Delay Spread and Time Dispersion Estimation for

Adaptive OFDM Systems

Tevk Y ucek and H useyin Arslan
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida
AbstractTime dispersion is one of the most important
characteristics of the wireless channel. The knowledge about the
time dispersion of a channel can be used for designing better
systems which can adapt themselves to the changing nature of
the transmission medium. In this paper, algorithms for estimating
the time dispersion (frequency selectivity) of the channel, which
use the frequency domain channel estimates or the frequency
domain received signal, are proposed. The proposed algorithms
rst estimate the power delay prole (PDP) from which the
two important dispersion parameters, namely root-mean-squared
(RMS) delay spread and maximum excess delay of the channel,
are estimated. It is shown that synchronization errors bias the
performance of the estimators based on the channel correlation,
and this bias is removed by obtaining the PDP using the
magnitude of the channel estimates. The performances of the
proposed algorithms are evaluated using computer simulations.
I. INTRODUCTION
OFDM has been applied for various wireless communica-
tion systems successfully in the last decade. Those systems,
however, should be capable of working efciently in wide
range of operating conditions This fact motivated the use of
adaptive algorithms in new generation wireless communication
systems [1]. Adaptation aims to optimize wireless mobile
radio system performance, enhance its capacity, and utilize the
available resources in an efcient manner. However, adaptation
requires a form of accurate parameter measurements. One
key parameter in adaptation of OFDM systems is the time
dispersion which provides information about the frequency
selectivity of the wireless channel.
In OFDM systems, the cyclic prex (CP) length needs to be
larger than the maximum excess delay of the channel. If this
information is not available, the worst case channel condition
is used for system design which makes CP a signicant portion
of the transmitted data. One way to increase the spectral
efciency is to adapt the length of the CP depending on the
maximum excess delay of the channel [2]. Adaptive ltering
for channel estimation is another area where time dispersion
information of the channel is useful. A two-dimensional
Wiener lter, which is implemented as a cascade of two one-
dimensional lters, is used for channel estimation in [3]. The
bandwidth of the second lter, which is in the frequency
direction, is changed depending on the estimated delay spread
of the channel to keep the noise low and thus to improve
the channel estimation performance. Similarly, the coefcients
of the frequency domain channel estimation lter is chosen
adaptively in [4] depending on the channel difference vector
which is directly related to the delay spread of the channel. The
information about the time dispersion, or frequency selectivity,
of the channel can also be used for allocating the pilot symbols
in frequency direction, whereas the allocation in time direction
requires Doppler spread estimation. In [5], pilot patterns are
chosen adaptively based on the prediction of the channel
estimation error at the receiver. The number of pilots and
their spacing are also adapted depending on the delay spread
knowledge in [6]. Other OFDM parameters that could be
changed adaptively using the knowledge of the time dispersion
are OFDM symbol duration and OFDM sub-carrier bandwidth.
Characterization of the frequency selectivity of the radio
channel is studied in [7], [8] using level crossing rate (LCR)
of the channel in frequency domain. Frequency domain LCR
gives the average number of crossings per Hz at which the
measured amplitude intersects a threshold level. However,
LCR is very sensitive to noise which increases the number of
level crossings and severely deteriorates the performance of
the LCR measurements [9]. Filtering the channel frequency
response (CFR) reduces the noise effect, but nding the
appropriate lter parameters could be a problem. If the lter is
not designed properly, one might end up smoothing the actual
variation of the frequency domain channel response.
Time dispersion of the channel and related parameters
can be estimated using the channel impulse response (CIR)
estimates as well. In [3], [6], the CIR is obtained by taking
the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of the frequency
domain channel estimate which is calculated at pilot locations.
In [10], instantaneous root-mean-squared (RMS) delay spread
is obtained by estimating the CIR in time domain. The detected
symbols in the frequency domain are used to re-generate
the time domain signal through IDFT and then this signal
is correlated with the received signal in order to obtain the
CIR. Since the detected symbols are random, they might not
have good autocorrelation properties, which can be a problem
especially when the number of carriers is small and signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR) is low. Timing synchronization errors create
a problem with the time domain estimation; if synchronization
is performed independently over different frames (or symbols),
the estimated CIRs should be time aligned as the timing errors
will be different for each CIR estimate.
Techniques exploiting the CP are proposed for delay spread
estimation in [11], [12]. The change of gradient of the
correlation between the CP and the last part of the OFDM
symbol is used as a strategy to detect the dispersion parameters
in [11]. In [12], the magnitude of each arriving tap and
the corresponding delay are estimated from the calculated
correlation. Once the delays and magnitudes are estimated, the
maximum excess delay or RMS delay spread of the channel
may be computed.
In [13], RMS delay spread of the channel is obtained using
the channel frequency correlation (CFC) without calculating
the channel power delay prole (PDP). Analytical relations
between the CFC and the RMS delay spread value are derived
by assuming an exponentially decaying PDP. To calculate
the RMS delay spread, the proposed algorithm uses the CFC
estimate and the analytical relation between the RMS delay
spread and the coherence bandwidth which is obtained from
the CFC for a given correlation level.
In this paper, time dispersion of the channel is estimated
using frequency domain channel estimates. In OFDM systems,
channel can be estimated in frequency domain easily, and
this is usually the preferred method as both estimation and
equalization in frequency domain are simpler than their time
domain equivalents. Since the timing errors are folded into
the channel estimates in frequency domain as a subcarrier-
dependent phase term, the magnitude of the channel estimates
is proposed for delay spread estimation in order to remove
the phase dependence. As a third algorithm, the magnitude of
the received frequency domain signal is used when a constant
envelope modulation is employed. The proposed algorithms
estimate the channel PDP which is then used to extract the
time dispersion parameters: RMS delay spread and maximum
excess delay of the channel.
This paper is organized as following. In Section II, system
model will be introduced and the proposed algorithms will be
explained in Section III. Numerical results will be presented
in Section IV and the paper will be concluded in Section V.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
OFDM converts serial data stream into parallel blocks of
size N and modulates these blocks using inverse fast Fourier
transform (IFFT). Time domain samples of an OFDM symbol
can be obtained from frequency domain data symbols as
x
m
(n) = IDFT{X
m
(k)}
=
N1

k=0
X
m
(k)e
j2nk/N
0 n N 1, (1)
where X
m
(k) is the transmitted data symbol at the kth
subcarrier of the mth OFDM symbol, and N is the number
of subcarriers. After the addition of cyclic prex and D/A
conversion, the signal is passed through the mobile radio
channel. In this paper, the channel is assumed to be constant
over an OFDM symbol, but time-varying across OFDM sym-
bols, which is a reasonable assumption for low and medium
mobility.
At the receiver, the signal is received along with noise. After
synchronization, down-sampling, and removal of the cyclic
prex, the simplied baseband model of the received samples
can be formulated as
y
m
(n) =
L1

l=0
x
m
(n l)h
m
(l) +w
m
(n), (2)
where L is the number of sample-spaced channel taps, w
m
(n)
is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) sample with zero
mean and variance of
2
w
, and the time domain CIR for mth
OFDM symbol, h
m
(l), is given as a time-invariant linear lter.
Note that in (2) perfect time and frequency synchronization is
assumed. In this case, after taking discrete Fourier transform
(DFT) of the received signal y
m
(n), the samples in frequency
domain can be written as
Y
m
(k) = DFT{y
m
(n)}
= X
m
(k)H
m
(k) +W
m
(k) 0 k N 1, (3)
where H
m
and W
m
are DFTs of h
m
and w
m
respectively. The
least squares (LS) estimate of the CFR H
m
can be calculated
using the received signal and the knowledge of transmitted
symbols as

H
m
(k) =
Y
m
(k)
X
m
(k)
(4)
= H
m
(k) +
W
m
(k)
X
m
(k)
. (5)
III. PROPOSED DELAY SPREAD ESTIMATION
ALGORITHMS
The information about the frequency selectivity of the chan-
nel can be used to estimate the time dispersion, in particular
the parameters like RMS delay spread and maximum excess
delay. In this section, rst three different algorithms will be
proposed for PDP estimation. Then, estimation of the RMS
delay spread and maximum excess delay will be discussed.
A. Channel Estimation based Algorithm
In OFDM systems, channel estimation is usually done in
frequency domain using known training symbols. Hence, the
frequency domain channel estimates are usually available.
Using these estimates, the instantaneous channel frequency
correlation values can be calculated as

R
H
() = E
t,k
{

H
t
(k)

H

t
(k + )}, (6)
where E
t,k
is the expectation over training symbols t and over
subcarriers k (averaging within an OFDM symbol).
The channel estimates can be modeled as

H(k) = H(k) +Z(k), (7)

where Z(k) is the channel estimation error in the kth sub-
carrier. Assuming that the channel and noise terms are inde-
pendent from each other, the correlation given in (6) can be
written as

R
H
() = R
H
() +R
Z
(), (8)
where R
H
() is the correlation of true channel and R
Z
()
is the correlation of channel estimation error. The correlation
of channel estimation error R
Z
() becomes a delta function
when the estimation errors at different subcarriers are uncorre-
lated, i.e. when it is white. However, as channel estimation is a
ltering operation, this noise is usually colored and it creates a
bias on the estimates obtained using

R
H
, hence care should be
taken. When the channel estimates are obtained using the LS
method given in Section II, however, the noise becomes white
as the additive noise on the received signal W(k) is assumed
to be white and uncorrelated with the transmitted signal as
well as the channel. In this case the correlation (6) can be
written as

R
H
() =
_
R
H
(0) +
2
z
if = 0
R
H
() otherwise,
(9)
where
2
z
is the variance of channel estimation error Z(k).
In order to remove the bias introduced by the noise term,
the value of the rst correlation lag

R
H
(0) can be estimated
using other lags and be replaced. In a similar problem for a
different context, a parabola is tted to the lags with non-zero
index for nding the value at the zero-th lag of time domain
channel correlation in [14].We use the same algorithm which
involves the following steps
calculate

R
H
() for = 1 . . . M,
obtain the coefcients of the parabola P() using the
LS method,
substitute P(0) into

R
H
(0) and call it

R
H
.
Once the effect of noise is removed, the PDP can be
estimated from the CFC estimate

R
H
by simply applying IFFT
operation as
P
l
= IFFT
_

R
H
()
_
(10)
=
N1

=0

R
H
()e
j2l/N
0 l L 1. (11)
where P
l
= E
m
{|h
m
(l)|
2
} is the lth tap of the channel PDP.
As the PDP coefcients are real, the CFC exhibits a conjugate
symmetry, i.e.
R
H
(N ) = R

H
() = 1 N/2
1
. (12)
This symmetry can be used to decrease the number of corre-
lation lags to be calculated by half.
Finally, using the knowledge of PDP, time domain dis-
persion parameters can be estimated. The details on how to
estimate these parameters using the calculated PDP will be
given in Section III-D.
Timing errors during the synchronization cause a carrier
dependent phase shift in OFDM systems when the estimated
timing position is within the CP duration
2
[15], and this shift
is usually folded into the channel estimates. In the case of a
timing error of
m
for the mth symbol, the channel estimates
can be written as
H

m
(k) = H
m
(k)e
j2km/N
. (13)
Using (13) and (6), the channel correlation with timing errors
can be obtained as

H
() =

R
H
()E
t
_
e
j2t/N
_
. (14)
1
Assuming N is an even number.
2
In this paper, we assume that the timing errors are small enough so there
will not be any inter-symbol interference (ISI) or inter-carrier interference
(ICI).
10 5 0 5 10
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Timing error magnitude
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Fig. 1. The probabilities of timing synchronization errors used in this paper.
The expectation in (14) is a function of the statistics of the
estimation error
t
which depends on channel conditions and
the algorithm used for synchronization. This expectation can
be written in terms of timing error probabilities as
E
t
_
e
j2t/N
_
=

=
cos
2
N
P(), (15)
where P() is the probability of deciding as correct timing
point and in the case of perfect synchronization it becomes
a delta function, i.e. P() = (). In this paper, the timing
errors are assumed to have a Gaussian distribution with zero
mean similar to [16], and the variance of error is set to 2. The
histogram of timing errors for such a distribution is given in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2 shows the correlation magnitude as a function of
subcarrier separation for perfect synchronization and for
synchronization errors with a distribution as shown in Fig. 1.
Both analytical results obtained using (15) and simulation re-
sults are given. Although the algorithm given in this section is
simple to calculate and straightforward, timing errors affect the
correlation estimates and bias the time dispersion estimation
as Fig. 2 shows. In order to remove this effect, we propose
to use the magnitude square of the frequency domain channel
estimates which will be discussed in the next section.
B. Channel Magnitude Based Algorithm
The correlation of the magnitude of the channel estimates
can be represented as
R
|H|
2 () = E
t,k
_
|H
t
(k)|
2
|H
t
(k + )|
2
_
. (16)
The noise term is omitted in the above equation for simplicity
and its effect will be studied in Section III-B.1. Note that
R
|H|
2 () is symmetric around = N/2 and need to be
estimated only for = 1, , N/2.
The expectation R
|H|
2 () depends on the time domain
parameters of the channel. By writing H(k) in terms of h(l)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Subcarrier speration
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
No timing error
Timing error (simulation)
Timing error (analytical)
Fig. 2. Magnitude of channel frequency correlation with perfect synchro-
nization and with synchronization errors. Analytical (Eqn. 15) and simulation
results are shown.
in (16) and going through tedious calculations, the correlation
term due to the channel can be obtained as
R
|H|
2 () = E
t,k
{H
t
(k)|
2
|H
t
(k + )|
2
}
=
1
2
N1

l=0
N1

u=0
P
l
P
u
cos
2
(l u)
N
(17)
=
1
4
N1

l=0
N1

u=0
P
l
P
u
_
1 + cos
2l
N
cos
2u
N
+ sin
2l
N
sin
2u
N
_
. (18)
Note that the rst term in the right-hand side (RHS) of (18)
is equal to R
|H|
2 (0)/2 and the second and third terms together
are equal to the magnitude square of the correlation of the
channel response, R
H
(). Using these facts, the following
equality can be obtained
R
|H|
2 ()
R
|H|
2 (0)
2
= R
H
()R

H
(), (19)
where R
H
() is the correlation of H(k) as dened before.
Note that the left-hand side (LHS) of the equation can be esti-
mated using the received signal. The RHS is a multiplication,
and when IFFT applied on this term, it becomes a convolution
of PDP with the ipped version of itself in time domain. This
follows from the properties of DFT [17] and from the fact
that the IFFT of the CFC is equal to the PDP. The resulting
equation can then be written as
IFFT{R
|H|
2()
R
|H|
2 (0)
2
} = IFFT{R
H
()R

H
()}
(20)
=
L1

i=0
P
li
P
i
N
. (21)
Having the LHS of the equality calculated using the received
signal, we can estimate the PDP using (21) and by solving
the non-linear set of equations. Least squares optimization is
used in this paper in order to obtain channel PDP using (21).
The number of unknowns can be limited to the number of
PDP taps L. As the length of the CP is expected to be larger
than the maximum excess delay, the number of unknowns is
set to the length of CP. The system of equations can then be
solved as the number of unknowns is smaller than the number
of equations which is N.
1) Effect of Noise: In the previous section, the effect of
noise is neglected for deriving (18). When the noise term in (3)
is considered as well, the following equation can be derived
from (16)

R
|H|
2 () =
_
R
|H|
2 (0) + 2
_
2R
H
(0)
2
z
+
4
z
_
= 0
R
|H|
2 () + 2R
H
(0)
2
z
+
4
z
= 0
(22)
where
2
z
is the variance of the channel estimation error and
R
|H|
2 () is as given in (18). The effect of noise on the rst
correlation lag, i.e. = 0, is two times the effect of noise on
the other lags. Therefore, if the value of the rst correlation lag
is calculated using other lags, the overall effect of the noise can
be subtracted from the correlation removing the effect of the
noise. The parabola tting algorithm described in Section III-
A is used for estimating the noise contribution to the rst
correlation lag in this method as well.
C. Received Signal based Algorithm
The algorithms given in the previous sections can use
only the training symbols for the estimation. However, when
the OFDM system uses a constant envelope modulation for
transmission, the power of the received signal Y (k) can be
used instead of the magnitude square of channel estimates as
done in Section III-B.
The received signal in the frequency domain for OFDM
is given in (3). Using this equation, the correlation of the
magnitude of the received frequency domain signal can be
written as follows
R
|Y |
2() = E
m,k
_
|Y
m
(k)|
2
|Y
m
(k + )|
2
_
(23)
= E
m,k
_
|X
m
(k)H
m
(k)|
2
|X
m
(k + )H
m
(k + )|
2
_
= E
m,k
_
|X
m
(k)|
2
|X
m
(k + )|
2
_

E
m,k
_
|H
m
(k)|
2
|H
m
(k + )|
2
_
= R
|H|
2()R
|X|
2 (). (24)
For constant envelope modulations R
|X|
2() = 1
3
, and
3
This is true as the number of symbols goes to innity.
TABLE I
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ITU-R VEHICULAR A CHANNEL MODEL
Tap 1 2 3 4 5 6
Relative delay (ns) 0 310 710 1090 1730 2510
Average power (dB) 0 -1 -9 -10 -15 -20
therefore (24) reduces to
R
|Y |
2 () = R
|H|
2 (). (25)
Therefore the algorithm given in the previous section can be
used for estimating PDP using Y (k) instead of H(k). This
enables us to use all of the received OFDM symbols for delay
spread estimation which results in both noise averaging and
getting better correlation estimates.
D. Estimation of RMS Delay Spread and Maximum Excess
Delay
Once the PDP of the channel is estimated, dispersion para-
meters, i.e. the RMS delay spread and the maximum excess
delay, can be estimated using the PDP and the denitions
of these parameters [18]. In order to decrease the effect of
errors in the PDP estimation, taps with power 25dB below
the most powerful lag are set to zero. Moreover, we consider
the maximum excess delay of 25dB, i.e. the maximum excess
delay is equal to the delay of the last non-zero tap.
The statistics of the channel might be changing in time
because of the environmental changes or because of the mobil-
ity of the transmitter or receiver. In this case, the correlation
estimates can be updated using an alpha tracker in order to
capture this variation.
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS
A system similar to the OFDM mode of IEEE 802.16d [19]
is used for the simulations. Total number of subcarriers is 256,
out of which 200 subcarriers are used for transmitting data
information and pilots. The center frequency carrier is set to
zero and the outermost 55 subcarriers (27 on left and 28 on the
right of the spectrum) are not used to allow for guard bands.
The system bandwidth is chosen as 10MHz and the length of
the CP is set to 32 samples (the length of the guard band is
3.2s). For simulating the wireless channel, the Channel A
of ITU-R channel model [20] for vehicular environments with
high antenna is used. The relative delays and average power
of each tap of this model is given in Table I. The mobile speed
used in the simulations
4
is 60km/h and time-varying channel
is generated according to [21]. For estimating the CFR, LS
method (see Section II) is used.
The estimation is assumed to be done in uplink for a user
with 20 OFDM symbols in a frame with 10ms frame duration.
In uplink, each user is assumed to have a training symbol for
synchronization and channel estimation purposes. The channel
estimation based algorithms use the channel estimates obtained
using the training symbols while the received signal power
4
Similar results are observed when tests at different mobile speeds are
performed.
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
2
10
1
10
0
Frame number
M
e
a
n

s
q
u
a
r
e
d

e
r
r
o
r
Algorithm A
Algorithm B
Algorithm C
Fig. 3. Normalized mean-square-error performance of the RMS delay spread
estimators as a function of number of frames used for estimation.
based algorithm uses all of the 20 transmitted symbols (1
training symbol and 19 data symbols) for estimation of PDP.
The rst 5 non-zero correlation values are used for obtaining
the parameters of the parabola that is used to remove the effect
of noise, i.e. M = 5.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the normalized mean-squared-error
(MSE) of the RMS delay spread estimation as a function
of the number of frames used for estimation. The proposed
algorithms are labeled as Algorithm A, B, and C respectively.
Fig. 3 shows the case of perfect timing knowledge, while in
Fig. 4 a timing mismatch with distribution shown in Fig. 1
is introduced. The SNRs of the received signal for both
gures are set to 0dB. Channel estimation based algorithm
performs better than the other algorithms in the case of no
timing errors as the phase information on the channel is also
used. On the other hand, it has a large error oor when
there are timing errors. The MSE results presented in these
gures show that the channel magnitude based algorithm
(Algorithm A) and the received magnitude based algorithm
(Algorithm C) work quite satisfactory under timing errors.
Please note that the proposed algorithms would work in sparse
channel environments, actually with any kind of PDP.
The normalized MSE as a function of SNR for 80 frames
is shown in Fig. 5 for perfect timing synchronization. The
performance of the algorithms increase as the SNR is in-
creasing. However, after a certain SNR level (around 10dB)
the performance of the estimation algorithms does not change
signicantly with increasing SNR.
V. CONCLUSION
Delay spread estimation algorithms for OFDM systems are
proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithms estimate
the PDP of the channel which is then used to calculate the
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
2
10
1
10
0
Frame number
M
e
a
n

s
q
u
a
r
e
d

e
r
r
o
r
Algorithm A
Algorithm B
Algorithm C
Fig. 4. Normalized mean-square-error performance of the RMS delay spread
estimators as a function of number of frames used for estimation when there
are timing synchronization errors.
dispersion parameters. It is found that timing errors cause
estimation error oor if the channel frequency estimates are
directly used, and this problem is overcome by using the
magnitude of the channel estimates. Moreover, the channel
magnitude based algorithm is extended to a method which
uses the received signal power (in frequency domain) when
the transmitted symbols has a constant envelope. The perfor-
mances of the developed algorithms are tested using computer
simulations, and the channel and received signal magnitude
based algorithms are shown to perform well under different
scenarios.
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0 5 10 15
10
2
10
1
Signaltonoise ratio (SNR)
M
e
a
n

s
q
u
a
r
e
d

e
r
r
o
r
Algorithm A
Algorithm B
Algorithm C
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