SAMPLE The Complete Grammar Guide For IGCSE Students

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The Complete Grammar Guide for IGCSE English Students
Unlock Grammar and Conquer

Your IGCSE English Exams!
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Author: Victor Tan

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Note that this is an eBook and no physical
Copyright © 2023 by Victor Tan @ Ascendant Education. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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Victor Tan.
The material in this publication may contain inaccuracies or typographical errors.

Changes may be periodically incorporated into this publication. Ascendant
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This English IGCSE Grammar book is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind,
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Foreword
As many educators and students preparing for IGCSE English Language

examinations have found, much of the exam's focus lies in language analysis or
understanding the form and function of the English language.
In many cases, grammatical instruction isn’t a primary focus of many schools

or institutions once a student gets to Years 10 or 11, despite the fact that it’s
common to see grammatical worksheets in student homework when they are at
earlier ages. By the time students get to the point of taking the IGCSE, it is common
to observe that they’ve forgotten many of the things that they’ve studied, or simply
never learned these things in the first place.
Consequently, students often find it challenging to get a comprehensive and

systematic understanding of English grammar that could provide a solid
foundation for their language mastery. This gap in the current educational
resources presents a significant need for a dedicated grammar book tailored to the
IGCSE English Language examinations.
To a degree, English as a Second Language does resolve this, although not in a

comprehensive way… But discussions of grammar are certainly lacking in First
Language English curricula, perhaps because the focus is more on language
analysis than it is on the mechanics of grammar.
And that's precisely where the book we're discussing today comes into play.
This unique grammar book, suitable for both IGCSE First Language English and
English as a Second Language students, is specifically designed to fill the existing
educational gap, providing IGCSE students with the comprehensive, valuable, and
most importantly, relevant guidance they need to excel in their English Language
examinations. It is designed not merely as a supplementary study tool, but as a
fundamental resource necessary for comprehensive language comprehension and
utilization.
This book stands out for several key reasons. Firstly, it acknowledges the fact
This is a preview
that mastering a language is not just about understanding its rules but about
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contextual application. Therefore, it offers a practical approach to grammar,
combining theory with a wealth of contextual examples. please This visit
helps students
the following URL:
appreciate how grammar functions in different settings, whether in literary analysis,
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argumentative essays, or everyday conversation. Click “Add to Cart” and you can check out
Secondly, it provides an in-depth analysis of the various grammatical aspects
that students need to master for their IGCSE English Language examinations,
moving from basic elements like parts of speech and sentence structure, to more
advanced topics such as multi-sentence pronoun-antecedent agreement and
subject verb agreement that students commonly face trouble with at a key time
when they should be learning these matters.
Thirdly, it integrates exercises that are digestible and both comprehensively and
coherently explained.
Lastly, it contextualizes and compiles everything related to English grammar in

the context of the IGCSE and makes it valuable for the student in ways that are
current, relevant, and important for success on the basis of a detailed analysis of
the IGCSE’s schemes of work.
In conclusion, this grammar book for the IGCSE English Language examinations
is a much-needed resource for students who seek to build a firm foundation in
English grammar and excel in their exams. It provides a comprehensive, valuable,
and unique learning experience, equipping students with the necessary skills to
analyse, understand, and apply grammar proficiently, something that most other
resources fail to achieve. Its practical, in-depth, and engaging approach makes it
an essential tool in every IGCSE English Language student's arsenal.
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Table of Contents
Section 0: Introduction ..................................................................................... 1
Section 1: Parts of Speech ................................................................................ 5

Introduction: ............................................................................................................ 5
Part A: Identifying Parts of Speech ........................................................................ 5
1. Nouns............................................................................................................. 5
2. Pronouns ....................................................................................................... 8
3. Verbs ............................................................................................................ 10
4. Adjectives .................................................................................................... 15
5. Adverbs ........................................................................................................ 17
6. Prepositions................................................................................................. 19
7. Conjunctions................................................................................................ 21
8. Interjections: ................................................................................................ 23
Additional Components: .................................................................................... 25
1. Articles ....................................................................................................... 25
2. Determiners ............................................................................................... 25
3. Quantifiers ................................................................................................. 26
4. Infinitive Marker......................................................................................... 26
5. Modal Verbs .............................................................................................. 26
6. Auxiliary Verbs........................................................................................... 26
7. Participles .................................................................................................. 27
8. Gerunds ..................................................................................................... 27
9. Relative Pronouns ..................................................................................... 27
10. Reflexive Pronouns ................................................................................ 27
11. Intensifiers .............................................................................................. 28
12. Demonstratives ...................................................................................... 28
13. Question (Interrogative) Words ............................................................. 28
Part B: Contextual parts of speech....................................................................... 31
Part C: Shifting Parts of Speech ........................................................................... 36
Part D: Exercise: Identifying Parts of Speech....................................................... 38
Section 2: Grasping Verb Conjugations and other Verb Forms ......................... 41

Introduction
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Understanding
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Infinitives, -ing Forms, and Participles ................................................................. 45
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Identifying Infinitives in Complex Contexts.................................................... 46
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out 47
-ing Forms as Verbs ..................................................................................... 47
-ing Forms as Nouns (Gerunds) .................................................................. 47
-ing Forms as Adjectives ............................................................................. 47
Gerunds ........................................................................................................ 48
Present Participles ....................................................................................... 48
Present Participles ....................................................................................... 49
Past Participles ............................................................................................ 49
Other relevant cases: ................................................................................... 49
Table of Irregular Verbs ............................................................................... 52
Section 3: Sentence Structure ......................................................................... 55

Part A: The Framework of Sentence Structure .................................................... 57
Part B: The Building Blocks of Sentences ............................................................ 61
Part C: Punctuation ............................................................................................... 68
1. Period (.) .................................................................................................... 68
2. Comma (,) .................................................................................................. 68
3. Exclamation Mark (!) ................................................................................. 69
4. Question Mark (?)...................................................................................... 69
5. Colon (:) ..................................................................................................... 69
6. Semicolon (;) ............................................................................................. 69
7. Apostrophe (’)............................................................................................ 70
8. Quotation Marks (“ ”) ................................................................................ 70
9. Parentheses ( () ) ...................................................................................... 70
10. Dash (—) ................................................................................................. 70
11. Hyphen (-) ............................................................................................... 70
Comma (,) ........................................................................................................ 71
Colon (:) ........................................................................................................... 74
Semicolon (;) ................................................................................................... 76
Apostrophe (’) .................................................................................................. 78
Hyphen (-) ........................................................................................................ 80
Dash (—) .......................................................................................................... 82
Exercise A: Correcting Punctuation Errors ..................................................... 84
Exercise B: Editing sentences with Punctuation............................................ 91
Part D: Syntax - Sentence Scaffoldings and Word Order .................................... 96
Simple Declarative Sentence .......................................................................... 96
ThisSentence
is a previewwith Auxiliary Verbs ........................................................................ 96
Sentence
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with Adverbials ............................................................................... 97
Sentence with Direct and Indirect Objects ..................................................... 97
Question
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Sentence with Subject and a Verb .................................................................. 97
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Subject-Verb-Direct Object-Indirect Object (S-V-DO-IO) ................................ 98
Negative sentences ......................................................................................... 98
Questions ......................................................................................................... 98
Yes-No Questions ............................................................................................ 98
Object-Subject-Verb (OSV) .............................................................................. 98
Imperative (Verb-Object) ................................................................................. 99
Fronting for Emphasis: .................................................................................... 99
Part E: Sentence Types ....................................................................................... 100
1. Simple Sentences.................................................................................... 103
2. Compound Sentences ............................................................................. 103
3. Complex Sentences ................................................................................ 104
4. Compound-Complex Sentences ............................................................. 104
The Importance of Varying Sentence Structure ........................................... 105
Part E: Exercises.................................................................................................. 109
I) Repetitive Simple Sentences ..................................................................... 113
II) Repetitive Compound Sentences ............................................................. 115
III) Complex Sentences ................................................................................. 118
IV) Compound-complex Sentences .............................................................. 121
Section 4: Subject-Verb Agreement ...............................................................125

Part A: The basics of subject-verb agreement................................................... 125
Part B: Subject Identification and Its Importance in Subject-Verb Agreement: 127
Part C: Advanced Subject-Verb Agreement ....................................................... 128
Part D: Exercises ................................................................................................. 131
Section 5: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement ...................................................137

Part A: Within-sentence pronoun-antecedent agreement. ................................ 137
Part B: Multi-sentence pronoun-antecedent agreement ................................... 139
Part C: Exercises ................................................................................................. 140
Section 6: Verb Tense Consistency ................................................................145

Part A: The importance of verb tense consistency............................................ 146
Part B: Guidelines for maintaining verb tense consistency............................... 148
Part C: Exercise ................................................................................................... 149
Section 7: Parallel Structure ..........................................................................157

Part A: What is Parallel structure? ...................................................................... 157
Part B: Examples of Parallelism ......................................................................... 158
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Introduction ......................................................................................................... 161
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Part A: Adjectives as modifiers .......................................................................... 161
Part
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Part C: Understanding Modifier Phrases ........................................................... 168
Part D: Using Modifiers Correctly ....................................................................... 168
Part E: Exercise ................................................................................................... 171
Section 9: Active vs. Passive Voice ............................................................... 173

Part A: Understanding the Active Voice ............................................................. 173
Part B: Understanding the Passive Voice .......................................................... 175
Part C: Constructing Passive Sentences from Active Sentences ..................... 177
Part D: When to Use Active or Passive Voice .................................................... 179
Part E: Exercises ................................................................................................. 181
Exercise 1: Identifying Voice......................................................................... 181
Exercise 2: Converting Active Voice to Passive Voice ................................ 184
Section 10: Transitions and Connectors ........................................................ 187

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 187
Part A: Types of Logical Relationships .............................................................. 187
Part B: Placement and Usage of Transitions and Connectors ......................... 189
Part C: Avoiding Common Mistakes with Transitions....................................... 190
Part D: Exercise ................................................................................................... 192
Section 11: Mood .......................................................................................... 195

Part A: Indicative Mood ...................................................................................... 195
Part B: Imperative Mood ..................................................................................... 196
Part C: Subjunctive Mood ................................................................................... 196
Part D: Exploring Other Moods ........................................................................... 197
Part E: Exercise ................................................................................................... 198
Section 12: Conditional Sentences ................................................................ 201

Part A: Zero Conditional (Real and Always True) .............................................. 201
Part B: First Conditional (Real and Possible) ..................................................... 202
Part C: Second Conditional (Unreal and Unlikely) ............................................. 202
Part D: Third Conditional (Unreal and Impossible) ............................................ 202
Part E: Mixed Conditionals ................................................................................. 203
Part F: Exercises ................................................................................................. 203
Section 13: Speech Reporting........................................................................ 207

Part
ThisA: Introduction
is a preview to Reported Speech ........................................................... 208
Part B: Verb Tense Changes
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Part C: Reporting Questions ............................................................................... 209
ToPart D: Reporting
purchase the full book,Commands, Requests, and Advice ....................................... 209
Part E: Exercise ................................................................................................... 210
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Section 14: Common Errors and Confusions ..................................................213
Part A: Homonyms and Homophones ............................................................... 213
Part B: Incorrect Preposition Use ....................................................................... 214
Part C: Subject-Verb Agreement Errors .............................................................. 214
Part D: Misuse of Double Negatives................................................................... 215
Part E: Misplaced Modifiers................................................................................ 215
Part F: Incorrect Use of 'Few' and 'Less' ............................................................. 216
Part G: Split Infinitives ......................................................................................... 216
Part H: Confusing 'Then' and 'Than'.................................................................... 216
Part I: Incorrect Use of 'Their', 'They're', and 'There' ........................................... 217
Part J: Incorrect Use of 'Its' and 'It's' .................................................................. 217
Part K: Incorrect Verb Tenses ............................................................................. 217
Part L: Misuse of Comparative and Superlative Adjectives .............................. 218
Part M: Incorrect Use of 'Me' and 'I' .................................................................... 218
Part N: Incorrect Word Order in Questions......................................................... 218
Part O: Incorrect Use of 'Few' and 'A Few' .......................................................... 219
Part P: Incorrect Prepositions............................................................................. 219
Part Q: Confusing “Lay” and “Lie” ....................................................................... 219
Part R: Incorrect Use of "Who" and "Whom" ....................................................... 220
Part S: Misuse of "Could of", "Would of", "Should of" ......................................... 220
Section 15: Style and Tone ............................................................................221

Part A: What are Style and Tone? ....................................................................... 221
Part B: Exploring Different Styles and Tones ..................................................... 221
Part C: Creating Your Style and Tone ................................................................. 222
Part D: The Power of Style and Tone.................................................................. 222
Section 16: Conclusion ..................................................................................223
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Section 1: Parts of Speech
Introduction:
Every word in English has a role. These roles are what we call parts of speech.
You may have heard some of these categorizations before, which include terms
familiar to most students such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
prepositions, conjunctions, interjections.
In the pages that follow, we will dive into each part of speech, exploring their
characteristics and functions. Through a series of examples, exercises, and
detailed explanations, you will become adept at identifying different parts of
speech in a variety of different contexts.
Moreover, we will touch upon subcategories and unique uses to ensure a well-
rounded understanding as you move forward on your journey towards English
language mastery.
Let’s begin!
Part A: Identifying Parts of Speech

Here are the main parts of speech in English:
1. Nouns
Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas.
They are fundamental building blocks of sentences and can function in different
roles, such as the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb (discussed in Section
2) alongside their complements; you’ve probably seen them everywhere or heard
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5
Here are the different types of nouns that you’ll encounter:

● Proper Nouns: These represent specific names of people, places,
organizations, or sometimes things. Proper nouns are always
capitalized, and each individual word within the proper noun needs to
be capitalized.
Example: "Victor", "Paris", "United Nations", "Christmas".
● Common Nouns: These represent general categories or concepts and

are not capitalized unless they start a sentence. These include both
concrete and abstract nouns.
Example: "book", "city", "happiness"
● Concrete Nouns: These represent physical entities that can be

perceived by the senses.
Example: "apple", "river", "cat".
● Abstract Nouns: These represent concepts, qualities, or ideas that

cannot be perceived by the senses.
Example: "freedom", "beauty", "knowledge".
● Countable Nouns: These can be counted and can have both singular
and plural forms.
Example: "book" (singular), "books" (plural).
● Example in usage: “I have a few Japanese books, but many

English books”.
● Note that ‘few’ and ‘many’ are appropriate quantifiers for plural
This is a preview
countable nouns, while ‘much’, ‘little’, and ‘a lot of’ are not. The
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latter are appropriate for uncountable nouns.
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6
● Uncountable Nouns: These cannot be counted and usually do not have

a plural form.
Example: "water", "music", "information".
● Wrong: “I have two waters”, “I listen to many musics”
● Corrected: ”I have two cups of water.”, “I listen to a lot of music.”
● Collective Nouns: These represent a group or collection of people,

animals, or things.
● Some examples include the following: "team", "flock", "bunch".
● The interesting part about collective nouns is their ability to take

either singular or plural verbs and pronouns, depending on the
context. When we consider the collective noun as a single unit or
entity, we use a singular verb.
■ For example: "The team is playing well today." Here, we're

considering "team" as a single entity, so we use the
singular verb "is."
● However, when we think of the individuals within the group rather

than the group as a whole, we use a plural verb.
■ For instance: "The team are wearing their new jerseys

today." In this case, we're thinking of "team" as multiple
individuals, so we use the plural verb "are."
● The same principle applies to pronouns. If you're referring to the

collective group, you'll use "it." If you're referring to individual
members, you'll use "they."
■ For example: "The jury has made its decision." (Collective)

This is a preview "The jury are arguing among themselves." (Individuals)
● Compound Nouns: These are formed by combining two or more words.
for sale.
They can be written as one word, separate words, or hyphenated.
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7
Example: "toothbrush", "school bus", "mother-in-law".
● Possessive Nouns: These indicate ownership or a close relationship.

They are usually formed by adding an apostrophe and an "s" to the end
of a noun.
Example: "Jane's book", "dogs’ tails".
● Gerunds: These are nouns formed from verbs by adding "-ing". They
represent the process of performing the verb.
Example: "Running is fun."
● Another Example: ”The feeling of succeeding in my exams was

incredible.”
2. Pronouns
These are words that stand in for nouns and replace them in a sentence or
across sentences, typically after the noun has already been mentioned.
The noun that is replaced by a pronoun is known as its antecedent.
● Examples: "he", "they", "it".
● Possessive Pronouns: These demonstrate ownership, e.g., "my",

"your", "its".
● Relative Pronouns: These introduce “relative clauses”, e.g., "who",

"which", "that".
● Reflexive Pronouns: These are used when the subject and object are
the same entity, e.g., "myself", "yourself", "herself".
This is ● Personal pronouns: Personal pronouns
a preview are used to represent specific
people or things in sentences. They
for sale. are typically used to avoid
repetition, create a sense of personal involvement, or maintain a
particular
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8
Exercise: Identifying Parts of Speech

Instructions: Identify the part of speech for every single word in the following
sentences. Yes, every single word. You don’t need to go into specifics, but you
should be able to identify which of the words corresponds to what part of speech.
Here is an Example:
Example Sentence: The children must carefully observe the tiny insects on the
leaves.
Example Response: The (article), children (noun), must (modal verb), carefully
(adverb), observe (verb), the (article), tiny (adjective), insects (noun), on
(preposition), the (article), leaves (noun).
Here are the questions:

1. The cat chased its tail around the room.
2. She quickly ran to the store to buy some milk.
3. Despite the rain, they continued their picnic.
4. The book on the shelf is very old.
5. He quickly finished his homework before dinner.
6. The dog barked loudly at the mailman.
7. She carefully placed the vase on the table.
8. Despite his fear, he climbed the tall tree.
9. The sun shines brightly in the summer.
10. She happily accepted the award on stage.

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29
Answer Key
1. The (article), cat (noun), chased (verb), its (possessive pronoun), tail
(noun), around (preposition), the (article), room (noun).
2. She (pronoun), quickly (adverb), ran (verb), to (preposition), the (article),

store (noun), to (infinitive marker), buy (verb), some (determiner), milk
(noun).
3. Despite (preposition), the (article), rain (noun), they (pronoun), continued

(verb), their (possessive pronoun), picnic (noun).
4. The (article), book (noun), on (preposition), the (article), shelf (noun), is

(verb), very (adverb), old (adjective).
5. He (pronoun), quickly (adverb), finished (verb), his (possessive pronoun),

homework (noun), before (conjunction), dinner (noun).
6. The (article), dog (noun), barked (verb), loudly (adverb), at (preposition),

the (article), mailman (noun).
7. She (pronoun), carefully (adverb), placed (verb), the (article), vase (noun),
on (preposition), the (article), table (noun).
8. Despite (preposition), his (possessive pronoun), fear (noun), he (pronoun),

climbed (verb), the (article), tall (adjective), tree (noun).
9. The (article), sun (noun), shines (verb), brightly (adverb), in (preposition),

the (article), summer (noun).
10. She (pronoun), happily (adverb), accepted (verb), the (article), award
(noun), on (preposition), stage (noun).
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30
Part A: The Framework of Sentence Structure

In the same way that each building is made up of a framework that holds it
together, sentence structure is a crucial aspect of language that holds words
together and allows for meaningful expressions and thoughts to be communicated.
In English, there are several framework components that contribute to sentence

structure in English, including the subject and predicate (inclusive of verb, object,
and various other elements).
Let's delve into these organizational components and related concepts as we

begin with a breakdown of the following, relatively simple sentence:
1. Subject: The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is
performing the action or being described.
For example, in the sentence "Mary reads a book", 'Mary' is the subject.
2. Verb: The verb is the action or state of being in the sentence. It indicates what
the subject is doing or the state the subject is in. In "Mary reads a book",
'reads' is the verb.
3. Object: The object is the receiver of the action in a sentence.
It is what the verb acts upon. In "Mary reads a book", 'a book' is the object.
ThisThe object of a sentence

is a preview may further be subdivided into direct object and
of the IGCSE Englishindirect
Grammar object.
Book, and it is not
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Section 3: Sentence Structure
Consider the following sentence:
As before, the subject and the predicate are present. However, now we have the…
● Direct Object: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the

action of a transitive verb. It answers the questions "what?" or "whom?"
in relation to the verb.
Example: "She gave him a book ('book' is the direct object)
● Indirect Object: An indirect object is a noun or pronoun that indicates

to whom or for whom the action of the verb is performed, as well as
who is receiving the direct object. It generally comes before the direct
object.
Example: "She gave him a book." ('him' is the indirect object)
4. Phrases and Clauses: Sentences can contain various phrases and clauses:
● A phrase is a group of words that work together but do not contain both
a subject and a verb, such as "on the table".
● A clause contains both a subject and a verb. Independent clauses can

stand alone as a sentence, while dependent clauses cannot.
5. Modifiers: Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that provide additional

information about other elements in a sentence. Adjectives and adverbs are
common
This modifiers.
is a preview
Adjectives modify
for●sale. nouns, e.g., "The quick fox."
● Adverbs modify
verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, e.g., "He runs
quickly."
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6. Complements: The term "complement" in grammar refers to a word, phrase,

or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression.
Complements are used to provide additional information about, or complete
the sense of, the subject, verb, or object in a sentence. There are several types
of complements:
Subject Complement: A subject complement follows a linking verb and

provides additional information about the subject of the sentence. It
can be a noun, pronoun, or an adjective.
Example: "She is a teacher." (noun as subject complement)

Example: "He looks tired." (adjective as subject complement)
Object Complement: An object complement follows and modifies or

provides more information about a direct object. It can also be a noun,
pronoun, or an adjective.
Example: "They elected her president." (noun as object

complement)
Example: "We found the film boring." (adjective as object
complement)
Prepositional Complement: A prepositional complement is a noun,

pronoun, or clause that follows a preposition and completes its
meaning.
Example: "She is interested in learning languages." ('learning

languages' is the prepositional complement)
Infinitive and Gerund Complements: Infinitive complements use the

base form of a verb (with or without 'to') and gerund complements use
the '-ing' form of a verb. They can act like nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
This is a preview
Example: "I like to read." ('to read' is an infinitive complement)
for sale. Example: "Reading is fun." ('Reading' is a gerund complement
acting
To purchase the full book, as a subject)
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Section 3: Sentence Structure
7. Conjunctions: Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinating

conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) join elements of equal importance.
Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., because, although, while) join a dependent
clause to an independent clause.
8. Tenses: The tense of a verb indicates the time at which an action takes place.
English has three basic tenses: past, present, and future. Each basic tense
can be further categorized into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect
progressive tenses.
9. Voice: Sentences can be in the active or passive voice. In active voice, the
subject performs the action (e.g., "The chef cooked the meal."). In passive
voice, the subject receives the action (e.g., "The meal was cooked by the
chef.").
10. Sentence Types: There are different types of sentences based on structure
and purpose:
● Based on structure: simple, compound, complex, and compound-

complex sentences.
● Based on purpose: declarative (make a statement), interrogative (ask

a question), imperative (give a command), and exclamatory (express
strong emotion).
We will talk more about these sentence types in the ensuing sections!
Meanwhile, let’s move on to the building blocks of sentences.
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of the IGCSE English Grammar

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Unlock Grammar and Conquer

Author: Victor Tan

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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

The material in this publication may contain inaccuracies or typographical errors.

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As many educators and students preparing for IGCSE English Language

In many cases, grammatical instruction isn’t a primary focus of many schools

Consequently, students often find it challenging to get a comprehensive and

To a degree, English as a Second Language does resolve this, although not in a

Lastly, it contextualizes and compiles everything related to English grammar in

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Section 0: Introduction ..................................................................................... 1

Section 1: Parts of Speech ................................................................................ 5

Section 2: Grasping Verb Conjugations and other Verb Forms ......................... 41

Section 3: Sentence Structure ......................................................................... 55

Section 4: Subject-Verb Agreement ...............................................................125

Section 5: Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement ...................................................137

Section 6: Verb Tense Consistency ................................................................145

Section 7: Parallel Structure ..........................................................................157

Section 9: Active vs. Passive Voice ............................................................... 173

Section 10: Transitions and Connectors ........................................................ 187

Section 11: Mood .......................................................................................... 195

Section 12: Conditional Sentences ................................................................ 201

Section 13: Speech Reporting........................................................................ 207

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Section 15: Style and Tone ............................................................................221

Section 16: Conclusion ..................................................................................223

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Section 1: Parts of Speech

Part A: Identifying Parts of Speech

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Here are the different types of nouns that you’ll encounter:

Example: "Victor", "Paris", "United Nations", "Christmas".

● Common Nouns: These represent general categories or concepts and

Example: "book", "city", "happiness"

● Concrete Nouns: These represent physical entities that can be

Example: "apple", "river", "cat".

● Abstract Nouns: These represent concepts, qualities, or ideas that

Example: "freedom", "beauty", "knowledge".

Example: "book" (singular), "books" (plural).

● Example in usage: “I have a few Japanese books, but many

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● Uncountable Nouns: These cannot be counted and usually do not have

Example: "water", "music", "information".

● Wrong: “I have two waters”, “I listen to many musics”

● Corrected: ”I have two cups of water.”, “I listen to a lot of music.”

● Collective Nouns: These represent a group or collection of people,

● Some examples include the following: "team", "flock", "bunch".

● The interesting part about collective nouns is their ability to take