Locuirea Culturii Coofeni de La Deva
Locuirea Culturii Coofeni de La Deva
Locuirea Culturii Coofeni de La Deva
UNIVERSITATIS
APULENSIS
SERIES HISTORICA
20/II
Edited by
Cristian Ioan Popa
Editura Mega
2016
EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Daniel Dumitran (Chief-editor)
Sorin Arhire (Secretary)
Ileana Burnichioiu, Mihai Gligor, Valer Moga
Cosmin Popa-Gorjanu, Marius Rotar
English proofreading by
Ginevra House
www.edituramega.ro
CONTENTS
PREFACE 5
STUDIES
FLORIN GOGÂLTAN
Transilvaniaăşiăproblemaăindo-europeniz riiйăParadigmaăromâneasc ă 11
LOLITA NIKOLOVA
Was Genealogy a Powerful Cultural Construct in Prehistory? 43
TÜNDE HORVÁTH
4000-2000 BC in Hungary: The Age of Transformation 51
ION TU ULESCU
Cultural Interactions between the Co ofeniăCulture and Surrounding
Cultures in Oltenia during the Transition from the Eneolithic to the
Bronze Age 203
3
FONTES
GEORGETA EL SUSI
Date arheozoologice inedite asupra locuirii Tiszapolgár de la Uivar
гjude ulăTimişдă 265
ZOLTÁN KATOCZ
UnăvasădinămediulăculturiiăBodrogkeresztúrădeălaăFeldioaraăгjudйăBra ovдă 289
MARIUS GHEORGHE BARBU, OANA LUCIA BARBU AND ANTONIU TUDOR MARC
LocuireaăculturiiăCo ofeniădeălaăDeva-Magna Curia,ăjude ulăHunedoaraă 359
C T LINăNICOLAE RIŞCU A
AnăCopperăAxeăDiscoveredăinăH r uăгHunedoaraăCountyдă 381
ABSTRACTS 399
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 407
LIST OF AUTHORS 415
4
LOCUIREAăCULTURIIăCO OFENIăDEăLAăDEVA-MAGNA CURIA,
JUDE ULăHUNEDOARA
MARIUS GHEORGHE BARBU, IOANA LUCIA BARBU AND ANTONIU TUDOR MARC
Dr. Marius Gheorghe Barbu, Muzeulă Civiliza ieiă Daciceă şi Romane Deva; e-mail:
[email protected]. Ioana Lucia Barbu, MuzeulăCiviliza ieiăDaciceăşiăRomaneăDeva; e-
mail: [email protected]. Dr. Antoniu Tudor Marc, MuzeulăCiviliza ieiăDaciceăşiăRomaneăDeva; e-
mail: [email protected].
Cx 10 s-aă dovedită aă fiă oă groap ă deă form ă rotund ,ă inclus ă înă cadrulă
structurii Cx 9. Diametrul acestei gropiăcuăpere iărelativă drep iăeraădeăмăm,ăiară
adâncimeaădeăл,улăm,ăfiindăs pat ăînălutulăsteril,ăspecificăzoneiйăLaăsec ionareaă
umpluturiiăacesteiăgropiăaăpututăfiăobservatăfaptulăc ăpeăfundăeraădepusăunăstrată
consistentădeăcenuş ăşiăp mântăînnegrit,ăînătimpăceăpere iiăerauăarşiăputernic,ălutulă
fiindăînroşităpeăoăgrosimeădeăcircaăмлăcm,ăceeaăceădemonstreaz ăîntre inereaăunuiă
focăînăacestălocйăUmpluturaăgropiiăcon ineaăfoarteăpu inăp mânt,ăeaăfiindăformat ă
dinăfragmenteămariădeălipitur ădeăchirpiciăcuăamprenteădeănuieleăşiăbârne,ăarse,ă
uneori,ăpân ălaăvitrifiereй
Înăjum tateaăsuperioar ăaăcomplexului,ămaiăcuăseam ăînăparteaădeăsud-
vestăaăsa,ăaăfostădescoperit ăoăaglomerareădeăfragmenteăceramiceăгPlйăокмдйăAcesteă
fragmente, provenite din mai multe vase (unele întregibileд,ăparăs ăfiăfostădepuseă
într-unăvasădeădimensiuniămari,ănedecoratйăDeasupraăacesteiăgrup riădeăvaseăarseă
secundar,ăpân ălaăvitrifiere,ăauăfostăaşezateăbuc iămariădeăandezit,ăceăauăc p cuită
depunerea.
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LocuireaăculturiiăCo ofeniădeălaăDeva-Magna Curia
FigйăнйăPlanulă iăprofilulăcomplexelor.
Oă aă douaă groap ă aă fostă conturat ă laă л,Őлă mă estă fa ă deă Cxă řйă Aceasta,ă
denumit ăCxăу,ăaveaăform ăoval ăşiădimensiunileădeăл,řлămăpeădirec iaănord-sud
şiăл,тлămăpeădirec iaăest-vest,ăfiindăadâncit ăл,олămăfa ădeănivelulădeăconturareйă
Umplutura ei, de culoare brun-cenuşie,ă con ineaă buc iă deă andezită şiă câtevaă
fragmenteăceramiceăCo ofeniй
Laăaproximativăнлămăspreăvestăfa ădeălocuin aăCxăř,ăs-aăconturatăoăvatr ă
deăfoc,ăslabăars ,ădeăform ăoval ,ăavândădimensiunileădeăл,рлă×ăл,улămйăStructura,ă
denumit ăCxăмŐ,ănuăaăavutăleg tur ăcuăalteăcomplexeădeălocuireйăÎnăjurulăeiăauăfostă
descoperiteă pu ineă fragmenteă ceramiceă apar inândă culturiiă înă discu ieйă Laă
îndreptareaăprofiluluiădeăvestăalăsuprafe eiăaăfostăidentificat ăoăaădouaăastfelădeă
instala ieădeăfoc,ădenumit ăCxăмрйăAceastaăaăfostăoămic ăvatr ădeăform ărotund ,ă
cuădiametrulădeăл,орăm,ăînăjurulăc reiaăauăap rutăalteăcâtevaăfragmenteăceramiceă
Co ofeniăгFigйăодй
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MARIUS GHEORGHE BARBU, IOANA LUCIA BARBU AND ANTONIU TUDOR MARC
a b
Fig. 3. Deva-Magna CuriaйăCeleădou ăvetreăexterioareăгCxăмŐăşiăCxăмрд.
Unul dintre vasele ce pot fi reconstituite aproape integral, din Cx 10, are
form ă tronconic ,ă cuă bazaă mareă înă susă şiă buzaă dreapt ,ă rotunjit йă Aă fostă
confec ionată dintr-oă past ă amestecat ă cuă nisipă şiă pietricele,ă fiindă arsă înă mediuă
oxidant,ălaăfelăcaămajoritateaăceramiciiădinăcomplexeleăcercetateйăSuprafa aăsaăaă
fost netezit ăsuperficial,ăp strândăurmeleădeăfinisare,ăl sateădeădegeteleăolaruluiйă
Nu a fost decorat (Pl. 8/3).
Unăaltăvas,ăreconstituibilăşiăel,ăesteăoăoal ăbitronconic ,ărealizat ăasemeneaă
vasuluiăanteriorăşiădeădimensiuniăapropiateăacestuiaйăBuzaăesteăevazat ăşiărotunjit йă
Jum tateaă superioar ă aă vasuluiă aă fostă netezit ă maiă atentă şiă decorat ă prină liniiă
incizate,ă paraleleă şiă întret iate,ă ceă formeaz ă „triunghiuriă îngropate”йă Jum tateaă
inferioar ă seă prezint ă similară celeiă aă vasuluiă sus-men ionatйă Subă buz ă areădou ă
apuc toriă înă relief,ă diametrală opuse,ă alungiteă şiă sub iateă laă capete,ă decorateă cuă
impresiuni alveolare (Pl. 8/2).
Dinăalteăcâtevaăvaseădeăg tităoriădeăproviziiăгvaseătronconice,ăbitronconice,ă
amfore,ăulcioareдăauăfostărecuperateămaiămulteăfunduriăşiăfragmenteădinăpere iйă
Fundurileădifer ăcaădiametruăşiăauăp stratămaiămultăsauămaiăpu inăfragmenteădină
pere iăгPlйăтдйăLaăuneleădintreăeleăseăobserv ăc ăsuprafa aăaăfostăacoperit ăcuăună
strat fin, care a fost lustruit, dar care s-a desprins din cauza condi iilorădinăsolйă
Alteleăauăfostăacoperite,ăcelăpu inăînăparteaăinferioar ,ăcuăoă pelicul ăalbicioas ,ă
provenit ,ăprobabil,ădeălaăoă solu ieăaplicat ădup ăardereйăUnăvasădeădimensiuniă
medii,ă cuă pere iiă arcui i,ă dină careă s-aă p strată doară jum tateaă inferioar ,ă
nedecorat ,ăaăavutăsuprafa aăacoperit ăcuăoăpelicul ăfin ,ălustruit ăгPlйăукмдй
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a b
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impresiuniă ovoidaleă гPlйă млкмлд,ă iară ală doileaă esteă decorată cuă dou ă şiruriă deă
impresiuniăalungiteăгPlйăмлкřдйăCeaşcaăesteăcuăcorpulăglobularăşiăguraăoblic ăşiăesteă
decorat ădoarăsubăbuz ,ăcuădou ăşiruriăsuprapuseădeăliniiăincizate,ăoblice,ăceăredauă
motivulăscheletuluiădeăpeşteăгPlйăмлкммдй
Ceramicaă dină complexeleă Co ofeniă deă laă Magna Curia are numeroase
analogiiăînăalteăaşez riădinăTransilvanaă iăBanat,ămajoritateaăfiindăformeăfrecventă
întâlnite în siturile acestei culturi. Folosindu-neă deă clasific rileă tipologiceă aă
formeloră iădecorurilorăîntocmit ădeăPйăIйăRoman2 iăreluat ădeăHйăCiugudean3,
prezent m,ă înă continuare,ă tipurileă deă vaseă reprezentateă deă ceramicaă descris ă
anterior.
Vasul mare, tronconicăseăîncadreaz ăînătipulăȘVIIăгdoarălaăRomanдă iăesteă
oăform ămaiărar й
Oalaă bitronconic ă seă încadreaz ă înă tipulă VI,ă respectivă VIb,ă decorulă
incizat,ăcuămotivulă„triunghiurilorăîngropate”ăгmotivulăAeălaăRomanд,ăfiindăcelă
mai frecvent întâlnit pe acest tip de vase. Este una dintre formele cele mai
r spânditeăînăa ez rileăCo ofeni4йăSeăaseam n ăcaăform ăcuăborcaneleă- tipul XIIa,
ȘIIb,ărespectivăIȘb,ădoarăc ăacesteaăauădimensiuniămaiămici5.
Amforeleă iăulcioarele,ăreprezentateăprinămaiămulteăfragmenteăгtipulăVă iă
X) sunt decorate tot cu motive incizate, preferate fiind benzile verticale sau redate
înă„V”,ăumpluteăcuăliniiăscurte,ăparaleleăгmotiveleăBă iăCălaăRomanдйăAmbeleătipuriă
deăvaseăsuntăprev zuteăcuător iălate,ălaăamforeăacesteaăfiindădou ,ăa ezate în zona
diametruluiămaxim,ăiarălaăulcioareăunaăsingur ,ăprins ădeăbuzaă iăum rulăvasuluiйă
iăacesteaăsuntăformeădesăîntâlniteăînăa ez ri6.
Str chinileă iăcastroaneleăsuntăgreuădeădeosebit,ădatorit ăfaptuluiăc ăs-au
p stratădoarăfragmenteămiciădinăbuze,ăfiindăincert ăatâtăadâncimeaăvaselor,ăcâtă iă
diametrulădeschideriiălorйăTotu i,ădatorit ăarcuiriiă iăînclina ieiăpere ilor,ăceleămaiă
multeă fragmenteă pară s ă provin ă deă laă str chiniă гtipulă Iaм-a2). Decorul cel mai
frecventăesteăcelăală irurilorăparaleleădeăimpresiuni alungite, drepte sau arcuite,
practicateă peă exteriorulă buzeiă гmotivulă Lă laă Romanдă iă grupurileă deă câteă dou ă
cresteăverticale,ăa ezateătotăpeămargineaăvaselorăгmotivulăMgălaăRomanдй
Canaăseăîncadreaz ăînăsubtipulăIVbм,ărespectivăIVaнă iăesteădecorat ăpeă
corp,ăprinăîmpuns turiăsuccesive,ăcuămotiveăliniareă iătriunghiulareăгmotivulăAa,ă
Ad,ăAeălaăRomanд,ăiarălaăinterior,ăpeăliniaădeăîntâlnireăaător iiăcuăbuzaăvasului,ăcuă
ună irădeăaplica iiătipă„boabeădeălinte”ăгmotivulăGălaăRomanдйă
26-30.
3 Horia Ciugudean, Eneoliticulă finală înă Transilvaniaă iă BanatŚă culturaă Co ofeni, BHAB XXVI
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Pl. 14/7; 15/4-10; 18/7; 31/7; 33/4; 35/4, 8, 17-19; 36-38, 42-43.
13 IoanăAlйăAldea,ă„A ezareaăCo ofeniădeălaăRîpaăRo ie-Sebe ”,ăApulum VII/I (1968): Fig. 5-7.
14 MariusăCiut ,ăAdrianăGligor,ă„Descopeririăarheologiceăînăsitulădeălaă eu a-Gorgan (com. Ciugud,
BMS III (Alba Iulia: Editura Mega - Editura Altip, 2012), Fig. 54/1, Pl. 2/1; 3; 4/4; 19-60.
17 Popa, Contribu ii, Pl. 61/7.
18 CristianăIйăPopa,ă„Motive-simbolăpeăvaseleăceramiceăCo ofeniŚăcercuriăconcentrice,ăspirale,ăspirale-
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MARIUS GHEORGHE BARBU, IOANA LUCIA BARBU AND ANTONIU TUDOR MARC
19 Ibidem, 80-87.
20 Ioană Andri oiu,ă „M rturiiă aleă dezvolt riiă societ iiă omeneştiă pe teritoriul Devei, în vremurile
str vechi”, Sargetia XI-XII (1974-1975): 394.
21 AntoniuăMarc,ă„CuăprivireălaălocuireaăCo ofeniădeălaăDeva-M guraăMi ove гjudйăHunedoaraд”,ă
BC S 9 (2003): 45-48.
22 Octavian Floca, „Hartaăarheologic ăaămunicipiuluiăDeva”, Sargetia VI (1969): 14-15.
23 Nicolae C. Rişcu a,ă„Oădescoperireăarheologic ăvecheădeălaăDeva”, Sargetia XXVIII-XXIX (1999-
2000): 40.
24 IoanăAndri oiu,ă„SondajăarheologicăpeădealulăCet iiăDeva”, Sargetia X (1973): 15-22; Nicolae C.
construc iiй
26 MihaiăRotea,ă„LocuireaăCo ofeniădeălaăDeva-StradaăLenin”,ăSargetia XX (1986-1987): 475-479.
27 LiviuăM rghitan,ăCercet riăarheologiceăpeăvatraăoraşuluiăDeva (Deva: 1971), 7-10.
28 Materialeăinedite,ăidentificateădeăIoanăAlexandruăB rbat,ăc ruiaăîiămul umimăpentruăinforma ieй
29 C t linăRi cu a,ă„ArchaeologicalăDiscoveriesăConcerningătheăEarlyăBronzeăAgeăatăDeva”,ăînăHoria
Ciugudean, Florin Gogâltan, eds, The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin (Alba
IuliaŚăMuzeulăNa ionalăalăUnirii,ăмřřуд, 112.
30 Lucr riăefectuateăcuăsupraveghereăarheologic ,ăpeăparcursulăanuluiăнлмнй
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2
Pl. 2. Imagini de la conturarea complexelor Cx 8-Cx 10 (1)
i detaliu cu Cx 10 (2).
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MARIUS GHEORGHE BARBU, IOANA LUCIA BARBU AND ANTONIU TUDOR MARC
2
Pl. 3. Imagini cu complexul Cx 10, cu aglomerarea de vase fragmentate,
deălaăparteaăsuperioar ăгмдă iădup ăgolireaăgropiiăгнд.
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Pl. 5. Fragmente de vase ceramice (1-удă iăpiese litice (9-11) din complexul Cx 9.
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Pl. 10. Fragmente de vase ceramice din complexele Cx 14 (1-5), Cx 15 (6-удă iădinăafaraă
complexelor (9-11).
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ABSTRACTS
FLORIN GOGÂLTAN, Transylvania and the Indo-European Migration Problem: The Romanian
Paradigm
Abstract: In this article, I discuss the manner in which the model proposed by Marija Gimbutas
regarding the Indo-European migration in Europe was perceived by Romanian specialists. The
article is also an extension of my efforts to understand the relations between prehistoric
Transylvania and the Pontic steppe. Approached from this historiographic perspective, the subject
illustrates a situation symptomatic of Romanian archaeology: the lack, with few exceptions, of
serious debates on this controversial subject, the frequent repetition of unverified opinions,
statements supported by invalid arguments, etc. Under these circumstances, the late Alexandru
Vulpe took a harsh stance against those who considered the Indo-European migration a closed
subject.
It is well known that the theoretical discourse had little to no impact on Romanian
archaeologists, who were not even influenced by Marxist theories. As presented in the article, their
arguments in regards to the Indo-European matter, if such thing ever existed, were based on the
relationship between professor and disciple, or, plainly, on personal intuition. This approach was
subject to some changes only after 1989. Naturally, a new generation of archaeologists developed,
ready to bring a different style to their participation in scientific process. Often starting as a
rejection of the moral authority claimed by some established archaeologists in the old regime, the
validity of their scientific opinions is also questioned. Personal relationships suffered as well;
however, there visible transformations, driven by a growing independence coupled with better
access to bibliographic sources, breaking the monopoly of personal libraries. New academic models
prevailed, while the scientific discussions turned to a more critical view, a natural reflection of the
social turmoil which overwhelmed Romania at the end of the twentieth and beginning of the
twenty-first century. However, this new reality had a limited impact over the Indo-European
matter; therefore, the Gimbutas model remained an educational template, still unquestioned or
reviewed.
How much do we know today about the social impact triggered by the arrival of the
Scythians, the Noua communities, or the Iamnaia shepherds in Transylvania? For some, these
periodical infiltrations of steppe populations in the Carpathian Basin had double role. In addition
to their destructive role, they also brought technological innovations, which had a major role in
further local cultural developments. For others, these influences travelled in the opposite
directions, as the Carpathian and Balkan cultural mediums had a decisive role in shaping the socio-
cultural realities in the steppe world at the beginning of the Copper Age. Which opinion is
accurate? Must we adhere to a unilateral approach?
The opinions of Al. Vulpe, as well as some contributions made by E. Kaiser, Y.
Rassamakin, B. Govedarica, I. Manzura, R. Harrison, V. Heyd, and many others, filtered through
the perspective of current archaeological realities in Transylvania, encouraged me to decide to
create a theoretical model which I deemed appropriate for understanding the relations between
local prehistoric communities and the north-Pontic world.
The existence of clear contacts (collective or individual) in the second half of the fifth
millennium BC contributed to the transfer and diffusion of technological innovations. Apart from
metal objects (made from copper or gold), certain types of artefacts also circulated in a vast area
during this time: specific stone maces, large flint blades, stone or bone sceptres with abstract or
zoomorphic shapes, axes decorated on the sharp edge with schematic animal heads, and pottery
with crushed shells as temper. Even if we might have a vague idea, we cannot fully understand,
based on tangible evidence, the full spectrum of economic repercussions set in motion by these
influences. Even less can be said about a possible renegotiation of social structures in Transylvania
during the late Tiszapolgár and Bodrogkeresztúr ceramic cultures. For the rest of the Carpathian
ABSTRACTS
Basin, where more archaeological information is available, signs of social inequality can be observed
from the late Neolithic horizon, and these became more and more visible towards the second half
of the fifth millennium BC.
It is not possible discuss collective contacts between Transylvania and the Pontic steppe
in the middle of the fourth millennium BC, because the second kurgan migration wave, as proposed
by M. Gimbutas, cannot be proven. Only from the end of the fourth and the beginning of the third
millennium BC is there documented evidence of the presence of Yamnaya communities in the mid-
Mure ă Valleyйă Relevantă archaeological discoveries are scarce, making it hard to establish the
intensityă ofă potentială contactsă withă theă locală Co ofeniă mediumйă Consideringă this,ă thereă isă
insufficient evidence to prove the steppe populations were responsible for the major changes which
occurred in Transylvania at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. Based on certain metal artefacts
or distinct funerary practices, potential individual connections were often presumed. However, for
the period towards the end of the first half of the third millennium BC, I consider certain stone or
metal weapons and adornments, as well as the funerary mounds and the stone anthropomorphic
stelae, to in fact be representations of social status for the elites involved in a trans-regional dialog
(Fig. 1).
Similar interpretations concerning the relationship between Pontic communities and the
regions they influenced between the fifth and third millennia BC can be found in recent studies by
E. Kaiser, Y. Rassamakin, M. Furholt, V. Heyd, I. Manzura and S. Ivanova, to name only a few
specialists interested in the movement of populations and products. The current theoretical models
concerned with mobility or the transfer of technological knowledge are in a similar position.
In the last years, research on funerary mounds in Romania has been increasingly
connected to a wider spectrum of interdisciplinary approaches, catching up with European trends.
A few examples are eloquent in this regard. A coherent project focused on tumuli was developed
by A. Frînculeasa and his team in Prahova County. Needless to say, the results are remarkable and
capable of changing our way of interpreting such funerary practices and their impact in the local
medium. A project to obtain sufficient absolute dates, coupled with anthropological and
metallographică analyses,ă wasă undertakenă byă Sйă Ailinc iă isă whileă investigatingă theă tumulusă ină
Rahman, Tulcea County. If this positive trend continues, there is hope that the thousands of tumuli
in southern and eastern Romania can be integrated into a vivid illustration of prehistory, with or
without Indo-Europeans.
The so-called Cucuteni C ceramic style, also linked several years ago with the North-
Pontic area, was analysed in regards to its technological characteristics, targeting the chemical and
mineralogical composition of the temper. Interestingly enough, the conclusion suggested the
potters had a predilection towards nonstandard materials.
Strontium and oxygen isotopes analysed on a skeleton found in a tumulus in Sárrétudvari
suggested that some individuals from the Apuseni Mountains travelled to the northwestern
Hungarian plains. Although the first small steps have been taken in this direction, the current
genetic data available for prehistoric Transylvania is far from sufficient to include this area in some
of the European studies dedicated to the reconstruction of Bronze Age life. From a linguistic point
of view, the contribution of the steppe populations to the development of the Indo-European
languages is considered as an undisputed fact. Hopefully, further research projects will bring more
light to this matter.
The linguistic debate regarding the Indo-European motherland is, as well, added to the
archaeological interpretations. However, the scientific conclusions are still very cautious, unable
to surpass certain constraints. Therefore, the evidence presented thus far still supports the Gimbutas
- Mallory interpretative line.
As a homage to the memory of Alexandu Vulpe, I chose to end this historiographic
investigationăwithăsomeăofăhisăthoughtsăonătheămatterŚă“Iăstronglyăbelieveăthatătheăbeautyăofătheă
Indo-European research, in all of its aspects, resides precisely in this perpetual discussion and
criticalăevaluationăofătheăadvancedăhypotheses”й
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ABSTRACTS
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ABSTRACTS
varying forms typical of their place of origin, are known from the Early Helladic II, the Early
Cycladic culture and the Early Minoic II. The outskirts of this area include Troy I in the east and
the Carpathian Basin in the north. Although the area under scrutiny is on the outlines of the
“civilised”ăAegean-Anatolian world, Central European archaeological discoveries play a key role in
the study of the evolution of the sauceboats along a north-south axis.
The analysis of these discoveries showed that some items from the Carpathian Basin
region were older than those from the Aegean-Anatolianăworld,ăbeginningăwithătheăCernavod ă
IIIкCo ofeniăIăhorizonй
Regarding their functionality, we do not yet have any undisputable evidence of what the
contents of the so-called sauceboats were. They undoubtedly contained liquids which varied
depending on the period, owner and context. Alcohol consumption, which is considered to be
directly connected to the sauceboats of the Aegean-Anatolian world, need not have been a practice
in the Carpathian-Balkan communities.
Keywords: sauceboat,ăCo ofeni culture, Baden culture, Eneolithic, Early Bronze Age, Early Helladic
II.
ION TU ULESCU, Cultural Interferences at the End of the Transition Period in Northeast Oltenia
Abstract: The end of the Co ofeni culture in northeast Oltenia and, implicitly, of the transition
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ABSTRACTS
period to the metal age, is related to the distribution of some strong influences coming from the
two great circles or cultural areas. Noticeable in the pottery repertoire, but also in terms of their
spiritual origin, their source is found in the Kostolac,ă Vučedolă and Iamnaia cultures. The vast
resources of salt in this area were a vital element in the development of the human communities,
as demonstrated by their setting near the brine springs. This article identifies the various stages of
development among northeastern Oltenia populations, observing their coexistence in the area over
a period of relative calm. It also explores how the evolution of the Co ofeni culture was interrupted
by the entrance of Glina communities in the early Bronze Age period, and how elements of their
ceramic decoration style were adopted.
Keywords: pottery, tumulus, Co ofeni, Kostolac,ăVučedol,ăIamnaiaй
CRISTIAN C. ROMAN AND SORIN TINCU, Newă Factsă Regardingă theă Repertoireă ofă Co ofeniă
ArchaeologicalăSitesăonătheăHunedoaraăSideăofătheăPoianaăRusc ăMountains
Abstract: Ofălate,ătheăgeneralăconsensusăonătheăevolutionăandăchronologyăofăCo ofeniăcultureăhasă
changed, thanks to new excavations, published materials and more absolute carbon 14 (C14) dating.
Inătheălightăofătheseănewăperspectives,ăthisăarticleăpresentsăanăupdatedăviewăofăCo ofeniădiscoveriesă
fromătheăHunedoraăsideăofătheăPoianaăRusc ăMountainsйăTheăfirstătopicăitădealsăwithărelatesătoătheă
situation of repertoire discoveries (34 sites), mostly concentrated in the eastern part of the Poiana
Rusc ă Mountainsйă Theă analyticală modelă worksă uponă сă criteriaŚă locality,ă actuală toponym,ă
geographicalăcoordinates,ăelevation,ălandformăandătypeăofăresearchйăAătotalăofăрсаăofătheăCo ofeniă
sites from this geographical area are known through field research, and a balance has been reported
between the outdoor habitations and cave habitations. Based on materials and contexts from the
systematicăexcavationsăatăCeri or-Pe teraăCauce, Pe teraănrйăм and Ciulp z-Pe teraăBulg relu, the
chronologicală andă materială heritageă landmarksă ofă Co ofeniă communitiesă ină theă Poianaă Rusc ă
Mountains can be established. Etnoarchaeological analysis of the results clearly indicates the
mobility of these communities.
Based on ceramic materials found in stratigraphic contexts, a cultural and chronological
ordering of the ornaments was obtained by seriation. Unfortunately, we do not have any C14 data
forătheăanalysedăsites,ă butăthereăisăsuchădataăfromătheălateăCo ofeniăsiteăatăSilva u de Jos-Dealul
apului,ăpositionedăbetweenăPoianaăRusc ăMountainsăandăHa egăCountyйăAsăaăresultăconsiderableă
differences regarding both the quality and the number of elements can be observed.
KeywordsŚăCo ofeniăculture,ăPoianaăRusc ăMountains,ărepertoire,ăcaves, seriation.
403
ABSTRACTS
404
ABSTRACTS
CORNELIA-MAGDA LAZAROVICI AND GHEORGHE LAZAROVICI, The Jewelry Workshop at Cheile Turzii:
Cave Binder, Copper Age
Abstract: Cheile Turzii is located in an area rich in several raw materials (salt, gold, copper, opal,
alabaster and chalcedony) which have attracted the interest of several communities throughout
prehistory. This article details the investigation of two sites among over 40 caves, grottos or under-
rock shelters with archaeological traces in the area. In Peşteraă Ungureasc ,ă theă remainsă ofă aă
workshop for making jewelry from various materials, including gold, was discovered in the
Bodrogkeresztúr-Toarte Pastilate levels. The 2015-2016 campaigns in PeşteraăBinder/Cave Binder
unearthed another jewelry workshopăthatăcanăbeăascribedătoăCo ofeniăculture,ămoreăexactlyătoătheă
Co ofeniăIC-IIA phases. Over 30 beads, of varied materials such as bone, marble, Spondylus and
jasp, as well as microlithic tools (flint, obsidian and other stone) and copper tools were found, along
with some small fragments of malachite, in hearths discovered on their borders and walking levels.
Other ceramics related to the Zau,ăPetreştiăorăBodrogkeresztúr-Toarte Pastilate cultures have also
been found on the site, although these are related to older excavations and have been disturbed by
amateur archaeologists.
Keywords: workshop,ăjewelry,ăcooper,ăCo ofeniăcultureй
MARIUS GHEORGHE BARBU, IOANA LUCIA BARBU AND ANTONIU TUDOR MARC, TheăCo ofeniăhabitationă
from Magna Curia, Deva, Hunedoara County
Abstract: In the second half of 2012, at the base of the hill of Deva fortress (in its southeastern part)
preventive excavations were conducted to investigate a perimeter of 187 m 2 affected by a project
to rennovate the backyard of the Magna Curia building in Deva, Hunedoara county.
The most intensive traces of prehistoric human activity were encountered in the
northeastern part of the site. Here, at a depth of about 2.4 m, five prehistoric features were found,
threeăofăwhichăwereăfromătheăCo ofeniăculture,ăwhileăthe other two contained materials specific to
theăŞoimuşăculturalăgroupйăTheăthreeăcomplexes,ădatingăfromătheăendăofăEneolithic,ăappearătoăbeă
part of a group comprising a housing structure (Cx 9) and two pits (Cx 10 and Cx 8), the first of
these being inside the dwelling.
Inside, several fragments of pottery, animal bones, pieces of charred wood and heavily
burned scraps of adobe splice were found. In the central part of the structure, an andesite grinder
and other lithic fragments of the same local rock were discovered. The contouring of the northern
part of the house presented intense traces of arson, delimited to pit Cx 10.
On the bottom of the pit, a thick layer of ash and blackened earth was deposited, while
the walls were heavily burned, the clay being reddened to a thickness of about 10 cm, indicating
that a fire started here. The pit contained very little soil, and was filled with large fragments of
adobe splice which bore impressions of rods and beams, some of which had been burned to the
point of vitrification. In the upper half of the complex, especially in its southwestern part, a cluster
of pottery finds were made. These fragments, which came from several pots (some were also found
whole) seem to have been deposited in a large, undecorated pot. Above this group of vessels, bearing
secondary burning to the point of vitrification, large pieces of andesite had been placed, which
sealed the deposit.
Two adjacent fragments were found, most likely from a supplies vessel (amphora), whose
main decoration renders a spectable pendant, made using a technique of successive stitches.
Based on the pottery finds, especially those from pit Cx 10, we estimate the chronology
ofăthisăhabitationătoăbeăfromătheăCo ofeniăcultureйăTheătypesăofăvesselsăandătheirădecorationsă are
specificătoăphaseăIIIăofăCo ofeniăcultureăandăhaveămanyăanalogiesăfromăsettlementsăinăsouthwesternă
Transylvania and surrounding areas in Banat.
TheălocalityăofăDevaăwasăsettledăbyăCo ofeniăcommunitiesăfromătheăearlyăstagesăofăthisă
culture. The settlement of Magna Curia had a complementary relationship with the nucleus of
405
ABSTRACTS
habitation on Fortress Hill, proving once again the importance of this area for habitation from the
end of Eneolithic and early Bronze Age.
KeywordsŚălateăEneolithic,ăCo ofeniăCulture, settlement, dwelling, ritual pit, pottery.
406
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408
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
409
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
410
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
411
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Pontica Ponticaйă Muzeulă deă Istorieă Na ional ă şiă Arheologieă Constan aйă
Constan a
PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. Cambridge, London
Preistoria Alpina Preistoria Alpina. Rivista scientifica del Museo delle Scienze.
Trento
PrzeglądArch Przeglądă Archeologiczny. Czasopismoă po więconeă archeologjiă
przedhistorycznejă iă numizmatyceă redniowiecznej. Instytut
Archeologi i Etnologii. Wrocław
PSRP Prehistoric Society Research Paper. Oxford
PZ Prähistorische Zeitschrift. Freie Universität, Berlin Institut für
Prähistorische Archäologie. Berlin
Radiocarbon Radiocarbon. An International Journal of Cosmogenic Isotope
Research. Tucson
RevistaăArheologic Revistaă Arheologic , Institutul Patrimoniului Cultural al
AcademieiădeăŞtiin eăaăMoldoveiйăChişin u
RF Régészeti Füzetek. Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum - Történeti
Múzeum. Budapest
RI Revista de Istorie (din 1990 Revistaăistoric ). Academia Român йă
Bucharest
RM Revista Muzeelor. Bucharest
RMV Rad Muzeja Vojvodine. Novi Sad
SAA Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica. “Alexandruă Ioană Cuza”ă
University of Jassy. Jassy
SAO/SPE Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa/Studia nad
Pradziejami Europy rodkowejйăBonn
SArcheologiczne Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii
PAN. Krakow
Sargetia Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis,ă Muzeulă Civiliza ieiă Daciceă şiă
Romane. Deva
SC/TK Studiiă iăComunic riăкăTanulmányokăésă Közlemenyek, Muzeul
Sfântu Gheorghe
Scientific American Scientific American. New York
SCIV / SCIVA Studiiăşiăcercet riădeăistoriaăveche; from 1974, Studii şiăcercet riă
deăistorieăvecheăşiăarheologie. Bucharest
SCPPAU Sprawozdania ză Czynno ciă iă Posiedzeń Polskiej Akademii
Umiejętno cid. Krakow
SEA Specimina Electronica Antiquitatis. Pécs
SlovArch Slovenská Archeológia. Nitra
SMK Somogyi Múzeumi Közlemények. Kaposvár
SocQuarterly Sociological Quarterly. Official Journal of the Midwest
Sociological Society
Spectrochimica Part B Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. Elzevier BV
SSEEP Studies into South-East European Prehistory. Suceava
Starinar Starinar. Naučniă časopisă Arheološkogă institutaă uă Beogradu.
Belgrade
412
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413
LIST OF AUTHORS
Ioana Lucia BARBU, Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva; e-mail:
[email protected].
Marius Gheorghe BARBU, PhD, Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva; e-
mail: [email protected].
IoanăAlexandruăB RBAT,ăPhd,ăMuseumăofăDacianăandăRomanăCivilisation,ăDevaśăe-mail;
[email protected].
GeorgetaăELăSUSI,ăPhd,ăRomanianăAcademy,ăInstituteăofăArchaeologyă“VasileăPârvan”,ă
Bucharest; e-mail: [email protected].
Antoniu Tudor MARC, PhD, Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation, Deva; e-mail:
[email protected].
Lolita NIKOLOVA, International Institute of Anthropology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA;
e-mail: [email protected].
Nicolaeă C t lină RIŞCU A,ă PhD,ă Museumă ofă Daciană andă Romană Civilization,ă Deva,ă
Romania; email: [email protected].
MarzenaăSZMșT,ăPhD,ăProfessor,ăArchaeologicalăMuseumăinăPoznań,ăWodnaăStrйăнт,ăсм-
тумă Poznań,ă Polandă бă Instituteă ofă Easternă Studies,ă Adam Mickiewicz University in
Poznań,ăUmultowskaăStrйă89D, 61-смŐăPoznań,ăPolandśăe-mail: [email protected].
Sorin TINCU, PhD, Archaeology, History and Ethnography Hunedoara Museum; e-mail:
[email protected].
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