Phased array systems are
    n4

    switched and have a


    number of pre-defined patterns
    - the required one being switched
    according to
    the direction required.

    (ii) Adaptive Arrray Systems (A{,S)..


    This type of antenna uses an
    infinite nurnber
    of patterns and can be adjusted based on the
    requirements in real time

    teruas Active beeur Iargeted User

    Antema
    Amay
    (t
    "Antenna
    Conyentional
    ,Swttcherl Array
    Beamfrrming , Antennfl. Adaptive
    At l.ay
    Arra_y AntennnAmay
    Fig.9.I4, Types of beamforming
    & MIMo beam forming using phased
    array systems re{uires the
    overall system
    to determine the direction of
    arrivat of the incoming signal
    and then switch in
    the most appropriate beam- This
    is something of a compromise
    fixed beam is unrikely to exactly -- because
    vvvs*sv the
    match the required oo""i"r.
    & Adaptive array systems are uor"
    ,o direct ;; in the exact directign
    needed' and also move the beam
    in real time. This is a particular
    advantage in.
    mobile terecommunications. However
    the cost is the considerable exha
    complexity required.

    9.5.2 Working principle


    xf'
    db In MIMO, beam forming sends
    the same symbor over each
    transmit antenna
    with different scale factor. t
    V
    db At the receiver, arr received signars are coherently
    combined using different
    scale factor.
    ti,cation Mu hi le Antenna Techniques 9.15

    V
    have a czlo This produces a transmit/receiver diversity system, whose SNR can .be

    ding to maximized by optimizing the scale factors (MRC).


    1r
    db Beam forming leads to a much higher SNR than on the individual channels in
    the parallel channel decomposition.
    tumber '!r
    db Fbr beamforming CSI at the receiver is typically assumed since it is required
    for coherent combining. A max 'p' is the SNR when H is known at the
    recelver.
    1r
    oto When the channel is not known at the transmitter, the transmit antenna
    weights are all equal, so the received. SNR equals 7 = llHu*ll, where the
    normalized transmit vector 'u' is chosen to maximize y.
    I[enna
    trl
    qlv Advantages:
    Jra!'

    (i) Inc.rease SINR, and


    (ii) Support higher user densities.

    i) stem
    itch in
    se the

    ection
    age in
    extra

    Itenxa

    [erent

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