LOGIC GATES

BY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our respected

Principal, Mrs. S a s i k a l a for her valuable inputs, able
guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted cooperation and constructive
criticism throughout the duration of our project.

I extend my appreciation to Mr. Senthil kumaran our

Physics teacher who guided me to the successful completion of this
project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
to her invaluable guidance, on-going encouragement, enormous
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of project
development.

I would like to thank my parents and all other family members for their
timely encouragements, and love during the course of the project
development.

Lastly, I would like to thank my classmates and friends for their

cooperation and support throughout the year
 INDEX
SL.NO TOPIC PG.NO

1. Aim 1

2. Introduction 2

3. Principle 3

4. Materials Required 4

5. Description of components 5

6. Circuit Diagram 6-7

7. Working 8-9

8. Procedure 10-12

9. Observation & Calculation 13

10. Conclusion 14

11. Bibliography 15
 AIM
The goal of this project is to design and simulate basic
logic gates and to design an appropriate logic gate
combination for a given truth table.

1
 INTRODUCTION

A gate is a type of digital circuit that has a logical relationship between the
input and output voltages.As a result, they are commonly referred to as
logic gates — gates because they control the flow of information. NOT,
AND, OR, NAND, and NOR are the five most common logic gates. Each
logic gate is represented by a symbol, and its function is defined by a truth
table that lists all of the possible input logic level combinations and their
corresponding output logic levels.

At any given time, each terminal is in one of two binary states, low (0) or
high (1), which are represented by different voltage levels. As the circuit
processes data, the logic state of a terminal can and usually does change
frequently.

Different types of logic gates implement various boolean functions, which

means they perform a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and
produce a single logic output. Depending on the context, the term may
refer to an ideal logic gate, such as one with zero rise time and infinite fan-
out, or to a non-ideal physical device.

Logic gates are mostly implemented with diodes or transistors. Any

Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs, and outputs
represent Boolean algebra statements. Although these circuits are
complex, they can all be built with three basic devices. There are three
types of logic gates. These are the AND gate, OR gate, and NOT gate.

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 PRINCIPLE

Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output,
which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may
be constructed from three basic logic gates , the AND , NOT & OR gates.

Devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and an N-P- N transistor.

We have three different type of logic gates and they are the AND gate, the OR
gate and the NOT gate.

At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low
(0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a
terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In
most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high
state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V)

The logical statements are listed below :

1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Conducting Non-Conducting
Right Wrong
True False
Yes No

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 Moore’s Law

In (1965), Gordon Moore, cof

De Morgan’s Law
By use of De Morgan's laws, an AND function is identical to an OR function
with negated inputs and outputs. Likewise, an OR function is identical to
an AND function with negated inputs and outputs. A NAND gate is equivalent
to an OR gate with negated inputs, and a NOR gate is equivalent to an AND
gate with negated inputs.
This leads to an alternative set of symbols for basic gates that use the opposite
core symbol (AND or OR) but with the inputs and outputs negated. Use of these
alternative symbols can make logic circuit diagrams much clearer and help to
show accidental connection of an active high output to an active low input or
vice versa. Any connection that has logic negations at both ends can be replaced
by a negationless connection and a suitable change of gate or vice versa. Any
connection that has a negation at one end and no negation at the other can be
made easier to interpret by instead using the De Morgan equivalent symbol at
either of the two ends.

4
 Materials Required

1) Bulb or Led’s 2) Battery 3) Switches

4) Wooden 5) Connecting wires 6) Insulating

Sheet Tape

7) Adhesive 8) Screws 9) Scissors

5
 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS

(i) NOT gate (Inverter)

This is the most basic gate, with one input and one output. Produces a ‘1’
output if the input is ‘0’ and vice-versa. That is, it produces an inverted
version of the input at its output.
A Y=
A Y=A’
0 1
1 0
A’
(ii) OR Gate

An OR gate has two or more inputs with one output. The output Y is 1 when
either input A or input B or both are 1s, that is, if any of the input is high, the
output is high.

A B Y=A OR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

(iii) AND Gate

An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output Y of AND
gate is 1 ,only when input A and input B are both 1. It kind of looks for the
minimum of the two signals.

A B Y=A AND B(A.B)

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NOT Gate

OR Gate

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AND Gate

8
 WORKING
AND Gate :

An AND gate has a single output and two or more inputs.

When all of the inputs are 1, the output of this gate is 1.

The AND gate’s Boolean logic is Y=A.B if there are two inputs A and B.

NOT Gate:

The NOT gate is a basic one-input, one-output gate.

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When the input is 1, the output is 0, and vice versa. A NOT gate is sometimes
called an inverter because of its feature.
If there is only one input A, the output may be calculated using the Boolean
equation Y=A’.

OR Gate:

Two or more inputs and one output can be used in an OR gate.

The logic of this gate is that if at least one of the inputs is 1, the output will be 1.
The OR gate’s output will be given by the following mathematical procedure if
there are two inputs A and B: Y=A+B

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 PROCEDURE

1) Take a wooden or cardboard sheet.

2) Make holes accordingly so that the wires and switches fit.

3 ) Insert the switches , wires and bulbs for each of the gate.

4) Connect the wires for all the gates with all the components by
following the below procedure

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OR Gate:

An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making

use of two switches A and B as shown in the figure

1) If switch A and B open then (A-0.80) Lamp does not

glow hence Y=0
2) If switch A open B dosed then (A-0, 8-1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1
3) If switch A closed B open then (A1, B-0) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1
4) If switch A & B are dosed then (A-1, B-1) Lamp glow
hence Y=1

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AND Gate

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making

use of two switches A and B as shown in the figure.

1) If both switches A and B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp

will not glow, hence Y=0.
2) If Switch A closed and B open (A=1, 8=0) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y =0.
3) If switch A open and B closed (A=0, B-1) then Lamp
will not glow, hence Y-0.
4) If switch A and B both closed (A=1, B-1) then Lamp will
glow, hence Y=1.

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NOT Gate

An NOR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit,

making use a switch A as shown in the figure.

1) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lamp will glow,

hence Y=1.

2) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lamp will not

glow, hence Y=0.

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Applications of Logic Gates

Logic gates have a lot of applications, but they are mainly based upon
their mode of operations or their truth table. Basic logic gates are
often found in circuits such as safety thermostats, push-button locks,
automatic watering systems, light-activated burglar alarms and many
other electronic devices.

One of the primary benefits is that basic logic gates can be used in
various combinations if the operations are advanced. Besides, there is
no limit to the number of gates that can be used in a single device.
However, it can be restricted due to the given physical space in the
device. In digital integrated circuits (ICs), we will find an array of the
logic gate area unit.

Logic gates can also be used to store data. A storage element can be
constructed by connecting several gates in a "latch" circuit. More
complicated designs that use clock signals and that change only on a
rising or falling edge of the clock are called edge-triggered "flip-
flops". Formally, a flip-flop is called a bistable circuit, because it has
two stable states which it can maintain indefinitely.

They vary in performance, based on factors of speed, complexity, and

reliability of storage, and many different types of designs are used
based on the application.

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OBSERVATION & CALCULATION

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 CONCLUSION

Logic gates are an important concept if you are studying electronics.

These are important digital devices that are mainly based on the
Boolean function. Logic gates are used to carry out logical operations
on single or multiple binary inputs and give one binary output. In
simple terms, logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital system.

Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or microchips in

today's modern world. NAND gate and NOR gate are known as
universal gates because we can construct all the three basic gates
using NAND & NOR gates.

Basic logic gates are often found in circuits such as safety

thermostats, push-button locks, automatic watering systems, light-
activated burglar alarms and many other electronic devices.
One of the primary benefits is that basic logic gates can be used in
various combinations if the operations are advanced. Besides, there is
no limit to the number of gates that can be used in a single device.
However, it can be restricted due to the given physical space in the
device.

In other words , Without logic gates, electronic world would be nearly

incomplete!

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 BIBLIOGRAPGHY

Class XI Computer Science Textbook

Class XII physics NCERT part 2
Wikipedia.com
https://pdfslide.net/documents/physics-investigatory-project-
on-logic-gates-5659b4669b720.html?page=19
https://byjus.com/jee/basic-logic-gates/
https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-
Projects/Physics/Logic-Gate.php
https://www.scribd.com/document/338873057/CBSE-class-
12-physics-investigatory-project-on-logic-gates
https://www.coursehero.com/file/32859617/cbse-class-12-
physics-project-on-logic-gatesdocx/
https://pdfslide.net/documents/physics-investigatory-project-
on-logic-gates-5659b4669b720.html?page=1

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