Name : Cahyani Putri Mondo

NIM : 105641108420

PUBLIC POLICY

Public policy is the main instrument in the government's efforts to achieve certain
goals related to community welfare. The process of formulating and implementing public
policy involves several basic concepts that form the basis for dealing with complex problems
faced by a country. One of these basic concepts is problem identification. Before policies can
be formulated, an in-depth analysis needs to be carried out to identify the root of the problem
to be addressed. Stakeholder involvement and a deep understanding of emerging issues are
key in this first step (Dye, 2013).
Once the problem is identified, the next step is setting policy objectives. Policy
objectives must be clear and measurable, creating a strong basis for evaluating the success of
the policy. This goal setting process also ensures that the policies formulated are in line with
the needs and aspirations of the community. Furthermore, policy formulation is a critical step
in creating effective policy instruments. Various policy alternatives must be carefully
considered, and analysis of their impact on society must be a primary consideration (Pülzl &
Treib, 2017; Simeon, 1976).
The next step is policy implementation. Even though policies can be formulated well,
their success still depends on the extent to which they can be implemented effectively.
Coordination between government agencies, resource allocation, and support from various
stakeholders are key factors in this phase. Policy evaluation then becomes an important stage
in assessing the effectiveness and impact of policies on society (Campbell, 2002).
Evaluations provide valuable insights for improving existing policies or developing new,
more appropriate policies.
Finally, public participation is a basic concept that cannot be ignored. Direct
involvement of the public in the policy process creates greater legitimacy and ensures that the
diverse views and interests of the public are reflected in the resulting policies. Public
participation is not only a complement, but is a key element in building policies that are
democratic and responsive to community needs. Overall, the basic concepts of public policy,
starting from problem identification, goal setting, formulation, implementation, evaluation, to
public participation, form a solid framework for achieving sustainable development and
community welfare.
When we discuss public policy, we cannot separate it from the broader context,
namely politics and the state. The relationship between public policy, politics and the state is
very complex and interrelated. In this essay we will briefly discuss the dynamics of the
relationship between the three, understanding how public policy is formed in a political
context and how these two elements are related to the structure and function of the state.
Politics has a central role in the formation of public policy. Public policy is often the
result of political dynamics involving competing interests, ideologies and political forces.
The political process includes general elections, the formation of political parties, and debates
within legislative institutions. Elections are important moments when political parties
compete to win public support, and their policy agendas play a key role in attracting voters
(Crable & Vibbert, 1985).
Political parties, as major players in the political process, shape their platforms and
policy agendas to reflect their values and goals. Public policies proposed by political parties
often become the basis for prospective leaders to gain public support. Therefore, political
dynamics create pressure and encouragement to formulate public policies that are responsive
to the needs and demands of society.
Public policy not only reflects internal political dynamics, but is also influenced by
international political dynamics. Countries often engage in foreign relations that influence
their policies at the national level. Trade agreements, military alliances, and global issues
such as climate change can be factors that influence policy formation at the national level
(Burstein, 2003).
In addition, in the context of globalization, public policy is increasingly closely linked
to the policies of other countries. One country's decisions can have a significant impact on
other countries, especially in economic and environmental terms. Therefore, public policy
making at the national level must consider the global implications.
State structures play an important role in the implementation of public policy.
Institutions such as the executive, legislative and judiciary have their respective roles in
forming, ratifying and implementing policies. The executive, led by the head of state or head
of government, has a key role in formulating policy and ensuring its implementation. The
legislature, as an institution that represents the will of the people, has an important role in
approving, changing or rejecting policies (Anyebe, 2018). The legislative process reflects
political dynamics between different parties and different interests. Meanwhile, the judiciary
has a role in ensuring that the policies produced are in accordance with the constitution and
law.
In addition, local government structures also play an important role in policy
implementation at the regional level. Regional autonomy provides space for local
governments to formulate policies according to the needs and characteristics of local
communities.
The relationship between public policy, politics and the state is reciprocal. Politics
influences policy formation, but the resulting policies can also shape politics. Successful
policies can increase a government's popularity and strengthen the ruling party's political
position. On the other hand, policies that are deemed to have failed can trigger public
dissatisfaction, influence the results of general elections, and even lead to changes in
government.
The state also plays a role in shaping politics and policy. State structures and policies
create the framework for political dynamics. Democratic countries provide space for public
participation in policy formation, while authoritarian countries tend to have greater control
over policy making (Taylor, 2011).
Although the relationship between public policy, politics, and the state provides an
important framework for managing society, there are a number of obstacles and challenges
that need to be overcome. One of them is political polarization, where sharp ideological
divisions can hinder the ability to reach consensus in policy formation. This can result in
legislative stagnation and difficulties in implementing effective policies.
 Apart from that, corruption can also be a serious obstacle in policy formation. Corrupt
practices can undermine the integrity of policies and lead to inefficient use of resources.
Therefore, measures to combat corruption and increase government accountability are
essential.
Community participation is a key element in maintaining a balance between public
policy, politics and the state. Citizens who are actively involved in the policy-making process
can monitor the government, propose new ideas, and help create more representative and fair
policies. Public participation not only increases policy legitimacy, but also creates a stronger
basis for policy implementation (Knill & Tosun, 2020).
The relationship between public policy, politics and the state creates complex
dynamics in the management of a society. Politics plays a central role in policy formation,
while state policies and structures shape the context in which politics takes place. Meanwhile,
challenges such as political polarization and corruption need to be addressed to create an
environment in which public policy can function effectively. In this context, community
participation is the key to maintaining balance and ensuring that the policies produced truly
reflect the needs and aspirations of the community.
In public policy studies, the concept of flow is an integral part in seeking to
understand the dynamics of policy formation. The policy stream includes a number of
approaches or paradigms that highlight various aspects and dimensions in the public policy
process. One of the main schools is classical rationality, which emphasizes rational decisions
and cost-benefit analysis in policy formation (Smith & Larimer, 2018). His idea that political
leaders act rationally is the basis for formulating policy steps that are considered most
logically beneficial.
In addition, incrementalism views policy change as a process that occurs gradually
and evolutionarily. Policy decisions are taken by modifying or adapting existing policies,
creating a framework that values tradition and continuity in decision making. This approach
reflects the belief that too drastic policy changes can create uncertainty and resistance.
Pluralism, as other currents, highlights the diversity of interests and groups in society
as an important factor in policy formation. This theory describes that public policy is the
result of interaction and competition between various interest groups that have balanced
political power. This approach reflects the reality of the complexity of society consisting of
diverse interests and values (Dunn, 2015).
Meanwhile, the advocacy and interest group school places the role of actors outside
the government, such as advocacy and interest groups, as key elements in shaping policy. In
this school, policy is seen as the result of the efforts of certain groups to influence and shape
policy through political strategy and the mobilization of public support.
The systems model, as another approach, views public policy as part of a larger social
system. Systems analysis is used to understand the interactions and relationships between
various elements in society, government, and the private sector. By treating policy as an
integral part of a larger system, this school seeks to understand the impact of policy on
society as a whole (Baldock & Mitton, 2011).
It is also important to pay attention to policy ecology theory which explores the
relationship between the environment and policy. This theory tries to understand how
environmental factors influence policy formation and implementation. In this view, policy is
seen as an instrument that must take into account its impact on ecology and the environment.
 Not to be left behind, policy trends that reflect market principles also have their place.
The market approach theory emphasizes market efficiency, liberalization, and the role of
markets in resource allocation. In this school, policy is directed at creating an environment in
which markets can operate effectively. Last, but not least, is social action theory which
highlights the role and actions of social actors in the policy formation process. Analysis
focuses on the way these actors interact, how social norms shape policy, and how social
actions influence the policy process.
These public policy streams not only present diverse views on policy formation, but
also reflect the diversity of contexts and dynamics in society. Through these approaches, we
can understand the complexity of the public policy process and find the most appropriate
ways to formulate policies that are responsive to the needs and aspirations of society.
Public policy is an important instrument in managing society and the state. To
understand and analyze public policy, it is necessary to pay attention to the characteristics,
types and levels of related policies. Public policy has several distinctive characteristics that
differentiate it from other decisions or actions. First, public policy is official and legal, often
manifested in the form of laws, regulations, or decrees. Second, public policy involves
government authorities or institutions that have the authority to formulate and implement the
policy. Third, public policy has certain goals related to the welfare of society or certain
sectors (Hill & Varone, 2021).
The types of public policy are very diverse, covering various fields and sectors of
public life. First, there is economic policy which includes fiscal, monetary and trade policies
to manage a country's economy. Second, social policies such as education, health and
employment to improve social welfare. Third, environmental policy which aims to protect
and maintain the sustainability of the natural environment. Fourth, security and defense
policy which involves strategies to protect national security.
Public policy can be viewed from different levels or scales. First, there is the national
policy level which includes policies that formulate standards and regulations for the entire
country. Second, the regional policy level which focuses on specific problems in a particular
region. Third, the local policy level which is oriented towards policies that are specific to a
region or community. The existence of these different levels of policy reflects the need for
approaches appropriate to each scale and context (Hill & Varone, 2016).
The dynamics in making public policy often involve complex processes and a series
of stages involving problem identification, goal setting, formulation, implementation, and
evaluation. Challenges faced in the context of public policy include diversity of opinions and
interests, ineffective or unresponsive policies, and the risk of conflict or inequality in policy
implementation.
As a whole, the characteristics, types, and levels of public policy form a framework
that guides policy formulation and implementation to achieve desired goals. In line with
societal developments and changing needs, studies continue to be carried out to improve the
effectiveness of public policies so that they are more adaptive and have a positive impact on
society. By understanding the characteristics, types and levels of public policy, we can more
deeply analyze and appreciate the role of policy in shaping the direction and pattern of a
country's development.
 In my personal view, public policy has a very important role in shaping the direction
and quality of a society. Public policy is an instrument used by the government to overcome
problems faced by society, such as poverty, inequality and environmental change. With good
public policies, the government can create conditions that support sustainable economic
growth, provide equitable access to health and education services, and reduce social
disparities. Apart from that, public policy can also be a tool for maintaining political and
social stability, because it can create justice and security for all citizens. Therefore, in my
view, public policy is not just an administrative instrument, but is the foundation underlying
the development of a just, sustainable and quality society.
Public policy plays a crucial role in shaping the character and direction of a society. In
my personal view, public policy is not just a set of administrative regulations, but rather the
foundation that forms the social, economic and political structure of a country. Public policy
is a tool used by the government to respond to and overcome various challenges and
problems faced by society. At its basic level, public policy is a manifestation of society's
values and aspirations which are reflected in concrete steps taken by the government.
One of the key aspects that makes public policy so important is its role in addressing
social and economic inequality. Through income distribution policies, social assistance, and
other measures, the government can play an active role in reducing disparities between
different groups in society. Economic inequality that is too large can result in social
polarization which is detrimental to societal stability. Therefore, public policies designed to
increase inclusiveness and social justice can create a more stable and equitable basis for
societal development.
Along with that, public policy also plays an important role in ensuring people's access
to basic services such as education and health. Quality education is the key to creating a
knowledgeable, innovative and competitive society. Public policies that support education
can create an environment where every individual has an equal opportunity to thrive. The
same thing applies to health, where public policy can create a health system that is equitable
and affordable for all levels of society. By ensuring universal access to education and health,
public policy can create a more balanced and competitive society.
Sustainability aspects are also becoming an increasingly important focus in designing
public policies. In facing the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation,
governments need to adopt policies that support sustainable practices. Measures such as the
use of renewable energy, wise waste management and protection of biodiversity should
become an integral part of public policy. By integrating these aspects in policy, governments
can contribute positively to environmental conservation and provide a sustainable legacy for
future generations.
Public policy also has a significant impact on the political and social stability of a
country. By formulating fair and inclusive policies, the government can create a climate that
supports cooperation and harmony in society. Policies that pay attention to the active
participation of various parties, including civil society and the private sector, can create
broader involvement and increase the sense of ownership of the policy. Therefore, public
policy is not just about formulating rules, but also about building consensus and
strengthening social ties among citizens.
In a global context, public policy is also an instrument to guide countries towards a
better position at the international level. Foreign policy, international trade, and cooperation
between countries are aspects that can be regulated through public policy. By adopting
policies that support mutually beneficial international cooperation, a country can build a
positive reputation in the eyes of the world and strengthen its position in the global scenario.
Therefore, public policy has an important international dimension, and a country's policies
not only affect its own citizens but also have an impact on the international community at
large.
Overall, public policy plays a very vital role in shaping and directing the development
of a society. From addressing economic inequality to ensuring access to basic services, from
preserving the environment to creating political and social stability, public policy forms the
basis of a nation's progress. Active participation from the community in the process of
formulating and monitoring the implementation of public policies is crucial to ensure that
these policies reflect the needs and aspirations of society as a whole. As citizens, we have a
responsibility to engage in this process and ensure that public policy reflects the values we
believe in to create a better society.
 REFERENCE

Anyebe, A. A. (2018). An overview of approaches to the study of public policy. In Internatio

nal Journal of Political Science. kharagpurcollege.ac.in. https://www.kharagpurcollege.a
c.in/studyMaterial/23209Study-material-of-Political-Science-3rd-sem-Paper-3.2-15-10-2
020.pdf
Baldock, J., & Mitton, L. (2011). Social policy. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/
books?hl=en&lr=&id=6WqcAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=public+policy&ots=p
FFZJaWePH&sig=dCPqeKjUUgZVTndB-Gv4qJYMZNM
Burstein, P. (2003). The impact of public opinion on public policy: A review and an agenda.
Political Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600103
Campbell, J. L. (2002). Ideas, politics, and public policy. Annual Review of Sociology. https://
doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141111
Crable, R. E., & Vibbert, S. L. (1985). Managing issues and influencing public policy. Public
Relations Review. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036381118280114
8
Dunn, W. N. (2015). Public policy analysis. books.google.com. https://books.google.com/boo
ks?hl=en&lr=&id=lPE5CgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=public+policy&ots=GtJZ1
Xvtm7&sig=-YTpWRA5O_p2jqct2lIBmXmvKMY
Dye, T. R. (2013). Understanding public policy. repository.vnu.edu.vn. https://repository.vnu.
edu.vn/handle/VNU_123/89996
Hill, M., & Varone, F. (2016). The public policy process. books.google.com. https://books.go
ogle.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sDolDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=public+polic
y&ots=GS7aNbqTfF&sig=E588ClhwsvNqO9_SeoMFOr1FWSk
Hill, M., & Varone, F. (2021). The public policy process. books.google.com. https://books.go
ogle.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ORYeEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=public+poli
cy&ots=lwY4wLOyeX&sig=HydoM0u9oEs6N9kbpRpca1P8vEw
Knill, C., & Tosun, J. (2020). Public policy: A new introduction. books.google.com. https://b
ooks.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KxxHEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR12&dq=pu
blic+policy&ots=2EbgI3tANr&sig=1tRIxHEbRW5HlfBSEVdppkcokn4
Pülzl, H., & Treib, O. (2017). Implementing public policy. Handbook of Public Policy Analy
sis. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vAbOBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=P
A89&dq=public+policy&ots=QtDZ3iYEPv&sig=GS9p3VC-Slx1XoAkPcnjC1J9fjw
Simeon, R. (1976). Studying public policy. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue ….
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-political-science-revue-ca
nadienne-de-science-politique/article/studying-public-policy/25CCFEF783B0587C318D
2EEE9F381BD2
Smith, K. B., & Larimer, C. (2018). The public policy theory primer. taylorfrancis.com. https:
//doi.org/10.4324/9780429494352
Taylor, M. (2011). Public policy in the community. books.google.com. https://books.google.c
om/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NJNKEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=public+policy&ot
s=g5SSkp7kwi&sig=iMvTBqK-OkFgrv180iYN4lAvLfU