HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 1.

Rock Shelter - a shallow cave like opening at the base

of a bluff or cliff.
2. Rock Caves
3 Stages of the Evolution of Cave
History - A systematic, often chronological narrative of a. Natural Cave
significant events as relating to a particular people, country, or b. Artificial Cave
period, often including an explanation of their causes. c. Cave above the ground
3. Cliff Dwelling - the general archaeological term for the
History of Architecture - A record of man's effort to build
habitations of prehistoric peoples, formed by using
beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of
niches or caves in high cliffs.
architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages.
Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) people of the southwestern
Prehistoric - Of pertaining to, or existing in the time prior to the
United States.
recording of human events knowledge of which is gained mainly
through archeological discoveries, study, and research. 4. Tents and Huts - made from tree barks, animal skins,
and plant leaves. Huts are usually made up of reeds,
Civilization - An advanced state of human society marked by a
bushes and wattles.
relatively high level of cultural, technical, and political
Hut - a small, simple dwelling or shelter, esp. one of
development.
natural materials.
Society - An enduring and cooperating large-scale community Beehive Hut (clochan); an Early Christian drystone
of people having common traditions, Institutions, and identity, dwelling used by monks in Ireland and the Scottish
whose members have developed collective interests and beliefs Western Isles, constructed in the shape of a beehive
through interaction with one another. with corbelled vaulting.
Trullo - a dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled
Culture - the integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, roof. Done by dabbing dry roughly plastered walls.
and behaviors built up by a group of human beings and Wigwam - rush mats over a wooden frame, with animal
transmitted from one generation to the next. skin door.
Tepee - conical tent with poles as framework and bark
Style - A particular or distinct form of artistic expression or animal skins.
characteristic of a person, people, or period. Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs.
Expression - the manner in which meaning, spirit, or character Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves.
is symbolized or communicated in the execution of an artistic Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of snow
work. blocks with an entrance tunnel. Made of hard packed
snow blocks built up spirally.
Stone Age - the earliest known period of human culture, Sod house - a house built of strips of sod, laid like
preceding the Bronze Age and the Iron Age and characterized brickwork, and used esp. by settlers on the Great
by the use of stone implements and weapons. Plains when timber was scarce.
Yurt - a circular, tent like dwelling of the Mongol
Paleolithic - Old Stone Age, a prehistoric period from c.600 000 nomads of central Asia, consisting of a cylindrical wall
to 8000 BC, predating the Mesolithic period and characterized of poles in a lattice arrangements with a conical roof of
by the rise to dominance of the human species, Homo sapiens, poles, both covered by felt or animal skins.
during which the first implements were struck from stone. Catal Huyuk, Turkey - a Neolithic settlement in
Anatolia, dated 6500 - 5000 B.C. One of the world's
Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age, a prehistoric period from c.8300
earliest cities. They were rectangular single roomed
to 4000 BC, between the Paleolithic and Neolithic, during which
with mud plastered wall and floors. Access was by
use of the axe became widespread and principal tools were
ladder from the roof. There were no roads but
struck from stone.
everybody walked on each other's roof.
Neolithic - of or pertaining to the last phase of the Stone Age,
Classification of Megalithic Religious Structures
characterized by the cultivation of grain crops, domestication of
animals, settlement of villages, manufacture of pottery and Megalith - large stone used to construct a structure either alone
textiles, and use of polished stone implements, thought to have or together with other stones, utilizing and interlocking system
begun c9000 8000BC without the use of mortar or cement.
Bronze Age - A period in the ancient and prehistoric cultures of A very large stone used as found or roughly dressed, esp. in
the Near East and Europe from 3500 to 800 BC during which ancient construction work.
forging technology for rudimentary implements etc. in bronze
was first developed, running concurrently with the Stone Age. 1. Monolith - a single block of stone of considerable size,
often in the form of an obelisk or column. Isolated
Iron Age - A prehistorical or historical period, running concurrent single upright stone also known as " menhir".
with the Bronze Age from c.1200 BC to 1 AD, during which
implements were forged from iron. Menhir - a prehistoric monument consisting of an upright
megalith, usually standing alone but sometimes aligned
Constructive Principles with others. Arranged in parallel rows, sometimes reaching
several miles and consisting of thousands of stones.
• Post and Lintel (Trabeated)
• Arch and Vault 2. Dolmen - a prehistoric monument consisting of two or
• Corbel and Cantilevered more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone
• Trussed slab, found esp. in Britain and France and usually
regarded as a tomb.
Classification of Early Known Types of Architecture 3. Cromlech - a circular arrangement of megaliths
enclosing a dolmen or burial mound.
• Dwellings
4. Trilithon - two upright megaliths supporting a
• Religious Monuments
horizontal stone. Also called trilith.
• Burial Grounds 5. Stone circle or Stone Row - made up of 3000 stones
Dwelling Structures spaced upright (e.g. Stonehenge, located at Wiltshire
and on Salisbury Plain)
Primitive Dwellings - mostly had one room, development of
more complex civilizations led to division of the room into smaller Stonehenge - a megalithic monument erected in the early
ones for eating, sleeping, socializing development of agricultural Bronze Age c2700 B.C. on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire,
civilizations made people want to settle down, live in England, consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and
communities. menhirs centered around an altar stone: believed to have
been used by a sun cult or for astronomical observation.
 6. Tumuli/Barrow - earthen mounds used for burials of
several to couple hundred of ordinary persons. I The temple sits on a three multi-tiered ziggurat
7. Passage grave - a megalithic tomb of Neolithic and mountain. Access to the temple is through triple
early Bronze Ages found in the British Isles and stairways that converge at the summit of the first
Europe, consisting of a roofed burial chamber and flatform. The temple is usually accessed only by the
narrow entrance passage, covered by a tumulus: priest, were gods are believed to come down to give
believed to have been used for successive family or instructions. The people believed that climbing the
clan burials spanning a number of generations. staircase of the ziggurat gives a holy experience.

I The chief temple was also used as a last line of defense

during times of war.
WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE

4000 B.C.-641 A.D.

BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE
SUMERIAN ARCHITECTURE
City of Babylon - The city of Babylon is shaped in the form of a
Social and Political quadrangle sitting across and pierces by the Euphrates.

Babylonians among the 3 were considered extraordinary

I The city was surrounded by a fortification of double
because they achieve highest degree of civilization. Assyrian
walls. These has defensive towers that project well
and Persian believe in military superiority thus manifested in
above the walls .
their buildings.
I The walls also had a large moat in front, which was also
King Hammurabi was the 6th Babylonian king to write the first
used for navigation. The length of the wall and moat is
code of laws in human history Hammurabi's Code
about five and a quarter mile. The city had a palace
Cuneiform script in clay tablets is one if the earliest known form located on its Northern side on the outer wall.
of written expression.
Ishtar Gate (575 B.C.) - Originated a procession street that cuts
Assyria was the ancient name for the northeastern part of through the city raised above the ground to the tower of Babel.
modern Iraq and was named after its original capital, the ancient The procession street enters the city through the famous Ishtar
city of Assur. gate. The gate is built across the double walls of the city
fortification. The gate had a pair of projecting towers on each
Persia, now known as Iran was once a major empire of wall.
superpower proportions.
I All the facades of gates and adjoining streets were
I The Sumerians were the first civilization to make faced with blue glazed bricks and ornamented with
conscious attempt of designing public buildings. figures of heraldic animals lions, bulls, and dragons.
These were modelled and relief and glazed in other
I Mud was their building materials. Mud was formed into
colors. None of the buildings of old Babylon has
brick, sun dried and built into massive walls.
survived to the present age.
I Walls were thick to compensate the weakness of mud.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
They were reinforced with buttresses. Spaces were
narrow because of the walling material. Nebuchadnezzar's Palace - Nebuchadnezzar's palace
covered a land area of 900 feet. It had administrative offices,
I Buttresses and recesses also relieve the monotony of
barracks, the king's harem, private apartment all arranged
the plastered wall surfaces.
around five courtyards. The palace is also praised for its
I Façade of buildings were whitewashed and painted to legendary hanging garden.
disguise the lack of attraction of the material.
I This is recorded as one of the seven wonders of the
I Temples was their major building type.
ancient world, but exact knowledge of the nature of this
CITIES - Cities were enclosed in walls with ziggurat temples and garden is not known. The legendary tower of Babel
palaces as centers of the city, fabric of the city is made up of located at the end of procession street is mentioned in
residences mixed with commercial and industrial buildings. The the Christian bible.
houses were densely packed with narrow streets between them.
Streets were fronted by courtyard houses of one story high.
ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE
TEMPLES AND HOUSES
The Assyrians were great warriors and hunters, and this was
I The houses streets were usually punctuated by narrow reflected in their art. They produced violent sculptures and relief
openings that serve as entrance to houses. carving in stone that was used to ornament their houses. During
the Assyrian periods, temples lost their importance to palaces.
I Temples were the principal architectural monuments of
Sumerian cities. Temples consists of chief and city
temples. I Palaces were raised on bricks platforms, and their
principal entrance ways were flanked by guardian
Uruk - was a major Sumerian city by 330 B.C. Uruk is also figures of human headed bulls or lions of stone.
known as Warka in Arabic. It is an example of earliest
I Their halls and corridors were lied with pictures and
development of Sumerian temples and Ziggurat.
inscriptions carved in relief on stones slabs up to 9 feet
high.
I The temple is place on a great mound of earth called
Ziggurat, rising more than 12 meters above ground. I The interiors were richly decorated and luxurious. He
The ziggurat and temple are built with mud bricks. The walls of cities were usually strengthened by many
temple is rectangular in shape. towers serving as defensive positions.

I Series of staircases and stepped levels lead worships I Stone reliefs of two winged bulls with human heads
to the entrance of the temple. The temple was flanked the entrance.
plastered white externally, making it visible for miles in
I The walls were decorated with long rows of bas-reliefs.
the landscape.
I The palace is approached at ground level through a
Ur was a Sumerian city located near the mouth of the Euphrates
walled citadel. Within the citadel is found the main
River. It was constructed of mud bricks reinforced with thin
palace, two minor palaces and a temple dedicated to
layers of matting and cables of twisted reeds. The Great
Nabu.
Ziggurat was located as part of Temple Complex.
 I The main palace was set on a platform located on the I unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
northern side of the citadel all the buildings within the hieroglyphics
citadel were arranged around courtyards.
Openings:
I The palace was arranged around two major courtyards
about which were grouped smaller courtyards.
I no windows
I The palace consisted of large and smaller rooms with
I skylights, roof slits, clerestories
the throne room being the largest. The building was
decorated with relief sculpture and glazed brick. Decorations:

I cornice and mouldings: "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was

PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE inspired by reeds

Their architectural solutions were a synthesis of ideas gathered I torus mouldings

from almost all parts of their empire and from the Greeks and
Egyptians. Their materials of construction was also from I hieroglyphics: pictorial representation of religion,
different locations. Materials included mud-brick from Babylon, history and daily life
wooden roof beams from Lebanon, precious material from India I derived from the practice of scratching pictures on
and Egypt, stone columns quarried and carved by ionic Greeks. mud-plaster walls
Despite Sourcing materials and ideas from different areas, their
architecture as original and distinctive in style. I avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion,
head of man, hawk, ram)
Palace of Persepolis (522-486 B.C.)
I leading to monuments
Persian architecture achieved it greatest monumentality at
Persepolis and was constructed as a new capital for the Persian Mastabas
empire. It was surrounded by a fortification wall. The site was
more than half covered by buildings the palace consisted of I first type of Egyptian tomb
three parts:
I from small and inconspicuous to huge an imposing
I An approach of monumental staircase, gate ways and I rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered
avenues side, covering a burial chamber below ground
I Two great state halls towards the center of the platform 2 doors:
I The palace of Xerxes, the harem, and other living
quarters at the south end of the site. I one for ritual

Structurally, the building relied on a hypostyle scheme I second false door for spirits
throughout. Some of the spaces were very big and generally
square in plan. The spaces were enclosed by mud brick walls. Pyramids
The most impressive aspects of the palace was the royal
audience hall. I massive funerary structure of stone or brick.

I square plan and four sloping triangular sides meeting

at the apex.
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Pyramid Complexes
3200 B.C.- 30 B.C.
buildings:
Columns

Types of columns: I offering chapel (north or east side)

I mortuary chapel
I Square pillar
I raised and enclosed causeway leading to west
I Polygonal column
I valley building for embalmment and internment rites
I Palm-type column Bud-and-bell column
I immense use of labor and materials
I Foliated capital column
I built in layers, like steps
I Hator-headed column
I filled with packing blocks, finished with finer limestone
Osiris pillar
I 2.5 ton blocks hauled up by use of ramps
Capitals:
Bent pyramid, Rhomboid pyramid - an Egyptian pyramid-type
in which each triangular planar surface changes direction as it
I Lotus, papyrus, palm
approaches the top, as in a mansard roof; sometimes also called
I Bundle of steams-shaft a blunt or false pyramid.

Roof and Ceiling: Pyramids at Gizeh

I roof was not an important consideration I finest true pyramids

I flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat I built 4th dynasty

Wall: I equilateral sides face cardinal points

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

I batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top

I for stability I 230.6 m side, 146.4 m high

I thickness: 9 to 24m at temples I 13 acres footprint

Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre) WALL

Aegean masonry techniques:

I 216 m side, 143 m high
1. cyclopean wall – large stones, no mortar, clay bedding.
Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura) 2. polygonal wall - advanced technique, Hellenic period,
no pith or tar.
I smallest of the three 3. rectangular wall – dowels.

I 109 m side, 66.5 m high DWELLING TYPES

Rock-cut or Rock Hewn Tombs A. Megaron - an early Greek or Mycenaean dwelling

type; single storey dwelling with a central room and
I built along hillside porticoed entrance; columns support roof

I for nobility, not royalty I A long rectangular central hall in a Mycenaean dwelling
or temple, with an entrance at one end; originally
Pylons evolving from the Mycenaean dwelling type.
B. Prostas house - a Greek dwelling-type entered from
the street via a passage to an open courtyard, around
I monumental gateway to the temple consisting of
which all spaces are arranged; the principal rooms are
slanting walls flanking the entrance portal.
accessed via a niche-like anteroom or prostas.
Temple of Khons C. Pastas houses - a dwelling-type from the classical
period of northern Greece, 423-348 BC, with a
courtyard in the centre of the south side and deep
I typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
columned veranda or pastas affording access to
chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall.
rooms.
I avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons.
D. Peristyle house - a Greek dwelling-type whose open
Mammisi Temple courtyard is surrounded by colonnades on all sides,
often more luxurious than a prostas or pastas house.
I prototype of Greek temple

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel HELLENIC

Entasis - a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column,

I example of rock-cut temple introduced to correct the visual illusion of concavity produced by
a straight shaft.
I by Rameses II
HELLENISTIC
I entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon 36 m wide
and 32 m high Columns
I 4 rock-cut collosal statues of Rameses sitting over 20
m high I Greek orders: Doric, lonic, and Corinthian

Obelisks Methods of Natural Lighting:

1. Clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion

I upright stone square in plan, with an electrum capped of wall
pyramidion on top 2. Skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
3. temple door, on the pronaos on the east
I sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
Acropolis - "City in the Height." in Classical architecture, a city
I usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
stronghold or fortress constructed on higher ground than
I height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base surrounding urban fabric.

I four sides feature hieroglyphics Temenos - the sacred area or enclosure a classical Greek
temple

Propylaea - a monumental gateway to a sacred enclosure,

GREEK ARCHITECTURE fortification, town or square.
AEGAN Parthenon - Athens, Greece Ictinus and Callicrates - built from
447-438 B.C. in honor of Athena, the city's patron goddess. -
DESCRIPTION
used the proportion 2n+1 in determining the number of columns
on the sides of a temple (n= number of columns at front)
I roughness and massiveness of structure
Parts of Parthenon:
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
I Naos or cella, principal chamber; enclosed part of the
I buildings were constructed of rubble and rough temple where the cult image was kept.
stonework to dado height
I Pronaos or anticum, an open vestibule before the
I upper parts of double-framed timber in-filled with brick cella. in the cella as for a treasury.
or stone rubble
I Epinaos or posticum, rear vestibule.
MATERIALS
I Opisthodomos, a small room in the cella as for a
treasury
I stone, gypsum, timber
Pediment - A wide, low-pitched gable surmounting a colonnade
COLUMNS or a major division of a facade.

I capital had two parts: square abacus above and Tympanum - The triangular space enclosed by the horizontal
circular bulbous echinus below and raking cornices of a pediment, often recessed and
decorated with sculpture.
I echinus - convex or projecting moulding, resembling
the shell of a sea-urchin, sometimes painted with egg
and dart ornament
Stylobate - A course of masonry forming the foundation for a Attic base - A base to a classical column, consisting of an upper
row of columns, esp. the outermost colonnade of a classical and a lower Lorus separated by a scotia between two fillets.
temple.
Scotia - A deep concave molding between two fillets. Also called
Stereobate - A solid mass of masonry visible above ground trochilus.
level and serving as the foundation of a building, esp. the
platform forming the floor and substructure of a classical temple. Torus - A large convex, semicircular molding, commonly found
Also called crepidoma podium. directly above the plinth of the base of a classical column.

Acroterium - A pedestal for a sculpture or ornament at the apex Volute - A spiral, scroll-like ornament, as on the capitals of the
or at each of the lower corners of a pediment. Also called lonic, Corinthian, and Composite orders.
acroterion.
Cathetus - The vertical guideline through the eye of a volute in
an lonic capital, from which the spiral form is determined.

temples planned by column arrangement: Echinus - The circular molding under the cushion of an loric
capital between the volutes, usually carved with an egg-and-
dark pattem. Also called cymatium.
I in-antis - between anta and the front
Fillet - A narrow part of purface of a column shaft
I amphi-antis - at front and rear
left between adjoining flutes.
I prostyle - portico at front
Apophyge - A small, concave curve joining the shaft of a
I amphi-prostyle - porticoes at front and rear
classical column to its lase Also called apophysis.
I peripteral - on all sides

I pseudo-peripteral - flanking columns attached to

CORINTHIAN COLUMN PARTS
naos

I dipteral - double line of columns surrounding naos Bell - The underlying part of a foliated capital. between the
abacus and neck molding.
I pseudo-dipteral - like dipteral, but inner columns
omitted on flanks of naos Acanthus - An ornament, such as on the Corinthian capital,
patterned after the large, toothed leaves of a Mediterranean
plant of the same name.

DORIC COLUMN PARTS Modillion - An ornamental bracket, usually in the form of a Scroll
with acanthus, used in series beneath the corona of a
Triglyph - One of the vertical blocks separating the metopes in Corinthian, Composite, or Roman lonic cornice.
a Doric frieze, typically having two vertical grooves or glyphs on
its face, and two chamfers or hemiglyphs at the sides. Helix - A spiral ornament, such as any of the volutes issuing
from a cauliculus in a Corinthian capital.
Metope - Any of the panels, either plain or decorated, between
triglyphs in the Doric frieze. Also called intertriglyph. Cauliculus - Any of the ornamental stalks rising between the
acanthus leaves of a Corinthian capital, from which the volutes
Taenia - A raised band or fillet separating the frieze from the spring. Also called caulcole.
architrave on a Doric entablature. Also, tenia.

Regula - A fillet beneath the taenia in a Doric entablature.

corresponding to a triglyph above and from which guttae are FIGURED COLUMNS
suspended. Also called guttae band.
Caryatid - also Kore, a carved statue if a draped female figure
Abacus - The flat slab forming the top of a column capital, plain which functions as a column.
in the Doric style, but molded or otherwise enriched in other
styles. Canephora, Canephore, Canephorum, Kanephoros -
'basket-carrying'; carved statuesque column of a draped female
Mutule - A projecting flat block under the corona of a Doric figure carrying a basket, or with a basket on her head.
cornice, corresponding to the modillion of other orders.
Atlas, Telamon, Atlantes (plural) - a massive carved
Zophorus - A frieze bearing carved figures of people or animals. statuesque stoop of male figure, often serving as a columnar
Also zoophorus. support for a pediment.

Echinus - The prominent circular molding supporting the Herm, Herma, Hermae (plural) - a square tapered column
abacus of a Doric or Tuscan capital. capped with the carved head, bust or torso of a figure, usually
Hermes; originally used by the Greeks as a bopundary marker,
Necking - The upper part of a column, just above the shaft and later as decoration.
below the projecting part of the capital. when differentiated by a
molding, groove, or the omission of fluting.

Annulet - An encircling band, molding, or fillet, on a capital or CIVIC BUILDINGS

shaft of a column.
Agora - a market or meeting place in a Greek city, the hub of
Fluting - A decorative motif consisting of a series of long. public life where the most important public buildings were
rounded, parallel grooves, as on the shaft of a classical column. situated.

Flute - A rounded channel or groove. Also called stria. Theatron - designed for the presentation of plays in which
choral songs and dances were prominent features."

• Open air usually hollowed out of the slope if a hillside

IONIC COLUMN PARTS with a tiered seating area around and facing a circular
orchestra backed by the skene – a building for the
egg and dart - An ornamental motif for enriching an evolo or
actor's use.
schinus, consisting of a closely set. alternating series of oval and
pointed forms Also called egg and tongue. PARTS OF THEATER
Dentil - Any of a series of closely spaced, small, rectangular Orchestra - The circular space in front of the stage in the ancient
blocks forming a molding or projecting beneath the coronas of Greek theater, reserved for the chorus
lonic, Corinthian and Composite cornices.
Chorus - The group of actors in ancient Greece that served as
Fascia - One of the three honzontal bands making up the major participants in or commentators on the main action of the
architrave in the lonic order. drama.
Skene - A structure facing the audience in an ancient Greek Rise - The height of an arch from the spring line to the highest
theater forming the background before which performances point of the intrados.
were given.
Extrados - The exterior curve, surface, or boundary of the
Parodos - One of the two side passageways to an ancient visible face of an arch. Also called back.
Greek theater, between the stage and the seating area, through
which the chorus entered the orchestra. Archivolt - A decorative molding or land on the face of an arch
following the curve of the istrados.
Parascenium - Either of two wings flanking and projecting
forward from the skene of an ancient Greek theater, containing Intrados - The inner curve or surface of an arch formine the
apartments for the actors. concave underside.

Diazoma - An aisle between the lower and upper tiers of seats Spring - The point at which an arch, vault, or dome rises from
in an ancient Greek theater, concentric with the orchestra and its support. Also, springing.
the outer wall and communicating with the radial aisles.

Cercis - A wedge-shaped section of seats between two stepped

ORNAMENTS
passageways in an ancient Greek theater.
Opus - Tesselatum or Verniculatum - made up of square
Stoa - an ancient Greek portico, usually detanced and of
Tesserae cut in square shapes.
considerable length, used as a promenade or meeting place
around public places. Opus Sectile or Sculatum - usually cut in various shapes and
used on walls.
Prytaneion - senate house; A public town hall for the citizens of
ancient Greece, containing state banquet halls and hospitality Opus Spicatum - Used specially on floors and is often in
suites. Chevron or Herringbone pattern.
Bouleuterion - council chamber with rows of stepped benches
surrounding a central platform.
RECTANGULAR TEMPLES
Odeon - A roofed theater building in antiquity, especially one for
the performance of vocal and instrumental music. Maison Caree, Nimes - square house" is an ancient Roman
temple located in Nimes in southern France.
Stadion – an ancient Greek elongated sport.
• Served as a model for the Capitol in the USA by
Hippodrome - an open or roofed track or arena for chariot and Thomas Jefferson
horse racing in ancient Greece.
Temple of Venus and Rome - The largest of Rome's temples,
Palaestra - wrestling house; A place used for the instruction and this was a double temple, with back-to-back halls where each of
practice of wresting and athletics. the two goddesses was worshipped: Venus in the eastern hall,
Roma in the western.
Gymnasion - an ancient Greek center for sports, with buildings,
playing areas and baths. CIRCULAR TEMPLES

Temple of Vesta - containing the sacred fire of Vesta sacred

eternal flame in Ancient Rome.
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
The Pantheon - the best-preserved building from ancient Rome
ETRUSCAN
and was completed in 125 CE in the reign of Hadrian.
Tomb of the Leopards, confronted leopards above a
• The world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.
banqueting scene.
• It served as a temple, church, and tomb for the past
Drainage centuries.
• The building was sited in an area north of the old city
Cloaca Maxima, Rome - the "great sewer" in Rome. center known as Campus Martius.
• one of the world's earliest sewage systems
• originally was built by the Etruscans as an open-air
canal. Over time, the Romans covered over the canal CIVIC BUILDINGS
and expanded it into a sewer.
Forums - the public square or marketplace of an ancient Roman
WALL city, the center of judicial and business affairs, and a place of
assembly for the people, usually including a basilica and a
Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without mortar temple.
joints.
Imperial Forum - no streets and no axial connections between
Opus Incertum - small stones, loose pattern resembling the spaces; the elements are simply bonded to each other to
polygonal walling. create a sequence of open, colonnaded, and enclosed spaces.
Opus Reticulatum - net-like effect, with fine joints running Forum Romanum - oldest forum in Rome; open space,
diagonally. rectangular in shape, enclosed by different institutional and
public buildings, serving as the city's marketplace and center of
Opus Testaceum - brick facing public business.
Opus Mixtum - alternation of brickwork and small squared Basilica - a Roman building-type, rectangular in shape with an
stone blocks. apse at either end, used as a meeting place, courthouse,
marketplace, and lecture hall.

PARTS OF ARCH Thermae - Establishments that were built for washing, as well
as exercising, entertaining, and conducting business.
Masonry arch - An arch constructed of individual stone or brick
voussoirs Gymnasium - center for sports, with buildings, playing areas
and baths.
Voussoir - Any of the wedge-shaped units in a masonry arch or
vault, having side cuts Converging at one of the arch centers. Amphitheater - a classical arena for gladiatorial contests and
spectacles consisting of an oval or round space surrounded by
Springer - The first voussoir resting on the impost of an arch. tiered seating for spectators.

Keystone - The wedge shaped, often embellished voussoir at

the crown of an arch serving to lock the other voussoirs in place.
Theatrum - a Roman theater building or structure; a building or Esonarthex - Part of church between the exonarthex and nave.
arena with a stage and auditorium for the production and
performance of theatrical works. Exonarthex - The outer vestibule of an orthodox or early
Christian church, that adjacent to the entrance.
Curia - senate house; Greek prytaneion
Cathedral - A large and principal church of diocese.
Triumphal Arch - a large arched monument constructed in a
public urban place to commemorate a great event, usually a Synthronos - is a structure in the apse at the back of the altar
victory in war. of an Orthodox Christian church that combines the bishop's
throne/cathedra and seats for the clergy.
Circus - a long U-shaped or enclosed arena for chariot and
horse racing; Greek hippodrome. • The bishop's cathedra is centered in the set of chairs
or tiered benches for the clergy. The synthronon came
Aqueduct - a bridge or other structure designed to convey fresh into use in the fourth century.
water, usually a canal or river supported by piers and arches, or
a tunnel; from Latin, aquae ductus "conveyance of water" High Altar - the main altar of a church or cathedral

Drainage - main storm drainage system; one of the world's • religious purposes and by extension the Holy table' of
earliest sewage system. post-reformation Anglican churches.

Soleas - The soleas (Latin: solea meaning "an elevated place")

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS • The soleas projects beyond the iconostasis, forming a

narrow walkway.
Domus - the patrician townhouse; has party walls on its flanks • is an extension of the sanctuary platform church
and an enclosed back area, its principal opening to the exterior building.
is located on the street front. • The solea's construction closely resembles the stone
barriers put in many early Byzantine churches which
Insula - a Roman masonry and concrete tenement block for the
divided the side aísles from the nave.
laboring classes, often a multistorey structure with commercial
premises and workshops (tabernae) at street level; originally the Arcus toralis - The lattice separating the choir from the nave in
plot of land bounded by urban streets, on which one was built basilica apsidole or absidiale - a small or secondary apse, one
of the apses on either side of the main apse in a triapsidal church
Villa - a large classical Roman country house with an estate;
originally divided into two parts, the pars urbana, or living area • one of the apse-chapels when they project on the
and pars rustica or working area. exterior of the church, particularly if the projection
Palace - A part fortified camp, part city, and part villa. It is in the resembles an apse in shape.
form of slightly irregular rectangle (175 by 216 meters) protected Schola cantorum - an enclosure designed for a choir and
by walls and gates, with towers projecting from the western, located in the center of the nave in early church buildings.
northers, and eastern facades.
• A term applied principally to the choir that sang during
Atrium House - A Roman dwelling type in which the building solemn papal ceremonies in the Middle Ages.
mass surrounds a main central space, the atrium open to the
sky. Sacristy - a room for keeping vestments and other church
furnishings, sacred vessels, and parish records. In some
countries, it is known as the vestry.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Bell tower - a tower commonly serves as part of a church, and
Parts of An Early Christian Basilica will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell
towers, often part of a municipal building, an educational
Atrium - The forecourt of an early Christian church, flanked or establishment, or a tower built specifically to house a carillon.
surrounded by porticoes.
Iconostasis - In Byzantine and Russian and Greek orthodox
Ambulatory - The covered walk of an atrium or cloister. church architecture, an ornate painted screen containing icons,
dividing the altar from the nave, a wall of icons.
Cantharus - A basin for a ritual cleansing with water in the
atrium of an early Christian basilica. Cloister - an enclosed garden, usually surrounded by covered
walkways. Because such spaces are often featured in buildings
Apse - A semicircular or polygonal projection of a building. that house religious orders, cloister can be used to mean
usually vaulted and used esp. at the sanctuary or cast end of a "monastery" or "convent."
church. Also, apsis.
Prothyron - an open porch supported by two columns in front of
Tribune - The bishop's throne, occupying a recess or apse in an the outer doors of a church or other building
early Christian church.
• The term may also refer to a vestibule or a corridor.
Bema - A transverse open space separating the nave and the
apse of an early Christian church, developing into the transept Galilee - is a chapel or porch at the west end of some churches
of later cruciform churches. where penitents waited before admission to the body of the
church and where clergy received women who had business
Sanctuary - A sacred or holy place, as that part of a church in with them.
which the principal altar is placed.
Parvis - an enclosed area in front of a cathedral or church,
Altar - The table in a Christian church upon t which the typically one that is surrounded with colonnades or porticoes.
Eucharist, the sacrament celebrating Christ's Last Supper, is
celebrated. Also called communion table. Orant - a standing figure with both arms raised in prayer, as
found in Greek and Early Christian art and architectural
Nave - The principal or central part of a church, extending from ornamentation.
the narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles.
Cancelli - decorated to separating the choir from the main body
Aisle - Any of the longitudinal divisions of a church, separated of a church.
from the nave by a row of columns or piers.
Sarcophagus - Elaborate for an important personage of terra
Narthex - A portico or vestibule before the nave of an early cotta, wood, stone, metal, or other material, decorated with
Christian or Byzantine church, occupied by those not yet painting, carving, and large enough to contain only the body.
christened.

Baptistery - A part of a church or a separate building in which

baptism is administered. Also, baptistry.
Diaconicon - A space on the south side of the sanctuary (to the
right of the altar) in orthodox or early church for the keeping of
garments and vessels.

• greek - diakoniko
• latin - diaconicum

Vestry - The room in church or monastery where ceremonial

garments, vestment were kept often the same room as sacristy.

Prosthesis – A small table to the left side of the altar, reserved

for object use in worship, also this side chapel in which this was
situated.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

Types of Domes:

1. Simple dome - domes and pendentives were part of

one hemisphere.
• Pendentive - a spherical triangle forming the transition
from the circular plan of a dome to the polygonal plan
of its supporting structure.
2. Compound Dome - dome not part but rises
independently above them
• Dome on top of a pendentive
• Dome raised on a high drum on top of a pendentive
pierced with windows.
3. Special Design
• Melon dome – dome with convolutions.
• Serrated dome
• Onion or Bulbous sharp