AB51

Active Filters
Low Pass and High Pass

Operating Manual
Ver.1.1

An ISO 9001 : 2000 company

94-101, Electronic Complex Pardesipura,

Indore- 452010, India
Tel : 91-731- 2570301/02, 4211100
Fax: 91- 731- 2555643
e mail : [email protected]
Website : www.scientech.bz
Toll free : 1800-103-5050
AB51

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Low Pass and High Pass Active Filters

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction 4
2. Theory 6
3. Experiments
• Experiment 1 9
Study of the Active Low Pass Filter
• Experiment 2 12
Study of the Active High Pass Filter
4. Data Sheet 15
5. Warranty 16
6. List of Accessories 16

RoHS Compliance

Scientech Products are RoHS Complied.

RoHS Directive concerns with the restrictive use of Hazardous substances (Pb,
Cd, Cr, Hg, Br compounds) in electric and electronic equipments.

Scientech products are “Lead Free” and “Environment Friendly”.

It is mandatory that service engineers use lead free solder wire and use the
soldering irons upto (25 W) that reach a temperature of 450°C at the tip as the
melting temperature of the unleaded solder is higher than the leaded solder.

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Introduction
AB51 is a compact, ready to use Active Filters experiment board. It incorporates
Low pass filter and High pass filter on a single board and illustrates the functionality
of Active filters at adjustable cutoff frequency. It can be used as stand alone unit with
external power supply or can be used with Scientech Analog lab ST2612 which has
built in DC power supply, AC power supply, function generator, modulation
generator, continuity tester, toggle switches and potentiometers.
List of Boards :
Model Name
AB01 Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED)
AB02 Transistor characteristics (CB NPN)
AB03 Transistor characteristics (CB PNP)
AB04 Transistor characteristics (CE NPN)
AB05 Transistor characteristics (CE PNP)
AB06 Transistor characteristics (CC NPN)
AB07 Transistor characteristics (CC PNP)
AB08 FET characteristics
AB09 Rectifier Circuits
AB10 Wheatstone Bridge
AB11 Maxwell’s Bridge
AB12 De Sauty’s Bridge
AB13 Schering Bridge
AB15 Common Emitter Amplifier
AB14 Darlington Pair
AB16 Common Collector Amplifier
AB17 Common Base Amplifier
AB18 Cascode Amplifier
AB19 RC-Coupled Amplifier
AB20 Direct Coupled Amplifier
AB21 Class A Amplifier
AB22 Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower)
AB23 Class C Tuned Amplifier
AB25 Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency Divider /
Multiplier)
AB28 Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable)
AB29 F-V and V-F Converter
AB30 V-I and I-V Converter
AB31 Zener Voltage Regulator
AB32 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
AB33 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator
AB35 DC Ammeter
AB39 Instrumentation Amplifier
AB41 Differential Amplifier (Transistorized)
AB42 Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-inverting / Differentiator)

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AB43 Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar)

AB44 Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator)
AB45 Schmitt Trigger and Comparator
AB49 K Derived Filter
AB52 Active Band Pass Filter
AB54 Tschebyscheff Filter
AB56 Fiber Optic Analog Link
AB57 Owen’s Bridge
AB58 Anderson’s Bridge
AB59 Maxwell’s Inductance Bridge
AB64 RC – Coupled Amplifier with Feedback
AB65 Phase Shift Oscillator
AB66 Wien Bridge Oscillators
AB67 Colpitt Oscillator
AB68 Hartley Oscillator
AB80 RLC Series and RLC Parallel Resonance
AB82 Thevenin’s and Maximum power Transfer Theorem
AB83 Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem
AB84 Tellegen’s Theorem
AB85 Norton’s theorem
AB88 Diode Clipper
AB89 Diode Clampers
AB90 Two port network parameter
AB91 Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell)
AB92 Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR)
AB93 Optical Transducer (Phototransistor)
AB96 Temperature Transducer (RTD & IC335)
AB97 Temperature Transducer (Thermocouple)
AB101 DSB Modulator and Demodulator
AB102 SSB Modulator and Demodulator
AB106 FM Modulator and Demodulator
………… and many more

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Theory
An electric filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes electric signals of specific
band of frequencies and attenuates signal of frequencies outside this band. Depending
on the type of elements used in their construction filters may be classified as passive
or active filters. Elements used in passive filters are resistors, capacitors and
inductors. Active filter consists of active components such as Op-amp, transistors
with passive elements.
Most commonly used filters are:
1. Low Pass Filter
2. High Pass Filter
3. Band Pass Filter
Low Pass Filter :
It is a frequency selective circuit, which passes signals of frequency below it’s high
cut off frequency (fh) and attenuates signals of frequency above fh.

Figure 1
Equation of low pass filter is

Vin = Input signal Voltage

Vout =Output signal Voltage

AF = 1 + RF / R1 = pass band gain of filter

f = frequency of input signal

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fH = 1/2πRC = high cut off frequency, 3-db frequency, corner frequency Operation of
low pass filter using equation 2

The ideal low pass filter has a constant gain AF from 0 to high cut off frequency (fH)
at fH the gain is 0.707 * Af. And after fH it decreases at a constant rate with an increase
in frequency i.e. when input frequency is increased tenfold (one decade), the voltage
gain is divided by 10.
Gain (db) = 20 log |Vout / Vin|
i.e. Gain Roll off rate is −20db / decade.
High Pass Filter :
It is a frequency selective circuit, which passes signals of frequencies above it's low
cut off frequency (fL) and attenuates signals of frequencies below fL.

Figure 2
Equation of High pass filter is

Vin = Input signal Voltage

Vout = Output signal Voltage

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AF = 1 + RF / R1 = pass band gain of filter

f = frequency of input signal
fL = 1/2 π RC = Low cut off frequency, 3-db frequency, corner frequency Operation
of high pass filter using equation.

In ideal high pass filter, when f < fL gain is increased at a constant rate has a constant
rate with an increase in frequency. At fL the gain is 0.707*AF. And above fL it has
constant gain of AF. Below fL when input frequency is increased tenfold (one decade),
the voltage gain is multiplied by 10.
Gain (db) = 20 log | Vout / Vin |
i.e. Gain Roll off rate is −20db / decade.

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Experiment 1
Objective :
Study of the Active Low Pass Filter and to Evaluate :
• High cutoff frequency of Low pass filter.
• Pass band gain of Low Pass Filter.
• Plot the frequency response of Low Pass Filter.
Equipments Needed :
1. Analog board of AB51.
2. DC power supplies +12V, −12V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
3. Function generator or ST2612 Analog Lab.
4. Oscilloscope
5. Digital Multimeter
6. 2 mm patch cords.
Circuit diagram :
Circuit used to study Active Low pass filter shown in figure 3.

Figure 3

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Procedure :
1. Connect Ohmmeter between Test point Vin and Test point 1. Adjust resistance
value to 1.59K by varying the potentiometer 22K of Low pass filter to set the
high cutoff frequency (fH) at 10K.
2. Connect +12V and −12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from
external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
3. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
4. Connect a sinusoidal signal of amplitude 1V (p-p) of frequency 1KHz to Vin of
Low Pass Filter from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
5. Observe output on oscilloscope by connecting Test point Vout to oscilloscope.
6. Increase the frequency of input signal step by step and observe the effect on
output Vout on oscilloscope.
7. Tabulate values of Vout, gain, gain (db) at different values of input frequency
shown in observation Table.
Observation Table :
Input
Sr. Gain(db) = 20
frequency Vout |Vout / Vin| = gain
No. Log |Vout / Vin|
(Hz)
1 500
2 1K
3 5K
4 10 K (fH)
5 15 K
6 20 K
7 30 K

8. Plot the frequency response of low pass filter using the data obtained at different
input frequencies.

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9. Perform the same procedure at different Cutoff frequencies as shown below:

fH high cutoff
Resistance (Ω) Capacitance (uF)
frequency (Hz)
800 0.01 20K
1.59 K 0.01 10K

15.9 K 0.01 1K

Theoretical Calculations :
Calculate all the following values
1. Pass band gain of Low pass filter AF = 1 + RF / R1
2. Pass band gain (db) = 20 log |Vout / Vin|
3. 3 db frequency fH = 1/2πRC
4. Gain at 3 db frequency fH = 0.707 * AF
5. Gain (db) at 3 db frequency fH = 20 log |Vout / Vin| where
Vout = (2)1/2 * Vin
6. Roll off rate = −20db/decade
Results :

Theoretical Practical

Pass band gain(Af)

Pass band gain(Af) in db

3db frequency fH

Gain at 3db frequency (fH ) in db

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Experiment 2
Objective :
Study of the Active High Pass Filter and to Evaluate :
1. Low cutoff frequency of Low pass filter.
2. Pass band gain of High pass filter.
3. Plot the frequency response of High pass filter.
Equipments Needed :
1. Analog board of AB51.
2. DC power supplies +12V, −12V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
3. Function generator or ST2612 Analog Lab.
4. Oscilloscope
5. Digital Multimeter
6. 2 mm patch cords.
Circuit Diagram :
Circuit used to study Active High pass filter shown in figure 4.

Figure 4

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Procedure :
1. Connect Ohmmeter between Vin and Test point 3. Adjust resistance value to
15.9K by varying the potentiometer 22K of High pass filter to set the Low
cutoff frequency (fL) at 1K.
2. Connect +12V and −12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from
external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
3. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
4. Connect a sinusoidal signal of amplitude 1V (p-p) of frequency
100 Hz to the Test point Vin of high pass filter from external source or ST2612
Analog Lab.
5. Observe output on oscilloscope by connecting Test point Vout to oscilloscope.
6. Increase the frequency of input signal step by step and observe the effect on
output Vout on oscilloscope.
7. Tabulate different values of Vout, gain, gain (db) at different values of input
frequency shown in observation Table.
Observation Table :
Input
Sr. Gain(db) = 20
frequency Vout |Vout / Vin| = gain
No. Log |Vout / Vin|
(Hz)
1 100

2 200

3 500

4 1K(fL)

5 5K

6 10 K

7 15 K

8 20 K

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8. Plot the frequency response of high pass filter using the data obtained at
different input frequencies.
9. Perform the same procedure at different Cutoff frequencies as shown below:

Resistance (Ω) Capacitance (µF) 3 db frequency (Hz)

800 0.01 20K

1.59 K 0.01 10K
15.9 K 0.01 1K

Theoretical Calculations :
Calculate all the following values
1. Pass band gain of Low pass filter AF = 1 + RF / R1
2. Pass band gain (db) = 20 log |Vout / Vin|
3. Low cutoff frequency fL = 1/2πRC
4. Gain at Low cutoff frequency fL = 0.707 * AF
5. Gain (db) at Low cutoff frequency fH = 20 log |Vout / Vin| where
Vout = (2)1/2 * Vin
6. Roll off rate = −20db/decade
Results :

Theoretical Practical

Pass band gain(Af)

Pass band gain(Af) in db

Low cutoff frequency (fL)

Gain at 3db frequency (fL ) in db

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Data Sheet

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Warranty
1. We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are
not covered under warranty.
2. The guarantee will become void, if
a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the operating
manual.
b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
3. The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
4. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.

For any Technical Problem Please Contact us at [email protected]

List of Accessories

1. 2mm Patch Cord (Red) 16” ................................................................ 2 Nos.

2. 2mm Patch Cord (Black) 16”.............................................................. 2 Nos.
3. 2mm Patch Cord (Blue) 16” ............................................................... 3 Nos.
4. e-Manual.............................................................................................. 1 No.

Updated 26-06-2009

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