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    Data Science Techniques Classification Regression and Clustering

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    Nirnay Patil
    The document discusses various data science techniques for classification, regression, and clustering. It describes classification techniques like decision trees and support vector machines that organize data into categories. Regression techniques like linear and multivariate regression analyze relationships between variables to make predictions. Clustering methods such as k-means and DBSCAN group similar data points together. The document provides examples of applying these techniques for anomaly detection, classification, and personalization.

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    Data Science Techniques Classification Regression and Clustering

    Uploaded by

    Nirnay Patil
    36 views5 pages
    The document discusses various data science techniques for classification, regression, and clustering. It describes classification techniques like decision trees and support vector machines that organize data into categories. Regression techniques like linear and multivariate regression analyze relationships between variables to make predictions. Clustering methods such as k-means and DBSCAN group similar data points together. The document provides examples of applying these techniques for anomaly detection, classification, and personalization.

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    The document discusses various data science techniques for classification, regression, and clustering. It describes classification techniques like decision trees and support vector machines that organize data into categories. Regression techniques like linear and multivariate regression analyze relationships between variables to make predictions. Clustering methods such as k-means and DBSCAN group similar data points together. The document provides examples of applying these techniques for anomaly detection, classification, and personalization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views5 pages

    Data Science Techniques Classification Regression and Clustering

    Uploaded by

    Nirnay Patil
    The document discusses various data science techniques for classification, regression, and clustering. It describes classification techniques like decision trees and support vector machines that organize data into categories. Regression techniques like linear and multivariate regression analyze relationships between variables to make predictions. Clustering methods such as k-means and DBSCAN group similar data points together. The document provides examples of applying these techniques for anomaly detection, classification, and personalization.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    lOMoARcPSD|29761241

    Data Science Techniques -Classification, Regression and


    Clustering
    Data Science Honors course (Savitribai Phule Pune University)

    Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university


    Downloaded by Nirnay Patil ([email protected])
    lOMoARcPSD|29761241

    Now, let's look closer at the various data science techniques and methods that are
    available to perform the analysis.

    Classification techniques
    The primary question data scientists are looking to answer in classification
    problems is, "What category does this data belong to?" There are many reasons for
    classifying data into categories. Perhaps the data is an image of handwriting and
    you want to know what letter or number the image represents. Or perhaps the data
    represents loan applications and you want to know if it should be in the "approved"
    or "declined" category. Other classifications could be focused on determining
    patient treatments or whether an email message is spam.

    The algorithms and methods that data scientists use to filter data into categories
    include the following, among others:

     Decision trees. These are a branching logic structure that uses machine-
    generated trees of parameters and values to classify data into defined
    categories.

     Naïve Bayes classifiers. Using the power of probability, Bayes


    classifiers can help put data into simple categories.

     Support vector machines. SVMs aim to draw a line or plane with a


    wide margin to separate data into different categories.

     K-nearest neighbor. This technique uses a simple "lazy decision"


    method to identify what category a data point should belong to based on
    the categories of its nearest neighbors in a data set.

     Logistic regression. A classification technique despite its name, it uses


    the idea of fitting data to a line to distinguish between different
    categories on each side. The line is shaped such that data is shifted to one
    category or another rather than allowing more fluid correlations.

     Neural networks. This approach uses trained artificial neural networks,


    especially deep learning ones with multiple hidden layers. Neural nets

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    have shown profound capabilities for classification with extremely large


    sets of training data.
    Regression techniques
    What if instead of trying to find out which category the data falls into, you'd like to
    know the relationship between different data points? The main idea of regression is
    to answer the question, "What is the predicted value for this data?" A simple
    concept that comes from the statistical idea of "regression to the mean," it can
    either be a straightforward regression between one independent and one dependent
    variable or a multidimensional one that tries to find the relationship between
    multiple variables.

    Some classification techniques, such as decision trees, SVMs and neural networks,
    can also be used to do regressions. In addition, the regression techniques available
    to data scientists include the following:

     Linear regression. One of the most widely used data science methods,
    this approach tries to find the line that best fits the data being analyzed
    based on the correlation between two variables.

     Lasso regression. Lasso, short for "least absolute shrinkage and


    selection operator," is a technique that improves upon the prediction
    accuracy of linear regression models by using a subset of data in a final
    model.

     Multivariate regression. This involves different ways to find lines or


    planes that fit multiple dimensions of data potentially containing many
    variables.
    Clustering and association analysis techniques
    Another set of data science techniques focuses on answering the question, "How
    does this data form into groups, and which groups do different data points belong
    to?" Data scientists can discover clusters of related data points that share various
    characteristics in common, which can yield useful information in analytics
    applications.

    The methods available for clustering uses include the following:

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     K-means clustering. A k-means algorithm determines a certain number


    of clusters in a data set and finds the "centroids" that identify where
    different clusters are located, with data points assigned to the closest one.

     Mean-shift clustering. Another centroid-based clustering technique, it


    can be used separately or to improve on k-means clustering by shifting
    the designated centroids.

     DBSCAN. Short for "Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications


    with Noise," DBSCAN is another technique for discovering clusters that
    uses a more advanced method of identifying cluster densities.

     Gaussian mixture models. GMMs help find clusters by using a


    Gaussian distribution to group data together rather than treating the data
    as singular points.

     Hierarchical clustering. Similar to a decision tree, this technique uses a


    hierarchical, branching approach to find clusters.

    Association analysis is a related, but separate, technique. The main idea behind it is
    to find association rules that describe the commonality between different data
    points. Similar to clustering, we're looking to find groups that data belongs to.
    However, in this case, we're trying to determine when data points will occur
    together, rather than just identify clusters of them. In clustering, the goal is to
    segregate a large data set into identifiable groups, whereas with association
    analysis, we're measuring the degree of association between data points.

    Data science application examples


    The above methods and techniques in the data science tool belt need to be applied
    appropriately to specific analytics problems or questions and the data that's
    available to address them. Good data scientists must be able to understand the
    nature of the problem at hand -- is it clustering, classification or regression? -- and
    the best algorithmic approach that can yield the desired answers given the
    characteristics of the data. This is why data science is, in fact, a scientific process,
    rather than one that has hard and fast rules and allows you to just program your
    way to a solution.

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    Using these techniques, data scientists can tackle a wide range of applications,
    many of which are commonly seen across different types of industries and
    organizations. Here are a few examples.

    Anomaly detection. If you can find the pattern for expected or "normal" data, then
    you can also find those data points that don't fit the pattern. Companies in
    industries as diverse as financial services, healthcare, retail and manufacturing
    regularly employ a variety of data science methods to identify anomalies in their
    data for uses such as fraud detection, customer analytics, cybersecurity and IT
    systems monitoring. Anomaly detection can also be used to eliminate outlier values
    from data sets for better analytics accuracy.

    Binary and multiclass classification. One primary application of classification


    techniques is to determine if something is or is not in a particular category. This is
    known as binary classification, because we could ask something like, "Is there a cat
    in the picture, or not?" A practical business application is to identify contracts or
    invoices among piles of documents using image recognition. In multiclass
    classification, we have many different categories in a data set and we're trying to
    find the best fit for data points. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
    does automated classification of workplace injuries.

    Personalization. Organizations looking to personalize interactions with people or


    recommend products and services to customers first need to group them into data
    buckets with shared characteristics. Effective data science work enables websites,
    marketing offers and more to be tailored to the specific needs and preferences of
    individuals, using technologies such as recommendation engines and hyper-
    personalization systems that are driven by matching the data in detailed profiles of
    people.

    That's just a sample of useful data science applications. By understanding the


    various techniques, methods, tools and analytical approaches, data scientists can
    help the organizations that employ them achieve the strategic and competitive
    benefits that many business rivals are already enjoying.

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