Sigmund Freud’s Classical Psychoanalytic

Prepared by: Prof. Gerald M. Llanes, RPm, LPT

 Sigmund Freud’s Classical
Psychoanalytic
• Psychoanalysis is considered as the most interesting,
controversial and famous of all personality theories.
• This is because Freud believed that people are motivated
primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness.
These drives include SEX and AGRESSION which are
considered as the twin corner stones of psychoanalysis.
• Freud believed that all human behaviors have a cause. Nothing
happened simply by chance not even an accident.
• Freud believed that minor mistakes like slips of the tongue are
also manifestations of unconscious motives.
 Sigmund Freud’s Classical
Psychoanalytic
• Freud likewise indicated that through humor a person can
express his aggressiveness or sexual desires without fear of
retaliation by either the ego or the superego.
SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Sigmund Freud was born in Feinberg Moravia (now

Czechoslovakia) He moved to Vienna where he lived for nearly
80 years.
• He died in England one year after his family migrated there.
• He was the first of six children by the second wife of his father.
• He and his mother had a very close and powerful relationship.
• He was an excellent student, graduating as the head of his
class. He was accepted in medical school at the age of 17.
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Although he was not interested in medicine he saw it as means

by which he can engage in scientific research.
• He had 6 children one of his daughters Ana, became a famous
child psychiatrist in London.
• Freud worked with Joseph Breuer a successful medical
practitioner, who was then developing a new method of
treating hysteria, a disorder with a wide variety of symptoms
such as paralysis , loss of sensation, disturbance of speech and
sight.
•
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Breuer found out that some of the

symptoms of his patients would
disappear temporarily or
permanently by encouraging them
to express their feelings and
emotions . He called this process
catharsis.
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Freud first used hypnosis (induction

of a state of consciousness in which
a person apparently loses the
power of voluntary action and is
highly responsible to suggestion or
direction) for treating hysteria but
later abandoned it because he
found out that not all of his patients
could be hypnotized.
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Eventually, he developed the Technique of free

association which he called the " The fundamental rule
of psychoanalysis" here the patients were encouraged
to speak freely and to report whatever their thoughts
were, regardless of the apparent relationship or lack
of relationship to their symptoms.
• Then he began his self- analysis because he felt that
before one can analyze others, he must first undergo
analysis himself
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• However, Breuer found that during the course of

treatment, the patient responds to the therapy
thinking as if he or she was an important person in the
doctor's life. Breuer called this transference.
• Likewise, the analyst may also form an emotional
attachment to the patient which he termed counter
transference. These can bring about failure in
treatment
 SIGMUND FREUD'S BIOGRAPHY

• Freud later went to France where he studied under

Jean Charcot , a French psychiatrist who was using
hypnosis in the treatment of hysteria . From Charcot,
Freud learned two(2) things:
• 1. It is possible to treat hysteria as a psychological
disorder rather than as an organic one.
• 2. The possibility that a patient's problem has a
sexual basis.
Other Information About Sigmund Freud

1. He became highly enthusiastic about the Cocaine, calling

it a miracle drug and a magical substance that would cure
many ills
2. He was criticized because of his promotion of cocaine
3. Martha Bernays- his wife
4. Jean Martin Charcot- a pioneer in the use of hypnosis.
The possible sexual basis of neurosis.
5. Freud assumed sexual preoccupation as the main source
of anxiety or emotional disturbance
Other Information About Sigmund Freud

6. Penis normalis dosim repetatur- It means that she (client)

needs to have sex with a normal penis often (Repetative)
7. Freud believed that it was these early sexual traumas
that caused neurotic behavior in adulthood.
8. Jeffrey Masson (A psychoanalyst) claimed that Freud
called these experiences fantasies to make his ideas more
palatable and acceptable to the public
Other Information About Sigmund Freud

9. He apparently abandoned his own sex life at the age of

41.
10. In his 40s, he experienced a severe neurotic episode,
which he described as involving “odd states of mind not
intelligible to consciousness—cloudy thoughts and veiled
doubts, with barely here and there a ray of light.
11. Freud diagnosed his condition as anxiety neurosis and
neurasthenia (a neurotic condition characterized by
weakness, worry, and disturbances of digestion and
circulation)
Other Information About Sigmund Freud

12. “The most important patient for me was my own

person”
FREUD’S CONCEPT
A. THREE PARTS OF THE MIND
 A. THREE PARTS OF THE MIND

1. Conscious – those thoughts of which you are currently

aware.
2. Preconscious – stores all the thoughts you could bring
into consciousness fairly easily if you wanted to; these
are the thoughts which can easily be recalled without
special techniques.
3. Unconscious – the material that we have no immediate
access to, and that we cannot bring into consciousness
except under certain extreme situation.
A. THREE PARTS OF THE MIND
B. THREE STRUCTURES OF THE
PERSONALITY
 B. THREE STRUCTURES OF THE
PERSONALITY
1. Id- It is concerned only with satisfying personal
desires, regardless of the physical or social limitations
that might prevent us from getting whatever we want.
2. Ego- The primary job of the ego is to mediate/
balanced the demands of the ID and the outer forces
of reality.
3. Superego- The moral arm of the personality,
corresponds to one's conscience.
C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
• Dynamic – motivational principle, to explain the
driving forces behind people’s action. To Freud,
people are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce
tension and anxiety.

• Drives – Freud used the German word Trieb to refer

to a drive or stimulus within the person. It operates as
a constant motivational force. This includes sex drive
(libido) and aggression drive.
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
• 1) Sex (Eros) - the aim of this drive is pleasure, but
this pleasure is not limited to genital satisfaction.
Freud believe that the entire body is invested with
libido.
 FORMS OF SEX
• A. Narcissism- is manifested in the infant who is
primarily self-centered, with their libido invested
almost exclusively in their own ego.
 FORMS OF SEX
• B. Love- Love develops when people invest their
libido in an object or person other than themselves.
 FORMS OF SEX
• C. Sadism- The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting
pain or humiliation on another person
 FORMS OF SEX
• D. Masochism- The need for sexual pleasure from
suffering pain and humiliation inflicted either by
themselves or by others.
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
• 2) Aggression ( Thanatos)
• This is considered as the destructive drive, according
to Freud the aim of this drive is to return the organism
to an inorganic state.
• The ultimate inorganic condition is death, thus, the final
aim of the aggressive drive is self-destruction.
 C. DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
• 2) Aggression ( Thanatos)
• As with the sexual drive, aggression is flexible and
can take a number of forms, such as teasing, gossip,
sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and the enjoyment of
other people's suffering.
• The aggressive tendency is present in everyone and is
the explanation for wars, violence, and religious
persecution.
FREUD’S CONCEPT OF ANXIETY
 FREUD’S CONCEPT OF ANXIETY
• Anxiety
• Freud emphasized that is a felt, affective, unpleasant
state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns
the person against impending danger.
• The unpleasantness is often vague and hard to
pinpoint, but the anxiety itself is always felt.
 THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY

• 1. Neurotic Anxiety
• Apprehension about an unknown danger.
• People may experience neurotic anxiety in the
presence of a teacher, employer, or some other
authority figure because they previously experienced
unconscious feelings of destruction against one or both
parents.
 THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY

• 2. Moral Anxiety
• Stems from the conflict between the ego and
superego. After the children established a superego,
they may experience anxiety as an outgrowth of the
conflict between realistic needs and the dictates of
their superego
 THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY

• 3. Realistic Anxiety
• This kind of anxiety is defined as an unpleasant,
nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger.
• It is closely related to fear.
D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• The ego is attempting to reduce or avoid anxiety, an
unpleasant emotional experience similar but not
identical to feelings of nervousness, worry, agitation, or
panic.
• Awareness of certain unacceptable material creates
anxiety.
• How does the ego deal with anxiety-provoking
material?
• The ego has its disposal at many different techniques,
known collectively as defense mechanisms, which can
be used to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 1. Repression
• Is a mechanism by which the ego prevents anxiety-
provoking thoughts from being entertained in the conscious
level.
• Freud believed that all of us use repression, for we all
have material in our unconscious minds we would rather
not bring into awareness.
• Repression is the cornerstone on which the whole structure
of psychoanalysis rests" – Freud
• Repressed wishes can find unconscious outlet is through
one's dream or through unconscious expressive gestures.
D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 2. Sublimation
• Channeling or substituting of negative id impulses
into socially acceptable actions.
• Freud called this sublimation whereby the
unconscious process of the libido or the sex instinct is
transformed into a more acceptable form as artistic,
scientific, social work, religious activities, and the like.
• According to Freud, sublimation is a truly successful
defense mechanism, in that the more we use it, the
more productive we become.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 2. Sublimation
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 3. Displacement
• Channeling or substituting our impulses from an
original target to another person or object
• Freud noted that many of our apparently irrational
fears, or phobias, are merely symbolic
displacements.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 4. Denial
• When we use denial, we simply state that certain
fact do not exist.
• This is more than saying we do not remember, as in
repression. Rather, we are insisting that something is
not true, despite all evidence to the contrary.
• Denial is an extreme form of defense. The more we
use it, the less we are in touch with reality.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 4. Denial
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 5. Reaction Formation
• Is concealing a motive by giving strong expression to the
opposite.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 6. Projection
• Attributing an unconscious impulse to other people instead of
to oneself.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 7. Rationalization
• The process of justifying one's conduct by offering socially
acceptable reasons in place of real reasons.
• The excuses are made up to hide or disguise the true motive.
• Forms of Rationalization:
a. Sour-grapes mechanisms - pretending to dislike what one
really likes.
• b. Sweet-lemon mechanisms - pretending to like what one
really dislikes.
D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 8. Compensation
• The process of engaging in substitute behaviour in order to
cover up or make up social or physical frustration or lack of
ability in a certain area of personality.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 9. Regression
• is a mechanism in which a person turns to an earlier stage of
development when he or she experience stress.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 10. Identification
• defense mechanism by which an individual enhances self-
esteem by taking on the characteristics of someone viewed as
successful.
 D. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• 11. Undoing
• "cancel out" or "make-up" for a bad act by doing good.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
 E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 1. Oral stage (birth to one year)
• Freud proposed that children enjoy sucking and biting
because it gives them a form of sexual pleasure.
• At the oral stage, the infant child is heavily dependent upon its
parents for the satisfaction of his basic needs, and unless these
needs are catered for the child will experience serious
developmental problems with an everlasting consequence on
his personality.
• These basic needs are that of food, security, love and
affection to mention but just a few. Freud therefore suggested
good child rearing habits such as breast feeding, personal
care, love and affection etc. This stage is called dependency
stage.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 2. The anal stage (one to three years)
• Children are sexually gratified by the act of elimination.
• The anal stage is described in the biological sense of the word.
The child would need to be controlled and guided in the
satisfaction of anal desires.
• This will teach him self control and independent tendencies. The
two combines are very important in the emotional growth and
development of children.
• Excessive punishment for or failure for toilet training may create
a fixated personality.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 3. Phallic stage (three to five years)
• Sexually gratification moves to the genitalia
• During the phallic stage (three to five years), sexual
gratification moves to the genitalia.
• The Oedipus crisis, in which boys sexually desire their mothers
and view their fathers as rivals for their mothers’ love, occurs in
this stage.
• Some theorists have suggested that girls have a similar
experience, the Electra crisis, in which they desire their fathers
and see their mothers as competition for his love.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Both the Oedipus and Electra crises are named after figures in
Greek mythology who lived out these conflicts.
• In the phallic stage, Freud suggests that boys and girls notice
their physical differences. As a result, girls come to evidence
penis envy, the desire for a penis, and boys suffer from
castration anxiety, the fear that if they misbehave, they will be
castrated.
• Boys specifically fear that their fathers will castrate them to
eliminate them as rivals for their mothers.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 4. Latency stage years
• Puberty sexual feeling exist but not yet developed
• During this period, sexual interest is relatively inactive. Sexual
desire has been strongly repressed through the resolution of the
oedipal or electral complex.
• Sexual energy is now sublimated and converted into sports,
doing school work, riding bicycle etc.
• Children should therefore be assisted to develop a degree of
competence in these areas. The opportunity should also be
adequately provided.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• 5. Genital stage puberty- Onward
• Adolescent has mature sexual feelings and experiences from
sexual relationship with other
• This period is characterized by obvious sexual maturation
manifested in the onset of puberty at adolescence. There is
renewed interest in obtaining sexual pleasure through the
genitals.
• Masturbation becomes frequent. Sexual and romantic interest in
others also becomes a central motive.
• Though, relationships are usually for selfish genital pleasures,
individuals at this stage often have genuine care for the loved
ones as much as or more than self.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Sublimation continued to be important during this period as
sexual and aggressive id motives become transformed into
energy for marriage, occupation and child rearing.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Freud suggested that children could get fixated in any
one of the stages. A fixation could result from being
either undergratified or overgratified.

• For instance, a child who was not fed regularly or who

was overly indulged might develop an oral fixation.

• Such people, as adults, might evidence a tendency to

overeat, a propensity to chew gum, an addiction to
smoking, or another similar mouth-related behavior.
E. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
• Freud described two kinds of personalities resulting from an
anal fixation due to a traumatic toilet training.

• Someone with an anal expulsive personality tends to be messy

and disorganized. The term anal retentive is used to describe
people who are meticulously neat, hyper organized, and a bit
compulsive.

• Fixation in the phallic stage can result in people who appear

excessively sexually assured and aggressive.
F. APPLICATIONS OF FREUD’S
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
 1.DREAM ANALYSIS

• According to Freud, dreams are the “ royal road to

the unconscious”. In 1900 he published The
Interpretation of Dreams, presenting for the first time
a psychological theory of what are dreams really
mean.
• Freud said that dreams provide the ID impulses with
a stage of expression.
 1.DREAM ANALYSIS

• A. Wish fulfillment – a representation of what the individual

would like to have.
• B. Repetition compulsion – The dreams are frequently in
people with PTSD who repeatedly dream of frightening,
traumatic experience.
 1.DREAM ANALYSIS

• 2 CONTENTS OF DREAM:
• A. MANIFEST CONTENT - what the dreamer sees and
remembers the actual literal subject matter of the dream.
• B. LATENT CONTENT - the meaning of the manifest content,
what is the unconscious interpretation of the said dream.
1.DREAM ANALYSIS
1.DREAM ANALYSIS
 2. PROJECTIVE TEST

• Projective tests - are used to evaluate personality in a

very unique way. It describes the process, and shares
examples of the most commonly used projective tests.
• This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic
school of thought, which suggested that people have
unconscious thoughts or urges.
• Projective tests are intended to uncover feelings,
desires, and conflicts that are hidden from conscious
awareness.
2. PROJECTIVE TEST
2. PROJECTIVE TEST
 3. FREE ASSOCIATION

• Free association - is a technique used in

psychoanalytic therapy to help patients learn more
about what they are thinking and feeling.
• Freud used free association to help his patients
discover unconscious thoughts and feelings that had
been repressed or ignored.
4. FREUDIAN SLIPS (Parapraxes)

• A Freudian slip, also called parapraxis, is a slip of the

tongue that seems to inadvertently reveal an
unconscious thought or attitude.
• The term "Freudian slip" refers to the psychological
theory that, when a person misspeaks, they are
inadvertently revealing repressed or secret desires.
Freud first wrote about this concept in his 1901
book, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life".
4. FREUDIAN SLIPS (Parapraxes)

• In 1979, researchers at UC Davis found that slips of the

tongue occur most frequently when individuals are
under stress or speaking quickly. From these findings,
they concluded that unconscious sexual desires are not
the sole cause of so-called Freudian slips.
 5. HYPNOSIS
• Early experiences with hypnosis helped Freud to
understand that there was more to the human mind
than what one can bring into awareness.
• He argued late in his career that hypnosis provided
proof for the existence of the unconscious.
 6. HUMOR
• According to Freud, for a joke to be funny, it must
contain anxiety provoking material. We laugh only at the
things that bother us. Most often, sex and death are the
favorite topics.
• According to Freud, if you want to know what has been
Repressed in a person’s mind, examine what he or she
finds humorous.
 7. SYMBOLIC BEHAVIOR
• Just as our dreams are interpreted by Freudian
psychologist as symbolic representations of our
unconscious desires, so too can many of our daily
behaviors be taken as symbolic gestures of these
unconscious thoughts.