3 Week

Microelectronic Circuits, Kyung Hee Univ.
Spring, 2016
Chapter 2. Operational Amplifiers
Tong In Oh
1
Microelectronic Circuits, Kyung Hee Univ. Spring, 2016
Objective
• Terminal characteristics of the ideal op amp
• How to analyze op amp circuits
• How to use op amps to design amplifiers
• How to design more sophisticated op-amp circuits
• Non-ideal characteristics of op amps
2
Introduction
• Operational amplifier (op amp)
• Analog computation and sophisticated instrumentation
• Mid-1960 mA709 – the first IC op amp : new era in electronic circuit design
• High quality op amps with extremely low prices
• Popularity
• Versatility
• Ideal characteristics
• Easy to design circuits using IC op amp
• Performance are quite close to those predicted theoretically
• IC op amp
• Made up of a large number of transistors, resistors, and a capacitor in complex
• It will be treated as a circuit building block
• Study its terminal characteristics and its applications
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2.1.1 Op-Amp Terminals

• Two input terminals
• One output terminal
• dc power to operate
• Reference grounding point in op-amp circuits is just the common
terminal of the two power supplies (no terminal)
• Other terminals
• For frequency compensation
• For offset nulling
Figure 2.1 Circuit symbol for the op amp. Figure 2.2 The op amp shown connected to dc power supplies.
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2.1.2 Function and Characteristics

• To sense the difference between the two input signals (𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
• Differential-input, single-ended-output amplifier 𝑣3 = 𝐴(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
• Characteristics of the ideal Op Amp
• Infinite input impedance
• Zero output impedance
• Zero common-mode gain = infinite common-mode rejection
• Differential gain=open loop gain=A
• Infinite open-loop gain A
• Direct coupled or dc amplifiers
• Infinite bandwidth
• Not used in open-loop configuration
• To apply feedback to close the loop
• Table 2.1
Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of the ideal op amp.
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2.1.3 Differential & Common-Mode Signals

• Differential input signal (𝑣𝐼𝑑 ): difference between the two input
signals (𝑣1 and 𝑣2 )
• 𝑣𝐼𝑑 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
• Common-mode input signal (𝑣𝐼𝑐𝑚 ): average of the two input signals
1
• 𝑣𝐼𝑐𝑚 = (𝑣 + 𝑣2 )
2 1
• 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐼𝑐𝑚 − 𝑣𝐼𝑑 /2
• 𝑣2 = 𝑣𝐼𝑐𝑚 + 𝑣𝐼𝑑 /2
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2.2 The Inverting Configuration

• Not used op amps alone
• Connected to passive components in a feedback circuit
• 𝑅2 connected from the output terminal back to the inverting or
negative input terminal = Negative feedback
• If 𝑅2 connected from the output terminal back to the non-inverting or
positive input terminal = Positive feedback
• 𝑅2 closes the loop around the op amp
• Output impedance level = ideally zero
• Inverting configuration
• Non-inverting configuration
Figure 2.5 The inverting closed-loop configuration.

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2.2.1 The Closed-Loop Gain

𝑣𝑂
• Closed-loop gain, 𝐺 ≡
𝑣𝐼
• Gain A is very large (ideally infinite)
• Difference voltage between input terminals = negligibly small (ideally
𝑣
zero) 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 𝑂 = 0 , 𝑣1 = 𝑣2
𝐴
• Tracking each other in potential
• Virtual short circuit (whatever voltage
is at 2 will automatically appear at 1
Because of the infinite gain A)
• Virtual ground
Figure 2.6 Analysis of the inverting configuration. The circled numbers indicate the order of the
analysis steps.
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2.2.1 The Closed-Loop Gain

• Closed-loop gain: simply the ratio of the two resistances
• Depend entirely on external passive components
• Design it as accurate as possible
• Independent of the op-amp gain (due to negative feedback)
• 𝑅2 /𝑅1 is much smaller than A, but stable and predictable
• Minus sign means signal inversion
• Inverting configuration
Figure 2.6 Analysis of the inverting configuration. The circled numbers indicate the order of the
analysis steps.
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2.2.2 Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain

• If the op-amp open-loop gain A is finite,
𝑣 𝑣
𝑣𝐼 −(− 𝐴𝑜 ) 𝑣𝐼 + 𝐴𝑜
• 𝑖1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑣
𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝐼 + 𝐴𝑜
• 𝑣𝑜 = − − 𝑖1 𝑅2 = − −
𝐴 𝐴 𝑅1
𝑣𝑜 −𝑅2 /𝑅1
•𝐺≡ = 𝑅
𝑣𝐼 1+(1+ 2 )/𝐴
𝑅1
𝑅2
•1 + ≪𝐴
𝑅1
Figure 2.7 Analysis of the inverting configuration taking into account the finite open-loop
gain of the op amp.
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2.2.3 Input and Output Resistances

• Input resistance
𝑣𝐼 𝑣𝐼
• 𝑅𝑖 ≡ = 𝑣𝐼 = 𝑅1
𝑖1
𝑅1
• To make 𝑅𝑖 high, we should select a high value for 𝑅1

𝑅2
• Gain is also high, then 𝑅2 could become impractically large
𝑅1
• Inverting configuration suffers from a low input resistance
• Output resistance of the closed-loop amplifier is zero
• Taken at the terminals of the ideal voltage source
• Ex 2.2
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2.2.4 The Weighted Summer
Figure 2.10 A weighted summer.
Figure 2.11 A weighted summer capable of implementing summing coefficients of both signs.
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Microelectronic Circuits, Kyung Hee Univ.

Chapter 2. Operational Amplifiers

2.1.1 Op-Amp Terminals

2.1.2 Function and Characteristics

2.1.3 Differential & Common-Mode Signals

2.2 The Inverting Configuration

Figure 2.5 The inverting closed-loop configuration.

2.2.1 The Closed-Loop Gain

2.2.1 The Closed-Loop Gain

2.2.2 Effect of Finite Open-Loop Gain

2.2.3 Input and Output Resistances

• To make 𝑅𝑖 high, we should select a high value for 𝑅1

2.2.4 The Weighted Summer

Figure 2.10 A weighted summer.

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