Polity

TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Election of Speaker • Article178 – Provides for election of Speaker & Deputy Speaker in State Assembly
of State Assembly • However, ‘election process’ & ‘time-limit’ – NOT specified in Constitution
• Date of Speaker’s election – notified by the Governor

Defamation • Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code

• A false statement that harms the reputation of an individual person
• Can both be a civil wrong and a criminal offence
• Civil defamation is based on law of torts
• Imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years
• Subramanian Swamy VS Union of India, 2014– SC held Sec. 499 constitutionally valid

Changing the name • For any City or Station:

✓ Simple majority in State Legislature
✓ Consent from Ministry of Home Affairs
✓ NOC from Ministry of Railways (in case of changing name of a station)
• For changing name of State (Article 3) – Constitutional amendment

Restrictions to Right • As per KK Puttaswamy Judgement (2017)

to Privacy • The restriction can be made by state only that pass the below 3 tests
i) Legitimate purpose
ii) Legislative mandate
iii) Must be proportionate (i.e., necessary + no other alternative)

Kleptocracy • Government whose corrupt leaders use political power to appropriate the wealth of
their nation, typically by embezzlement or misappropriation, e.g Sudan
10% EWS • Introduced as per – 103rd Amendment, 2019
Reservation/ Quota • It amended – Article 15 & 16
• It provides reservation in jobs & admission to educational institutions
• Criteria
✓ Family Income < 8 lacs (all incomes, including farming) in preceding FY
✓ Agricultural land < 5 acres
✓ Residential flat< 1000 square feet
✓ Residential plot of
▪ < 100 square yard – for notified municipalities &
▪ < 200 square yard – for non-notified municipalities
✓ ‘Family’ includes – parents, spouse, minor children, minor siblings

PM Security during • Overall - State Police as per Section 14 of SPG Act (route clearance, venue sanitization,
visit crowd management & intelligence gathering)
• Inputs provided by – central agencies

UCC – Article 44 • Indianlaws follow UCC in Civil matters like Indian Contract Act 1872, Evidence Act
1872, etc
• 1835 – British Government stressed the need for UCC
• 1941 – BN Rau Committee was appointed to codify Hindu law
• 1956 – Hindu Succession Act was passed upon Rau Committee’s recommendations
1985 – Shah Bano case

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 • 1985 – Shah Bano case
• 1995 – Sarla Mudgal case

Posts • Director of CBI

✓ New Tenure – 5 years (Same for ED also) (earlier – 2 years)
✓ Appointment by Selection Committee consisting of
i) PM
ii) LoO(Lok Sabha)
iii) CJI (or SC Judge in his absence)
- Can take suo motu cases only for UTs

✓ Works as per – Delhi Special Police Establishment Act

✓ Power to remove – Selection Committee (NOT government)
✓ CBI is exempt from RTI Act, 2005
✓ He is an IPS Officer with minimum rank of a DGP

• Directorate of Prosecution – CBI

✓ Officernot below Joint Secretary rank
✓ Functions under Director of CBI
✓ Appointed by – CG
✓ Recommended by – CVC
✓ Tenure – 2 years

• Chief of Defence Staff

✓ Tenure = Unlimited, Maximum Age = 65 years
✓ The post of CDS was suggested by – Kargil Review Committee, 1999
✓ He is a 4-star general
✓ NOT eligible for post-retirement government employment
✓ NOT eligible for private employment till 5 years post-employment (except if
approved)
✓ He is the ‘military advisor’ to Nuclear Command Authority led by PM
✓ Member of ‘Defence Acquisition Council’ as well

• Enforcement Directorate (Renamed in 1957)

✓ ED is a specialised financial investigation agency
✓ Under – Department of Revenue, MoF
✓ Responsible for enforcing
i) FEMA Act, 1999
ii) PMLA Act, 2002
iii) Fugitive Economic Offender Act, 2018
✓ 1956 – Formed as ‘Enforcement Unit’ for enforcing FCRA, 1947
✓ 1957 – Renamed as ‘Enforcement Directorate’
✓ For ED trials, ‘Special Courts’ or ‘PMLA Courts’ have been set up the order of which
can be challenged in High Court only
✓ CVC (Amendment) Act, 2021 – tenure extended to 5 years

• Director of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)

✓ It’s the apex ‘anti-smuggling’ agency of India, formed in 1957
It’s works under CBIT&C under MoF

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 ✓ It’s works under CBIT&C under MoF

• SIT (Special Investigation Team)

✓ It is appointed by – Supreme Court or State Government (NOT CG)
✓ SC can also deny it’s report/ recommendations
✓ E.g. – 1984 riots, 2002 Godhra riots

• National Maritime Security Coordinator (NMSC)

✓ 2022 – 1st time appointed by India
✓ Proposed after 26/11 attacks
✓ Recommended by – Kargil Group of Ministers (GoM)
✓ Part of National Security Council Secretariat
✓ Reporting to – National Security Advisor
✓ He is the principal advisor for the maritime security domain
✓ He will coordinate among Indian Navy, Coast Guard & maritime security agencies

CBI - Ministry of Personnel, Pension and Public grievances

ED - Deptt of Revenue, MoF
SFIO - Ministry of corporate affairs
NIA - MoHA
Suspension of MPs/ • Article
190 (4) – House can declare an MLA’s seat vacant if he is absent without
MLAs information for 60 days

• Sec. 151A of RP Act, 1951 – By-elections to be held within 6 months of vacancy

(Thus, no vacant seat for more than 6 months is allowed)
• As per Rules 373, 374 & 374A of ‘Rules of Procedure & Conduct of Business’ in Lok
Sabha, maximum suspension for gross misconduct by MP allowed is
• 5 consecutive sittings, or
• Upto Remainder of the session ,whichever is less
• As per Rules 255 of ‘Rules of Procedure & Conduct of Business’ in Rajya Sabha,
maximum suspension for gross misconduct by MP allowed upto remainder of the
session
Article 312 – All • Comprise – IAS, IPS, IFS (Forest Service)
India Services & Civil • 1947 – ICS became → IAS & Indian Police became → IPS
Services • 1966 – IFS was created
• Recruitment by – CG (via UPSC) , Service allotted under – State cadres
• Hence, accountable to both CG & SG
• Disciplinary action – can be taken only by CG
• Sardar Vallabhai Patel – known as Father of All India Services

• Central Public Services

✓ Consists of – Groups A/B/C/D
✓ Group A
▪ Indian Foreign Service (IFS) is most prestigious & having pay scale higher than IPS
▪ Indian Revenue Service (IRS) – also included here
✓ Group A & B – are regarded as Gazetted Officer
✓ Group C – Clerical staff
Group D – Manual staff
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✓ Group D – Manual staff

• 1/3rd vacancies of All India Services – filled by promotion of State Services as per
recommendation of Selection Committee (headed by UPSC Chairman/ Member)
• Parliament/ SLA can impose reasonable restrictions on Fundamental Rights of
respective civil services as mentioned in the Conduct Rules
• Officers of civil services, or persons holding military posts or civil posts under the
centre hold office till the pleasure of President/ Governor respectively

• Article 311 – 2 safeguards (or restrictions to ‘doctrine of pleasure’)

1. Civil servant cannot be removed/ dismissed/ demoted by a subordinate authority
2. Any such action to be take only after an inquiry & after giving him a reasonable
hearing opportunity. Not given to members of defence services or persons
holding military posts and shall NOT apply if
• Dismissal is on ground of misconduct/ criminal charge
• Authority is satisfied for reasons (recorded in writing) that it is NOT reasonable to
hold such enquiry
• President/ Governor satisfied that it is in the interest of security of State NOT to
hold such enquiry
✓ A copy of enquiry report shall also be forwarded to civil servant for making
comments & observations

• AllIndia Services can be created by a Special majority (2/3rd P/V) resolution of Rajya
Sabha
• 42nd Amendment, 1972 provided for All India Judicial Services (whose rank cannot be
below a District Judge)
• Civil servants can be sued for their official acts as under –
• Civil Proceedings – only after giving 2 months adv Notice
• Criminal Proceedings – only after permission from President/ Governor (as the
case)
• For personal acts – no relaxation

• Cadre Controlling Authority is the CG

✓ For IAS – DoPT (Personnel & Training)
✓ For IPS – MoHA
✓ For IFS – MoEFCC
• Central Deputation Reserve – officers reserved for CG by SGs
• Central Deputation rules of All India Services
✓ An Offer List is given to Centre by the officers annually after taking NOC from SG
✓ Maximum no. of CG officers cannot exceed 40% of total cadre strength
✓ For DIG-ranked IPS officers,
• Minimum 14 years experience is required
• Empanelment is done by Police Establishment Board
• IPS officers have a 40% quota in Central Police Organisations (CPO) & CAPF forces

Recent proposed amendment in IAS (Cadre) Rules, 1954

✓ Incase of conflict between CG & SG – CG’s decision shall prevail
If SG delays CG posting as directed, then CG may relieve the officer from that cadre

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 ✓ If SG delays CG posting as directed, then CG may relieve the officer from that cadre
Prakash Singh case - State security commission
directives - DGP appointed through merit based process
- Other police officers - min 2 years tenure
- Separation of Investigation and Law & Order
- Police Establishment board
- Police complaints authority - State level
- National Security commission at Union level

Integrity Pact • It’san agreement for commitment to non-corruption between

• Prospective vendors & the buyers (& officials of both sides)
• Violation → Disqualification from future contracts
• Implementation by – IEMs (Independent External Monitors)

Independent • Independent 3rd Parties to review the compilation of Integrity pact

External Monitors • Reporting to → CVC (or Vigilance Officer)
• Oversee compliance w.r.t. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
• As per recent SOP – IEMs are to be minimum additional secretary (or above)

National Voter’s Day • 25th January (since 2011)

• Theme for 2022 – ‘Making Elections Inclusive, Accessible & Participative’

Scheduled Tribes – • Census 1931 – 1st recognized STs as ‘backward tribes’ living in ‘excluded’ & ‘partially
Status excluded’ areas
• GOI Act, 1935 – For the 1st time, provided representation to the ‘backward tribes’ in
the provincial assemblies
• NOT defined in COI but the process to define STs is stated u/A 366
• Notified by – President via gazette notification after consulting Governor
• Largest number of tribals notified in Odisha
• Committees related to STs –
Xaxa Committee (2013), Bhuria Commission (2002), Lokur Committee (1965)
Scheduled Castes/ • Article 16(4) – State can make provision for backward class reservation in
Scheduled Tribes/ employment
OBC/ Anglo Indians • Article 16(4A) – State can make provision for SC/ST reservation in promotion
reservation • Article 16(4B)/ 81st Amendment, 2000
Unfilled SC/ST quota can be carried forward to next year
• 82nd Amendment, 2002 – State can grant relaxation in qualifying marks in any
examination
• Article 335 – SC/ST claims for services & posts to be considered by the State

• Article 341 (1) –SC/STs are notified by the President, after consulting the Governor
• Article 341 (2) – Only Parliament via law, can include/exclude the above list (NOT
President)
• 102nd Amendment, 2018 – also gave power to President to notify OBCs, but inclusion/
exclusion possible by Parliament only
• Anglo Indians – has been defined in the COI, unlike SC/ST/OBC
• He is a person whose male progenitor/ male line is of European origin + his birth
took place in a habitually resident Indian territory of his parents

Under COI, OBC reservation – is discretionary while SC/ST reservation provisions are
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 • Under COI, OBC reservation – is discretionary while SC/ST reservation provisions are
legal

• 1953 – Kaka Kalelkar Committee was 1st Backward Class Commission whose
recommendations were total ignored
• 1979 – Mandal Commission was appointed & submitted report in 1980
• 1990 – VP Singh government implemented 27% OBC reservation in government jobs

• Indra Sawhney Case, 1992

SC/ST reservation allowed only at entry level in public services but NOT in promotion
• M Nagaraj Case, 2006 – Concept of creamy layer was introduced & SC laid down 3
conditions for SC/ST reservation in public services
1. SC/ST community must be socially/educationally backward & NOT adequately
represented
2. 50% Ceiling limit
3. Reservation should NOT affect administration efficiency
4. Government’s opinion should be based on quantifiable data
• Jarnail Singh Case, 2018 – Quantifiable data is NOT required, other conditions remain
same
• 2017- Rohini Commission
• 2022 – SC Stated that Data should be collected cadre-wise & not for entire services
• K. Krishnamurthy v/s Union 2010,
SC said that reservation in politics is not the same as in education/employment u/A 15
& 16
SC laid down 3-test criteria/ Triple Test for granting reservation to OBCs in local
bodies
1. Setting up a dedicated Commission to conduct empirical inquiry into the nature
of backwardness in local bodies
2. Specify local body-wise proportion of reservation to be given
3. Reservation cannot exceed 50% of total seats
• Article 243D & Article 243T – provides for reservation in municipal body & panchayat
polls by enacting a legislation
Racial Profiling • Itis a government/ police activity that involves using people's racial & cultural
characteristics to identify them for investigation
• Almost like a special census
• Being done against – Chakmas & Hajongs of Arunachal Pradesh
• Violation of Article 14
• Violation of International Convention on Elimination of Racial Discrimination
(ratified by India)
• 21st March – International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

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Amicus Curae • Means ‘Friend of the Court’
• Appointed by SC
• Aim – to assist the court with information, expertise & statistics

Criminalization in • 2002 – Supreme Court directed all candidates to file affidavit disclosing the pending
Politics criminal charges, educational qualifications, assets detail
• 2013 – Lily Thomas & Lok Pahari Case – MPs/MLAs disqualified if imprisoned for 2
years or more (Even if they have filed an appeal which they used as a tool to bypass)
• 2013 – SC asked EC to add the option of NOTA
• 2014 – SC ordered the MP/MLA trials to be completed within 1 year
• 2014 – SC recommended PMs & CMs NOT to include legislators with serious crimes in
Council of Ministers

• Way forward
1. State Funding of elections
2. Strengthening EC
3. Awareness among voters
4. Judicial activism

Content regulation • Films

by MoI&B ✓ Certifications are done by – CBFC
• TV Channels & OTT
✓ Viewers can raise concerns via 3 tier grievance redressal mechanism
• Self-regulatory body → MoI&B → Inter-Ministerial Committee
✓ Electronic Media Monitoring Cell – track violations under Cable TV Network Rules,
1994

• PrintMedia & Websites

✓ Here,GOI acts as per recommendations of Press Council of India
• Regulation powers – rest only with MoI&B & it relies on inputs from other agencies

Central Board of film - Under Cinematograph Act, 1952

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Central Board of film - Under Cinematograph Act, 1952
certification
- Subdividing U/Age - 7+, 13+, 16+
- CG has power to revoke certification that have already been cleared
- Against recommendation of Mudgal and Shyam Benegal Committees
Minority • Term is NOT defined in the COI
• Article 350-B (7th Amendment, 1956) – Special officer for ‘Linguistic minority’ (to be
appointed by President) to take care of ‘linguistic’ minorities
• Hindus – are minorities in 6 States & 3 UTs

Arunachal Pradesh J&K

Meghalaya Ladakh
Manipur Lakshadweep
Nagaland Punjab
Mizoram
• 2002, TMA Pai Case – For the purpose of Article 30, ‘minorities’ to be considered state
wise
• 2022, Bal Patil Case – Determining ‘minority’ status should be state wise
• NCMEI (National Commission for Minority Education Institution) Act 2004 – It gives
the power to Central Government to identify & notify the ‘minorities’ in India
• However, CG says that since ‘protection of minorities’ is a concurrent list subject, the
SGs can also notify ‘minorities’
Penology • It
is a sub-component of criminology that deals with the philosophy/ practices of
society in their attempts to repress criminal activities & satisfy public opinion of
required treatment
Capital Punishment • SC gave a landmark judgement in Chhannu Lal Verma V/s Chandigarh, 2022
• Before awarding a death penalty, a proper psychological evaluation has to be
done to explore the possibility of reform of the criminal
• Section 354 (3) of CrPC – Courts are required to state reasons in writing for awarding
maximum penalty
• As per CrPC – Life Imprisonment is the rule, while capital punishment is the exception
in capital offences & judges need to give ‘special reasons’
• As per Amnesty – total 56 nations have retained death penalty while 142 have
abolished it
• Maximum no. of executions – China → Iran → S. Arabia → Egypt
• Mitigation/ Mitigating factors/ Mitigating evidence – It’s the information/ evidence
presented in trial as to why capital punishment should NOT be given
• Law Commission, 1962 – Death penalty should be abolished except terrorism/war
• Jagmohan Singh V/s UP, 1973 – Death penalty does NOT violate Article 21 if granted
as per procedure established by law
• Bachan Singh V/s Punjab, 1980 – Death penalty should be granted in ‘rarest of the
rare’ cases
• Machhi Singh V/s Punjab, 1983 – SC enumerated some criteria for determining ‘rarest’
cases
• Kehar Singh V/s Union, 1989 – Pardoning power is subject to judicial review
• Bhagwan Das Case, 2011 – Consideration of death penalty in case of honour killings

Police reforms Model Police Act, 2006 – recommended to all states/ UTs
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Police reforms • Model Police Act, 2006 – recommended to all states/ UTs
• 1998 – Ribeiro Committee
• 2000 – Padmanabhaiah Committee
• 2002 – Malimath Committee
• 2006 – Prakash Singh V/s Union of India case
• 2007 – 2nd ARC
• 2015 – CAG’s report highlighted weaponry shortage with police department

Witch Hunting • It’sa wicked practice where women are accused of possessing occult powers causing
detrimental influences & thus hounded, banished, thrashed, etc
• An example of a witch hunt – when many women were burned at the stake in
Cambridge Massachusetts
• Most prevalent in Jharkhand & Bihar
• It should be made an offence – as per Odisha’s State Commission for Women

Official Languages – • Article 29 – Interest of minorities also includes conservation of their language
8th Schedule, • Article 120 – Languages to be used in Parliament
✓ Transactions in Hindi or English
Article 343 – 351,
✓ MPs also allowed to express in mother tongue
Part 17
• Article 343 – Hindi is the official language in Devnagri script
• A 343(2) - English can be used as official language till 1965
• A 343 (3) - parliament can extend the above date >> Extended indefinitely
• Form of numbers – shall be international

• Article 350A – State shall provide facilities for primary education of children from
linguistic minority in mother tongue.
• Article 350B – Special Officer for Linguistic Minority – appointment by & reporting to
President
• 8th Schedule – Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani,
Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu,
Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili & Dogri (22 languages)
• NO fixed criteria for induction into the 8 th Schedule
• Originally there were 14 languages, then –
✓ 21st Amendment, 1967 – Sindhi was added
✓ 71st Amendment, 1992 – Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali were added
✓ 92nd Amendment, 2003 – Bodo, Dogri, Maithli, Santhali were added
• Article 351 – Spread of Hindi language

• OfficialLanguages Act, 1963

✓ Recommendation of BG Kher Commission, 1955
✓ English shall continue for all official purposes even after 1965 indefinitely
• President may allow any additional official language in any State if demanded & on
being satisfied that substantial population of that State speak such language

• RTE Act, 2009 – Education shall be in mother tongue as far as possible

Classical languages:
• Tamil, Sanskrit, Telegu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia
• Criteria: Extraordinary antiquity of its early transcripts or a verified history over a
period of 1500-2000 years etc
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 period of 1500-2000 years etc
Benefits:
- Two major international annual awards for scholars of eminence.
- A Centre for excellence for studies in Classical Languages
- UGC can be requested to start at least one Central university

Language in Courts • Transition = Urdu → Persian & Farsi → English

• Article 348(1) – SC & HC proceedings = English only

• All authoritative texts of all bills, acts etc at the Central and State levels in English.
• Article 348(2) – Governor may authorize the use of any other language in the
proceedings of ‘High Courts’ (not wrt judgement, decrees or orders) but after
President’s consent
- UP, Bihar, MP, Rajasthan – have already authorized use of ‘Hindi’ in HCs

• SLA can also prescribe a language in addition to English in Courts but an English
translation shall accompany it

• Official Languages Act, 1963

✓ Language notified by Governor for HC will be ‘in addition to English’
✓ Any judgement passed in that language shall accompany a English translation
✓ Hindi translations of ordinances/ Orders/ Decrees shall be deemed to be
Authoritative texts. Every bill introduced in the Parliament is accompanied by a Hindi
Translation

✓ SG has the power to declare any regional language as an alternative for the
proceedings of any Subordinate Court
Flag Code of India, • 2022 Amendment – Manufacture/ Import of National Flags also allowed for polyster
2002 ✓ Earlier only below flags were allowed
▪ Woven/ Hand Spun Wool, or
▪ Cotton/ Silk Khadi

Guardianship of • 2016 – Changes made in Passport rules

Minors & related ✓ On recommendation of 3 member committee from MoEA (External Affairs) &
laws MoW&CD
✓ Applicants could provide the name of either parent (father or mother) instead of both
✓ If divorced, then spouse name – NOT required

• 2018 – Changes made in PAN Card rules

✓ Father’s name – NOT mandatory if mother is the single parent
✓ Applicant can choose whether father/mother will be printed

• Hindu Minority & Guardianship Act, 1956

✓ Natural guardian w.r.t. minor’s property is the father, & after him, mother
✓ Custody of minor upto 5 years of age – shall lie with mother
✓ 1999 – Githa Hariharan V/s RBI- SC stated that the term ‘after’ means ‘in absence of’
and not after the child’s life
Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937

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 • Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937
✓ Natural guardian w.r.t. minor’s property is the father,
✓ Custody of son upto 7 years & daughter upto puberty – shall lie with mother
✓ Hizanat – States that ‘welfare’ of child is above all

• 2015 – Law Commission recommended that –

✓ Superiority of one parent over other should be removed
✓ Hindu Law should be amended to provide for equal rights

Left Wing • Naxalism was born as a rebellion against poverty & under-development in local rural
Extremism/ areas of Eastern India
Naxalism • Origin – 1970s in Naxalbari areas of WB and Telangana (hence the name ‘naxal’)
• Reason – Lack of development & poor governance in tribal belts
• They support Maoist ideology of extreme left which advocates – capture State power
through armed rebellion, mass mobilization & strategic alliances
• Currently active in – Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, MP, Odisha
• Their main activity – Extortion through guerrilla tactics, driven by revolutionary zeal &
attempt to set up their own government in local villages
• 2005 – 1st time security concerns were raised by ex PM Manmohan Singh
• Regions affected by LWE is called Red Corridor
• Most prominent LWE groups
i) People’s War Group (PWG)
ii) Marxist Communist Centre (MCC)
iii) CPI (Maoist)
• Issues – armed personnel casualties, no experience of IPS officers to deal with this,
LWE groups prevent people from voting
• 2017 – MoHA launched the SAMADHAN doctrine to deal with LWE
✓ S – Smart Leadership
✓ A – Aggressive Strategy
✓ M – Motivation
✓ A – Actionable Intelligence
✓ D – Dashboard based KRAs/KPIs (Key performance indicators)
✓ H – Harness Technology
✓ A – Action Plan for each Theatre
✓ N – No access to financing

Sealed cover • It’s a judicial procedure

jurisprudence • Asking or accepting information from government agencies in sealed envelopes or
prohibiting it’s publication if it is considered confidential
• These envelopes are only accessible to the judges
• This direction can be given by the Court or CJI – as per Supreme Court rules
• As per Indian Evidence Act, 1872 – official unpublished documents are protected & a
public officer cannot be compelled to disclose such information
• Modern Dental College Vs State of Madhya Pradesh (2016)
✓ SC gave the proportionality test
✓ A limitation of ‘fundamental right’ shall be permissible if –
i) Proper purpose
ii) Limitation is rationally connected to that purpose
iii) No other alternative
‘Proportionality stricto sensu’ – Proper relation between achievement of purpose &
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 iv) ‘Proportionality
stricto sensu’ – Proper relation between achievement of purpose &
prevention of constitutional right
Principle of • No discrimination based on disability, health or personal belief
‘Reasonable • Primarily used in the disability sector
Accommodation’ • Based on UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (UNCRPD)
• Examples – Assessable facilities, assistive devices, providing interpreters, etc
• Jeeja Ghosh V/s Union, 2014 – Right to equality also includes remedying
discrimination & reasonable accommodation
• Vikash Kumar V/s UPSC, 2021 – The benchmark disability (40%) is related only to
special reservation for disabled in employment & failure to provide reasonable
accommodation amounts to discrimination
• As per ILO, 4 categories of workers are chosen –
i) Disabled workers
ii) Workers having HIV/ AIDS
iii) Pregnant workers
iv) Workers who hold a particular religion/ belief

Chandigarh Issue • 1966

✓ Haryana was created out of Punjab
&
✓ Chandigarh (UT) was created as the joint capital of Punjab & Haryana
Punjab ✓ Chandigarh was divided into 60:40 ratio (Punjab : Haryana) as per Capital of Punjab
Reorganisation Act, (Development and Regulation) Act, 1952
1966 • Till 1966, Chandigarh was Punjab’s exclusive capital
• 1970
✓ CG announced that Chandigarh would go to Punjab
✓ Haryana was told to built its own capital & was allowed to use the office & residential
accommodation in Chandigarh for 5 years
✓ However, Haryana did not build a capital & Chandigarh still remains a UT
• 1973 – Anandpur Sahib Resolution
✓ By – Akali Dal
✓ Demanded that CG’s Jurisdiction should only be w.r.t. defence/ foreign affairs/
currency/ communication & entire residual powers should be vested in States
✓ Chandigarh – to be given to Punjab
✓ 1982 – Akali launched protests w.r.t their demands
• 1985 – Rajiv Longowal Accord
✓ Signed between Rajiv Gandhi & Akali’s leader Harchand Singh Longowal
✓ CG agreed to handover Chandigarh to Punjab
✓ 26th January, 1986 – was fixed as the date of transfer of power of Chandigarh
✓ However, Longowal was assassinated within a month

9th Schedule – • Added by – 1st Amendment, 1951

Article 31B • NOT subjected to judicial review – but SC held that these laws will also be subject to
Fundamental Rights & Basic Structure
• Purpose was to protect land reform laws from judicial review under Article 13
• Article 31B was retrospectively operational, i.e, laws can also be inserted in 9th
schedule & held valid even after being declared unconstitutional by SC
Aadhar Card • Issued only to a person who has resided for 182 days or more during last 12 months
• NOT a proof of citizenship
UIDAI can deactivate aadhar in case of anomalies/ multiplicities, etc

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 • UIDAI can deactivate aadhar in case of anomalies/ multiplicities, etc
• Can also be deactivated upon non usage for continuously 3 years
• State cannot enter into any contract with private corporations for sharing of Aadhaar
data
• Aadhaar is mandatory for getting benefits funded out of the Consolidated Fund of
India
• NOT mandatory for insurance products – as per IRDAI
• 2018 – SC stated that Aadhar metadata cannot be stored for more than 6 months
• Application Programming Interface API
✓ It’s a software intermediary that allows 2 applications to communicate with each
other
✓ Support multi mode authentication, e.g, Iris, fingerprint, OTP, biometric

Ministry of • 6th July, 2021

Cooperation & • Aim – growth of cooperative sector
Cooperative • Vision – ‘Cooperation to Prosperity’
Societies • It will separate – administrative/ legal/ policy frameworks for strengthening the
cooperative movement in the country & facilitate ‘Ease of doing business’
• Cooperative – is defined by International Cooperative Alliance (ICA)

• 1st Cooperative society by Robert Owen in 1844

• Sir Frederic Nicholson - Father of Cooperative movement
• ‘Cooperative societies’ – included in Entry 32 of State List, hence SGs can make
provisions
• 97th Amendment, 2011 – added Part 9B (243ZH to 243ZT)
• Article 19 (c) – Right to form ‘Unions’ & ‘Associations’
• Article 43B – of DPSP, narrates ‘promotion of cooperative societies’
• Maximum directors – can be 21
• Reservation of 1 seat for SC/ST & 2 seats for women in the Board of every cooperative
society having members from that community
• Tenure of elected members of the Board – 5 years
• There can be upto 2 co-option of persons having experience in banking/ finance/
management (in addition to 21 directors)
• However, co-opted members shall NOT have voting rights
• In cooperatives having government’s shareholding/ loan/ guarantee/ assistance, the
Board can also be suspended/ superseded for a maximum period of 6 months
• In case of supersession, fresh elections to be conducted within 6 months
• Audit of Accounts, Holding AGM, Filing of Annual Return – within 6 months of closure
of FY
• President can via ‘notification’ provide that above provisions shall NOT apply in UTs

Phone Tapping • State Police has the power

• At Central level – CBI, ED, NCB, CBDT, NIA, RAW, Delhi Police Commissioner,
Directorate of Signal Intelligence, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
• Competent authority must record reasons in writing
• Authorization – As per Section 5 of Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
• Order can be issued by – Secretary, MoHA of respective State/ CG
• In an emergency situation, such order can be made by an officer not below the rank of
Joint Secretary
Order must be communicated to the competent authority within 3 days
GS2 Page 13
 • Order must be communicated to the competent authority within 3 days
• Authority must revert it’s consent within 7 days of communication, else the order will
cease
• If accepted, the order remains valid upto 60 days (& can be renewed upto 180 days)
• All records to be destroyed every 6 months, unless needed for functional use

Technology used:
1. ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network - Low speed, Not real time, cheaper
2. Leased line - costly, Real time
Anti-Defection Law • 10th Schedule, 52nd Amendment, 1985 – under Rajiv Gandhi
• For both Parliament & SLA
• Included after the ‘Aya Ram Gaya Ram’ event seen after 1967’s general elections
• Grounds for defection
i) Elected member voluntary gives up his membership of a party
ii) Votes against/ abstains to the decision of the party without permission & incident is
NOT condoned by the party within 15 days
iii) Independent member joins any party
iv) Nominated member joins any party after 6 months of joining date (i.e, he may join
within 6 months only)
• However, 1 exemption – Presiding officer giving up membership & rejoining after
cessation of office shall NOT amount to defection
(There was one more exemption in case of a merger authorised by 2/3rd members of
the party, but that exemption was DELETED by 91st amendment, 2003)
• Final decision is with – Speaker/ Chairman but judicial review will be applicable (as
per Kihoto Hollohan Case, 1993)
• Presiding officer can make rules w.r.t defection & place it before the House for at
least 30 days which can be accepted/ rejected/ modified by it
• Presiding officer CANNOT initiate suo motu, but only after receiving a complaint by
MP
• Defected member is also disqualified from holding a ‘remunerative political post’ (i.e,
where salary is paid from public revenue or by a body which is wholly/ partially owned
by CG/SG)
• Issues
✓ No time limit is prescribed within which Speaker/ Chairman has to decide
✓ The law does NOT punish the political party who accepts the defected legislator
✓ Member has to blindly follow the party
✓ A spilit in a party is NOT recognized, although ‘merger’ has been recognized
✓ No role of ECI
✓ As per SC – independent tribunals should be given powers

Trade union AITUC ( All India Trade Union Congress) - 1920 with Lala Lajpat Rai as 1st President -
Affiliated to CPI
INTUC Indian National Trade Union Congress - Affiliated to Congress
HMS Hind Mazdoor Sabha - Affiliated to Socialists
CITU Centre for Indian Trade Unions - Affiliated to CPM
BMS Bhartiya Mazdoor Sabha - Affiliated to BJP
Agrarian Groups • Bhartiya Kisan Union - Wheat Belt N India
• All India Kisan Sabha - Oldest and Largest
• Revolutionary Peasants Convention - by CPM >> Naxalbari movement in the 1967
GS2 Page 14
 • Revolutionary Peasants Convention - by CPM >> Naxalbari movement in the 1967
National Integration 1961- At a national conference on " Unity in Diversity"
council
National • 1992
Foundation for • Autonomous body under MOHA
communal harmony
Panchsheel Embodied in the Preamble of Indo China Treaty on Tuber - 1954 by JLN and Chou En
Lai
- Mutual Respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty
- Non aggression
- Non interference in internal affairs
- Equality and mutual benefit
- Peaceful coexistence
Gujral Doctrine 1996 by IK Gujral - Foreign Policy
- India's accomodating approach towards its smaller neighbours on the basis of
principle of non-reciprocity
- No S-Asian country should allow its territory to be used against the interest of any
country of the region
- No country shall interfere in the internal affairs of any other country
- Respect territorial integrity
- Peaceful bilateral negotiations
Nuclear doctrine - No first use
- Massive retaliation
- Attacks can only be authorised by the civilian political leadership through the Nuclear
Command Authority
- No use against Non Nuclear states
- Major chemical or biological attacks - India will retain the option of nuclear retaliation
- Strict controls on Export of nuclear and missile related material, participation in
Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty
- Commitment to nuclear weapon free world

NCA comprises of an Executive council chaired by NSA and Political council Chaired
by PM
Pavement • 1985 – Olga Tellis V/s Bombay Municipal Corporation
Dwellers – Rights ✓ Eviction of pavement dwellers without giving them hearing opportunity & by using
u/A 21 unreasonable force – is unconstitutional
• Estoppel – is a judicial device whereby a court can prevent a person to make claim/
assertion
• They cannot be considered as trespassers as they live on pavements out of sheer
helplessness
Transfer of Judges – • HC Judge – can be transferred by President, after consulting the CJI
Article 222 • Transferee judge is also entitled to compensatory allowance
• Sankalchand Himatlal Sheth VS Union – SC stated that the consent of judge is NOT
required
• SP Gupta VS President of India – called as 1st Judges Case/ Judge Transfer Case
• 2nd Judges Case, 1993 – SC stated that
Collegium system will be used for transferring judges
GS2 Page 15
 ✓ Collegium system will be used for transferring judges
✓ Consent of judge – NOT required
• Article 124 (2) – President needs to obtain advice of CJI/ SC Judges for appointment/
transfer
Interlocutory • Aim is to prevent harm due to pendency of the case
application • Application is given to court w.r.t any running suit/ appeal/ case
• Being used in Mullaperiyar Dam issue

Moral Policing • Againstsocietal evils

• Mob lynching – killing by mob
• Cow Vigilantism – killing people on mere suspicion of being beef eaters

Blasphemy / Treating religious objects/ place without respect

Sacrilege
Political Parties •4 types
SN Type Remark Wing Example
1 Reactionary Attached to old institutions Right
2 Conservativ Believe in existing state of affairs, i.e, status Right BJP
e quo
3 Liberal Aims at reform Centre Congres
s
4 Radical Establish new order by overthrowing existing Left CPI,
one CPM
• One Party system exist in – USSR
• Two Party system exist in – USA & UK
• Multi Party system exist in – France, Switzerland, Italy, India
• Benefits of recognition by Election Commission of India
i) Symbols
ii) Broadcasts on state owned television/ radio
iii) 40 Star Campaigners allowed (20 for unrecognized)
iv) Only 1 proposer for filing nomination (others need 10)

National Party criteria:

- 6% votes in LS/SLA elections in 4 or more states + 4 seat
- 2% seats in LS from 3 states
- State party in 4 states

State Party Criteria:

- SLA: 6% votes +2 seats
- LS: 6% votes +1 seat
- 3% seats of SLA or 3 seat - higher
- 1 seat for every 25 seats in LS
- 8% of total votes in LS / SLA elections
Chief secretary of • Sr most position of civil services of the state
state • Chief advisor to the CM
• No fixed tenure
• Appointment committee of Cabinet headed by PM and Home minister is the other
member
GS2 Page 16
 member
• Head of civil services board at the state level
Cabinet secretary • Was the private secretary of viceroy
• Fixed tenure of 2 years
• All In Services rules , 1958: Total tenure cannot exceed 4 years + 3 months (by
amendment)
• Head of civil services board
Civil Services Board Decides postings and transfers
Section 304-B of IPC Inserted in Nov 1986 : Dowry Deaths
National Cadet - Kunzru committee
Corps - Youth wing of Armed forces
- Tri service consisting of Army, Navy and Air Force
- Motto: Unity and Discipline
- HQ: N Delhi
- MoDefence
NSS National Social - Personality development through community scheme
Service - Ministry of Youth affairs
- College
Rights and liabilities • Escheat : death without any heir
of Govt Part 12 • Lapse: Termination of rights through disuse or failure to follow appropriate
procedures
• Bona Vacantia: Property without any owner
• The above shall vest to the State or Centre

• Lands minerals and other things till EEZ vests in the centre.

• P and O steam navigation company Case (1861) : Distinction between sovereign and
non sovereign functions of the government and immunity of government in respect if
its sovereign functions was established.
• Nagendra Rao case - SC criticised the sovereign immunity and adopted a liberal
approach
• Common Cause case (1999) - SC rejected the sovereign immunity rule.

ARCs Constituted by Deptt of Administrative Reforms and Personnel Grievances DARPG-

under Ministry of Personnel, public Grievances and Pension
1st ARC - 1966 - Morarji Desai --> K Hanumanthaiah
2nd ARC - 2005 - Mr Verappa Moily --> V Ramchandran
Sevottam Model • By DARPG
• 3 module
- Citizen charter
- Grievance redressal Mechanism
- Capacity Building for service delivery
CDS - Lokniti Survey • 1/6th users of Whatsapp were part of whatsapp groups made by a political party
• EC guidelines: Social media expert at district and state level
• Social Media + Internet and mobile association of India (IAMAI) -" Voluntary code of
Ethics for general elections 2019"

GS2 Page 17
 Ethics for general elections 2019"
Inter Operable - MoHA
Criminal Justice - Central Sector
System (ICJS) - One Data One Entry
- Integration of - Police, E prosecutions, E prisons, E forensics, E Courts.
- Implementing Agencies : NCRB and NIC
371-A Floating • Without any geographical boundaries
constituency • India - Sangha Model for Lama Sanghas - Sikkim - Only Buddhist monks regd with 51
monasteries can contest and vote
15th FC (2021-26) • Headed by NK Singh
• Vertical devolution of taxes -41%

Criteria for tax distribution:

1. Income distance - 45
2. Population (2011)- 15
3. Area - 15
4. Demographic performance - 12.5
5. Forest and Ecology - 19
6. Tax effort - 2.5 (To reward states with higher tax collection efficiency)

• Public health - States should increase spending >8% of their budgets by 2022
Caste Census • 1st inclusion in Census - 1931
• By - MoHA, Registrar General, Census commissioner
• SECC 2011:
Rural : Deptt of Rural development
Urban : MoHUA

National Anthem • First sung at the Congress session- 27.12.1911

Presided by Bishan Narayan Dhar
Electoral Bond - Citizen or a person incorporated in India
- Donors name is not mentioned in the bond
- Parties regd under RPA,1951 can receive
- Party must have secured at least 1% votes
- In multiples of 1000, 10k, 1lac etc
- Valid for 15 days, issued by SBI

Sec 77 of RPA'51 : Each candidate must keep a separate and correct account of all
expenditure incurred between the date they were nominated and the date the result
is declared
Within 30 days of conclusion of elections, all candidates must submit their
expenditure statement to the ECI.
Expenditure limit:
70-95lakh for LS elections
28-40 lakh for Assembly elections
Investor Protection - Operated by SEBI to house its own contributions and donations from the Centre and
and Education Fund States to be spent on Investor awareness.

GS2 Page 18
Depositor • Created by RBI, into which banks must deposit money of the accounts non operated
Education and from 10 years.
Awareness Fund
DEAF
Special protection • 1985 to provide security cover to PM, former PMs and their immediate family
group members (upto 5year )
• Comprises of personnel from CRPF, BSF, and other Central and State forces
• On recommendation of Birbal Nath Committee
• Draws power from SPG Act, 1985
Police • Based on Police Act,1861
• Under British Dual system of police was introduced
• British brought the Police Commissionerate system, first in Kolkata and then Mumbai
and Chennai.
• Commissionerate is a unified system where DIG and above are directly accountable to
the SG and state police chief.
Reservation on the A 16 (2): No discrimination on the basis of caste, race, religion, place of birth, descent
basis of residence or residence in respect of employment or office under state.
A16(3): Parliament can make exception prescribing a condition of residency wrt certain
jobs
National Backward - Under MoSJE
classes Finance and - Company u/s 25
development - Promote economic and developmnet activities for backword classes to enable skill
corporation development.
National institute of • Autonomous redg under Societies Act
Social defence • Advisory for MoSJE
• Training and research in the field of social defense.
• Focuses on HRD in the areas of drug abuse prevention, welfare of senior citizens,
beggary prevention, transgender and other social defense issues.

TAPAS portal • MOOC Massive Open Online courses for social defence
• By National institute of social defense, MoSJE
• 5 basic courses : Geriatric care, Drug Abuse prevention, Care and management of
Dementia, Transgender issues and comprehensive course on social defense issues.
Offences • Cognizable offences are those in which the investigating authority can arrest the
accused without an arrest warrant. Non-cognizable offences - arrest requires an arrest
warrant.

• In certain offences, the parties involved can effect a compromise while the case is
under trial in the court. This is called 'compounding', further action in trial is
discontinued. Cases in which this is permissible are called compoundable offences.
Examples of such offences are Hurt, Wrongful Confinement, Assault, Molestation,
Cheating, Adultery etc.

Bail • Conditional/ Provisional release of defendant held under legal custody in matters
pending in the court.
• Security/ collateral deposited.

GS2 Page 19
 • Security/ collateral deposited.
• Not defined in CrPC.
• Types:
- Regular: To release the person already arrested but not convicted
- Interim Bail: Temporary bail till Anticipatory or Regular bail is pending
- Anticipatory bail: Only on the apprehension of arrest (Sec 438 of CrPC)- Issued
only by the Sessions court and High Court.
Furlough • Itmeans granting leave of absence to a prisoner
• After a specified term in prison, convict can be granted furlough without any reason
• ‘Prison’ – State subject & hence conditions can be amended by SGs
• Furlough is NOT a legal right of prisoner
• Main objective is to break the monotony of imprisonment & enable societal
integration

• Parole
– temporary or permanent before the end of a sentence in exchange for good
behaviour.
Parole and Furlough

Ministry of Law Comprises of 3 departments:

and Justice • The Department of Legal Affairs is assigned legal functions including the interpretation
of the Constitution and laws, litigation, legal profession, law reforms
• The Legislative Department is concerned with the drafting of the principal legislation
for the central government.
• The Department of Justice is concerned with the appointment and removal of the CJI,
Supreme Court and High Court judges, etc.
Law Commission - Executive body estd by an order of GOI.
- Works as an advisory body to the MoLJ
- Membership primarily comprises of legal experts
- Undertakes research in law and review of existing laws in India for making reforms
therein
- Originally constituted in 1955 under M. C. Setalvad, re-constituted every three years.
- 1st - 1934 - Under Charter Act, 1833 - Lord Macaulay

GS2 Page 20
Acts by British
Regulating Act 1773 - Recognised political and admin functions of the co.
- GG of Bengal (GGB)- Warren Hastings
- Exec council of 4 members
- SC at Calcutta (1774) - 1 CJI, 3 Judges
Amending Act 1781, - Exempted GGB and council and servants of the co. from SC jurisdiction for
Settlement Act acts done in official capacity
- Excluded revenue matters from SC jurisdiction and included personal laws of
defendants eg Hindu Law
- Appeals from Provincial courts to GG in council and NOT SC
Pitt's India Act 1784 - Created Board of Control to manage political affairs Double govt (and Court
of directors to manage revenue affairs)
- British Possessions
Act of 1786 - GGB can override the council decision in special cases
- GGB also be the commander in chief - Lord Cornwallis
Charter Act of 1793 - Members of Board of Control to be paid out of Indian revenues
Charter Act of 1813 - Abolished trade monopoly of company except Tea with China
- Allowed Christian Missionaries
- Spread of Western Education
- Authorised Local Govt to tax.
Charter Act of 1833 - GG of Bengal --> GG of India and vested him with civil and military powers -
Lord William Bentick
- No Indian citizen be denied employment under the Company on the basis of
color, religion, birth, descent etc (Proto FR 16)
- Previous - Regulations , This - Act
- EIC became a purely administrative body
- Attempted to introduce open competition for Civil servants
Charter Act of 1853 - Separated Legislative and Executive function of the Council
- 6 new members for Legislative councilors: Indian (Central) Legislative Council
- Introduced Open competition for selection and recruitment of Civil Servants :
Macaulay Committee was appointed in 1854
- Introduced local representation in ICLC : 4/6 members appointed by Local
provincial govt of Madras, Agra, Bombay , Bengal
CROWN RULE: - GG of India --> Viceroy: Lord Canning
GOI Act 1858 - Ended Double Govt (By 1784 Act)
- Created office of Secretary of State for India SSI (Member of the British
Cabinet and responsible to the British Parliament)
- 15-member Council to assist SSI
- SSI was a body corporate capable of suing and be sued in England
Indian Councils Act 1861 - Beginning of Representative Institutions: 3 Non Official Indians nominated to
(Initiated Decentralisation) council: Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao
- Restored legislative powers of Madras and Bombay
- Portfolio System: Introduced in 1859 was recognised
- Ordinance: By Viceroy during an emergency. For Max 6m
Indian Councils Act 1892 - Increased powers of LC: Discuss Budget and Question the executive
- Nomination of Non official members
• on the Central Legislative council on the recommendation of Provincial
Legislative Councils : By Viceroy

GS2 Page 21
 Legislative Councils : By Viceroy
• On the Provincial LC on the recomm of district boards, Municipalities,
Universities, Trade associations, Zamindars and Chambers - By the
Governors
ICA 1909 Morley Minto - Allowed Provinces to have majority of Non-official members
Reforms - Association of Indians in the Executive Council of viceroys and governors:
(Minto - father of communal Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join as a law member
Electorate) - Communal Representation: Separate electorates to Muslims
GOI Act 1919 Montagu British govt stated its objective of gradual introduction of responsible
Chelmsford Reforms government
• Lists : Central and Provincial separated
• Dyarchy: Divided PROVINCIAL subjects into - transferred (GG and council
responsible to the LC) and Reserved (GG and council not responsible to the
LC)
• Bicameralism and Direct Elections: ICLC replaced by an Upper House and a
Lower House - Majority chosen by direct elections(Limited Franchise: Women
allowed from 1921)
• 3/6 members in the Executive council were to be Indians
• Separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, and
Europeans
• New office of High Commissioner for India in London
• PSC: CPSC set up in 1926
• Separated Provincial and Central Budget
• Introduced the position of Speaker
GOI Act 1935 - Establishment of All India Federation
- Divided powers in 3 lists: Federal (59) , provincial (54), Residuary (36)
- Abolished Dyarchy in provinces and introduced Provincial Autonomy
- 1937-39: Responsible Govt introduced in Provinces
- Bicameralism in 6/11 provinces: Bengal, United provinces, Bombay, Bihar,
Assam, Madras
- Separate electorate for Depressed classes - SC and Women and labor
- Abolished Council (15 mem) of the SSI
- Franchise - 10% of population
- RBI
- Provincial PSC and Joint PSC
- Federal Court: 1937
- Emergency
Indian Independence Act 1947 Lord Mountbatten became the first GG of Dominion of India

GS2 Page 22
Making/ A368/ BS

Beginning • Pioneer of Constituent Assembly - MN Roy 1934

• Demand made by JLN in 1935
• Accepted in August offer 1940 >> Cripps mission - rejected by Muslim League>>
Cabinet Mission
Constituent • Nov 1946 under the CABINET MISSION PLAN
Assembly • 296 seats to British India (Seats allotted in proportion to population: 1 seat for ~
1 million)
• 93 seats to Princely states
• 4 to Chief Commissioners' Provinces
• Total 389
• 296 seats to be divided between - Muslims, Sikhs and General in proportion to
population
• Voting by PR by STV
• INC won 208, ML won 73, Independents - 15 (93 seats not allotted as princely states
remained away)
First • First meeting: 9th December 1946
• Attendees: 211
• Temporary president: Dr Sachinand Sinha
• Elected President: Dr Rajendra Prasad
• VPs: HC Mukherjee and VT Krishnamacharya
Objectives • Pt Jawaharlal Nehru
Resolution • Dec 13, 1946
• India- Independent Sovereign Republic
• Unanimously adopted in Jan 22, 1947
• Modified version forms the preamble
Independence of • Made CA a fully sovereign body
India Act Effect • It also became a Legislative body
• President when Assembly met as a legislative body : GV Mavlankar
• After withdrawal of ML: Members: 229+70
Functions • Adopted National Flag on July 22, 1947
• Ratified India's membership of the commonwealth in May 1949
• Adopted National Anthem and Song on January 24, 1950
• Elected Dr Rajendra Prasad as President on Jan 24, 1950
Data • 11 sessions over 2 years, 11m, 18d
Major Union Powers committee JLN
Committees 8
Union constitution committee JLN
States committee JLN
Drafting committee BR Ambedkar
Provincial Constitution Sardar Patel
Advisory committee on FRs, Minorities Sardar Patel
and Tribal and Excluded Areas

GS2 Page 23
 and Tribal and Excluded Areas
• FR sub-committee JB Kripalani
• Minorities HC Mukherjee
• NE frontier tribal areas and Assam Gopinath Bardoloi
• Excluded areas (other than Assam) AV Thakkar
Rules of Procedure Dr Rajendra Prasad
Steering Committee Dr Rajendra Prasad

Drafting • Aug 29, 1947

committee 1. BR Ambedkar (Chairman) aka Modern Manu
2. N Gopalaswami Ayangar
3. Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar
4. Dr KM Munshi
5. Syed Mohammad Saadullah
6. N Madhava Rau
7. TT Krishnamachari

- Sat for 141 days

Final draft - Passed on 26th Nov 1946
- 284/299 signed
- Contained a Preamble, 395 Articles, 8 Schedules
Critics Naziruddin Ahmed- Drifting committee
Lokanath Mishra - Slavish Imitation of the west
Sir Ivor Jennings - Lawyers Paradise
Facts • Elephant was the seal of Constituent Assembly
• Legal Advisor: BN Rau
• Secretary: HVR Iyengar
• Chief draftsman: SN Mukherjee
• Calligrapher: Prem Bihari Narain Raizada
• Hindi Calligrapher: Vasant Krishnan Vaidya
• Beautified and decorated by: Nand Lal Bose and Beohar Rammanohar Sinha
• 58th CAA (1987)- Translated to Hindi
Salient Features - 470 Articles (25 parts), 12 Schedules
- Indian Parliament is NOT a sovereign body like UK's

FR, Judicial Review, Impeachment of President, Post of VP, American

Removal of HC and SC Judges
DPSP, Nomination in RS, Election of President Irish
Cabinet Govt, Relations between Executive and Legislature UK
Strong centre, advisory jurisdiction of SC Canada
Concurrent List, Joint sitting, Freedom of trade, commerce, Australia
Intercourse
Emergency Weimar - Germany
Fundamental Duties and Ideals of justice in Preamble USSR
GS2 Page 24
 Fundamental Duties and Ideals of justice in Preamble USSR
Liberty Equality and Fraternity France
Constitutional amendment and Election of RS members South Africa
Procedure Established by Law Japan

Preamble - NA Palkhivala - ID card of Constitution

- KM Munshi - horoscope of our sovereign democratic republic
- Pandit Thakur Das Bhargava - Soul, key, jewel set
- Sir Ernest Barker- 'key note' to the constitution

- Based on Objectives Resolution

- Neither a source nor a prohibition upon the powers of legislature
- Congress Adopted Socialistic pattern of society in Avadi Session, 1955
- "Republic" means Vesting of political sovereignty in the people and not in a single
individual like a king, AND absence of any privileged class and hence all public offices
being opened to every citizen without any discrimination
- Combination of social and economic justice is Distributive justice
- Equality:
• Civic : A15,16,17,18
• Political : A325: No person to be declared ineligible for inclusion in the electoral
roll on ground of religion, race, caste or sex
A326: Elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative assemblies on the basis on
Universal Adult Suffrage
• Economic: A39 DPSP: secures to men and women equal right to an adequate
means of livelihood and equal pay for equal work
- Fraternity has to assure 2 things - The dignity of the individual and the unity and
integrity (added 42nd CAA) of the nation

- Berbubari Union 1960 - Preamble NOT a part

- Kesavananda Bharati 1973- Is a part
- LIC of India 1995 - Is a part
Amendment • Amendment in Constitution – Article 368 (Part 10)
A368 ✓ Procedure neither as easy as in Britain, nor as rigid as in USA
✓ Amendment bill can be introduced in either House either by minister or private
member
✓ It has to be passed separately in each house & there is no provision for joint sitting
✓ President must give assent & cannot return/ withhold

✓ Special majority is required, i.e, 2/3rd of present & voting + more than 50% of total
members
✓ In case of amendments in the federal structure: Special majority in the parliament
and then consent of simple majority of half of the States is also required (No time
limit for consent)
1. President Election
2. Executive Powers (Union/ States)
3. Legislative Powers distribution (Union/ States)

GS2 Page 25
 3. Legislative Powers distribution (Union/ States)
4. States Representation in Parliament
5. SC/ HC
6. Lists of 7th Schedule
7. GST Council
8. Amendment in Article 368 itself

✓ Simple Majority (outside Article 368)

• States & UTs – Form, Increase, Diminish, Alter boundary, Alter name
• SLC – Creation or abolition in States
• Quorum/ Rules/ Privileges in Parliament
• Use of official language
• Citizenship – acquisition & deprivation
• Elections, Delimitation
• 5th & 6th Schedule
• 2nd Schedule – Emoluments, salaries, etc
• Other procedural matters
✓ In USA, they have a separate body called Constitution Convention for amendment
of American Constitution
Basic Structure • 1951 – Shankari Prasad Case, 1951 – Parliament can amend FRs under Article 368
• 1951 – Champakam Case, 1951 – FRs are superior than DPSP
• 1967 – Golaknath Case, 1967 – FRs are superior/ sacrosanct than DPSP - FRs are
transcendental and immutable
• 1971 – 24th Amendment, 1971 – Parliament can amend FR and such an act NOT
a law under A13
• 1973 – Keshvanandan Bharti Case, 1973 – 24th Amendment is valid but judicial
review cannot be prohibited as it is basic structure
• 1975 – 38th Amendment, 1975 – No judicial review upon
• National Emergency
• Financial Emergency
• President's satisfaction to promulgate Ordinances
• 1975 – Indira Gandhi Case, 1975 (also called Election Case, 1975) doctrine of ‘basic
structure’ was reaffirmed
• 1980 – Minerva Mills Case, 1980 gave the current status
• FRs are superior but Article 39 (b) & (c) w.r.t to property acquisition shall
prevail over Article 14 & 19
• Parliament can amend FRs for implementing DPSP, so far the basic structure is
NOT disturbed
• Balance between DPSP & FRs – is a ‘basic structure’
• 1981 – Waman Rao Case, 1981 – The doctrine of ‘basic structure’ shall apply to all
constitutional amendment on or after 24th April, 1973

BS:
- Powers of SC u/A 32, 136, 141 and 142
- Powers of HC u/A 226 and 227

GS2 Page 26
GS2 Page 27
FR, DPSP and FD A12-35 Part III , A36-51t

Right to A31 was deleted by the 44th CAA, 1978 -

Property Made a legal right under A300-A in Part12
Thus protects private property against executive action but not legislative action
No guaranteed right of compensation in case of acquisition by Sstate except:
- Property of a minority institution (A30)
- Land held by a person under his personal cultivation and the land is within the statutory ceiling limit (A31A)
A12 State: Govt and Parliament, State Govt, local authorities, statutory and non statutory authorities
Even a private body is considered as State if it is working as an instrument of GOI
A13 All laws inconsistent / derogation of FRs shall be Void - JR
CAA not a law hence cannot be challenged but after KB, 1973 case - It can be challenged if it violated basic structure
Fundamental A14: Equality before law and equal protection of law:
Rights ✓ Former Negative (British) and latter positive concept (USA)
✓ Equality before law is a concept of Rule of Law by AV Dicey

Exceptions:
✓ President and Governor enjoy immunities A 361:
• Not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of their office
• No Criminal proceeding during term
• No arrest during term
• No civil proceedings unless 2 months notice served
✓ No person liable to proceedings for publication of a substantially true report of proceeding of any House of Parliament or SL (A361-A)
✓ MP / MLA not liable for anything said or vote in Parliament/SL or committee (A105/194)
✓ A31-C : to implement A39(b) and (c)
✓ Foreign sovereigns, diplomats, ambassadors enjoy immunity
✓ UNO and its agencies enjoy diplomatic immunity

A15: Prohibition of discrimination on certain grounds

✓ 2nd provision of Article 15 also prohibits discrimination by individuals, not just State - Access to shops, use of wells etc
✓ Grounds – race, sex, caste, religion & birthplace (Note – ‘Place of resident’ not covered)

Exceptions:
Special provisions for women and children, Socially and Educationally backward classes, SC, ST, EBC, EWS

- 93rd CAA, 2005: Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in admission)Act, 2006 – gave 27% OBCs reservation in Central Higher Educational
Institutions, e.g, IITs, IIMs - Court directed to exclude the creamy layer (Gross annual income >8lakh etc)
- 103rd Amendment, 2019 – gave 10% EWS reservation in educational institutions:
• Family has gross annual income <8lakh
• Family does not possess:
• 5 acre of agri land
• Flat >=1000sq.ft.
• Plot >= 100 sq.yards in notified municipalities
• Plots >= 200 sq. yards in others

Article 16: Equality of opportunity in public employment:

✓ Grounds – race, sex, caste, religion, birthplace, descent, resident-place
✓ BP Mandal Commission/ 2nd BC Commission
▪ 1979 – Appointment under Janta Government (Morarji Desai)
▪ 1990 – Implementation under VP Singh government
▪ Indra Sawhney VS Union, 1992 (also called Mandal Case, 1992)
• 27% OBCs reservation in govt jobs – held valid
• VP Singh also proposed 10% higher caste reservation for poor, but the provision was stuck down by SC
• Concept of creamy layer was introduced (Ram Nandan Committee was appointed by CG later)
• 50% reservation limit except in extraordinary circumstances
• A statutory commission to be appointed (NCBC established in 1993 & 102nd Amendment, 2018 gave it constitutional status)
• 10% reservation to EWS (103rd CAA) - Scientific and technical posts can be exempted from the purview of this reservation

A17: Abolition of Untouchability: Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955

Article 18: Abolition of Titles

✓ Except a military or academic distinction
✓ Prohibition a citizen from accepting any title from foreign state
✓ Foreigner holding office of profit under State – consent of President is required
National awards started in 1954, discontinued in 1977 by Morarji Desai, revived in 1980 by Indira Gandhi

✓ Article 19: Right to Freedom (Only to citizens)

✓ Only against State, not against individuals
1. Right to Freedom of speech:
1. Propagate one's views
2. PRESS
3. Commercial Ads

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 3. Commercial Ads
4. Telecast
5. Silence
6. Know about Govt activities
7. Against Bundh called by Political party
8. Against tapping of phone
9. Against imposition of pre cencorship on newspaper
10. Demonstration and picketing but not Strike
- Reasonable restrictions:
• Sovereignty and integrity of India,
• Security of the State,
• Friendly relations with foreign States,
• Public order, decency or morality
• Contempt of court,
• Defamation
• Incitement to an offence
2. Right to assembly:
- Peacefully and without arms
- RR : Sovereignty and integrity of India and Public Order
- Section 144, CrPC. 1973 – The Magistrate to restrain an assembly if risk of obstruction, annoyance or danger to human life, health or safety or disturbance of
the public tranquillity or a riot or any affray
- Section 141, IPC – Prohibits assembly of 5 or more persons if object is unlawful

3. Freedom of Association
- Associations, Unions, Cooperative societies
- Right of not to form or join Associations or Unions
- RR : Sovereignty and integrity of India and Public Order and morality

4. Freedom of Movement
- It covers only internal movement of citizens (within country)
- RR: Interest of general public and the protection of interest of Schedules Tribes.
- SC held that movement of prostitutes can be restricted on the ground of public health and morality.
✓ Right to External Movement – is covered by Article 21

5. Freedom of Residence:
- Reside/ Settle in any part of the country
- RR: Interest of general public and the protection of interest of Schedules Tribes.

6. Right to Profession:
State empowered to :
- Prescribe professional and technical qualification and
- itself carry on any trade/ business to the exclusion (complete/ partial) of the citizens
✓ Right to carry out any business does NOT include dangerous or immoral business.

Article 20 – Protection from Conviction

✓ Grants protection against arbitrary & excessive punishment
✓ Available to – citizen/ foreigner/ legal person like company
✓ Has 3 provisions
i) No ex post facto law : Punishment only for violation of law in force and no more than prescribed by laws in force
ii) No double jeopardy: Only conviction is prohibited, not trial
iii) No self incrimination

- Prohibits enactment of criminal laws having retrospective penalty

(Civil & tax liabilities can be imposed retrospectively)
- N.A in case of preventive detention

Article 21: No person deprived of life or liberty except according to procedure established by law
✓ Gopalan Case, 1950 – narrow perspective by SC (overruled later)
✓ Menaka Case, 1978 – broad perspective as per ‘due process of law’ (like USA)
✓ It also includes – Right to
▪ Right to Free legal aid
▪ Right to Shelter
▪ Right against solitary confinement
▪ Right to Speedy trial
▪ Right against handcuffing
▪ Right against bonded labour
▪ Right against Custodial harrasment
▪ Right to Emergency Medical Aid & timely medical treatment
▪ Right of prisoners to have necessities of life
▪ Right of women to be treated with decency and dignity
▪ Right against public hanging
▪ Right to information
▪ Right to family pension
Right to appeal

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 ▪ Right to appeal
▪ Right to freedom from noise pollution
▪ Right to appropriate life insurance policy

Article 21A :
✓ Right to elementary education
✓ Cover children aged 6-14 years, hence higher education is not covered
✓ Added by 86th Amendment, 2002
✓ Even before amendment,
• Article 45 also provided for the same, but was under DPSP
▪ 1993 – SC recognized such right under Article 21 itself
✓ Article 51A also added a fundamental duty : Citizens to provide education opportunity to their children 6-14 years of age
✓ Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education RTE Act, 2019

Article 22 – Protection against Arrest/ Detention

1. Punitive detention: NA to Alien enemy
• Right to be informed the grounds of arrest
• Right to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner
• Right to be produced before a magistrate in 24 hours
• Right to be released after 24hours unless the magistrate authorises further detention

2. Preventive detention & rights also available to enemy alien

• Maximum period = 3 months, for extension approval from advisory board is required (consists of HC judges)
• Grounds communicated unless against public interest
• Opportunity to make representation
▪ Parliament can make to prescribe conditions for automatic extension
▪ Both parliament & SG can make law on preventive detention on reasons of – security, public order, supplies, essential services
▪ Currently, UAPA, 1967 provides for preventive detention

A23: Prohibition of traffic in Human Beings and Forced labour:

- Bonded labour system (Abolition) Act 1976
- Minimum Wages Act, 1948
- Contract Labour Act, 1970
- Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
- State can impose compulsory service Eg Military for which it is not bound to pay

Article 24 – Prohibition of children employment in factories

✓ Children below the age of 14 years
✓ No prohibition if employed in non hazardous/ innocent work
✓ Employing children as domestic servant in dhaba, etc – also prohibited
✓ 1996 – As per SC’s direction, GOI set up Child Labour Rehabilitation Welfare Fund in which the offending employer had to deposit Rs. 20,000 per child
✓ Commissions for protection of child's right Act, 2005 to provide for NC/SC on Protection of child's right and Children's court

A.25: Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion
✓ To all persons
✓ 4 elements covered – conscience, profess, practice, propagate
✓ RR - Public order, morality, health
✓ State is permitted to:
• Regulate or Restrict any economic, financial or other secular activities and
• Provide for social welfare and reform or open Hindu Religious Institutions

✓ 1954 – Shirur Mutt Case – Right available as per ‘Essential Religious Practices’ Test : Determination lies with Supreme Court
✓ 1965 – Ram Manohar Lohia V/s Bihar – SC stated that ‘public order’ is something which affects the community & not individual
✓ 1983 – Tandava is NOT an ERP for Ananda Margis sect
✓ 2022 – Wearing Hijab is NOT an ERP as per Karnataka HC

• Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious affairs

✓ Religious denominations have the right to:
• Establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes
• Manage affairs
• Own property
• Administer such property
✓ Religious denomination is the one which satisfies 3 conditions
i) Collection of individuals who have a system of beliefs
ii) Common organisation, &
iii) A distinctive name
✓ Example – Ramkrishna Mission & Ananda Marga (but Aurobindo Society is NOT)

• Article27 – Freedom from taxation for promotion of a religion

✓A fees can be levied for providing services or maintenance of religious endowments

• Article
28 – Freedom from attending religious instructions in Educational Institutions
Type of Educational Institution Religious instructions

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 Type of Educational Institution Religious instructions
Wholly maintained by State NOT Allowed
Administered by State & established under Allowed
an endowment or trust
Recognized by State Allowed on voluntary basis
Receiving Aid from State Allowed on voluntary basis

Article 29 – Protection of Interest of Minorities

✓ Any section of citizens having distinct language, script or culture
✓ This also gives the right to protest for protection of language

• Article
30 – Right of Minorities to Establish and administer educational institutions
✓ Covers both religious & linguistic minorities
✓ Minorities also have the right to impart education in their mother tongue
✓ State can regulate the syllabus, staff, sanitisation, etc of institutions recognized by State (government aid or not)
✓ Unrecognized institutions are free to administer their affairs

• Article32 – forms part of basic structure of COI

✓ Parliament can enact law to confer writ power on any other court for enforcement of fundamental rights
✓ Before 1950, only the HC of Calcutta, Bombay, Madras had powers to issue writs
✓ Writ jurisdiction – borrowed from British Constitution (they call it ‘prerogative writ’)
✓ Article 20, 21 – can never be suspended in any type of emergency
✓ Article 19 – automatically suspended during External emergency

A31 • Article 31A

✓5 kinds of laws (most relating to land acquisition by State) are immune from judicial review:
• Acquisition of estates
• Management of properties
• Amalgamation of corporation
• Modification of rights of directors or SHs
• Modification of leasing rights
✓ Compensation is mandatory if acquisition is of –
1. Land of minority educational institution (Article 30)
2. Land is a personal cultivation land & within ceiling limit (Article 31A)

• Article 31B
✓ Acts included in 9th Schedule are immune from judicial review
✓ As per SC in IR Coelho Case (2007), Acts passes from 24th April, 1973 shall be subject to judicial review if they are violating FRs or basic structure
• Article 31C – Laws made to implement DPSP shall NOT be invalid on the ground of contravention of FRs

A33 Application of FRs to Armed forces, Para military forces, police forces, Intelligence agencies and analogous services can be restricted or Abrogated by the
Parliament
✓ Parliament by law can also exclude a court martial from the writ jurisdiction of SC/ HC

A34 Application of FRs can be restricted when martial law is in force

Does not ipso facto suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus
A35 Parliament makes laws to enforce some FRs
Writs • HC can issue writs within its jurisdiction or outside when cause of action arises within its jurisdiction
• HC can refuse to exercise writs for FRs

1. Habeas Corpus - To have the body of - a detenee after court is satisfies the detention was illegal
2. Mandamus - 'we command' - issued by a court to a public official asking him to perform his official duties
• Cannot be issued against a private individual
• If the duty is discretionary
• Against President, Guv or CJI
3. Prohibition: ' To forbid' : issued by a higher court to a lower court/ tribunal from exceeding its jurisdiction
4. Certiorari- ' To be certified' , 'To be informed' : issued by a higher court to a lower court/ tribunal either to transfer a case pending with the latter or to
squash the order of the latter in any case - can be issued against administrative authorities
5. Quo warranto - ' By what authority or warrant' - Enquire into the legality of the claim of a person to a public office

Other rights A265: No tax shall be levied except by authority of law

A300-A : No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law
A301: Trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free
Fundamental • Origin– Russia (USSR)
Duties – • Japanese constitution
Article 51A • Enforceable by parliamentary law
(Part 4A), 42nd • Recommended by – Swaran Singh Committee, 1976
Amendment,

GS2 Page 31
Amendment,
1976 • 11 Fundamental Duties
i) Respect COI, National Flag, National Anthem
ii) Cherish noble ideas that inspired freedom struggle
iii) Uphold & protect sovereignty, unity, integrity of India
iv) Defence India & render national service whenever called upon
v) Harmony & brotherhood among religious, linguistic & sectional diversity
vi) Value & preserve rich heritage & culture
vii) Preserve environment, lakes, wildlife
viii) Develop scientific temper, humanism
ix) Safeguard public property & abjure violence
x) Excellence in all spheres of individual & collective activity
xi) Parents to provide education to wards between 6-14 years – Added by 86th Amend. 2002
• As per Gita & Ramayana, one should perform duty without caring for ‘rights’

• 1999 – Verma Committee – identified legal provisions behind fundamental duties

• Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 – No disrespect to COI, Flag, Anthem
• 2001 – AIIMS Students Union V/S AIIMS – SC held that duties are as important as rights
• 2003 – Ranganatha Mishra Judgement – Duties should be backed by legal & social sanctions

DPSP A36-51 • From Irish Constitution

Part IV • Resemble the Instrument of Instruction in the GOI Act 1935
• Champakam Dorairajan 1951 - FR can be amended to implement DPSP
- Golaknath case- FR are sacrosanct and cannot be amended
• 1980 – Minerva Mills Case clarified DPSP V/s FRs issue
- FRs are superior but Article 39 (b) & (c) shall prevail over Article 14 & 19
- Parliament can amend FRs for implementing DPSP, so far the basic structure is NOT disturbed
- Balance between DPSP & FRs – is a ‘basic structure’
• DPSP outside Part 4 – these are also NOT justiciable
- A335- Claims of SC and STs should be taken into consideration in making appointments in Union or State
- Article 350A – State shall provide facilities for instructions in mother tongue to linguistic minority
- Article 351 – Promotion of Hindi language

• A36: "state" has the same meaning as in A13

Socialistic:
38 - Welfare of people by securing a social order and to minimise inequality 44CAA
39 - Secure adequate means of livelihood
- Equitable distribution
- Prevention of concentration of wealth
- Equal pay for equal work
- Preservation of health and strength of workers
- Healthy development of a child 42CAA
39A - Free legal aid 42CAA
41 - Right to work, to education and assistance in case of unemployment, old age
42- Just and Humane conditions of work
43- Living Wage
43A- Participation of workers in management 42CAA
47 - To raise the level of nutrition and standard of living

Gandhian Principles
40 - Village panchayats
43- Cottage industry
43B - Cooperative society 97CAA
46- Education and economic interests of SC/ST/ Weaker section
47- Prohibit intoxicating drinks and drugs
48- Prohibit slaughter of cattle

Liberal Intellectual
44- UCC
45- Childhood care and education till the age of 6 (86th CAA made elementary education a FR)
48- Agriculture and animal husbandry
48A- Protect and improve the environment 42CAA
49 - Protect monuments, places of national importance
50- Separate the judiciary from executive
51- Internal Peace and security

• BR Ambedkar - Novel features

• Granville Austin: " Conscience of constitution"
• KT Shah- Pious Superfluity
• TT Krishnamachari - A veritable dustbin of sentiments
• KC Wheare - Manifesto of aims and aspiration

GS2 Page 32
Union, Parliament

Articles Description
1 - Bharat - Union of states
- Sch -1 Names of States and UTs
- India can acquire territory by cession, occupation or subjugation
2 Power to Parliament to
- Admit new states
- Establish new states
3 Power of Parliament to
- Form a new state by separation of territory
- Increase the area
- Diminish the area
- Alter the boundaries
- Alter the name

- Prior recommendation of President

- President has to refer the bill to state legislature concerned for their Views (Not for UTs)
4 Art 2 and 3 not CAA- hence Simple majority

India Bangladesh Border dispute:

- Radcliffe award, 1947
- Sought to resolve through Bagge Award, 1950
- Nehru Noon Agreement of 1958
Berubari Union : Cession of area to foreign state requires CAA. 9th CAA was passed to
cede BU to E. Pakistan

- Protocol of 2011 which forms part of Land Boundary Agreement, 1974

State 1950: States classified as
Reorganisation Part A: 9 Governor's provinces
Part B: 9 Princely states
Part C: 10 Chief commissioner's province
Part D: AnN

1948: Linguistic Provinces Commission under SK Dhar: No

1948: JVP Committee: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhai Patel and Pattabhisitaramayya :
NO
1953: Fazl Ali Commission: Linguistic (KM Panikkar and HN Kunzru)

1953: Andhra Pradesh due to agitation by Potti Sriramulu

States reorganization Act, 1956 (7th CAA): 14 states and 6 UTs

Year State No. State Created Remarks

1960 15th Gujarat Separated from Bombay

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 1961 UT Dadra and Nagar Till 1954 - Portuguese
Haveli Till 1961- By administrator chosen by
People

1962 UT Goa and Daman From Portuguese with Police action

and Diu
1962 UT Puducherry 1954: French handed over
Till 1962: Administered as acquired
territory
1963 16th Nagaland From Assam
1966 17th Haryana From Punjab on recomm of Shah
Commission
1966 UT Chandigarh From Punjab
1971 18th Himachal Pradesh
1972 19th Manipur
1972 20th Tripura
1972 21st Meghalaya
1975 22nd Sikkim Till 1947 - Chogyal rule
A. 371-F to provide for special
provisions
1987 23rd Mizoram Mizoram Peace accord -1986
between Mizo National Front and CG
1987 24th Arunachal Pradesh
1987 25th Goa
2000 26th Chhattisgarh
2000 27th Uttarakhand
2000 28th Jharkhand
2014 29th Telangana

Change of names
Uttar Pradesh from United provinces- 1950
Tamil Nadu from Madras- 1969
Karnataka from Mysore - 1973
Lakshadweep from Laccadive - 1973
NCT of Delhi from Delhi - 1992
Uttarakhand from Uttaranchal - 2006
Puducherry from Pondicherry- 2006
Odisha from Orrisa - 2011
Citizenship - Naturalised citizen is eligible for the office of President
A 5-11 of Part-II - Fundamental Rights NOT available to foreigners – Article 15, 16, 19, 29, 30
- Ways of acquiring citizenship
Citizenship Act,
1955 1. Birth:
✓ On or after 26.01.1950
GS2 Page 34
✓ On or after 26.01.1950
2. After 01.07.1987 - if either parents citizen at the time of birth
3. After 03.12.2004 - if either parent citizen and other not an illegal immigrant

4. Descent:
✓ If born outside from 26.01.1950 to 10.12.1992 - If father was citizen during birth
✓ After 10.12.1992- If either parent citizen
✓ After 03.12.2004 - NOT be citizen unless birth regd at Indian consulate within a year.

5. Registration: not an Illegal immigrant, Oath of allegiance

✓ Indian origin and OR for 7 years before making an application
✓ Indian origin, OR in any other country
✓ Married to Citizen and OR for 7y
✓ Minors/ Majors of citizens
✓ Major whose either parent was citizen, plus OR for 12 m before applying
✓ OCI for 5y and OR for 12m before applying

6. Naturalisation: Oath of allegiance and all the below

✓ Not a subject of any country where Indian citizens are prevented from becoming subjects
or citizens
✓ Renounce other citizenship
✓ Resided/ service for 12m prior applying
✓ 11/14 PY - Resided or in service
✓ Good character
✓ One language in 8th Sch
✓ Intend to reside after grant

7. By Incorporation of territory
8. Assam Accord

Loss of citizenship

- Renunciation - Minor also loses citizenship

- Termination - Acquire another citizenship
- Deprivation - Fraud, disloyalty, trade with enemy, within 5y of naturalisaton or
registration imprisoned for 2 years, OR outside India for 7years

OCI
LM Singhvi committee - 2000 recommended PIO to be granted OCI
- Major who was a citizen at any time after 25.01.1950
- Was eligible to be a citizen at the commencement of COI
- Belonged to territory that became part of India after 15.08.1947
- Minor and one of the parents are citizen
- Spouse of OCI/Citizen and marriage subsisted for 2 years before applying

OCI Not entitled to

- A.15 Equality in employment
- President/VP/ Judge of SC/HC/Voter/MP/MLA/Public services

GS2 Page 35
 President/VP/ Judge of SC/HC/Voter/MP/MLA/Public services
Parliament – - Parliamentary Govt - Britain, Japan, India, Canada etc
Article 79-122, • Ministers collectively responsible to Parliament in general and Lok Sabha in particular
UNION - Part V • Executive can get the legislature dissolved
• Prevents despotism - the executive authority is distributed among a group of persons
which checks the dictatorial tendencies
• HJ Laski - Parliamentary systems gives the executive an opportunity for tyranny
• Swaran Singh Committee appointed in 1975 opined that there was no need to
replace with Presidential system

- Presidential Govt - USA, Brazil, Russia, S. Lanka

Types of Govt:
• Unitary:
- Written (France), Unwritten (Britain)
- Single govt- No division of power
- Constitution can be supreme (Japan), or not (Britain)
- Bicameral (Britain) or Unicameral (China)
- Britain, France, Japan, China, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Spain etc
• Federal:
- Foedus (Latin) - Treaty / Agreement
- Bicameral legislature
- Independent judiciary
- Rigid, written constitution
- Supremacy of Constitution
- Dual Govt
- US, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Argentina etc

• India:
- Federal features: Dual polity, Written constitution, Division of powers, Supremacy of
constitution, Rigid const., Independant Judiciary, Bicameralism
- Non federal: Strong centre, States not indestructible, Single constitution, Flexible
constitution, No equality in state rep., Emergency provisions, Single citizenship, Integrated
judiciary, All India Services, Integrated audit machinery, Parliament's authority over state
list, Appointment of governor, Integrated election machinery, Veto over state bills
- Alexandrowicz - India is sui generis - unique in character
- Granville austin - Cooperative federalism
- Bommai Case: federalism is Basic Structure

• President ✓ Union executive consists of – President, VP, PM, Council & Attorney General
(Article 52-78
Part V) ✓ Conditions:
• Not a MP/MLA
• No OoP
• Emoluments determined by Parliament
• Cannot be diminished during term
✓ During term - Immunity from Criminal proceedings even for personal acts. Civil
proceedings can be initiated after 2 months notice.

GS2 Page 36
✓ Article 54 – Election
▪ Via electoral college system having ‘elected’
1. MPs
2. MLAs of States and Delhi & Puducherry
▪ Nominated members – of Parliament/ SLA are NOT eligible to vote
▪ Conducted by – ECI
▪ Disputes w.r.t to elections of President & VP – decided by Supreme Court

✓ Article 55 – Manner of election

▪ Candidate files nomination having 50 proposers & 50 seconders
▪ 1 elector – cannot propose/ second the nomination of more than 1 candidate
▪ Candidate need to deposit a security of Rs. 15,000/- in RBI which will be forfeited if the
candidate fails or secure less than 1/6th of total votes
▪ Voting is done by secret ballot method in the order of preference
▪ System of proportional representation + single transferable vote
▪ Fixed value of MP’s vote = 708, & for MLA’s vote = differs from State to State (as per
population of 1971 Census, highest = UP, lowest = Arunachal Pradesh)
▪ Winning is NOT by simple majority, but to win, the candidate must secure 50% of the
total votes cast + 1
▪ Value of vote of MLA = Total Population of State/ Total Elected MLAs X (1/1000)
▪ Value of vote of MP = Total Value of all MLA votes of all states/ Total Elected MPs

✓ Article 56 – Term of office

▪ President continues his tenure beyond 5 years until the new candidate assumes charge,
No interregnum
▪ In case of casual vacancy (death/ resignation/ removal)
• The VP can act as President (or the CJI if the office of VP is also vacant)
• Post has to be filled within 6 months
✓ Article 57 – Eligibility for re-election
✓ Article 58 – Qualifications:
• Minimum age – 35 years
• Citizen
• Qualifies to be a Lok Sabha MP
• Not hold Office of Profit

✓ Oath: By CJI>> Sr.most Judge of SC

- Faithfully execute office
- Preserve, protect and defend constitution
- Devote in the service and well being of people of India
✓ Resign to VP

✓ Article 61 – Impeachment
▪ Only 1 ground – violation of Constitution (this is however NOT defined in COI)
▪ Charges can initiate from either house of the Parliament signed by 1/4th members
▪ 14 days Notice given to President
▪ Special Majority (2/3rd of the total membership) is required in the BOTH house
▪ In the next house, a Select Committee is formed to investigate charges
During the process, President has the right to defend himself via authorized counsel
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▪ Inthe next house, a Select Committee is formed to investigate charges
▪ During the process, President has the right to defend himself via authorized counsel
/Attorney General
▪ MLAs and MLAs of Delhi & Puducherry – NOT entitled to vote in impeachment process
but Nominated member of each house pariticipate

Executive powers
▪ Appointments – PM, Council of ministers, AGI, Governor, CAG, CEC, EC, Chairman/
Members of UPSC, Chairman/ Members of Finance Commission, CJI, CJ of HC, Chiefs of
Army/ Navy/ Air Force, Executive Officer of the Cantonment Board, etc
▪ Appoints – NCST/ NCSC/ NCBC, Inter State Council
▪ Declares – Schedules areas & Tribal areas
▪ Appoint a commission to investigate into conditions of SC, ST and OBC
▪ Appoints inter state council

Legislative powers
▪ Summon or prorogue the Parliament
▪ Appoint a member from Lok Sabha/ Rajya Sabha when the offices of both Speaker/
Chairman & Deputy Speaker/ Deputy Chairman falls vacant
▪ Appoints nominated members
• 12 persons in Rajya Sabha literature, science, art and social service.
• 2 Anglo Indians in Lok Sabha
▪ Decides on disqualification of MPs in consultation with EC
▪ Prior recommendation/ approval on certain type of bills/ issues
• Bill involving expenditure from Consolidated Fund
• FIDAA of States (A3)
• Money Bills
• Demand for Grants
• Financial Bills I
• Financial Bills II – at consideration stage
• Demand for Grants at the Budget presentation
• Ad hoc judge appointment
• Retired Judge appointment (SC or HC)
• Ordinances by Delhi LG
• Regulations by Governor in 5th Scheduled Areas
• UPSC intending to serve a particular SG
• Criminal proceedings against Central Civil Servant/ All India Servant for official acts
done by him
• Varies of imposes any duty in which state is interested
• Varies the meaning of Agricultural income for Income tax Act
• Affects principles on which money is distributed to the states
• Surcharge on any duty/ tax

▪ Article 123 – Ordinances

▪ Can be passed by President if either House is NOT in session
▪ Must be approved by Parliament within 6 weeks of reassembly
▪ Can be passed on subjects upon which Parliament is authorized to legislate (i.e, Union
list + State List if applicable)
Power is NOT discretionary but depends on Council

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▪ Power is NOT discretionary but depends on Council
▪ Ordinance can pass retrospective laws or can repeal/ modify the Parliamentary Laws
▪ A Constitutional Amendment CANNOT be made by ordinance route
▪ Cooper Case, 1970 – President’s satisfaction to pass an ordinance is subject to judicial
review
▪ DC Wadhwa Case, 1987 – Exceptional power of ordinance cannot be a substitute of
legislative power
▪ Rules of LS: When bill seeking to replace an ordinance is placed before the house, a
statement that necessitated immediate legislation should also be placed.
▪ He can make regulations for peace/ good governance of
• A&N, Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu & D&NH, Ladakh
• Puducherry – only when it’s assembly is suspended/ dissolved

Financial Powers
▪ Demand of grants with his recommendation
▪ He can make advances out of Contingency Fund
▪ Appoints – Finance Commission

i) Pardoning Powers – Article 72

▪ For offences relating to – Court Martial, Union Law & Death Sentence
▪ Pardon – completely absolves from all sentence.
▪ Commute – the form is made lighter & time is unchanged
▪ Remit – the period is reduced & form is unchanged
▪ Respite – the period is reduced due to some special fact/ reason
▪ Reprieve – It’s a stay order of a sentence (generally death)
▪ Reason – is NOT required to be given for the decision
▪ NOT subjected to Judicial review except where decision is irrational/ malafide/
discriminatory/ arbitrary
▪ SC : President can exercise on advice of UNION CABINET

- Supreme Commander of defence forces of India

- Represents India in international forums and sends and receives diplomats

ii) Veto Powers

▪ Absolute Veto (i.e, withholding the bill) exercised in 2 cases
• Private member bill
• Cabinet resigns before President’s assent
▪ Suspensive Veto – means bill being overridden by simple majority if sent for
reconsideration
(However, the SLA cannot override President’s veto w.r.t State bills)
▪ Qualified Veto – means bill being overridden by higher majority if sent for
reconsideration
▪ Pocket Veto – keeping the bill pending indefinitely
(In USA, there is a time limit of 10 days)
▪ In case of money bills, president can withhold/ give assent but cannot return for
reconsideration (same case for SG bills also, if he has received the same)
▪ In case of CAB, there is no veto available

Discretionary Powers
GS2 Page 39
 iii) DiscretionaryPowers
▪ Appointing PM when there is no clear majority in Lok Sabha or when PM dies suddenly
& there is no obvious successor
▪ Dismiss Council – if they are not able to prove confidence
▪ Dissolve Lok Sabha – if it has lost majority

✓ A74: President shall act on the aid and advise of the Council.
✓ Acts as Visitor for the Central Universities
▪ Role is limited only upto –
• Attending convocations
• Appoints Vice Chancellors from panel of names suggested by Selection Committee
• Right to authorize inspections & inquiries in Universities
▪ Chancellors of Central Universities are – Titular Heads (appointed by President)

Vice President • Vice President/ Chairman

Qualification:
✓ Citizen
✓ Minimum age – 35 years
✓ Qualified for being a member of Rajya Sabha
✓ No OoP

✓ His electoral college includes only MPs (both elected & nominated)
✓ Election process – same as President
✓ Disputes w.r.t to elections of President & VP – decided by Supreme Court
✓ Needs 20 proposers & 20 seconds for file nomination
✓ Security = Rs.15,000/- just like President
✓ Oath – administered by President:
• True faith and allegiance to COI
• Faithfully discharge duties of office

✓ Removal – by
• Effective majority at Rajya Sabha and Simple majority at Lok Sabha
• 14 Days advance Notice is given
• No grounds for removal mentioned in COI
• In the meeting where removal resolution is being passed, VP cannot preside/
possess the casting vote in Rajya Sabha
✓ Can be re-elected for any number of 5 yearly terms
✓ Secy of LS/ RS – Appointed as Returning officers by EC in consultation with CG
✓ Acts as President in case of casual vacancy, but maximum period is upto 6 months only
within which a new President has to be elected
✓ Emoluments – NOT mentioned in COI, decided by Parliament & charged on Consolidated
Fund (2018 – increased to 4 lacs p.m)
✓ He can nominate Panel of Chairpersons to preside over the house in case of absence of
both Chairman & Deputy Chairman
✓ However, in case offices of both Chairman & Deputy Chairman falls vacant, then panel
members shall NOT act as Chairman, instead, the House will decide/ elect

Prime Minister Prime Minister

GS2 Page 40
Prime Minister • Prime Minister
and Council As per conventions of Parliamentary system, President shall appoint the leader of
majority party
✓ Can be from Lok Sabha/ Rajya Sabha
✓ Oath (administred by President)
• True faith and allegiance to COI,
• Uphold sovereignty integrity of India
• Faithfully and conscientiously discharge duties
• Do right to all manner of people without fear, favor or ill will.
- Also takes Oath of Secrecy
✓ Holds his office till pleasure of President (till he holds majority at Lok Sabha)
✓ Emoluments – equal to that of MP
Powers:
✓ Advises summoning, prorogation, dissolution of parliament to the President
✓ His death/ resignation automatically dissolves the council
✓ Chairman of NITI Aayog

Lord Morley- Primus inter pares

Sir William Vernor Harcourt - A moon among lesser stars
Munro - Captain of the ship

Council of Ministers – same for CG & SG

✓ 91st Amendment, 2003: Maximum strength = 15% of Lok Sabha strength
(But in case of SG, minimum 12 members must be there)
✓ A defected member is disqualified from becoming a minister
✓ Minister holds office till pleasure of President
✓ Oath – administered by President- Same as PM
✓ Also takes Oath of Secrecy
✓ Salary – fixed by Parliament, same as MP
✓ Council can ask the President to dissolve Lok Sabha & conduct fresh elections
✓ This means that council/PM do NOT resign/ cease due to dissolution of Lok Sabha
because President cannot act without the advise of the Council
✓ Minister can speak/ participate in proceeding of both Houses, but can vote only in the
house in which he is member
✓ Whenever a no confidence is passed, all ministers need not to resign separately, the
resignation of PM automatically resigns Council
✓ A75: CoM collectively responsible to LS

✓3 categories
i) Cabinet – most important portfolios
ii) Ministers of State
▪ Can have independent charge/ attached to Cabinet
▪ Attend cabinet meetings only when invited
iii) Deputy Ministers
▪ They are NOT given independent charge
▪ Their role is to assist the cabinet/ ministers of State
▪ They do NOT attend cabinet meetings

One more category is – Parliamentary Secretaries

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 ✓ One more category is – Parliamentary Secretaries
▪ They are attached to the senior ministers to assist them
▪ They have no departments
▪ Not appointed since Rajiv Gandhi government
▪ Gladstone - Cabinet is the solar orb around which the other bodies revolve

Cabinet committees:
▪ Extra constitutional
▪ Types: Standing and ad-hoc
▪ Setup by PM, if he is the member, he presides
▪ Membership 3-8
▪ In depth examination of policy issues and effective coordination
▪ Presently:
• CC on Economic affairs - PM
• On political affairs (aka super cabinet) - PM
• Appointments committee of the cabinet - PM
• On parliamentary affairs - Home minister
• On security
• On accomodation
• On investment and growth
• On employment and skill development

Parliament - President, LS, RS (USA : legislature aka Congress consists of Upper House - Senate and
79-122 in Part 5 House of representatives)

Article 80 – Composition of Rajya Sabha

- Max 250 seats including 12 nominated, presently 245
- 4th Schedule – Allocation of seats of Rajya Sabha (for every UT/ State)
- Representatives of states are elected by MLAs by Proportional representation by STV
- Representatives of UTs are elected indirectly by an electoral college constituted for the
purpose. PR STV - Only Delhi, Puducherry and JnK have RS representation

Composition of Lok Sabha

- Max 552 (530 from states, 20 from UTs, 2 from Anglo Indian community)
- Presently 543 (530,13)
- State Reps are directly elected by people FPTP (61st CAA, 1988 reduced the voting age
from 21 to 18)
- Parliament enacted UTs(Direct elections to the House of People) Act, 1965
- States are allotted seats such that seats to population is same for all states (NA if
population<60 lakh)
- Ratio between population in each constituency and number of seats allotted to it, is
same all throughout the state

Delimitation commission Acts: 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002

42nd CAA froze constituencies at the 1976 level till 2000.
84th CAA further extended this till 2026
87th CAA delimitation on the basis of 2001 Census

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 87th CAA delimitation on the basis of 2001 Census
Reservation of seats for SC/STs on the basis of 2001 census.

- Dissolution of Lok Sabha before its 5 year terms by the President cannot be questioned
in court

• Rajya Sabha Term

✓ NOT mentioned in COI
✓ RP Act, 1951 prescribes 6 years
✓ 1/3rd members retire every 2 years & are eligible for re-election (or re-nomination) any
number of times

Qualification of MP:
- Citizen
- Oath before person authorised by EC:
• To bear true faith and allegiance to COI
• To uphold sovereignty and integrity of India
- Min 25 y for LS, 30 y for RS
- Additional qualifications under RPA, 1951
• Elector in a parliamentary constituency
• If contesting for reserved seat, ST/ SC of that particular state

Disqualifications of MP:
- OoP
- Unsound mind
- Undischarged insolvent
- Not a citizen
- Disqualified under any law made by Parliament
- Defection

Additional under RPA, 51:

- Guilty of election offences and corrupt practices
- Convicted and imprisoned for 2 or more years
- Failed to lodge an account of election expenses
- Interest in govt contracts, works or services.
- Director or managing agent in a corporation in which govt has at least 25%share.
- Dismissed from govt service for corruption or disloyalty
- Convicted for bribery
- Punished for preaching social crimes like untouchability, dowry and sati.

• On question w.r.t disqualification of member from becoming an MP

✓ In normal case, decision of President is final (but he should also take advise from ECI)
✓ In defection case, decision of Speaker/ Chairman is final (but subject to judicial review)

✓ Double Membership cases

i) Elected to both houses – Choose within 10 days else Rajya Sabha seat becomes vacant
ii) Sitting member elected in other house – Seat of former house becomes vacant
iii) 2 seats in same house – Choose one else both seats will become vacant

GS2 Page 43
iii) 2 seats in same house – Choose one else both seats will become vacant
iv) MP + MLA – Resign from State legislature within 14 days, else Parliament’s seat will
become vacant

Other vacancy
• Resignation to Chairman or Speaker
• Absence for 60 days or more without permission
(In computing 60 days, adjournment for more than 4 consecutive days shall not be
counted)
• Election declared void
• Expelled
• Elected as President/ VP/ Governor
(If a disqualified person is elected as MP, then COI is silent but RP Act, 1951 authorizes
the High Court to declare the election void. Aggrieved person can appeal to SC)

Fine of Rs 500 per day if a person sits or votes as an MP:

- Before oath
- Disqualified
- Prohibited

Suspension of MPs
- 5 continuous sittings or remainder of the session, whichever less.
- Chairman of RS can withdraw a member but cannot suspend.
- Speaker is empowered to place a member under suspension, the authority for
revocation is not vested in her. The house resolves to suspend for a period not
exceeding the remainder of the session.

Speaker
- 1921: Fredrick Whyte and Sachidanand Sinha appointed as first Speaker and D.
Speaker
- 1925: Vithalbhai J Patel: First elected and first Indian Speaker
- GV Mavalankar and Ananthasayanam Ayyangar became the 1st Speaker and D
Speaker post independence
- Origin – GOI Act, 1919 (Mont-Ford reforms)
- Elected from within the Lok Sabha by its members
- Date of election – fixed by President
- No separate Oath needed
- When elected as Speaker, he does NOT resigns from the political party (unlike in UK)

- Removal
▪ >50% of the then members of LS - Effective Majority
▪ Motion has to be supported by at least 50 members
▪ 14 days Notice to be given
▪ In the meeting where removal resolution is being passed, Speaker can also vote but
cannot preside/ possess the casting vote
(Chairman of RS cannot vote when removal is considered)

Powers

GS2 Page 44
 Powers
✓ Casting vote
✓ Does NOT vacates office in case of dissolution of Lok Sabha
✓ He can allow secret sitting on request made by Leader of the House
✓ Presides joint sitting
✓ His decision on certification of a bill as money bill – is final
✓ In the house, he is the final interpreter of Constitution & Rules of Procedure
✓ Adjourns the house or suspends the meeting for lack of quorum: 10% of total strength
✓ His decision w.r.t disqualification on defection grounds – is subject to judicial review
✓ Acts as Chairman of the Indian Parliamentary Group
✓ Appoints Chairman of all the parliamentary committees of the Lok Sabha

• To ensure independence:
- Security of tenure
- Salaries and allowances are a charge on CFI
- Work and conduct cannot be discussed and criticised in the Lok Sabha EXCEPT on a
substantive motion.
- His power of regulating business of Parliament – NOT subject to court interference
- Placed at 7th rank along with CJI

✓ He nominates upto 10 members in the Panel of Chairpersons to preside over the house
in case of absence of both Speaker & Deputy Speaker
✓ However, in case offices of both Speaker & Deputy Speaker falls VACANT, then panel
members shall NOT act as Speaker, instead, the House will decide/ elect

✓ ‘SpeakerPro Tem’ – is temporary Speaker appointed by the President in the 1st

meeting of new Lok Sabha to administer oath & manage duties until a new Speaker is
elected

• Deputy Speaker
✓ Elected from within the Lok Sabha
✓ Date of election – fixed by Speaker

✓ Removal :
▪ Effective majority in Lok Sabha
▪ 14 days Notice to be given
▪ In the meeting where removal resolution is being passed, he can also vote

✓ Whenever he is appointed as a member of any parliamentary committee, he

automatically becomes its chairman
✓ Salary and allowances charged on CFI

• Deputy Chairman
✓ Elected from within the Rajya Sabha
✓ Removal
▪ Effective majority (majority of the Then members) in Rajya Sabha
▪ 14 days Notice to be given

Panel of Vice-chairpersons of RS
GS2 Page 45
 Panel of Vice-chairpersons of RS
▪ Nominated by Chairman
▪ Any of them presides when Chairman and D chairman are absent

• Leaderof the House

- Mentioned in Rule of House
✓ For both the houses - PM or nominated by Prime Minister

• Leader of Opposition
✓ From largest opposition party holding not less than 1/10th seats of the house
✓ Appointed in both houses
✓ Mentioned in – Parliamentary Statute
✓ 1977 – Statutory status was accorded
✓ Salary allowances – equal to a cabinet minister

Whip:
- Not mentioned anywhere - based on conventions
- Assistant floor leader

Sessions of Parliament :
- Summoned by President
- Maximum gap between 2 parliamentary sessions – 6 months max
- Usually: Budget session, Monsoon Session and Winter session
- Recess – between Prorogation & reassembly
- Adjournment - suspends the sitting for a specified time
- Adjournment sine die - terminating a sitting for an indefinite period
- Lapse of Bills in case of Dissolution of Lok Sabha
✓ Bill pending in Lok Sabha – lapses (irrespective of where it is originated)
✓ Bill passed by Lok Sabha but pending in Rajya Sabha – lapses
✓ Bill NOT passed by either houses & President has notified joint seating – DO NOT lapse
✓ Bill passed by both houses but pending for President's assent or returned by
President – DO NOT lapse

• Language: Hindi and English, presiding officer can permit mother tongue
• Lame Duck Session – last session of Lok Sabha & member who could not get re-elected
are called ‘lame ducks’

• Question Hour : 1st hour

Question Color Oral/ Witten Supplementary
Question
Starred Question Green Oral Yes
Unstarred Question White Written No
Short Notice Question Light Pink Oral
(notice< 10 days)
Private Member Question Yellow As the case As the case
• Zero Hour: since 1962
- Not mentioned in the Rules of procedure
GS2 Page 46
 - Not mentioned in the Rules of procedure
- MPs raise matter without notice
- Starts after question hour

• Motions
i) Substantive: Self contained independent proposal dealing with important matters like
impeachment of President etc
ii) Substitute Motion: Moved in substitution of an original motion and proposes an
alternative to it.
iii) Subsidiary motion : By itself has no meaning without reference to the original motion
or proceedings of the house. Divided into:
1. Ancillary Motion: Regular way of proceeding with various kinds of business
2. Superseding motion : Moved in course of a debate to supersede it.
3. Amendment: Modify or substitute only a part of the original motion.
iv) Closure: To cut short the debate
1. Simple : Matter has been discussed and be put to vote
2. Closure by compartments –A lengthy resolution is grouped into parts & each part is
put to vote
3. Kangaroo Closure – important clauses are discussed & voted while the remaining
ones are deemed as passed
4. Guillotine Closure – Undiscussed clauses are also put to vote due to want of time

v) Privilege motion
✓ Moved when minister has committed breach of privilege by withholding facts or gave
wrong or distorted facts, to censure such minister
✓ Can be moved both in LS/ RS

vi) Calling-Attention motion

✓ To call attention of a minister to a matter of urgent public importance, to seek
authoritative statement from him
✓ Indian Innovation since 1954

vii) Adjournment Motion

✓ To draw attention of the House towards a matter of urgent public importance
✓ Needs support of at least 50 members
✓ Extraordinary device
✓ Requires discussion of at least 2.5 hours
✓ CANNOT be used by Rajya Sabha
✓ It involves an element of censure against the government
✓ Restricted to urgent matter of recent occurrence
✓ Should NOT raise any question on parliamentary privilege
✓ Should NOT revive any already discussed matter

viii) No Confidence Motion A 75

✓ Also needs support of 50 members
✓ No need to state reasons

ix) Confidence Motion

To prove majority
GS2 Page 47
ix) Confidence Motion
✓ To prove majority
✓ Cases – coalition, minority governments
✓ If passed negative, then government falls

x) Censure Motion
✓ Moved for censuring the council of ministers w.r.t specific programmes/ policies
✓ Must state reasons
✓ If passed, then it does NOT amount to resignation of government

xi) Motion of Thanks

✓ To discuss the Presidential address (1st session of year & 1st session of Lok sabha)
✓ Must be passed otherwise the government falls

xii) Dilatory Motion – to adjourn debate on a bill or resolution

• Point of Order
✓ Raised when proceedings are NOT as per rules of procedure
✓ Related w.r.t interpretation or enforcement of Rule of Procedure or articles of COI that
regulate the business
✓ Extraordinary device
✓ Usually raised by opposition member
✓ No debate is allowed

• Half an hour discussion

✓ Matter requiring sufficient public importance
✓ No formal voting/ motion
✓ Speaker can allot 3 days in a week

• Short Duration discussion/ Two Hour discussion

✓ Matter is of urgent public importance
✓ Speaker can allot 2 days in a week

• Special Mention – It’s a motion for calling attention at the Rajya Sabha
- In Lok Sabha it is known as Notice (Mention) under rule 377.

• Resolutions
- Substantive motions and required to be voted upon
✓ Purpose is to draw attention towards ‘general’ public interest
✓ Discussion should be strictly within the scope of resolution
✓ 3 types
1. Private Member Resolution – by a private member & discussed on alternate
Fridays in the afternoon session
2. Government Resolution – by a minister & discussed Monday to Thursday
3. Statutory Resolution – by private member/ minister & required as per COI/
Parliamentary law

• Youth Parliament – started on recommendation of 4th All India Whips Conference

- Ministry of Parliamentary affairs provides the necessary training

GS2 Page 48
 - Ministry of Parliamentary affairs provides the necessary training

LEGISLATIVE PROCEDURE
1. Prior Notice is required for introduction of a bill
• For public bill –7 days
• For private member bill – 1 month
2. First Reading – means bill introduction + publication in official gazette
3. Second Reading :
- General Discussion : Principles and provisions are discussed generally, not in detail.
The house may
○ Consider immediately
○ Refer to Select Committee
○ Refer to Joint committee of both houses
○ Circulate the bill to elicit public opinion
- Committee Stage: Examines in detail and can amend clauses without altering
principles.
- Consideration: Each clause is discussed and voted upon separately
4. Third Reading: Acceptance or rejection as a whole and no amendments.
5. Bill in the second house: All stages. The house may
- pass without amendments or
- pass with amendments and send to the first house to reconsider
- Reject
- Keep it pending (if pending for 6 months then deadlock)

Parliament makes laws in skeleton form & authorises the Executives to make detailed
rules – this is called delegated legislation/ executive legislation/ subordinate
legislation
Financial Bills – •3 types
Article 110, 117 i) Money Bills – Article 110
ii) Financial Bills I – Article 117(1)
iii) Financial Bill II – Article 117(3)
Money Bills – Article 110
✓ Contains provisions relating to –
• Tax
• Borrowings by CG
• Consolidated & Contingency Fund
• Appropriation of money out of CFI
• Expenditure charged on CFI
✓ However, fines/ penalties/ fees/ local authority taxes – shall NOT constitute money bills
✓ Introduced by previous recommendation of President in the Lok Sabha and only by a
minister
✓ Rajya Sabha cannot reject or amend Money Bills and has to return within 14 days with
or without recommendations.
✓ President cannot return the bill for recommendation.
✓ Defeat of a money bill in Lok Sabha means – resignation of government

Financial Bills I – Article 117(1)

GS2 Page 49
 Financial Bills I – Article 117(1)
✓ It’s a bill that contains matters as per Article 110 + Other matters of general legislation
✓ Similar to ordinary bill except
• It can be introduced only in Lok Sabha
• Prior recommendation of President is required
✓ President can summon joint sitting if deadlock, and he can assent or withhold or return
the bill for reconsideration of the houses.

• FinancialBill II – Article 117(3)

✓ It does NOT contain matters as per Article 110 but contains provisions involving
expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India
✓ Similar to ordinary bill except
• Recommendation of President is required at the consideration stage at both houses

Joint sitting • NA to CAB or Money bills

• Quorum : 1/10th of total number
• Preside: Speaker >> D. Speaker >> D chairman >> Members determine
• Governed by Rules of procedure of LS
• Since Independence:
1. Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1960
2. Banking service commission (Repeal) bill, 1977
3. Prevention of terrorism bill, 2002
AFS / Budget • Railway budget was separated from General Budget in 1924 on recommendation of
A112 Acworth committee report(1921).
• From 2017- budgets are merged
• No demand of grant shall be made except on the recommendation of the President (and
RS cannot vote )
• Parliament can reduce or abolish a tax but cannot increase it
• Expenditure charged on CFI shall not be submitted to vote but can be discussed:
- Salary and allowances of President, VP, DC, Speaker, DS, SC judges, CAG, UPSC,
- Administrative exp of SC, CAG, UPSC
- Pension of Hight court judges
- Debt charges of Govt
- Any sum required to satisfy a judgement, decree, award

STAGES:
1. Presentation: 1st Feb by FM, budget docs contain:
- AFS
- Budget speech
- Appropriation bill
- Finance bill
- Demands for grants
- Statements under FRBM:
○ Macro Economic Framework Statement
○ Fiscal policy strategy
○ Medium term fiscal policy statement
- Expenditure, Receipts
- Memorandum explaining provisions of Finance bill
- Budget at a Glance
GS2 Page 50
 - Budget at a Glance
- Outcome Budget
2. General Discussion: 3-4 days in both houses. No cut motion or voting
3. Scrutiny by Departmental committees: 3-4weeks. Submitted to both houses for
consideration
- Standing committee system established in 1993
4. Voting on demand of grants: Lok Sabha
- Cut motions:
○ If the motion is adopted, it amounts to no-confidence motion requiring the
government to prove its majority or resign
a. Policy Cut Motion – Demand reduced “to” Re.1 (represents disapproval of
policy)
b. Token Cut Motion – Demand is reduced “by” Rs.100 (expresses a grievance)
c. Economy Cut Motion – Demand is reduced by a specified amount
5. Passing of Appropriation bill: ' No money shall be withdrawn from CFI except under
appropriation made by law'.
- Till the enactment of this bill, vote on account is granted to meet expenditure for 2
months of an amount equivalent to 1/6th of the expenditure.
6. Passing of Finance Bill: According to Provisional Collection of Taxes Act, 1931: Finance
Bill must be enacted within 75days.

OTHER GRANTS
Article 115 – Supplementary Grant: When amount appropriated for a particular service is
found to be insufficient

Article 116 – Votes on account, Votes of Credit, Exceptional grants

• Additional Grant – For additional expenditure during the current FY for a new service
which is NOT stated in the budget

• ExcessGrant
✓ When money spent on any service during the FY is in excess of the amount granted for
the service in the budget
✓ Voted after the FY
✓ Before submission, excess grants must be approved by Public Accounts Committee

• Vote of Credit
✓ Granted for meeting an unexpected demand upon the Indian resources
✓ Like a blank cheque given to the executive by the Lok Sabha

• Exceptional Grant
✓ Granted for a special purpose
✓ Not a part of current service of FY

• Token Grant
✓ Granted when funds to meet the proposed expenditure on a new service can be made
available via re-appropriation
✓ Token Sum = Re. 1

The budget is based on the principle of annuity, i.e., if the money granted is not spent by
GS2 Page 51
 The budget is based on the principle of annuity, i.e., if the money granted is not spent by
tht end of the year it returns to the CFI, This is called Rule of Lapse. This leads to heavy
expenditure during year end called March rush.

Funds:
✓ Consolidated Funds of India A266
✓ Public account of India (A266) : All the public money received by or on behalf of GOI is
credited. PF, judicial deposits, Saving bank deposits.
✓ Contingency Fund of India (A267): Placed at the disposal of President, held by finance
secretary .

✓ British parliament is sovereign, i.e., there is no distinction between constituent authority

and the legislative authority . There is no system of judicial review

Article 105/ • NOT available to President, although he is an integral part of Parliament

194 – • Types:
Parliamentary - Collective:
Privilege 1. Publish reports, debates, and proceedings and prohibit others from publishing the same.
44th Amendment, 1978 – Freedom of Press to publish ‘true’ report of parliamentary
proceeding without it’s permission (except in case of secret sitting)
2. Secret sittings
3. Make rules to regulate its own procedure and the conduct of business
4. Punish outsiders for breach of privileges or its contempt
5. Immediate information of the arrest, detention, conviction of any member
6. Institute enquiries and order for the attendance of witnesses and send relevant papers
and records.
7. Courts are prohibited to enquire into proceedings
8. No arrest or legal process (whether civil/ criminal) within the precincts of the House,
without obtaining permission of presiding officer

- Individual
• In case of civil cases, members cannot be arrested during 40 days before/ after the
session
• Freedom of speech
• Members are exempted from jury service while the Parliament is in session

Delimitation • Article
82/ 170 – provides for delimitation of Lok Sabha & assembly seats
• DelimitationCommission – independent & high-powered panel
• Appointed by President

• Composition
• Retired SC Judge
• Chief EC
• Respective State ECs
• Orders of DC – NOT questionable in court
• The exercise also involves reservation of SC & ST seats as per COI
• 1950-51 – 1st Delimitation Commission
• DCs have been set up 4 times – 1952, 1963, 1973, 2002 (Skipped in 1981 & 1991)
Capping is done till 2026 – to avoid the theory of ‘Population increase → More

GS2 Page 52
 • Cappingis done till 2026 – to avoid the theory of ‘Population increase → More
representation’
Private Member • Private member = non-minister MP
Bill • Drafting responsibility with concerned member
• 1 month notice – required for introducing private member bill
(Normal bills require only 7 days)
• They are introduced & discussed only on Fridays
• In case of multiple private bills, a ballot system is used to decide the sequence
• Examined by – Parliamentary Committee on Private Member Bill
• These bills generally reflect public matter & issues of opposition parties
• Hence, has very less chance to be approved by Parliament

Parliamentary Standing Committees – divided into 6 categories

Committees i) Financial Committees – includes Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee &
Committee on Public Undertakings
ii) Departmental Committees (24) :
- 8 under RS, 16 under LS.
- Members nominated by LS speaker and RS chairman.
- Max term :1 year.
- Minister Not eligible.
- Total members: 31 (21 LS, 10 RS)
iii) Committee to Inquire
1. Committee on petitions
2. Ethics committee
3. Privileges Committee
○ Semi judicial in nature
○ Examines cases of breach of privileges
○ LS's committee- 15 members and RS's- 10 members
iv) Committee to scrutinise & Control
1. Committee on Govt assurances
2. On subordinate legislation
3. On Papers laid on the table
4. Joint committee on offices of profit
5. Committee on Women Empowerment
○ 30 members (20 from Lok Sabha & 10 from Rajya Sabha)
○ Considers the report of – National Commission for Women
○ Minister – NOT eligible
6. Committee on Welfare of SCs & STs
○ 30 members (20 from Lok Sabha & 10 from Rajya Sabha)
○ Considers the report of – National Commission for STs & SCs
○ Minister – NOT eligible
v) Committee on Day to Day Business
1. Rules committee
2. On absence of members from sittings of the house
3. Business Advisory Committee
○ Lok Sabha’s committee has 15 members
○ Rajya Sabha’s committee has 11 members
○ Presiding Officers act as Chairmen
4. Committee on Private Member’s Bill
GS2 Page 53
 4. Committee on Private Member’s Bill
○ Exist in Lok Sabha only
○ Chaired by Deputy Speaker
○ Same function in Rajya Sabha is performed by Business Advisory Committee
vi) House Keeping/ Service Committee –
1. General Purpose Committee
2. House committee
3. Library committee
4. Joint committee on Salaries and allowances on members

• Ad Hoc Committee – divided into 2 categories

1. Inquiry Committees – constituted by either House or by Presiding officers
2. Advisory Committees – for consideration on bills & includes
○ Select Committee – consists of the members of the house where the bill has
originated
○ Joint Committee – consists of members from both houses, committee members
are decided by Parliament.LS members = 2X RS members

FINANCIAL COMMIITTEES
• Public Accounts Committee
✓ 1921 – 1st formed as per GOI Act, 1919
✓ 22 members – 15 from Lok Sabha & 7 from Rajya Sabha
✓ Members elected annually via PR STV
✓ Minister cannot be a member
✓ Term - 1year
✓ Since 1967, Chairman is elected from Opposition as per convention

1. Examine audit reports of CAG (laid in Parliament by President) (Appropriation

accounts, On finance accounts and On public undertakings)
2. Examines public expenditure not only from legal angle but also from economical
angle, prudence & wisdom
3. Compares Appropriation A/c with the sanctioned amounts as per Appropriation Act
4. Also examines the audit report of such corporations which are NOT allotted to
‘Committee on Public Undertakings’
5. Examine accounts of autonomous and semi autonomous bodies
6. To examine money spent in excess of the amount sanctioned by LS
✓ It cannot question the policy
✓ Conducts a post mortem of expense after it has already incurred
✓ It’s recommendations are advisory, not binding
✓ No power to disallow the expenditure
✓ NOT an executive body & hence cannot issue an executive order
✓ CAG – friend, guide & philosopher of Committee

• Estimates Committee
✓ 1921 – 1st formed as per
GOI Act, 1919
✓ 30members – all from Lok Sabha
✓ Members elected annually -PR STV
Minister – CANNOT be a member

GS2 Page 54
✓ Minister – CANNOT be a member
✓ Chairman is elected from Ruling Party as per convention
✓ Functions
1. Examine estimates of budget and suggest economies , improvements, efficiency and
administrative reform
2. To suggest alternative policies to enhance efficiency
✓ Examines the budget estimates only after they have been voted upon
✓ Conducts a post mortem of estimates after they have already been voted upon
✓ It selects ministries on sample basis for examination every year & covers all ministries by
rotation in various years
✓ It cannot question the policy
✓ It’s recommendations are advisory, not binding
✓ Lacks the assistance of CAG

• Committee on Public Undertakings

✓ 1964 – Set up on recommendation of Krishna Menon Committee
✓ 22 members – 15 from Lok Sabha & 7 from Rajya Sabha
✓ Members elected annually PR STV
✓ Minister – CANNOT be a member
✓ Chairman is elected by the Speaker from Lok Sabha only
Function -
✓ examine reports & accounts of Public Undertakings
✓ It cannot question the machinery of any parliamentary Act under which the PSU
operates
✓ Cannot look into technical details as members are not experts
✓ It cannot question the policy
✓ It’s recommendations are advisory, not binding

• Departmental Standing Committees (24)

✓ 31 members in every committee having nominated (not elected) members
▪ 21 from Lok Sabha – nominated by Speaker &
▪ 10 from Rajya Sabha – nominated by Chairman
✓ Out of 24 committees, 16 are under Lok Sabha & 8 under Rajya Sabha
✓ Committees under Rajya Sabha (8) are

▪ Commerce ▪ Industry
▪ Home Affairs ▪ Transport & Culture
▪ HRD ▪ Health & Family Welfare
▪ S&T ▪ Personnel, Public Grievances & Justice

(Remaining 16 – under Lok Sabha)

✓ Tenure of member – 1 year
✓ Minister – CANNOT be a member of any of the Departmental Committee
✓ Function – consider demands for grants, bills, reports, etc
✓ It’s report should NOT contain anything in the nature of cut motion
✓ It cannot interfere in daily business
✓ It’s recommendations are advisory, not binding

• ConsultativeCommittees
Ministers – act as Chairman

GS2 Page 55
 ✓ Ministers – act as Chairman
✓ Informal forum for discussion between ministers & MPs
✓ Constituted by – Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
✓ Maximum members – 30, Minimum members – 10
✓ These are attached to various ministries
✓ Consist of members from both Houses
✓ Membership is voluntary
✓ They are dissolved alongwith Lok Sabha Dissolution
• Informal Consultative Committes – also constituted for Railway Zones

Parliamentary • Aim is to provide a platform for interactions with experts/ key officials & share latest
Forums information & technical inputs
• Speaker acts as the President & Chairman acts as Co-President of these forums (except
Parliamentary Forum on Population & Public Health where it’s opposite)
• VPs of these forums consist of
✓ Deputy Speaker
✓ Deputy Chairman,
✓ Members of Departmental Standing Committees (24)
• Each forum consist of 31 members
• 21 – from Lok Sabha
• 10 – from Rajya Sabha
• President, Co-President & VPs are NOT included in 31
• 2005 – 1st Forum was made on Water Conservation & Management
• 2022 – 8 Forums exist today
i) Water Conservation
ii) Youth
iii) Children
iv) Population & Public Health – Here, Chairman of RS is the President & Speaker is Co-
President
v) Global Warming/ Climate Change
vi) Disaster Management
vii) Artisans & Craftsmen – latest (2013)
viii) Millennium Development Goals – latest (2013)

Parliamentary Inter parliamentary group acts both as National Group of Inter Parliamentary union IPU
Group and Indian branch of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association CPA
- IPG formed in 1949
- Open to all MPs
- Speaker is the ex officio President
D. Speaker and D Chairman are the ex officio VPs
- Acts are a link between Parliament of India and various parliaments of the world
Enemy Property • Left behind by people who took citizenship of China and Pak
• Economic advisory council has advices the PM to sell this

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Relations and emergency

Centre State A245- Territorial extent of Central and state legislation:

Relations - Parliament: Whole or part of India, extra territorial
- State : Whole or part of state
Article 245-255 Part
XI– Legislative Cases when parliamentary laws shall NOT apply (or modified) in certain areas
✓ President’s Regulation for peace/ progress/ good governance can restrict/ modify the application of
Article 256-263 of parliamentary laws
Part XI – 1. Ladakh
Administrative 2. A&N Islands
3. Lakshadweep
Article 268-293 of 4. Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Part XII– Financial ✓ For Scheduled Areas – the Governor
✓ For Tribal Areas/ ADC Council of Assam – the Governor of Assam
✓ For Tribal Areas/ ADC Council of Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram – the President

• Concurrent List 98 subject, State list 59 subjects, Concurrent - 52 subjects

• Ifa state law has been reserved for the assent of the President and he gives such assent then such state
law prevails over a central law in case of a conflict

Parliamentary legislation in state field:

i) Article 249 – Rajya Sabha’s Resolution (2/3 rd members P/V)
• Resolution remains in force for 1 year, extendable by 1 yr at a time.
• Law ceases to have affect after 6 months of expiry of resolution
• SG can also make law on same subject but in case of conflict, Centre’s law shall prevail
ii) National Emergency
iii) Article 252 – State’s Request/ Surrender of Power
• Request by 2 or more States
• Law shall applies in those states which have passed the resolutions
• Such a law can only be amended/ repealed by Parliament
• After the resolution, the SG cannot make a law or amendment on same subject
• Examples – WPA, 1972, Water Pollution Act, 1974, Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994
iv) Article 253 – Implementing International Agreements
• UN ( Privileges and Immunities ) Act, 1947, Geneva convention Act, 1960, Anti - hijacking Act, 1982
etc
v) President’s Rule
• Here, the law continues to remain active even after cessation of President’s Rule
• However, SG can amend/ repeal afterwards

EXECUTIVE POWERS:
• The jurisdiction of executive power w.r.t subjects of Concurrent Lists – shall lie with States, except
where a constitutional provision or Parliamentary law confers such power to CG
• A365: When state does not comply with directions of the centre, it will be lawful for the president to
hold that a situation has arisen for A356 (President's rule)

Centre's direction to states:

- Construction and maintenance of means of communication (National and military importance)
- Measures to be taken for the protection of railways
- Adequate facilities for instruction in the mother tongue
- Drawing up and execution of the schemes for the welfare of the STs

- President may, WITH THE CONSENT OF THE STATE, entrust CG executive functions to state
- Governor may, WITH THE CONSENT OF CG, entrust any executive function to the state

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 A parliamentary law on a subject in the Union list can confer powers and impose duties on a state
(Cannot be done by SL)

Cooperation:
- PARLIAMENT can provide for adjudication of any dispute wrt use, distribution and control of waters of
any inter state rivers
- PRESIDENT can establish (A263) an Inter State Council. (set up in 1990)
- Full faith and credit to public Acts, records and judicial proceedings of both the Centre and States
(DOES NOT include criminal law)
- Parliament can appoint authority for interstate trade, commerce and inter course.

A312- Parliament can create new All India Services on the basis of a Rajya Sabha resolution

Public Service Commissions:

- Chairman and members of state PSCs although appointed by Governor but can be removed by President
- Parliament can create JSPSC on request of state and its Chairman and members shall be appointed by
the President
- UPSC can serve the needs of a state on request by the Governor, with the approval of President

Judiciary
- Judges of HC are appointed by President in consultation with CJI and Governor of state. Tfr/Removal also
by President

Emergency
- A352- The centre is entitled to give any executive direction to state on any matter
- A356- President assumes the functions of SG
- A360- Centre can direct the state to observe financial propriety

- A355- Centre is responsible to

• Protect states from external aggression and Internal disturbance
• Govt of each state is carried on in accordance with Constitution

- Governor appointed by President.

- SEC appointed by Governor but can be removed by President

Conferences held for cooperation

- Governor's conference
- CM's Conference
- IG of police Conference
- CJ Conference
- Conference of Vice Chancellor etc

• FINANCIAL RELATIONS
Tax Levy
- Union List - 13, State List - 18, No tax entries in concurrent list
- States can levy taxes on Water and electricity consumed, stored or sold by any authority setup by
Parliament for regulating and developing Inter state rivers, but such a law has to be reserved for
President's consideration.
• Tax Distribution:
✓ Decided by Finance Commission & recommended by GST Council

✓ Article268 – Taxes levied by CG but collected by SG

• Central Sales Tax (levied on inter state movement of goods)
• Stamp Duty (certain, not all)
• These taxes do NOT form part of Consolidated Fund of India

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 • These taxes do NOT form part of Consolidated Fund of India

✓ Article269 – Taxes levied & collected by CG & then assigned to States

• These are taxes levied on inter state trade or consignment
• These taxes do NOT form part of Consolidated Fund of India
▪ Income Tax ▪ Excise Duty
▪ Custom Duty ▪ Service Tax
▪ IGST

✓ A269A- IGST

✓ Proceeds of Surcharge – goes exclusively to CG

GRANTS:
1. Statutory Grants A275
- General: To states in need, Specific: Welfare of ST in states including Assam
- Charged to CFI
- On the recommendation of Finance commission

2. Discretionary Grants A282

- Any grants for any public purpose

Following bills can be introduced in the Parliament only on the recommendation of the President:
- Varies of imposes any duty in which state is interested
- Varies the meaning of Agricultural income for Income tax Act
- Affects principles on which money is distributed to the states
- Surcharge on any duty/ tax

- Property and income of local authorities situated within a state are NOT exempted from Central
taxation. Centre can also impose customs and excise on a state
Committees and 1. Administrative Reforms Committee:
commissions - Chair: Morarji Desai >> K Hanumanthayya
- 1966
- Examination of Centre State relationship
- Recommendation:
• Establishment of Inter state council
• Max delegation to states

2. Rajamannar Committee
- Tamil Nadu Govt - DMK appointed
- 1969
- Recommendation:
• Establishment of Inter state council
• Finance commission to be made a permanent body
• Planning commission to be disbanded and replaced by a statutory body
• A356, 357, 365 to be omitted
• Residuary powers to state
• AIS to be abolished

3. Anandpur Sahib Resolution

- 1973, Akali Dal demanded that centre's jurisdiction should be restricted to Foreign affairs,
communication, defence, currency and the entire residuary powers to states

4. West Bengal Memorandum

- 1977, by Communist party - rejected by Centre

5. Sarkaria Commission
GS2 Page 59
 5. Sarkaria Commission
- 1983- By CG
- Recommendation:
• Establishment of Inter state council
• A356 to be used sparingly
• AIS should be further strengthened
• Centre should consult to make a law on Concurrent list
• To uniformly implement the Three languages formula
- 1990- Inter state council estd
- 180/247 recommendations were accepted

6. Punchhi Commission
- 2007, Madan Mohan Punchhi (Ex CJI)
- Recommendations
• Greater flexibility to states in relation to subjects in State list and transferred items in Concurrent list
• While selecting Guv:
○ Eminent
○ Outside the state
○ Not connected to state politics
• Governor should decide in 6m whether to give assent to SL bill or reserve it.
• Equality in representation of states in RS
• Scope of devolution of powers to local govt should be constitutionally defined
• All fiscal legislations should be annually assessed by independent bodies

Inter state Relations A262: Water disputes:

Parliament provides for the adjudication of any dispute wrt inter state river or river valleys:
- River boards Act 1956: Establishment of River boards for regulation and development of Inter state
rivers, on the request of State concerned.
- Inter State Water Disputes Act 1956: CG sets up Ad hoc tribunal whose decision is final and binding

Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal-I 1969 Maha, Knk, Andhra

Godavari WDT 1969 Maha, Knk, Andhra, MP, Odisha
Narmada WDT 1969 Raj, Guj, MP, and Maha
Ravi and Beas WDT 1986 Punjab, Haryana, Raj
Cauvery WDT 1990 Knk, Kerala, TN, Puducherry
Krishna WDT II 2004 Maha, Knk, Andhra
Vasandhara WDT 2010 Odisha and Andhra
Mahadayi WDT 2010 Goa, Knk, AP
Mahanadi WDT 2018 Odisha and Chhattisgarh

• Krishna River Dispute

✓ Between Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Karnataka
✓ Issue is w.r.t Srisailam Reservoir (Nallamala Hills) which is used by Telangana for power generation
✓ Koyna Dam – diversion by Maharashtra will affect Karnataka & Andhra
✓ Set up in 1969

• Sutlej Yamuna Link (SYL) Canal

✓ 214 kms canal connecting Sutlej → Yamuna rivers
✓ Aim is to facilitate water sharing of Ravi & Beas between Punjab & Haryana
✓ 1960 – Indus Water Treaty allowed free use of R, B, S waters for India
✓ 1966 – Creation of ‘Haryana’ out of Punjab created problems
✓ 1982 – SYL was launched in Punjab but agitations
✓ 1985 – The Eradi Tribunal was set up to handle the dispute
✓ 2002 – SC directed Punjab to complete SYL Canal

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 ✓ 2002 – SC directed Punjab to complete SYL Canal
✓ Punjab does not want to share water as 79% of it’s area is already over exploited due to irrigation
✓ Haryana also needs water amid groundwater shortage in south Haryana region

A263- Inter state council: By President:

- Council of Health and family welfare
- Central council of Local Govt
- 4 regional councils for sales tax
- Inter state council setup by Janta Dal govt headed by VP Singh in 1990:
- Members:
○ PM as Chair
○ CMs
○ Administrators
○ Governor of states under President's rule
○ 6 cabinet ministers including Home Minister
- Meet at least 3 times a year
- Committee setup in 1996, Members:
○ Home Minister Chair
○ 5 cabinet ministers
○ 9 CMs

- Full faith and credit clause does not include criminal laws

A301- Trade, commerce intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free, RR:
- Parliament can by law restrict in public interest
- SL can restrict only after passing a bill to that effect after previous sanction of the President.

Zonal Council: Setup by States Reorganisation Act, 1956

- 5 NEWSC
- North: New Delhi
- East: Kolkata
- Central : Allahabad
- Western: Mumbai
- South: Chennai
- Members:
- Home Minister
- CMs of the zone
- 2 ministers from each state in the zone
- Administrator of each UT in the zone

North Eastern Council by North Eastern council of 1971

Inter State border • 1953 – Andhra Pradesh became 1st linguistic state with Kurnool as its capital
disputes • Border issues

States Disputed Area Remarks

Maharashtra & Belagavi, Belgaum district, • Problem – Marathi & Kannada
Karnataka Karnataka • DuringBritish time, Belagavi was in Bombay
presidency (till 1956)
Odisha & Andhra Kotia Village, District – Koraput
Pradesh
Assam & Langpih, Borduar, Gazang • 12
points of dispute
Meghalaya Reserve Forest, Tarabari • 1972– Formation of Meghalaya under Assam
Reorganisation Act, 1971
Assam & • 804 kms boundary between 2 states
Arunachal • 1987 – Arunachal was carved out & disputes
started
GS2 Page 61
 started
•A tripartite committee recommended some
territories in favour of Arunachal
Assam & Mizoram Cachar, Hailakandi, Karimganj – • Mizoram wants a demarcation as in 1875 to
Districts protect tribals
Assam & village – Merapani ( Assam) • 1963 – Nagaland was carved out & violent
Nagaland disputes started
• Disputed

Haryana & Parwanoo (Panchkula, Haryana)

Himanchal
Ladakh & Sarchu (located between Leh & • Region lying on Leh-Manali highway in the Lahaul
Himanchal Lahaul/ Spiti) & Spiti region.
• Himachal statehood -1971

Emergency • Origin– GOI Act, 1935

Provisions, • Suspension of fundamental rights during emergency – taken from German constitution
• Alladi Krishnaswari Ayyar - "The very life breath of the constitution"
Article 352 to 360
• Mahabir Tyagi - "Safety valve"

A352
✓ Declared by President, entire country or part
✓ Grounds – war, external aggression, armed rebellion
✓ War & External aggression = External Emergency, Armed rebellion = Internal emergency
✓ Before 44th amendment, the term ‘armed rebellion’ was ‘internal disturbance’
✓ It can be invoked even before the war on suspicion
✓ Written recommendation is required from Cabinet
✓ SGs are NOT suspended
✓ Approval: both house within 1 month of issue (Survives until 30 days from 1st sitting if LS reconstituted)
✓ SR: >50% of Total and min 2/3rd of P/V
✓ Validity = 6 months (extended by Parliament indefinitely after every 6 months approval)
✓ Revocation – by President by a subsequent proclamation OR when resolution passed by Lok Sabha by
simple majority to discontinue
✓ Special sitting to be arranged within 14 days of written notice to Speaker by at least 1/10th members of
Lok Sabha to consider resolution for discontinuation of emergency

EFFECT:
✓ CG can give executive directions to ANY state on any matter
✓ Parliament can make laws on State List but those laws shall expire after 6 months of cessation of
emergency
✓ President can also pass ordinances on State List subjects
✓ The President can alter the revenue distribution between CG & SGs and such modification continues till
the end of FY in which emergency is revoked – every such order is also laid before each house of
Parliament
✓ Tenures of Lok Sabha & SLA can be indefinitely extended beyond 5 year by Parliament, but only 1 year
at a time & subject to maximum 6 months after cessation of emergency

✓ Article 358
▪ Article 19 is suspended automatically during external emergency
▪ Suspension remains until cessation of emergency
▪ Suspension extends to entire country
▪ Laws inconsistent with A19 cease to have effect on cessation of emergency , but no remedy lies against
them

✓ Article359
Other rights enforcement can be suspended by a President Order (not automatically) & after

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 ▪ Other rights enforcement can be suspended by a President Order (not automatically) & after
Parliament’s approval
▪ Article 20, 21 – can never be suspended
▪ On all grounds of National Emergency
▪ Suspension remains until period as specified in the Presidential order
▪ Suspension may extend to entire country or a part

Oct 1962- Jan 1968: Chinese aggression in NEFA

Dec 1971 : Attack by Pak
June 1975 - Mar 1977
- Shah commission was appointed by Janata Party govt to investigate and it did not justify the
emergency

Article 356 – President’s Rule/ Constitutional emergency/ State emergency:

✓ Imposed by the President via proclamation
✓ Must be approved in both houses by simple majority within 2 months
✓ Validity = 6 months (extended by Parliament for maximum upto 3 years but only after every 6 monthly
approval by simple majority)
✓ However, for extension beyond 1 year, 2 conditions needs to be fulfilled
1. National Emergency should be in operation (whole/ part of India), &
2. ECI must certify that elections cannot be held in that State
✓ Revocation – by President anytime
✓ State Legislature/ SLA – is dissolved/ suspended
✓ State Executive (i.e, Council) – is dismissed
✓ Governor takes over the administration with the help of State secretary or advisors appointed by
President
✓ Parliament passes the State Budget
✓ Parliament can delegate power to make laws to President
✓ President can authorise expenditure from State Consolidated funds, pending its approval by Parliament
✓ However, SLA & local bodies are NOT ‘automatically’ dissolved
✓ Laws/ Ordinances passed by Parliament/ President shall remain effective even after cessation of
emergency but SG can afterwards repeal/ modify them

✓ Bommai Case- Imposition is subject to judicial review – as per 44th amendment, 1978
✓ Since 1950 - 125 times
✓ 1951 – 1st time imposed in Punjab
✓ Most number of times (2022) – Manipur (10 times)

• Article360 – Financial Emergency

✓ Imposed by the President via proclamation
✓ Ground – financial instability in the country
✓ Passed by simple majority in both Houses within 2 months
✓ Continues indefinitely
✓ Revocation – by President anytime
✓ President may direct reduction of salaries and allowances of any class of persons serving in the State or
Union (Including judges of HC/SC)
✓ CG can direct certain (money bills/ financial bills) SG bills for reservation of President
✓ Idea/ origin – USA’s National Recovery Act, 1933 passed after Great Depression
• If a proclamation is issued for imposing emergency u/A 352, 356, 360 & Lok Sabha is dissolved during
the approval period, then such proclamation shall remain effective if it has been passed by Rajya Sabha

GS2 Page 63
State and UTs

State Executive Governor (Article 153-167)

✓ Dual Capacity – Nominal Head of State & CG’s representative
✓ State Executives consists of – Governor, CM, Council, Advocate General
✓ Article 153 – Governor can be appointed for multiple States (7th Amendment, 1956)
✓ Appointment by – President by warrant under his hand and seal& holds office till pleasure of President
(Tenure – 5 years)
✓ Qualification: Citizen, Min 35 yo
✓ Convention: Outsider and President is required to consult CM
Conditions:
• Not an MP or MLA
• No OoP
• Entitled to use Raj Bhavan
• Emoluments determined by Parliament and cannot be diminished.
• If appointed in more than 1 state - Proportion/ Ratio of sharing – decided by President

✓ Immune from legal liability for official acts. Civil proceedings can be instituted after 2 months notice.
✓ ‘Pleasure’ of President is NOT justiciable & thus, governor can be removed anytime by President, although
no grounds are mentioned in COI
✓ Governor continues beyond 5 years until the new one takes charge
✓ He can be appointed any number of times, either in same/ different State(s)

✓ Oath (as President) – administered by CJ of HC (>>the senior most judge):

• Faithfully execute office,
• Defend constitution
• Devote to service and well being
✓ Article 161 – Pardoning powers of Governor : On advice of council
▪ He can commute, remit, suspend a death sentence but cannot pardon

✓ Article 163 – Governor is bound by Council’s advice except for his discretionary power
• Governor appoints CM & COMs of State
• Governor must appoint a Tribal Welfare Minister in – CH, JH, Odisha, MP (Bihar excluded in 2006)
✓ He appoints – CM, Advocate general, State EC (although removal in the same manner as of HC Judge),
Members/ Chairman of SPSC (removal by President only), District Judge (after consulting HC)
✓ He elects presiding officers of SLA & SLC in the absence of Speaker/ Deputy Speaker or Chairman/ Deputy
Chairman
✓ Appoints presiding officer of SLA, SLC when speaker/Chairman and D.Speaker/D.Chairman are VACANT
✓ Recommend imposition of constitutional emergency by President
✓ Acts as chancellor of universities and appoints vice chancellor.
✓ He selects the nominated members of SLA & SLC
▪ In SLA – 1 member is nominated from Anglo Indian community
▪ In SLC – 1/6 members are nominated having special knowledge & experience
(Governor’s nomination cannot be challenged if bonafide)
✓ He decides disqualification of MLAs/ MLCs in consultation with ECI

✓ Article 200
▪ Assent, Withhold, Reserve for President’s consideration
▪ He must reserve the bill for President’s consideration – if the bill affects the position of High Court
▪ He can reserve the bill if :
• Ultra vires
• Opposed to DPSP
• Against larger interest of country
• Of grave national importance

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 • Of grave national importance
• Dealing with compulsory acquisition of property u/a 31A

✓ Article
213 – Ordinance power
▪ In
few cases, Governor cannot promulgate ordinance without instruction from President, like – if the bill
contains such provision which would have required President’s assent, etc

✓ Prior recommendation of Governor needed in following cases

i) Introducing Money Bill in SLA
ii) Voting for demands for grant
• He can make advances out of Contingency Fund of State to meet unforeseen situation
• He constitutes State Finance Commission – to look into Panchayats & Municipalities

iii) Discretionary Powers (wider than President)

1. Reserving the bill for President’s consideration
2. Recommending President’s rule
3. Determining the time needed for a party to prove majority
4. Choosing party who shall be required to prove majority
5. Seeking information from CM
6. In case of dispute, determining Royalty Payable for mineral exploration by SGs of Assam, Meghalaya,
Tripura, Mizoram to → ADC Tribal Council
7. Appoint CM if no party has clear majority
✓ 42nd Amendment, 1976 – Made President bound to the Council’s advise but NOT Governor
✓ If any dispute arises whether governor is having discretion or not, then decision of governor shall be final
✓ Also, any act of governor shall NOT be invalidated on the ground that he would have/ haven’t acted upon
his discretion

✓ InCOI, there are NO guidelines for exercise of power or conflict with States
✓ 1988 – Sakaria Commission – Article 356 should be used in the rarest cases
✓ 2010 – Punchhi Commission – Advice of CM should be taken for appointment governor & there should be a
provision for Governor’s impeachment by the SLA
✓ 2016 – Nabam Rebia Case – Governor’s discretionary power is limited & action should not be arbitrary/
fanciful

• Chief Minister
✓ Holds office till the pleasure of Governor, but cannot be dismissed till he has majority
✓ Oath: Same as PM
✓ Salary – determined by SLA
✓ His resignation/ death – automatically dissolves the Council
✓ He acts as
- Chairman of State Planning Board
- V. Chairman (by yearly rotation) – of respective Zonal Council
- Member – of NITI Aayog (chaired by PM)
- Member – of Inter State Council (chaired by PM)

State CoM:
- Advice tendered by Ministers to Governor shall not be inquired into in any court.
- Total ministers including CM shall not exceed 15% of the Total strength of SLA (and Min 12)
- Oath: Same as PM
State - Bicameral : Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.
Legislature - Parliament can create or abolish a Legislative Council, if SLA passes a resolution by a special majority (>50%
(A168 to A212) of total, >=2/3rd P/V).
Part 6 - The Act of parliament is passed by simple majority

Composition of SLA:

GS2 Page 65
 Composition of SLA:
• Max Strength : 500
• Minimum Strength: 60
• Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Goa : 30
• Mizoram: 40
• Nagaland: 46
• The Guv can nominate 1 member from the Anglo Indian community
- Delimitation: A readjustment has to be made in the total number of seats in the assembly and the division of
each state into constituencies, after each census. Parliament has enacted Delimitation Commission Acts in
1952, 62, 72, 2022
- Reservation of seats for SC/STs on the basis of population ratios.

Composition of SLC:

Max: 1/3rd of total strength of SLA

Min: 40
Actual strength if fixed by Parliament
Election: PR by STV
- 1/3 - Members of Local bodies like municipalities, district boards etc
- 1/12 - Graduates of 3 years standing
- 1/12 - Teachers of 3 yr standing
- 1/3 - Members of SLA
- 1/6 - Guv from amongst persons who have special knowledge of Literature, science, art, cooperative
movement and social service.
- 1/3rd of the members retire every second year. So a member continues as such for 6 years. Retiring members
are also re eligible.

Qualifications:
- Citizen
- Oath:
• True faith and allegiance
• Uphold sovereignty and integrity
- SLC: min 30yo, SLA: min 25yo
Others by RPA, 1951:
- To be elected in SLC, must be an elector in the state and to be qualified for governor's nomination, must be
a resident.

Disqualification: Same as MP
Oath of MLA : Same as MP

Removal of Speaker, D. Speaker, Chairman and D Chairman: Effective majority +14 days advanced notice

Quorum for Houses: 10 or 1/10th of total members whichever is greater

Legislation:
- SLA rejects the amendments in a bill by the SLC or
- the Council altogether rejects the bill or
- does not take any action within 3 months,
• then the SLA may pass the bill again and transmit to the council.

- If the council rejects the bill again, or

- passes with amendments not acceptable to SLA, or
- does not pass within 1 month,
• then the bill is deemed to be passed by both the house in the form it was passed for the second time.

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 The SLC cannot reject or amend a Money bill, it can only give recommendations and must return the bill
within 14 days.
The Governor can give assent, withhold assent or reserve the bill for consideration of the President but
cannot return the bill for reconsideration.

Pattern of relationship between the 2 houses of State legislature is adopted from British Model
Special SN Article State Remarks
provisions for
1 371 Maharashtra & • President is authorised to provide that the governor is responsible specially
some states
Gujarat for:
(371 to 371-J
• Establishment of Separate development boards for
of Part XXI)
i) Vidharbha & Marathwada – in Maharashtra
ii) Saurashtra & Kutch – in Gujarat
• Report of these Boards shall be placed annually before the SLA
2 371A Nagaland • Parliamentary Act shall not apply unless the SLA so decides in the following
areas:
1. Religious/ social/ customary law & practices of Nagas
2. Land ownership/ transfer
3. Administration of civil and crimal justice involving decisions according to
Naga customary laws.

• Governor’s special responsibility for Law & Order

• Regional Council for Tuensang district consisting of 35 members : Governor
shall make rules and administer
• SLA’s Act applies only after Governor’s direction after the Regional
Council’s recommendation
• There shall be a Minister for Teunsang affairs in the council.
• MLAs from Tuensang – NOT elected but nominated by Regional Council

3 371B Assam • President

may provide for a committee of Assam Legislative assembly with
members from Tribal Areas.
4 371C Manipur • President may provide for Committee for Hill Areas.
• Governor shall submit annual report to President regarding administration
of Hill Areas.
• CG can give directions to SG for administration of Hill Areas

5 371D Andhra President may provide

& 371E Pradesh & • forequitable opportunities in public employment
Telangana • Require SG to organise Civil posts in local cadres
• For establishment of Administrative Tribunal outside the purview of HC

6 371F Sikkim (made a • Min 30 members in State LA

state via 36th • Governor’s special responsibility for Law & Order
CAA, 1975)
7 371G Mizoram • Parliamentary Act shall not apply unless the SLA so decides in the following
areas:
1. Religious/ social/ customary law & practices of Mizos
2. Land ownership/ transfer
3. Administration of civil and crimal justice involving decisions according to
Mizo customary laws.
• Min 40 members in the SLA
8 371H Arunachal • Governor’s
special responsibility for Law & Order
• Min 30 members in the LA

9 371I Goa • Minimum size of SLA = 30 members

10 371J Karnataka Separate development board for – Hyderabad : Reported annually to SLA

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 10 371J Karnataka • Separate development board for – Hyderabad : Reported annually to SLA
• Reservation in educational & vocational institutions

Assam Accord • 15 Aug 1985 between Reps of GOI and leaders of Assam Movement in N Delhi
• Ended a 6 year agitation launched by All Assam Students' Union AASU since 1979
• Clause 6 : "Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards should be provided to protect, preserve
and promote the cultural, social, linguistic identity and heritage of people of Assam"
Inner Line • Document required by non natives to visit or stay in a state.
Permit • States covered : Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Nagaland
• Extension of Bengal Eastern frontier regulation Act, 1873
• Non Citizen require - "Protected area permit"
Union • Constituted as Scheduled districts in 1874. Later came to be known as Chief Commissioners provinces. After
territories independence placed in C and D territories.
239-241 in • In 1956 constituted as UTs
Part VIII
• Administered by President by appointing an Administrator known as:
- Lieutenant Governor- Delhi, Puducherry, AnN, JnK, and Ladakh
- Chief Commissioner
- Administrator - Chandigarh, DDDNH, Lakshadweep

• Puducherry 1963, Delhi 1992, JnK 2019 have legislatures

• Parliament can make laws on any subject in the 3 lists
• Delhi can make laws on subjects in the state and concurrent list except Public order, police and land
• Jnk can make laws on subjects in the state and concurrent list except Public order and police.

• President can make regulations for peace, progress and good governance of AnN, DDDN, and Ladakh,
Lakshadweep

• DELHI: 69th CAA, 1991

- Provided special status to NCT
- Created a legislative assembly and a council of ministers
- Strength of assembly -70 members
- Council strength - 10%, i.e., 7 including CM
- CM +COM is appointed by President
- On report by Lt Governor, President can impose his rule in the territory

• Under the GOI (Allocation of business) Rules, 1961 - MOHA is the nodal ministry for all UTs. All UTs without
legislature have a forum of Home Minister's advisory committee/ Administrator's advisory committee

Scheduled and • 5th schedule:

tribal areas - President is empowered to declare or alter, in consultation with the governor concerned
A244 in Part X - Governor has to submit a report to the President regarding the administration of such areas
- Each state shall have a Tribal Advisory Council - 20 members - 3/4th of whom shall represent STs in SLA.
- Governor is empowered to direct a particular act of Parliament or SL does not apply to a scheduled area
or apply with modifications.
- Governor can also make regulations for peace and good governance after consulting the tribes advisory
council, require assent of President.
- 10 States : Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana have Fifth Schedule Areas

• Commissions appointed to report on the administration of Scheduled areas: Dhebar Commission (1960),
Bhuria Commission (2002)

• # If president directs there can be set up a Tribal Advisory council in the Non Schedule areas too.

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• # If president directs there can be set up a Tribal Advisory council in the Non Schedule areas too.

• 6th schedule: On recommendation of Bardoloi Committee

• Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura
- Tribal areas have been constituted as Autonomous district
- Governor is empowered to organise/ re organise
- If there are different tribes in an autonomous district, the governor can divide
- ADC consists of 30 members, 4 are nominated by Guv and 26 elected.
- Term of elected members is 5y and nominated members hold office during the pleasure of Governor.
- The district or regional councils can makes laws and such laws require assent of the Governor. They can
assess and collect land revenue and impose certain specified taxes.
○ Assam: Governor decides applicability of Acts
○ Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura : Governor: State Acts, and President : Parliamentary Acts
- Acts of parliament or SL do not apply or apply with modifications.

Assam- North Chachar Hill, Karbi Anglong, Bodoland Territorial Area

Meghalaya - Garo, Khasi, Jaintia
Mizoram - Chakma, Mara, Lai

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Local govt

Panchayats & • 1957 – 1st Recommended by Balwant Rai Mehta Committee to examine the working of Community
Panchayati Raj – 73rd Development program and the National Extension service:
Amendment, 1992, • 3 tier PRS
Articles 243 – 243O • Panchayat direct elections, but panchayat samiti and zila parishad by indirect elections
• 1959 – 1st State to establish Panchayati Raj – Rajasthan on 2nd October, 1959

• Ashok Mehta Committee, 1977 - on PRI suggested a 2 tier system

• GVK Rao Committee, 1985 - To review the existing arrangements for poverty alleviation and rural
development
• 1978 - Dantwala committee on Block level planning
• 1984- Hanumantha Rao Committee on District planning.

• LM Singhvi Committee, 1986 – To prepare a concept paper on Revitalisation of PR. It suggested

constitutional status for panchayats and Nyay panchayats for cluster of villages. Judicial tribunals
should be set up in every state to adjudicate controversies about elections to PRI.

✓ Thungon Committee, 1988 : To examine the political and administrative structure in the district for
the purpose of district planning.
• Reservation for women
• Setting up of SFC to lay down criteria for financing of PRIs.

✓ Gadgil Committee, 1988 on Policy and Programmes, How best can PRIs could be made effective.
• Reservation
for SC ST and women

• 1989 – 1st attempt was made by Rajiv Gandhi to give Panchayati Raj a constitutional status
• 24th April, 1993 – National Panchayati Raj Day
✓ 1sttime celebrated in 2010
• Article 40 – Village Panchayat(DPSP)
• Article 246 – The SGs are empowered to enact laws on local self government

• Part 9th was added ‘The Panchayats’ 243-243O

• 11th Schedule – enumerate 29 subjects for Panchayats
• Gram Sabha – persons registered in the electoral rolls of the village
•3 tier system: States having population <=20lakh may not constitute panchayats at the intermediate
level.
• Gram Panchayat – at Village level
• Panchayat Samiti – at Block/ Intermediate level
• Zila Parishad – at District level
• Members at all tiers – elected directly by the people
• Chairmen elected as under
• For intermediate & district levels – indirect elections from among the elected members thereof
• For village level – As prescribed by State Legislature
• SC/ST Reservation (in proportion of population) & 1/3rd women reservation for –
• All panchayats at all tiers
• For membership as well as for the office of Chairman also
SC Reservation – is N.A for Arunachal, since there is no SC population.
• Min Age : 21 years, disqualifications decided by SL
• Term – 5 years, although can be dissolved before
• Elections must be held before expiry of 5 year or in case of dissolution, within 6 months
• Newly elected panchayat before expiration of term serves only for the remainder tenure, however, if
the remainder tenure is less than 6 months, then fresh elections may not be held
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 the remainder tenure is less than 6 months, then fresh elections may not be held

• Superintendence Direction and control of Panchayat election – vested in State EC (SEC Appointed by
Governor) - Removal as a HC judge
• Courts – NOT allowed to interfere in the electoral matters of Panchayats

• State Finance Commission – shall determine resource allocation for panchayats/ municipalities &
grant-in-aid to Panchayats from Consolidated Fund of State.
• Governor shall place the recommendation alongwith action taken before SLA
• However, provisions are exempted in –
i) Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram
ii) 5th & 6th Scheduled areas
iii) Manipur Hills – administered by ADCs
iv) Darjeeling, WB – here, the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council already exist

• PESA, 1996 –
Recommendation of Bhuria Committee
✓ Empowers Parliament to extend Part 9 (Panchayats) to 5th Scheduled areas of 10 states
✓ State legislations wrt Panchayats should be in conformity to the customary law, social and religious
practices and traditional management practices of community resources
✓ Gram Sabha –
• shall approve of plans, programmes or projects before they are taken up for implementation by
the Panchayat at the village level
• Identify beneficiaries under poverty alleviation and other programmes
• submit a UC (Utilization Certificate) regarding above schemes to the Panchayat
✓ Reservation for STs
• Shall be as per population
• However, must be at least 50% (1/2) of total seats
• Chairman seats at all levels shall be reserved for STs
• Nominated members by SLA – can be upto 1/10th of total members in intermediate & district
level panchayats
✓ Consultation of Gram Sabha or Panchayat – mandatory before land acquisition by SG
✓ Recommendation of Gram Sabha or Panchayat – mandatory before granting prospecting licence or
for mining lease for minor minerals in Scheduled Areas
✓ SL shall ensure that Gram Sabha is endowed specifically with:
• Power to enforce prohibition/ regulate/ restrict any intoxicant
• Ownership of MFP
• Prevent alienation of land
• Manage village markets
• Exercise control over money lending

• eGramSwaraj – portal was launched by MoPR for e governance of PRIs

Financing of PRIs : By 2nd ARC (2005-2009)

In general Panchayats receive funds from:
- CG grants
- Devolution from State
- Loans/ grants from SG
- Programme specific allocation under Centrally sponsored schemes and Additional central assistance
- Internal resource generation

Reasons for ineffective performance of PRIs:

- Lack of adequate devolution of Funds, Functions, and Functionaries
- Excessive bureaucracy
- Tied nature of funds
- Overwhelming dependency on government funding, people are less likely to request a social audit

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 - Overwhelming dependency on government funding, people are less likely to request a social audit
- Reluctance to use fiscal powers
- Creation of parallel bodies
- Poor Infrastructure (around 25% do not have an office building, only around 20% reported to having
computing facilities)

Committees on PRI Lalit Mathur - on devolution of powers and functions

after 1992 V Ramchandran - Planning at grassroot level
Smt Rajwant Sandhu - Preparation of manual for district planning
V Ramchandran - Committee on restructuring of DRDA
Mani Shankar Aiyar - Leveraging Panchayats for efficient delivery of Public goods and services
74th Amendment, • 1668 – 1st Municipal Corporation was set up in Madras
1992 – Urban local • 1882 – Lord Ripon’s Resolution called as the Magna Carta of Local Self Government
government, (he is called as the Father of local self government in India)
Municipality, • 1924 - Cantonment Act
Articles 243P-243ZG • 1989 – 1st attempt was made by Rajiv Gandhi to give constitutional status
• 1992 – 74th Amendment was passed under Narsimha Rao government (wef 1st June 1993)
• Part 9A & 12th Schedule (having 18 items) – were added
• Jurisdiction – demarcated by SG
• Subject of ‘Urban local government’ dealt by 3 ministries
i) MoHUA
ii) MoD – in case of Cantonment Boards
iii) MoHA – in case of UTs
• 3 types of Municipalities prescribed for every State
1. Municipal Corporation – for large urban area
2. Municipal council – for small urban area
3. Nagar Panchayat – for transitional area
(Specification/ identification of areas – by Governor)
• All Members of a municipality– are directly elected by the people
• Territorial constituencies are known as – Wards
• Chairman – manner of election may be prescribed by State legislature
• Ward Committees
• Constituted by State legislature for the municipalities having population of 3 lacs or more
• Jurisdiction , area, composition – determined by SG
• Reservation for both members/ chairman – for SC/ST (as per population) & women – 1/3rd of total
seats
• Minimum age for member – 21 years
• Tenure – 5 years
• Elections must be held before expiry of 5 year and in case of dissolution, compulsory elections within
6 months
• Newly elected Municipality serves only upto remainder tenure, however, if the remainder tenure is
less than 6 months, then fresh elections may not be held
• Election responsibility – vested in State EC
• Courts – NOT allowed to interfere in the electoral matters of Municipality
• State Finance Commission – shall determine resource allocation for panchayats/ municipalities &
recommends grants from Consolidated Fund of State
• Provisions are exempted in –
1. 5th & 6th Scheduled areas
2. It should not affect the functions of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
• However, the Parliament has power to extend the provisions to tribal & scheduled areas

• DistrictPlanning Committee
• Constituted by SG at the district level in every State
• Aim is to consolidate plans prepared by panchayats & municipalities
Jurisdiction , area, composition – determined by SG

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 • Jurisdiction , area, composition – determined by SG
• 4/5th members – shall be elected by the elected members of District Panchayats & Municipality
amongst themselves (In ratio of urban and rural population)
• Chairman – shall forward the consolidated development plan to → SG
• Metropolitan Planning Committee
• Constituted by SG for every metropolitan area
• Aim is to prepare developmental plans
• Jurisdiction , area, composition – determined by SG
• 2/3th members – shall be elected by the elected members of Municipality & Chairpersons of
Panchayats amongst themselves
• Chairman – shall forward the metropolitan development plan to → SG

8 types of Urban Local Bodies

i) Municipal Corporation
✓ For – big cities
✓ Created by an Act of SLA (in case of UT – by an Act of Parliament)
✓ It has 3 organs
1. Council
o It’s the legislative wing of Municipal Corporation
o Headed by – Mayor (who is just the nominal head)
o Mayor’s tenure is 1 year & eligible for re-election
o Consists of Councillors which are directly elected by the people
o There are also some nominated members – who are experts in municipal administration
2. Standing Committee – to facilitate/ assist the working of Council
3. Municipal Commissioner
o He is the real executive of Municipal Corporation
o Appointed by – SG (generally an IAS)
o His role is to implement the decisions of the Council & Standing Committees

ii) Municipality
✓ For – small cities
✓ Created by an Act of SLA (in case of UT – by an Act of Parliament)
✓ Also known by different names – Municipal Council, Municipal Board, Borough Municipality, City
Municipality, etc
✓ It has 3 organs
▪ Council
o It’s the legislative wing of Municipal Corporation
o Headed by – President/ Chairman (who is just the read head unlike Municipal Corporation & thus
enjoys executive powers)
o President/ Chairman assisted by VP/ VC
o Consists of Councillors which are directly elected by the people
▪ Standing Committee – to facilitate/ assist the working of Council
▪ CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
o Responsible for daily administration
o Appointed by – SG

iii) Notified
Area Committee (NAC)
✓ Created for administering 2 kinds of areas
• Rapidly industrializing town
• An important town as per SG which has NOT fulfilled the criteria for creating a municipality
✓ Established by – Gazette notification
✓ Powers are almost equal to municipality
✓ But, unlike municipality, all members of NAC are nominated by SG
✓ Hence, it is neither an elected body nor a statutory body

Town Area Committee (TAC)

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 iv) Town Area Committee (TAC)
✓ For administering – small town
✓ Semi-municipal body in nature having limited civic functions, e.g, road, drainage, street light, etc
✓ Members can be fully/ party elected/ nominated
✓ All conditions – prescribed by SG

v) Cantonment Board
✓ Statutory body under Cantonments Act, 2006
✓ Set up & administered by – CG
✓ Under control of – MoD of CG
✓ Aim – municipal administration for the civilian population in cantonment area
✓ Members are – both elected & nominated
✓ Elected members have tenure of – 5 years
✓ Military Commander of the station is the – Ex officio President of the Board
✓ VP is chosen by the elected members among themselves
✓ Executive Officer of the Board – appointed by President

vi) Township
✓ Establishedby – large PSUs for its staff/ workers
✓ Administered by – Town Admin (who is assisted by technical/ non technical staff)
✓ No elected members

vii) Port
Trust
✓ Statutory body under an Act of Parliament
✓ Set up near port areas
✓ Has both elected & nominated members
✓ Functions are similar to municipality

viii) Special
Purpose Agency
✓ Statutory bodies created by SG
✓ These are function specific & NOT area specific
✓ Their function overlap with that of urban local bodies
✓ Also called – Functional local bodies, Single purpose/ Uni Purpose/ Special Purpose Agencies
✓ Examples – Pollution Control Board, Electricity Supply Board, Housing Board, etc
✓ Function as autonomous bodies independent of urban local bodies
✓ Established as statutory bodies by Acts of State.

•3 kinds of Municipal Personnel System

i) Separate Personnel System
✓ Here, each local body appoints & controls its own personnel
✓ No transferability
✓ Upholds – local autonomy
✓ Most prevalent system

ii) UnifiedPersonnel System

✓ State wide services are created and personnel are appointed & controlled by – SG
✓ They are transferable between the local bodies within the State
✓ Exist in UP also

iii) Integrated
Personnel System
✓ Here, the municipal personnel and those of state government form part of the same service.
✓ They can be transferred within all SG departments/ bodies/ local bodies of SG
✓ No distinction between – local civil service & State civil service

• Central
Council of Local Government (CCLC) A263– set up in 1954 by an order of President, to
coordinate between Centre & States. Advisory body consisting of Union Minister of Urban

GS2 Page 74
 coordinate between Centre & States. Advisory body consisting of Union Minister of Urban
Development, and ministers for Local self govt in the states.
Committees PK Wattal - Local Finance Enquiry committee
John Matthai - Taxation enquiry commission
Nur-ud-din Ahmad - Training on municipal employees
AP Jain - Rural Urban Relationship
Rafiq Zakaria - on Augmentation of financial resources of ULBs
Girijapati Mukherji- Budgetary reforms in Municipal Administration
KN Sahaya - Study group on constitution, powers and laws of ULBs
CM Correa - National Commission on Urbanisation

GS2 Page 75
Judiciary

Supreme court - Integrated judicial system adopted from the Government of India Act, 1935
A124 to A147 of Part V - Inaugurated on Jan 28, 1950

Chief Justice of India (CJI)

✓ Article 124 – appointed of CJI by President after consulting such judges of SC & HCs as he
thinks necessary
✓ CJI recommends his successor
✓ Referred as – ‘Primus inter pares’ – first amongst equals
✓ CJI also decides the number of judges that will hear a case
✓ 2019 – SC stated that CJI comes under RTI, 2005

• SC Judges
✓ Qualification:
1. Citizen
of India, &
2. HC
Judge for 5 years, or
3. HC Advocate for 10 years, or
4. Distinguished Jurist as per President
✓ No minimum age (J. Hidayatullah was the youngest judge)
✓ Oath:
• Faith, allegiance
• Uphold sovereignty, integrity
• Perform duties without fear favour or ill will
• Uphold the constitution
✓ Second Judges Case (1993) – The senior most judge of SC shall only be appointed
✓ Third Judges Case (1998) – CJI shall communicate his recommendation after consulting
the collegium (& senior-most judge of respective High Court)
✓ SC Collegium – CJI + 4 senior most judges
✓ Recommendation process – SC Collegium → Law Minister → PM → President
✓ Fourth Judges Case (1998) – SC invalidated the 99th Amendment & said that
appointments via NJAC Commission will affect judicial independence
✓ Maximum age – 65 years
✓ Resignation submitted to President

Removal:
✓2 Grounds of removal – proven misbehaviour or incapacity
✓ Process of removal as per Judges Enquiry Act, 1968
i) Removal Motion moved by
▪ 100 members – in case of Lok Sabha
▪ 50 members – in case of Rajya Sabha
ii) Speaker/ Chairman may admit/ reject the motion
iii) 3 member enquiry committee is formed to investigate charges
• CJI (or SC Judge)
• CJ of HC
• Distinguished Jurist
iv) After committee finds him guilty, SR is required at each House
(Majority of total members + 2/3rd of P/V)
Presidential address + Presidential order in the same session

GS2 Page 76
v) Presidential address + Presidential order in the same session

• Ad Hoc Judge – SC
✓ Appointment by CJI in case Quorum is not there for any SC session
✓ Prior consent of President is required
✓ Prior consultation with CJ of HC is required
✓ HC Judge is appointed, who is eligible to act as SC Judge
✓ Such ad hoc judge fulfils his SC duties in priority
• Retired Judge – SC
✓ Appointment by CJI
✓ SC Judge or an HC Judge is appointed (who is eligible to act as SC Judge)
✓ Prior consent of President & the concerned person is required

Independence:
- Fixed service conditions
- Expenses charged on CFI
- Conduct of judges cannot be discussed
- Ban on practice after retirement
- Power to punish for its contempt
- Freedom to appoint its staff
- Jurisdiction cannot be curtailed
- Separation from Executive

Original Jurisdiction:
- Centre vs State(s)
- B/w states
- Centre+ State(s) vs State(s)

Jurisdiction does NOT extend to:

- A dispute arising out of pre constitution treaty, agreement, covenant, etc
- Inter state water disputes
- Matters referred to Finance commission
- Ordinary disputes of commercial nature between centre and states
- Recovery of damages by a state against centre

Appellate jurisdiction:
- Constitutional matters: If HC certifies that case involves substantial question of law that
requires interpretation of the constitution
- Civil matters: if HC certifies
- Criminal matters: if the HC has
• Reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death,
imprisonment for life or 10 years or
• Has itself taken any case from a subordinate court and convicted the accused person
and sentenced him to death, imprisonment for life or 10 years or
• Certifies that the case is a fit one for appeal to SC.
- Appeal by SLP: Any judgement passed by any court or tribunal except military tribunal
and court martial

Advisory Jurisdiction:
- A143: President can seek opinion on:
• Any question of public importance : SC may tender advice
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 • Any question of public importance : SC may tender advice
• Any disputes arising out of pre-constitution treaty etc : SC must tender advice
- (till 2019: 15 references made)
- The constitutional cases or references made by the President u/A 143 are decided by a
Bench consisting of at least 5 judges.

- Contempt of Court
(A129 and 219 - SC and HC)
✓ Penalty – 6 month or Rs. 2,000/- or both
✓ Definition of Contempt under Contempt of Court Act, 1971
✓ SC can also punish for contempt of any other court/ tribunal of the country
• Civil Contempt – wilful disobedience of court order/ decree/direction
• Criminal Contempt – Scandalizing or lowering court’s authority, interference/
obstruction in justice, Prejudices or interferes with court proceedings

• Other powers
- It decides the disputes w.r.t to elections of President & VP
- On reference by President, it can conduct enquiry into behaviour of UPSC members/
chairman & recommend their removal which will be BINDING on the President
- Power to review its own judgement
- Can withdraw cases pending before the high courts and dispose them by itself.

• ChandraKumar Case, 1977 – the Writ Jurisdiction of both SC & HC (i.e, Article 32/226)
forms part of basic structure of COI

Advocates:
- Senior Advocate: Designated as such by SC/ any HC. Not entitled to appear without an
Advocate on record in SC or without a junior in any other court or tribunal.
- Advocates-on-record: Only these can file matters or documents with the SC.
- Other advocates: Names in any Bar council of any state under the Advocates Act, 1961
and they can argue or appear in the SC but cannot file any document or matter.

1st female judge- Fathima Beevi - 1989

Attorney General of - Highest law officer
India A76 - Appointed by President
- Qualified to be appointed as a SC judge
- Holds officer during the pleasure of the President
- Represents GOI in reference made by President to SC u/A143
- Appears on behalf of GOI

- Speak and take part in the proceedings of both houses.

Limitations
- Not advise or hold a brief against GOI
- Not defend accused in criminal proceedings without the permission of GOI
- Not accept appointment as a director in a co. or corp. without GOI permission

- Not Debarred from private legal practice and does not fall in the category of govt
servants.

GS2 Page 78
 Solicitor general: Assist the AGI, not mentioned in COI
Plea Bargaining (CrPC) • Introduced in 2006
• A person charged with a criminal offence negotiating with the prosecution for a lesser
punishment than what is provided in law by pleading guilty to a less serious offence.

• It primarily involves pre-trial negotiations between the accused and the prosecutor. It
may involve bargaining on the charge or in the quantum of sentence.
Review Petition • The review petition is a petition in which it is prayed before the Court of law to
(A137 and rules made review its order or judgement which it has already pronounced.
under A145)
• The Court may accept a review petition when a glaring omission or patent mistake or like
grave error has crept in earlier by judicial fallibility

• As per the Civil Procedure Code and the Supreme Court Rules, any person aggrieved by
judgement can seek a review.
• In the Union of India v. Sandur Manganese & Iron Ores Ltd case (2013), the court laid
down nine principles on when a review is maintainable
Curative petition • It is a judicial innovation and a new concept in the Indian legal system.
(A137 supports)
• It is the last and final resort to the judicial remedy of any grievances which is not
normally given an open-court hearing.

• The concept originated from the 2002 case of Rupa Ashok Hurra Vs. Ashok Hurra and
Anr.

Mercy Petition • Mercy Petition is the last resort of a person when all the remedies available to him/her
under the prevailing laws and the Constitution are exhausted.

• Filed before the President of India under Article 72 or the Governor of the state under
Article 161.

• Even though the mercy petition is filed before the President or the Governor of the state,
practically, the decision on the petition is taken by the Council of Ministers (CoM).

• Supreme Court in the Kehar Singh v Union of India 1988 case held that the grant of
pardon by the President is an act of grace and cannot be claimed as a matter of right.
Judicial Review • First time in Marbury vs Madison(1803) by John Marshall
• Needed:
- Uphold the principle of constitutional supremacy
- Maintain federal equilibrium
- Protect FR
• Scope
- Infringes FR
- Outside the competence of the authority which has framed it
- It is repugnant to the constitutional provisions

• A31B and 9th schedule added by the 1st CAA, 1951 : IR Coelho case 2007: made JR
applicable

GS2 Page 79
 applicable
Judicial activism • Coined in 1947: Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
• In India : Justice PN Bhagawati, O. Chinappa Reddy and DA Desai
• Defined as law making by Judges.
• An active interpretation of existing legislation by a Judge, made with a view to enhance
the utility of that legislation for social betterment.

• Assumptions:
- Court is undemocratic as it is non elective and non-responsive to the popular will.
- Separation of powers
- Federalism: Requires the courts deference towards actions of state govt. and officials.

PIL / Social Action • Developed in USA in 1960s

litigation/ Class action • Justice VR Krishna Iyer and PN Bhagwati were pioneers in India
litigation/ Social
Interest Litigation • Scope:
- Bonded labor
- Neglected children
- Minimum wages
- Jail harassment
- Harassment by police, refusal to register a case
- Atrocities on women
- Torture of villagers by co-villagers
- Environmental pollution
- Riot victims
- Family pension

• Negative list:
- Landlord tenant matters
- Pension and gratuity
- Complains against CG, SG, LB
- Admission to educational institutions
- Petitions for early hearing of pending cases

• The court in special situations may appoint a commission or other bodies for the purpose
of investigation into the allegations and finding out facts. It may also direct the
management be taken over.

‘Sentinel on the Qui • Means ‘Watchful guardian’

Vive’ • Titled for Supreme Court in the State of Madras v/s VG Row (Union), 1952
• SC is the ‘sentinel on the qui vive’ of fundamental rights

High court 214 to 231 1862- set up in Madras, Calcutta and Bombay
of Part VI 1866 - Allahabad
Present: 25HCs, 3 have jurisdiction over more than 1 state,
• Only Delhi among UTs has a separate HC since 1966

Chief Justice of High Court (CJ of HC)

• Appointment by – President (in consultation with CJI & Governor)
Policy is to have CJ of HC from other state

GS2 Page 80
 • Policyis to have CJ of HC from other state
• Proposal initiated by CJ of HC after consulting the HC’s collegium (CJI + 2 senior judges)
• Recommendation process – HC Collegium → CM → Governor → Union Law
Minister

• HC Judge
✓ Appointment by – President (in consultation with CJI, CJ of HC & Governor)
✓ As per 2nd Judges Case, 1993 – there must be conformity with CJI’s opinion while
appointing HC Judge
✓ As per 3rd Judges Case, 1998 – CJI should also consult a collegium of 2 senior SC Judges
✓ Qualifications
i) Citizen
ii) HC Advocate for 10 years or
iii) Held judicial office in India for 10 years
✓ No minimum age
✓ Oath – administered by Governor (same as SC Judge)
✓ Resignation – given to President
✓ Maximum age – 62 years
✓ Removal process – exactly same as per SC Judge

Transfer of HC Judges
✓ By – President (in consultation with CJI) only in exceptional cases
✓ As per 3rd Judges Case, 1998 – CJI should also consult a collegium of
iv) 4 senior SC Judges
v) 2 CJs of respective HCs (i.e, transferor & transferee states)

✓ In case of arrears of workload, the President can temporarily appoint additional judges
in HC for a maximum period of 2 years
✓ For Acting CJ of HC, Acting HC Judge, Additional HC Judge – maximum age is 62 years &
maximum period is 2 years

✓ Retired Judge can also be appointed by only after prior consent of President & the
concerned person
✓ Salary – charged on Consolidated Fund of State
✓ Pension – charged on Consolidated Fund of India
✓ Power & Jurisdiction of HC – can be changed both by Parliament & SLA (except where
power/ jurisdiction is specified in COI)

Advocate General – Article 165

✓ Appointed by Governor & holds office till pleasure of governor
✓ Must be a person who is qualified to become HC Judge
(Citizen + HC advocate for 10 years/ Judicial office for 10 years)
✓ Rest same provisions as that of Attorney General

Original Jurisdiction
vi) Contempt of Court
vii) Elections of MPs & MLAs
viii) Revenue Matter
ix) Fundamental Rights
x) Interpretation of COI (transferred from subordinate court)
Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Delhi – have higher value of original jurisdiction w.r.t civil
GS2 Page 81
 xi) Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Delhi – have higher value of original jurisdiction w.r.t civil
cases
(Before 1973, Calcutta/ Bombay/ Madras HCs also had original jurisdictions in criminal
matters, but this was abolished by CrPC, 1973)

• Civil Appellate jurisdiction

✓ 1st appeal (on orders of subordinatecourt) – lies in HC on both questions of law/ fact
✓ 2nd appeal (on orders of subordinate court) – lies in HC on questions of law only
✓ Calcutta/ Bombay/ Madras HCs – have provision for intra court appeals to the division
bench of the same HC
✓ Appeal from the decisions of the administrative and other tribunals lie to division bench
of the state HC.

• Criminal Appellate jurisdiction

✓ Appeal from sessions and additional sesssions court, if imprisonment sentenced is 7
years or more
✓ In case of capital punishment, prior confirmation of HC is mandatory whether there is
any appeal or not

• The power of superintendence is very broad:

- Extends to all courts and tribunals (except military)
- Both administrative and judicial superintendence
- Can be suo-motu

- It can withdraw a case pending before a subordinate court if it involves a substantial

question of interpretation of the constitution

- Can review its own judgement (however power not granted by COI)
Jurisdiction of • Jurisdiction – laid down by SGs
Subordinate Courts –
Articles 233-237 part 6 • Heirarchy is as under (ascending order)
✓ For civil matters – Munsiff → Subordinate Judge → District Court
✓ For criminal matters – Judicial Magistrate → Chief Judicial Magistrate→ Sessions
Court
✓ In criminal cases, decision is taken as per imprisonment term
• Upto 3 years – decided by Judicial Magistrate
• 3 – 7 years – decided by Chief Judicial Magistrate
• Above 7 years – decided by Sessions Court

District Judge
• Appointed by – Governor (in consultation with HC)
• Other subordinate judges (other than district judge) – appointed by Governor (in
consultation with HC & SPSC)
• Eligibility
i) Advocate/ pleader for 7 years, &
ii) Recommended by HC

✓ Highest level judicial authority of the district

✓ Has orginal/ appellate Jurisdiction both in civil/ criminal cases
When he hears civil matter – District Judge

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 ✓ When he hears civil matter – District Judge
✓ When he hears criminal matter – Sessions Judge

Administrative • Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 – authorises only Parliament to establish 1 CAT &
Tribunals (323A and SATs
323B of Part XIVA - • Aim– speedy justice to public servants
42nd CAA)
• Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT)
• Established in 1985
• Covers – all India services, central civil servants, civil posts related to CG (or CG
authorities) & civilian posts of defence services
• Does NOT cover – defence forces, SC employees/ officers, secretarial staff of
Parliament
• 19 benches all over India & principal bench at Delhi
• Composition
▪ 1 Chairman + 65 members – all appointed by President
▪ Chairman = sitting/ retired HC Judge
▪ Body consists of administrative + judicial members
▪ Term – 5 years (members/ chairman)
▪ Maximum age for Chairman – 65 years
▪ Maximum age for Members – 62 years

✓ Appointments : Selection committee, which is chaired by a sitting SC Judge (as

nominated by CJI)
▪ Approved by – ACC (Appointment Committee of Cabinet)
✓ Service conditions of members/ chairman – same as applicable to HC Judge
✓ Legal framework – ‘Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985’
✓ NOT bound by CPC, 1908
✓ Works on principles of natural justice
✓ Applicant has to pay a nominal fee of Rs. 50/-
✓ Power of contempt – equal to that of High Courts
✓ Chandan Kumar Case, 2007 – Appeal against CAT can be done to HC

• State Administrative Tribunal (SAT)

✓ Established on the specific request of the SG
✓ Currently 9 : Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Odisha, West Bengal
✓ Covers – State civil servants, civil posts related to SG (or SG authorities)
✓ Members/ Chairman – all appointed by President (after consulting Governor)

• OtherTribunals – Article 323B

✓ Canbe established both by Parliament & State Legislatures
✓ Appeal against Other Tribunals can be done to → HCs

Free Legal Aid – • 9th November – National Legal Services Day (NLSD)
Article 39A, Lok
Adalat, NALSA, Gram • Article 14 & 22(1) – Equality before law & equal opportunity of justice
Nyayalaya • 1987: National legal services authority Act (came into force from 1995)
• Persons eligible for free legal service –
i) Women & Children
ii) SC/ST members
Disabled persons

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iii) Disabled persons
iv) Industrial workmen
v) Victims of disasters, human trafficking or begar
vi) Persons in custody
vii) Income
• < 5 lakhs – if case is pending before Supreme Court
• Less than as specified by SG – if case is pending other than in Supreme Court

• Lok Adalat
✓ Form of ADR system on Gandhian principles
✓ Statutory body under NALSA
✓ 1982 – 1st Lok Adalat camp was organized in Gujarat
✓ NIL court fee, speedy trial
✓ Non-compoundable offences – NOT justiciable in Lok Adalats
✓ It can also specify its own procedure
✓ Lok Adalat shall be deemed to be a Civil Court as per IPC, 1860
✓ Hence, CPC, 1908 powers
• No appeal shall lie to any court against the award of the Lok Adalat
✓ Disputes w.r.t any case pending before any court, if
1. Parties agree, or
2. 1 party makes an application, or
3. Court is satisfied
✓ If parties do NOT arrive at compromise/ settlement, then the matter is returned to the
Court

Permanent Lok Adalats:

• 2002 – amendment in NALSA
• Chairman is – district judge or higher ranked judicial officer
• 2 members having experience in utility services
• Jurisdiction is for cases upto Rs. 10 lacs (can be increased by CG)
• Application for settlement can be made before the matter is brought to court
• If parties fail to reach an agreement, case is decided on merits & decision is final &
binding

• National Legal Services Authority

✓ For National LSA, CJI = Patron-in-chief
✓ For State LSA, CJ of HC = Patron-in-chief
✓ For District LSA, District Judge = Ex-officio chairman

• Family Courts
✓ Statutory courts as per Family Courts Act, 1984
✓ Aim – speedy conciliation/ settlement of family disputes, e.g, marriage
✓ Established by – SGs (after consulting HCs)
✓ Mandatory for every city/ town where population exceeds 1 million
✓ Parties not entitled to be represented by a legal practitioner but the court may seek
assistance as amicus curiae.
✓ Only 1 right of appeal to HC
Family Courts Amendment Act, 2022: To establish family courts in Himachal and
Nagaland

Gram Nyayalaya
GS2 Page 84
 Gram Nyayalaya
✓ Statutory courts as per Gram Nyayalaya Act, 2008
✓ It shall be the court of Judicial Magistrate
✓ Presiding officer/ Nyayadhikari – appointed by SG (after consulting HC)
✓ Seat will be located at the headquarters of intermediate Panchayats
✓ Mobile court
✓ Both civil/ criminal matters can be tried
✓ Seat of Gram Nyayalaya – at the Panchayat headquarter
✓ Jurisdiction specified in 1st & 2nd Schedule of Gram Nyayalaya Act, 2008 which can be
amended by CG/ SG
✓ In case of criminal trial, it follows summary procedure
✓ NOT bound by – Indian Evidence Act, 1872 but guided by principles of natural justice
✓ Appeal against Gram Nyayalaya → District/ Sessions Court (as the case) & such
hearing shall be disposed off within 6 months
✓ An accuse may file an application for plea bargaining

• Modernisation of Prisons Project

✓ CG shall provided financial assistance/ grants to SGs/ UTs
✓ Aim is to modernize prisons with modern security equipments like door frame/ metal
detectors/ security poles, baggage scanners/ frisking/ search/ jamming solutions etc
✓ Duration – 2021 – 2026
✓ Amount & proposal of funding shall be decided by – Steering Committee
✓ It will cover – Central Jails, District Jails, Sub-Jails, Women Jails, Open Jails, Special Jails
etc
D Voters / Doubtful • Whose citizenship is doubtful or under dispute after preparation of NRC in Assam
Foreign Tribunals Foreigners Tribunal Order, 1964

NCLT • Q- Judicial body under Co. Act 2013

• Adjudicator under IBC for companies and LLPs
• Chaired by judicial member who is supposed to be a retired or serving HC Judge
NCLAT • u/s 410 of Co. Act 2013
• Also appellate u/s 61 of IBC, 2016 for orders of IBBI.
• Appeal against orders to SC
Armed force tribunal • Recommendation of 169th Law report - Estd in 2009
• Under Armed forces Tribunal Act 2007
• To adjudicate disputes and complaints wrt commission, appointments, enrolments and
condition of services of armed forces
• Consists of Judicial and Administrative members
• Paramilitary forces and Assam Rifles and Coast guard are outside the purview
• Considered a Criminal court as per IPC and CrPC

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 • Considered a Criminal court as per IPC and CrPC
• Appeals against decisions to SC
Law Commissions • Non Statutory
• Originally constituted in 1955 and is reconstituted every 3 years
• 1st commission under Lord Macaulay in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833
• 1st LC of independent India : 1955 under MC Setalvad

National council for • Ministry of Social justice and Empowerment

Transgender person • Under Transgender persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
• TG Welfare boards setup in States
• Chair: Minister of MOSJE
• Reps from 5 states /UTs (from NEWS and NE zones on rotational basis)
• 5 members from Trans community
• Tenure of members: 5 years
Judicial reforms SUPACE - SC's Portal for Assistance in Courts Efficiency
SUVAAS- AI based - translate SC judgements in vernacular language
E-court mission project
FASTER- Fast and secured transmission of electronics records system

Live streaming - A21-Right to access justice

SC in 1986 proposed a National Court of Appeal - 4 regional -15 judges each -
establishment may require a CAA

GS2 Page 86
Constitutional Bodies

Election Laws- Election Commission:

Article 324-329, • Independent body
Part XV • Superintendence, direction and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislature,
President, V President
• CEC and EC appointed by President
• President may also appoint in consultation with EC, regional commissioners.
• CEC and EC - equal powers and salary as SC judge
• Max age - 65y
• Term : 5Y
• Removal : As SC judge

• Issues:
- No qualification prescribed
- Not debarred from further appointment by the government

• Powers:
- Determine territorial area on the basis of Delimitation commission
- Prepare and revise electoral rolls
- Notify dates and schedule of elections
- Recognise political parties
- Act as a court for disputes on recognition of parties.
- Advise President on disqualification of MP
- Advise Governor on disqualification of MLA
- To advise President if elections can be held in a state under President's rule

• State level: EC is assisted by Electoral officer appointed by CEC in consultation with SG

Elections • Order of Delimitation Commission is final & cannot be challenged in any Court
• Since 1966, Election petitions are triable only under HC (but appeal possible in SC)
• Election officers – descending order of authority

Officer Appointed by Who? Function

Chief Electoral ECI Officer of SG/ UT- Supervise election of State/ UT
Officer consult with SG/UT
Admin
District Election ECI Officer of SG in Supervise election of District
Officer (DEO) consultation with SG
Returning ECI Officer of SG/ Local • Supervise election of
Officer (RO) Authority Constituency,
• Scrutiny of nominations,
• Declaration of results,
• Administration of Oath,
• Supervise counting of votes
Electoral ECI SG/ Local Authority Preparing Electoral Roll
Registration
Officer (ERO)

GS2 Page 87
 Presiding DEO – in State Conducts polling at booths
Officer RO – in UT
Polling Officers DEO – in State Assist Presiding Officer
RO – in UT
• No qualifications for election commissioners and Not barred from further employment
• Observers: Nominated by ECI

Observer Officer of Remark

General Observers Ensure free and fair elections
Expenditure Observers CG
Police Observers IPS
Awareness Observers 1st time in 16th Lok Sabha, 2014
Voter Awareness
Also monitor media aspects/ paid news
Micro Observers CG/ PSUs Reports directly to General Observers

• Incase of dissolution of Lok Sabha/ SLA, fresh elections to be held within 6 months
• Model Code of Conduct – becomes effective immediately after announcement
• Withdrawal of nomination – possible within 2 days from the date of scrutiny
• Campaign – lasts for at least 2 weeks/ 14 days & ends at least before 48 hours of polling
• Parties can issue manifestoes – just after calling of elections
• Maximum 1,500 voters allowed in 1 polling booth (& must be open for at least 8 hours a
day)

• EVMs
- 1982 - 1st used in Parur Assembly - Constituency of Kerala, 1982
✓ 1999 – 1st SLA elections exclusively by EVMs in Goa
✓ 2003 – All States elections were held using EVMs
✓ 2004 – 1st time Lok Sabha elections held exclusively via EVM
✓ 2 units : Control Unit and Ballot unit
• Braille Sinage Feature – It’s a feature in EVMs to allow visually handicapped to vote without
attendee

• Proposers required
• Lok Sabha elections – 1 (if recognized party) or 10 (if unrecognized party)
• Rajya Sabha elections – 10 or 10% of voters of the constituency, whichever is less
• NOTA
✓ NOT counted in votes calculation for refunding security deposit
✓ 2013 – Conceptualized by SC Judgement
✓ 2013 – 1st used in some States
✓ 2014 – 1st used in Lok Sabha (16th)
• VVPAT – 1st used in Nagaland in 2013

- Specified authority will have to submit a case within 3 months, where a person is found
guilty of corrupt practice to the President for determination of the question.
- Companies can donate any amount of money to political parties and the obligation to
report such donations has been lifted

GS2 Page 88
 - Electoral bonds can be used for making donation to registered political parties which have
secured not less than 1% of the total votes polled in the last general elections to the Lok
Sabha or the SLA.

- Proxy voting: Allowed to a regd elector to delegate his voting rights to a representative he
nominates who must also be a voter of the constituency.
Only "classified service voters" allowed. Such as Paramilitary forces and Armed forces

- Electronic transmitted postal ballot system : To NRIs : developed by C-DAC and ECI : For
Central Armed forces and Govt employees in Embassies
NRI is a person staying outside India for > 182 120 days

Committees on Electoral reforms:

- Tarkunde Committee
- Dinesh Goswami Committee, 1996 - VP Singh Govt:
• Person who has convicted any offence under Prevention of Insults to National Honour
Act, 1971 is debarred from contesting elections for 6 years
• By elections to be held within 6 months, except where
i) Remainder term is less than 1 year, or
ii) ECI certifies that it’s difficult to hold elections within such period
• Prohibition on sale of liquor
• Entering into neighbourhood of a polling station with any kinds of arms is to be
considered a cognizable offence.
- Indrajit Gupta Committee
- National commission to Review the Working of the Constitution - MN Venkatachaliah
- 2nd ARC headed by Veerappa Moily
- Tankha Committee
- JS Verma Committee - Amendment to Criminal Law

UPSC A315-323 in - Chairman and members appointed by President who determines the composition. (~9-11
Part XIV members)
- 1/2 members should have held officer under CG/SG for at least 10ys
- Term- 6y
- Max Age - 65y
- Removal : By President:
• Insolvent
• Paid employment
• Infirmity of kind or body
• Misbehaviour - has to refer to SC for enquiry - Advise binding

- Expenses and admin expenses - charged on CFI

- Chairman - NOT eligible for further appointment in CG/SG, NOT eligible for second term
- Member can be appointed as Chairman but NOT any other employment under SG/CG, NOT
eligible for second term

Functions:
- Conducts exams for civil services
- Assists states (if requested by 2 or more) in framing and operating schemes of joint

GS2 Page 89
 - Assists states (if requested by 2 or more) in framing and operating schemes of joint
recruitment
- Serves all the needs of the SG on request of Governor, with approval of President
- Consulted on personnel management Eg Reimbursement of legal expenses, claim for award
of a pension in respect of injuries sustained while serving under the GO, disciplinary matters,
etc

- SC has held that if the government fails to consult UPSC in the above matters, the public
servant has no remedy.
- UPSC presents annually to the President, a report on its performance. The non-acceptances
thereof must be approved by the appointments committee of the Union cabinet.
- Not consulted on reservations, claims of SC/ STs to posts etc
- President can exclude posts, services and matters from the purview of UPSC and Parliament
can extend the jurisdiction.
- President can exclude matters in which it shall not be necessary for UPSC to be consulted.
Shall be laid before each house for at least 14days. Parliament can amend or repeal them

SPSC A312-323 in • Members and chairman appointed by Governor

Part XIV • 1/2 members should have held office for at least 10ys under SG/CG
• Term: 6y
• Max age : 62 y
• Removal : BY President (same as members of UPSC)

• Misbehaviour :Defined under the COI:

- Concerned or interested in any SG/CG contract, or
- Participates in any way in such contract or agreement

• Expenses charged on Consolidated fund of the state.

JSPSC
• For 2 or more states- can be created by an Act of parliament on the request of SL
concerned.
• Chairman and member are appointed by President
• Term - 6 years
• Max Age - 65yo
• Suspension/ Removal - President
Finance - Constituted by President every 5th year
Commission A 280 - Chairman and 4 other members appointed by president
Quasi Judicial - Eligible for Reappointment
- Chairman - Experience in public affairs
- Others:
• Judge of HC/ qualified
• Specialised knowledge of Finance and accounts of Govt
• Wide experience in financial matters
• Special knowledge of Economics

- Gives recommendations to President on the following matters:

• Tax distribution b/w centre and states
• Principles that should govern the Grants-in-aid to the states by Centre
• Measures to augment Consolidated Funds of State

GS2 Page 90
 • Measures to augment Consolidated Funds of State
• Others

GST Council A279-A • 101st CAA, 2016

• President empowered to constitute
• Secretariat- N Delhi
• Union Revenue secretary is the ex-officio Secretary
• Composition:
- Chairperson- Union Finance Minister
- Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue / Finance
- Minister in charge of Revenue/ Finance from each state
• Chairperson of CBIT&C is a permanent invitee

• Quorum - 1/2
• Decision - Majority of 3/4th of weighted votes of members present and voting
• CG weight - 1/3rd
• SGs weight - 2/3rd
National - Provided for appointment of special officer for SC and STs
Commission for SCs - 65th CAA, 1990 setup NCSCST
A338 - Quasi - 89th CAA, 2003 bifurcated into NCSC A338 and NCST 338-A
Judicial - Chairperson, V-Chairperson and 4 other members
- Appointed by President by warrant under his hand and seal
- Powers of a civil court
- Also discharges functions with regard to the Anglo Indian Community

National • 1999- MoTA was created

Commission for • Functions include: To reduce and eliminate shifting agriculture causing land degradation
STs - A338A - QJ • Measures to be taken over conferring ownership rights in respect of MFPs
National 1992- Mandal case- SC directed to setup a statutory body to examine the complaints related
Commission for to BCs
BCs - A338-B- QJ 1993- NCBC was setup
2018- Conferred Constitutional status (102nd amd)

• Chairperson, V-Chairperson and 3 other members appointed by President

Special officer for - Appointed by President
Linguistic - Report to the President at such intervals as he directs
Minorities A350-B - Commissioner has its HQ at Allahabad and 3 regional offices at Belgaum, Chennai, Kolkata.
in Part XVII - Falls under Ministry of Minority Affairs
- Launched a 10-point programme to lend fresh impetus to Govt efforts towards preservation
of the language and culture of minorities.
CAG A148 • Head of Indian Audit and Accounts deptt
• Bulwarks of Democratic system: CAG, UPSC, EC, SC

• Appointment- President by warrant under his hand and seal

• Term- 6y
• Max age- 65yo
• Removal/Oath- Same as SC/HC judge
• NOT eligible for further officer under CG/SG
• Expenses and salaries charged on CFI

GS2 Page 91
 • Expenses and salaries charged on CFI

• CAG's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971

• Audits: Consolidated Funds of India, Contingency Funds of India, Consolidated Funds of

states and UTs with legislature
- Accounts of all govt departments
- All bodies substantially financed from CG/SG
- Govt co.s
- Corporations and bodies when required by related laws
• Advises the President wrt the form in which accounts of the Centre and the states shall be
kept
• Ascertains and certifies the net proceeds of taxes and duties.
• Friend, guide, and philosopher to the PAC.

• Submits audit reports on

- Appropriation accounts
- Finance accounts
- Public undertakings
• PAC examines them after President lays the report before Parliament

• CAG can also conduct Propriety audit - can look into the wisdom faithfulness and economy
of govt expenditure and comment on the wastefulness and extravagance of it.

• Limitation - Secret service expenditure

• Corporations like LIC, FCI, RBI, SBI are subject to Private audit and Submit the report directly
to Parliament
Central Council of • Constitutional body under Article 263
Local Government • Set up by – President
(CCLC) • Purpose is to deal & coordinate between CG & SGs in matters of urban local bodies
• It is an advisory body
• Minister of Urban Development – acts as the Chairman of the Council

GS2 Page 92
Non constitutional bodies
NITI Aayog • From 01.01.2015
• By executive resolution
• Composition:
- Chairperson: PM
- Governing Council: CM of all states, CM of UTs with legislature, Lt Guv of other
UTs.
- Regional Councils: Address specific issues and contingencies impacting more than
one state or region.
- Special Invitees: Experts, specialists, and practitioners with relevant domain
knowledge

- VC: Appointed by PM
- Members
- Max 2 Part time members
- Max 4 Ex-officio members
- CEO: Appointed by PM, Rank of secretary of GOI
- Secretariat

Specialised Wings:
- Research wing
- Consultancy wing
- Team India : Reps from every state and Ministry.

Guiding principles:
• Antyodaya : Service and upliftment of poor, marginalised, and downtrodden.
• Inclusion
• Village
• Demographic dividend
• People's participation
• Governance
• Sustainability

Pillars:
• Pro People
• Proactive
• Participative
• Empowering women
• Inclusion of all groups
• Equality of opportunity
• Transparency

• Attached offices:
- National Institute of Labor Economics RnD NILERD
- Development monitoring and evaluation office (DMEO) has 15 regional offices

• Planning commission: was estd in March 1950 on recommendations of Advisory

Planning Board headed by KC Neogy.

National Development council:

GS2 Page 93
 National Development council:
• 2016
• Chairman - PM
• All union cabinet ministers
• CM of all states
• CM/ Admins of UTs
• Members of NITI Aayog

National Human Rights • Protection of Human Rights Act 1993

Commission - QJ - To strengthen institutional arrangement through which HR issues can be
addressed
- Look into allegations of excesses
- Complement and strengthen the efforts already made

• Composition:
• Chair - Retd CJI
• 5 members
- Serving / Retd Judges of SC
- Serving / Retd Judge or CJ of HC
- 3 members (1 woman) having experience in Human Rights
• 7 Ex officio members:
- National Commission for minorities
- NCSC
- NCST
- NCBC
- NC for women
- NC for protection of Child's right
- Chief commissioner for Persons with disabilities

Chairperson and members appointed by a Selection Committee consisting of:

• PM
• Speaker
• Deputy Chairman of RS
• Leader of Opposition of both houses
• Home Minister

• CJI is consulted for appointment of members from Judiciary.

• Term : 3y
• Max age: 70yo
• ELIGIBLE for reappointment
• Not eligible for further appointment with the CG/SG

• President can remove:

- Insolvent
- Engages in paid employment during term
- Unfit due to infirmity of mind or body
- Unsound mind
- Imprisoned
Proven misbehavior or incapacity : Has to refer to SC.

• Functions:

GS2 Page 94
 • Functions:
- Enquire into HR violations either Suo Motu or on a petition
- Visit detention places to study life
- Study treaties and international instruments and recommend their
implementation
- Spread Human rights literacy
- Encourage efforts of NGOs etc

• Empowered to utilise the services on of any officer or investigating agency of the CG

or any SG

• Can look into a matter only within one year of its occurrence
• Recommendatory, but it should be informed within 1 month on the action taken.
• No power to punish the violators
• Limited role power or jurisdiction wrt violation of HR by members of Armed Forces.
May seek a report and recommend to CG. CG should inform within 3months on the
actions taken.
State Human Rights • Can enquire into violations of HRs only in respect of subjects in List II and List III of
Commission 7th Schedule.
• Chairman - Retd CJ or Judge of HC
• Members:
- Serving or Retd judges of HC
- Person having experience in Human Rights
• Chair person and members appointed by Governor on recommendation of
committee:
- CM
- Speaker
- Chairman And LoO if LC
- Leader of Opposition in SLA
- Home Minister of State

• Removal By President
• Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 provides for the establishment of HR courts in
every district for the speedy trial of violation of Human Rights. Setup by the SG with
concurrence of CJ of HC
Human Rights Courts • Statutory courts under Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993
• Set up by – SG in every district, but only after consulting CJ of HC
• Aim – speedy trials of human rights cases
• A Public Prosecutor is appointed at such court – by SG who is an advocate having at
least 7 years experience in practice
Central Information • RTI Act, 2005
Commissioner - QJ • CIC and upto 10 ICs
• Appointed by President on the recommendation of committee:
- PM as Chair
- LoO of LS
- Cabinet minister nominated by PM

• Term: Prescribed by CG
• Max age: 65 years
• NOT eligible for reappointment

GS2 Page 95
 • NOT eligible for reappointment

• Removal : By President:
- Insolvent
- Convicted
- Paid employment
- Unfit to continue due to infirmity of mind or body
- Financial or other interests that are likely to prejudicially affect his official
functions.

• CIC can order enquiry Suo Motu

• Can direct Public authorities to appoint PIO

State Information Removal by Governor

Commission
Central Vigilance • 1964 - Executive resolution on the recommendation of Sanathanam Committee
Commissioner , QJ • Given statutory status under PIDPI - Public interest disclosure and Protection of
informers' Resolution aka Whistle Blowers' Resolution

• 1 CVC and not more than 2 VCs appointed by President by warrant under his hand
and seal, on the recommendation of:
- PM
- Leader of opposition in LS
- Minister of Home Affairs

• Term: 4 years
• Max Age : 65yo
• NOT eligible for further employment in SG/CG
• Removal - Like UPSC

• Deemed to be guilty of misbehavior if interest in any contract or agreement or

participates in the profit thereof

• Secretariat
• Chief technical Examiners' Wing
• Wing of commissioners for Departmental Inquiries

• Functions:
• Inquire crimes by public servants being an employee of CG or its authorities, under
the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, or against officers:
○ All India services and Group A
○ Specialised levels of officers of the CG
• Exercise superintendence over the functioning of and give directions to CBI in so far
as it relates to crimes under PCA, 1988
• Undertake or cause an enquiry received under the PIDPI
• CVC + 2 VCs + Secretaries of MOHA, Deptt of personnel and training and Deptt of
Revenue in MOF - Selection committee on whose recommendation the CG appoints
the Director of Enforcement
• CVC + 2 VCs + Secretaries of MOHA, Deptt of personnel and training - Selection
committee for appointing SP or above in CBI (except Director of CBI)
• Receives information relating to suspicious transactions under PMLA, 2002
GS2 Page 96
 • Receives information relating to suspicious transactions under PMLA, 2002
• Director of prosecution of CBI shall be recruited by CG after CVC consultation
• Conducts preliminary enquiry into complaints referred by Lokpal for Group ABCD
officials.

• All Ministries/ Departments in the CG have a chief Vigilance Officer CVO who heads
the Vigilance Division.
Central Bureau of • 1963 - MOHA resolution
Investigation CBI • Recommended by Sanathanam committee
• Drives powers from Delhi Police Establishment Act, 1946
• Motto: Industry, Impartiality and Integrity

• Divisions:
1. Anti corruption
2. Economic offenses
3. Special crimes
4. Policy and Coordination
5. Administration
6. Directorate of prosecution
7. Central Forensic Laboratory

• Tenure : 5y
• Selection committee:
- PM,
- LoO in LS,
- CJI/ SC judge

• Corruption, bribery, misconduct of CG employees

• Infringement of fiscal or economic laws
• Serious crimes, having national/ international ramifications
• Coordinating with anti corruption agencies
• Taking up any case of public importance on request of SG
• Crime Statistics
Acts as National Central Bureau of Interpol.

Special police establishment (CBI division)

• Enjoys concurrent powers with state police under the Delhi Police Establishment Act.
1946 but SPI focuses on CG and State police on state affairs.

• CBI academy - Ghaziabad, 1996

• 3 regional centres at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai

Lokpal and Lokayukta - Earliest country Sweden -1809

- 1962 – New Zealand was the 1st Commonwealth Nation to adopt Ombudsman
concept by appointing ‘Parliamentary Commissioner for Investigation’
- Socialist nations – adopted the Procurator System which is still functioning in Russia
- 1967 – A national level Ombudsman institution set up for the 1st time in UK as per the
recommendations of Whyatt Report, 1967

- 1960s – In India, this concept was proposed by the ex law minister Ashok Kumar Sen
GS2 Page 97
 - 1960s – In India, this concept was proposed by the ex law minister Ashok Kumar Sen
- Term ‘Ombudsman’ was 1st time coined by – Dr. LM Singhvi

- " File to field" program in states like Kerala where the administrator goes to the
village/ area and hears public grievances.

LOKPAL and Lokayuktas Act, 2013

- Lokpal at the Centre:

- PM, Ministers, MPs, Groups A,B,C,D officers and officials of CG
- 1 chairperson, max 8 members (50% shall be judicial)
- 50% SC, ST, OBC, Minorities and women
- Selection committee:
○ PM,
○ Speaker,
○ LoO in LS,
○ CJI/SC judge,
○ Eminent jurist
- Search committee will assist the Selection committee
- Preliminary enquiry: 3 m, Investigation - 6m (extendable by 6m at a time), Trial - 1y
(extendable by 1y at a time)

Jurisdiction:
- Fully or party Govt financed institutions
- Entities receiving foreign donation under FCRA in excess of Rs 10 lakh p.a.

Drawbacks
- Cannot suo motu enquire
- Heavy punishment for false and frivolous complaints
- Anonymous complaints not allowed
- Limitation period - 7y
- Non transparent procedure to deal with complaints against the PM

Lokayukta at the level of State:

1st - Maharashtra - 1971
- Appointed by Governor after consulting - CJ of HC, LoO of SL
- Most states : 5 year term and max age is 65yo
- Not eligible for reappointment
- UP - Cannot initiate suo motu and CM not included
National Investigation - 2009 under National Investigation Agency Act, 2008
Agency - Counter terrorism law enforcement agency
- NFFC cell deals with fake currency and terror funding
- Director General appointed by CG
- Works under administrative control of MOHA

- Prosecutes offences affecting sovereignty, security and integrity of India

- Offences under various acts enacted to implement international treaties,
agreements, conventions and resolutions of the UNO
- Probe terror attacks etc
- Probe Human trafficking, counterfeit currency, cyber terrorism etc
NIA officers have powers even outside India for offences committed against Indian

GS2 Page 98
 NIA officers have powers even outside India for offences committed against Indian
National Disaster - 2005 - Executive order
Management Authority
- Chairperson and Max 9 members
- PM is the ex officio chairperson
- Works under administrative control of MOHA
- General superintendence , direction and control of NDRF

- CEO of District council of autonomous district is the ex officio co-chairperson of

DDMAs in Schedule 6th states.

Zonal Councils • Statutory body under States Reorganisation Act, 1956

• Aim – regional integration & coordination
• 5 Zones

Council Headquarter
Northern New Delhi
Central Allahabad
Eastern Kolkata
Western Mumbai
Southern Chennai
• Composition
✓ Home Minister – Chairman of all 5 Zones
✓ CMs of all States in the Zone – Vice Chairmen by 1 year rotation
✓ Administrators of all UTs in the Zone
✓ 2 Ministers each from all States in the Zone
✓ Advisors
• Chief Secretary of CG
• 1 nominee of Planning Commission
• Development Commissioner of each State in the Zone

• North Eastern Council

✓ Also a statutory body under NE Council Act, 1971
✓ Functions same has Zonal Councils but also formulates unified regional plan &
reviews measures taken for maintaining public order/ security in NE States

GS2 Page 99
Composition

Body Members Remarks

CAT Tribunal 1 Chairman, 65 members • Chairman = HC Judge (sitting/ retired)
• Tenure = 5 years
• Maximum age for Chairman – 65 years
• Maximum age for Members – 62 years
UPSC 1 Chairman, 9-11 members • At least ½ members must have held CG/
(as determined by President) SG office for 10 years
Finance 1 Chairman, 4 members • All eligible for reappointment
Commission
ECI 1 Chief EC, 2 ECs
CIC 1 CIC, 10 ICs
State IC 1 State CIC, 10 State ICs
CVC 1 Chief VC, 2 VCs
NHRC 1 Chairman, 5 members, 7 • Chairman = CJI/ SC Judge (retired)
Ex officio members • 5 members = SC Judge, CJ of HC, 3 experts
(at least 1 woman)
• 7 Ex officio members = 6 Chairmen (NCSC,
NCST, NCBC, NCW, NCM, NCPCR) & Chief
Commissioner of PWDs
SHRC 1 Chairman, 2 members, 7 • Chairman = CJ of HC/ HC Judge (retired)
Ex officio members • 2 members = HC Judge/ District Judge
having 7 years experience & 1 expert (at
least 1 woman)
Human Rights Court Public Prosecutor having 7
years experience in practice
Lokpal 1 Chairman, 8 members • Chairman – CJI/ Ex-CJI/ SC Judge/
eminient jurist
• 50% - Judicial members, 50% - Non
Judicial
• At least 50% members should be –
SC/ST/OBC/Minority/Women
NDMA Authority 1 Chairman, 1 Vice • Chairman = PM
Chairman, 8 members • Vice Chairman = Cabinet Minister
• Members = Ministers of State
SDMA Authority 1 Chairman, 1 Vice • Chairman = CM
Chairman, 8 members • CEO of SDMA = Chairman of State
Executive Committee
District DMA 2 Chairmen, 7 members • Chairman = Collector/ DM/ District
Commissioner
• Co Chairman = Elected Representative of
ULB
GS2 Page 100
 ULB
• Other members – SP, CMO, 2 SG
nominees
Monetary Policy 1 Chairman, 1 Incharge, 1 • Chairman = RBI Governer
Committee (MPC) RBI officer, 3 CG nominees • Incharge of MPC = RBI’s Deputy Governer
(independent) • RBI Officer = nominated by Central Board
• CG nominees – appointed by Search
Total = 6 members Committee having tenure of 4 years
Central Media 1 Chairman, 25 members • Chairman = Director General, PIB
Accredition • 25 members = CG nominees having
Committee tenure of 2 years
• Meeting = At least once in a quarter
Insolvency & 1 Chairman, 9 members + • 1 member = nominated by RBI
Bankrupsy Board of representatives from RBI, • 5 members = nominated by CG (3 – whole
India (IBBI) MoL (Law) & MoF time)
• 3 members = officers of CG

GS2 Page 101

Governance

E governance • Bhoomi Project - Karnataka - Online delivery of Land records

Projects • eSeva -Andhra Pradesh
• Gyandoot - MP - Service delivery initiative
• Lokvani - UP - Handling Grievances, Land record maintenance
• FRIENDS - Fast Reliable Instant Efficient Network for disbursement
of services - Kerala
• InDEA - by MEITy - Meghalaya 1st state to transform traditional
delivery service process into digital service system.

• eGramSwaraj – portal was launched by MoPR for e governance of

PRIs

District good - DARPG + JnK Administration

Governance - 20 districts
Index DGGI - #1 - Jammu, #2- Doda
Good - DARPG under MoPPGP
governance - 10 sectors
index - 20 states improved from 2019
• Group A - Gujarat
• Group B - MP
• UT - Delhi
• N-E and Hilly areas - Himachal Pradesh
National • By DARPG and MeitY in association with govt of Telangana
Conference on • Provides a platform for constructive exchange of ideas on some of
E -Governance the latest technologies for promoting e Governance
• Hyderabad Declaration : Bring citizens and government closer
through digital platforms and transform citizen services through
use of technology
Common • By MeitY
service centre • Under NeGP
• To provide high quality and cost effective video, voice, and data
content and services in e-governance, health, education,
telemedicine, entertainment etc.
National E - • Launched
in 2018 based on Online sevice index of UNDESA
Governance DARPG, MPPGP
GS2 Page 102
Governance • DARPG, MPPGP
Services • 6 Sectors – (FEELLS)
Delivery 1. Finance,
Assessment, 2. Environment
NESDA 3. Education,
4. Labour and Employment,
5. Local Govt and Utilities,
6. Social Welfare &
• Kerala tops
• State/UT portals : Group A – Kerala, Gr B – Odisha, NE States –
Nagaland, UTs- JnK

GS2 Page 103

Social Issues

Elderly Longitudinal Ageing study of India LASI, 2020: 75% of elderly of India suffer
from Chronic diseases.
- Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
- National Action plan for welfare of Sr. Citizen
- Awards: Vyoshreshtha Samman
- National Council of Sr Citizen - 1999 Under MoSJE

Quality of Life of Elderly Index 2021- Economic Advisory Council, PMO

(Institute of Competitiveness):
• 4 pillars:
- Financial Well Being
- Social Well being
- Health system
- Income security
• Numbers: Kerala > TN
• Least numbers: Bihar < UP < Assam
• #1- Rajasthan and Himachal
UTs - Chandigarh
NES - Mizoram
SAGE portal - Elderly care products and services
- By MOSJE
SACRED portal • Senior able citizens above 60y for re-employment
• By MoSJE
Medical Termination of • Increased time period to seek 1 doctor opinion - 20 weeks
Pregnancy (Amd) Act 2021 • From 20-24 weeks - 2 doctors
• > 24 weeks - Medical board opinion in case of Substantial foetal abnormality

• National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board - chaired

by MoHFW
- Commercial Surrogacy is prohibited but Altruistic surrogacy allowed
- Surrogate - 25-35 years old, Only once in a lifetime, certificate of
medical and psychological fitness for surrogacy
Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, • Commercial surrogacy – Banned, Ethical altruistic surrogacy – Allowed
2020 • Ethical surrogacy allowed to – Indian married couples, Indian-origin married
couples & Willing Indian single woman
• Surrogate mother – need NOT be a close relative
• Constitution of – Surrogacy Boards at both Centre and State level
• Certificate of Essentiality & Certificate of Eligibility – required before
surrogation
• Couples are NOT allowed to abandon the child born out of surrogation in any
condition
• Surrogacy clinics – will required compulsory registration & will be regulated
by the Act
• Bill provides for Insurance fCoverage (of at least 36 months) to the surrogate
mother
• No sex selection will be allowed in surrogacy
Assisted Reproductive 1. Ovulation Induction - Hormone medication to produce follicle stimulating
Technology (Regulation) Act, hormone to increase chances of conception

GS2 Page 104

Technology (Regulation) Act, hormone to increase chances of conception
2021 2. Artificial Insemination - Insertion of semen at or just before ovulation
3. In Vitro Fertilisation - Fertilised egg and sperm is facilitated in a culture dish

- Pre Implant Genetic testing - Helps reduce risk of passing on a known genetic
condition
• Monogenetic - To identify unaffected embryo
• Chromosomal structural Rearrangement - Identify embryos that have
correct amount of genetic material

- Every ART clinic and bank must be registered under National Registry of
Banks and Clinics of India
All offenses -Cognizable (No warrant required) and Bailable
State of World's children -2021 • UNICEF
• 14% of 15-24 year olds feel depressed
• 50 million children affected with mental health issues in India
Persons with disability • Reservations in Govt jobs - 4%
• Biwako Millenium Framework - Inclusive, barrier free rights based society.
• India is a member
• Saugamya Bharat - Accessible India
Scheduled tribes • 8.3% population
• Literacy- 59%
• Poverty - 50%
• 60% displaced

• National Commission for STs: 89th CAA, 2003, Article 338-A

• Participating in planning for socio-economic development of STs

Reservation to STs at
• A 330 - Parliament
• A 332 - State Legislative Assembly
• A 243D - Panchayat
• A 243T - Municipality

• A 342- President- after consultation with Governor - by Public

Notification specifies tribes to be considered as ST
• List modification - Parliament by law.

• ST Criteria: NOT in constitution

• Primitive traits
• Distinctive culture
• Geographical isolation
• Shyness of contact
PVTGs: Dhebar Commission
- Total 75
- #1- Odisha(13), #2 - Andhra Pradesh(12)
Criteria:
- A pre agriculture level of technology
- A stagnant or declining population
GS2 Page 105
- A stagnant or declining population
- Extremely low literacy
- A subsistence level of economy
MoTA Initiatives:
• 100 Spring Initiative : To provide access to safe and adequate water to
tribal community , GIS based Spring Atlas.
Types of spring:
- Depressed
- Fault
- Krast
- Contact

• Going online as Leader GOAL - MoTA And Facebook - To increase number

of tribal owned business, digital literacy.

• Eklavya Model Residential schools:

- Every block with 50% ST population OR >20,000 Population will have EMRS
by 2022
- Middle and High level education

• TRIFOOD: MoFPI and MoTA, Implemented by TRIFED

- Value addition to MFPs
• Van Dhan Yojana: MOTA and TRIFED
- Van Dhan Vikas Kendra
- For MFPs - Skill training and capacity building
- Tribes India - E marketplace: Handicrafts and Organic product market
place

• Tech for Tribals: TRIFED initiative in partnership with Institute of National

Importance to develop Tribal Entrepreneurship

• Go tribe campaign - TRIFED - to promote tribal art and craft

• AADI - Mahotsav - Tribal festival by MoTA and TRIFED. Exhibition and sale
of handicrafts

• 4 P 1000 Initiative: TRIFED initiative to combat Desertification through

Bamboonomics with German cooperation launched at UNCCD

• SWASTHYA Portal: - One stop solution for tribal health and nutrition

• XaXa Committee for Tribals: Looks into Tribal development

• Tribal Subplan (launched during 5th FYP: To fill gap in development)

- Financial Security
- Reduce poverty

GS2 Page 106

 - Reduce poverty
- Central Sector
- Every ministry has to segregate funds for tribals (8%)- Tfr to states
TRIFED - 1987, HQ- N Delhi, under MoTA
- Procurement of MFP at MSP
Schedule Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of
Forest Rights) Act, 2006 -
Legal recognition of forest dweller ST (FDST) and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (OTFD)
- Gram Sabha is the authority for determining the nature and extent of
Individual Forest rights or community forest rights
- Title Rights - Max 4 Ha
- Use rights of MFP
- Relief and development to rehab in case of illegal eviction
- Forest management rights
• Critical Wildlife Habitat: Areas of National Parks and Sanctuaries- No
interference by Humans
Development & Welfare Board • Under – MoSJ
for Denotified, Nomadic and • Society under Societies Registration Act, 1860
Semi-Nomadic Communities • Purpose is to implement welfare schemes for DNT communities
(DWBDNC). 2019
Transgender National Council for Transgender :
- Statutory
- Transgender person (Protection of Rights ) Act 2019
- Headed by MoSJE

- NALSA vs UOI : SC established rights and considered as 3rd Gender

- Yogakarta principle: Freedom of Sexual orientation and gender identity as part
of Human Right
- Garima Greh
Education New Education policy:
• SAFAL - Structured Assessment for analysing learning- CBSE
• National Ed Tech forum- Free exchange of ideas like AI, Blockchain, Smart
Boards, etc
• NISHTHA 2.0 - Teachers training
• Sign language has been accorded the status of language subject

Pillars of NEP:
• Access, Quality, Accountability, Affordability, Equity

Quality of education:
• National Achievements Survey - by NCERT - school based
• Annual Status of Education report ASER - By PRATHAM - Largest citizen led
household survey
• All India Survey of Higher Education - MoEd - Annual web based
Global Adult Tobacco Survey • By WHO
GATS • 2nd largest producer and consumer

GS2 Page 107

GATS • 2nd largest producer and consumer
• 42.4% men, 14.2% women
• India became a party to WHO framework convention on tobacco control
FCTC - 2005
Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan • By MoSJE
• Aka Drugs free India Campaign
• Preventive, mass education, and sensitization, capacity building of service
providers
Best practices for performance • NITI Aayog+ WHO+ MoHFW
of district hospitals
Actual National Public health
standards
Avg beds 24 beds /1lac population 22 beds /1 lac population
Bihar - 6 beds, Puducherry -
222 beds
Avg Support 11 14
services
Doctors Met by 27% hospitals only 29 per 100 beds
Bed density 1/1000

Food security • Global Report on Food Crises : By Global Network Against food crises -
(Founded by FAO and WFP)
○ Focus on 55 countries with 97% of humanitarian assistance
○ Most severe - Burkina Faso, S Sudan, Yemen
○ 3X3: Global X Regional X National levels
○ Understanding food crises
○ Strategic investment
○ Nutrition security
Women • Bihar: 33% reservation to women in all State engineering and medical colleges
• 50% in PRIs
• 50% in Cooperative societies
• 35% in Police Recruitment

• Nirbhaya Fund - Admin by Deptt of Economics

• Jaganna Jeevan Kranthi Scheme - Andhra Pradesh - 249 lakh sheep/goats to
women
Manual scavenging • Deaths since 1993 - 941
• #1 - Tamil Nadu > Gujarat > UP

National Garima Abhiyaan:

• National campaign for eradication of manual scavenging
• Launched by – Jan Sahas
Manual Scavenging & Acts • 1989 – Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989
✓ 90% people employed as manual scavengers are SCs

• 1993 – The Employment of Manual Scavengers & Construction of Dry

Latrines Act, 1993
✓ India banned employment as manual scavenger in dry latrines for the 1st
time

GS2 Page 108

 • 2013 – The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers &
Rehabilitation Act, 2013
✓ Banned manual scavenging not only in dry latrines, but also insanitary
latrines, open drains, or pits

• 2013 – Building and Maintenance of Insanitary Latrines Act, 2013

✓ It establishes constitutional responsibility on state to provide alternative
jobs to manual scavengers

• 2014 – SC ordered that the government to identify those who died due to
manual scavenging since 1993 & pay Rs. 10 lakh each as compensation

• 2020 – The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers &

Rehabilitation (Amendment) Bill, 2020
✓ Proposes complete mechanisation of sewer cleaning
✓ ‘On site protection’ & compensation to manual scavengers

• Initiatives
i) Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan – campaign to eradicate manual scavenging
ii) Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge – by MoHUA
iii) Swachhta Abhiyan App – to geotag the insanitary latrines & manual
scavenging
National Commission for Safai • Statutory Body till 2004
Karmacharis • Under MoSJE
• Chairperson and 4 members (1 woman)

Drugs and Intoxicants India is a signatory to:

A46 DPSP - Single convention on narcotic drugs 1961
- Convention on psychotropic substances 1971
- UN Convention against Illicit trafficking of ND and PS -1988

- Operation Trance: Intelligence gathering action on international postal,

express mail etc

OTHER:
Anti Drug Action Plan 2020-21
- By MOSJE
- International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit trafficking (June 26)
- De-addiction facilities in districts
- Drop in centres for addicts,
- Integrated Rehab centres

- Golden Triangle: Myanmar, Laos, Thailand

- Golden Crescent - Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan

- Paris Pact Initiative: 2003 - to combat illicit traffic in opiates originating in

Afghanistan
- UN office on Drugs and Crime - Report - Afghanistan produces 85% of World's
opium.
Narcotics Control Bureau • Under Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985
• Also authority under Prevention and Illicit trafficking of Narcotic drugs and
Psychotropic substances Act 1988

GS2 Page 109

 Psychotropic substances Act 1988
• MOHA
Central Bureau of Narcotics - Headed by Narcotics Commissioner
- Under CBEC, Min of Finance
- Stop trade and issue license of legal production of synthetic drugs
- Stop Opium Production for other than medicinal use
Terrorism • Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate
✓ Established by UNSC Resolution
✓ It is an expert body to support Counter Terrorism Committee of UN

Counter Terrorism Committee

✓ Established in 2001 after 9/11 attacks
✓ Via UNSC resolution

• Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism CCIT -

Comprehensive legal framework in counter terrorism - India proposed to the
UNGA
- Seeks a universal definition of terrorism, prosecution of terrorists
under special laws, making cross border terrorism an extraditable
offence worldwide, inter alia.

• Global Counter Terrorism Forum GCTF - US created, outside UN framework

to foster effective multilateral cooperation in counter terrorism.

• Eurasian group on combating money laundering and financing terrorism

- 9 countries : India, Russia, China, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
- Associate member of FATF

• Regional Anti Terrorism Structure RATS - under SCO

- HW - Tashkent, Uzbekistan

• Global Terrorism Index

- Institute of Economics and Peace
- India 7th worst affected country
Trafficking in persons report • US State department
• In India : Anti Trafficking nodal cell : Ministry of Home Affairs
Minorities • 19% of the population
- 14.2% Muslims
- 2.3% Christians
- 1.7% Sikhs
- 0.7% Buddhists
- 0.4% Jains
• PM Jan Vikas Karyakram: Ministry of Minority Affairs
- Basic amenities, Reducing imbalance, - Education, Health, Skills

• PM-15 point program

- Benefit of govt schemes for the underprivileged- reach the
disadvantaged section
- Focus on Minority concentrated districts (>25%)
- Education
- Economic Opportunity
- Improving livelihood

GS2 Page 110

 - Improving livelihood
- Prevention and control of riots

(PM-20 Point Program is by MOSPI)

(MoMA Launched a 10-point programme for preservation of the language and culture of
minorities)

• Jiyo parsi: To control decline population

• Nai Manzil: Scheme for formal education and Skills of school dropout
• USTAAD: Upgrading the skills and training in traditional art
• Hamari Dharohar - MoMA + MoCulture
• Seekho aur kamao - for 14-35 yo for improving employability
• Nai UDAAN- support students who cleared CSE prelims
• Nai Roshini Scheme -
- Aim is to develop leadership in minority women (aged 18-65 years)
- Help them to run NGOs, SHGs, interact with government systems,
banks & FIs
• Garib Nawaz Scheme -
- Aim is to provide S&T job skills via developmental courses to minority
youth for skill based employment
- Implenting agency – Maulana Azad Education Foundation
- Collaboration of MoSDE
- It also provides 3 months stipend & 2 months post-placement support

• PM Adarsh Gram Yojana - MOSJE

- Integrated development of villages where SC> 50%
PwD - Divyang - 2.21% in India

- Deen dayal Disabled Rehab Scheme - Support NGOs providing services like
special schools vocational training centres, pre-schools.
Assistance to disabled person for purchase of aids and appliances : <20k
income, aid of Rs 10,000/- Implemented by ALMICO (Artificial limb
manufacturing corporation of India).

Chief commissioner of PwD:

- Persons with Disabilities Act 1995
- Monitor utilization of fund disbursed by CG.

- Rehabilitation council - Statutory Body, Est 1992 -Regulating training Policies

for various categories of professionals

- Accessible India Campaign - ICT , Transport, Environment - to Divyangs -

targets have been missed

GS2 Page 111

- National Centre for Divyang Empowerment - by CRPF

- Indira Gandhi Disability pension scheme - Rs 300 to age<80y, Rs 500 to

age >80 years.

- Unique disability identification project - MOSJE - Divyang ID cards

GS2 Page 112

Acts

TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Consumer Protection • New regulator – Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
Act, 2019 – New • Consumer Court applicable – where Consumer resides (not defendant)
features against CPA • Product Liability – Consumer can seek compensation for harm by product/service
Act, 1986 • Provides for compulsory Mediation before filing a court case
✓ Governed by –
i) CPC, 1908
ii) Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996

✓ 2020 – MR Krishna Murthi v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd– stated need for uniform
mediation legislation in India
• Provides for online complain filing via E-Daakhil portal
• Resolution of complaint within 3 months (if does not require analysis) and within 5
months (if requires analysis/testing)
• Covers e-commerce & extend rules of direct selling
• 3-tier quasi-judicial mechanism
• Jurisdictions of Commissions (as amended)
i) 0-50 lacs : District Commission
ii) 50 lacs- 2 crore : State Commission
iii) Above 2 crore : National Commission

Armed Forces (Special • Special powers to armed forces to maintain public order in “disturbed areas”
Powers) Act (AFSPA) • ‘Disturbed area’ – notified under Section 3 of the AFSPA
• Declaration by – CG, Governor, Administrator (UT)
• Notification – by Home Ministry

• Origin– Quit India Movement

• 1958 – 1st application of AFSPA to deal with Naga Hills upsurging
• Prohibit a gathering of five
• Even open fire after giving due warning
• Arrest/search a person without a warrant

• Repeal recommended by – Justice BP Jeevan Reddy Committee and 2nd ARC

• Naga People's Movement of Human Rights V/S Union of India, 1998 stated:
• AFSPA – constitutionally valid
• But SG should be consulted for declaring notification
• Periodic reviews should be held every 6 months
• 2016 – Irom Chanu Sharmila, an activist from Manipur, did hunger strike of 16 years
against AFSPA
• 2022 – AFSPA remains in force in parts of 4 States & 1 UT
• Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh - BY CG
• Assam
• Manipur
• J&K

Protection under AFSPA - Army, Navy, AF, CRPF, BSF (not police)
Personal Data Recommended by Justice B.N Srikrishna Committee
GS2 Page 113
Personal Data • Recommended by Justice B.N Srikrishna Committee
Protection Bill, 2019 • During – Puttaswamy Case Judgement, 2017 (Right to Privacy)
• Provided for independent regulator – Data Protection Agency
• Includes – Right to be forgotten

Digital Services Act (DSA), 2022 – by EU

✓ Aim is to ensure that big internet companies (techgiants) act against misinformation/
illegal content/ user rights voilations
✓ Just like India’s Data Protection Bill, 2019
✓ Will provide protection to all EU nations
✓ Self regulation – will be over
✓ Obligations – as per size/ role
✓ Most stringent provisions for – VLOPs & VLOSEs-Very Large Online Platforms & Very
Large Online Search Engines (45 million users p.m in EU)
✓ European Board for Digital Services – will be set up for implementation & regulation
✓ Penalties – upto 6 % of annual turnover
✓ A ‘Duty of Care’ – shall be imposed on online sellers (like in Amazon) to compel them
to disclose complete product information
✓ Annual audit & risk reduction analysis will be applicable

Banking Regulation • Cooperative Banks

(Amendment) Bill, ✓ Shall be allowed to raise public issues & private placement
2020 ✓ Shall be under RBI
• N.A to – Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

Labour Codes, 2019 • Labour = Concurrent List

• Recommended by – 2nd National Commission on Labour, 2002 - Chair: Ravindra
Verma
• 1st NC on Labour - Chair: Dr Gajendragadkar.

• Replaces 4 laws
1. Payment of Wages Act, 1936
2. Payment of Bonus Act, 1965
3. Minimum Wages Act, 1948
4. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
• NOT replacing the Gratuity Act

• Floor Wages
✓ Fixed by – CG
✓ On advise of Central Advisory Board (CG may consult SGs also)
(Ajit Mishra Expert Committee - Determine Floor Wages)
✓ Different floor wages can be set for different geographical areas

• Minimum Wages
✓ Fixedby – CG/ SGs
✓ Must be higher than floor wages
✓ Regular revisions by CG/ SGs within NOT more than 5 years
• Overtime – will be paid at least twice of the normal wage rate
• Deductions – can NOT be more than 50% of the employee’s total wages & can be
done for absentism also

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 • Bonus
✓ Minimum – higher of 8.33% or Rs.100
✓ Maximum – 20% of annual wages

• Central Advisory Board will be set up having –

✓ Employers & employees in equal numbers
✓ Independent persons
✓ 5 representatives of SGs
✓ 1/3 members shall be women
(State Advisory Boards shall also be set up to advise SGs)
• Maximum penalty – 3 months/ 1 lakh

Industrial Relations Code Bill, 2020

✓ Code of Conduct – NOT required for companies having upto 300 employees
✓ Grievance Redressel Committee – required if more than 20 employees
✓ For strike, at least 14 Notice by workers

• Occupational Safety, Health & Working Conditions Bill, 2020

✓ Recognized rights of contractual workers & transgenders
✓ Working = maximum 8 hours (& 6-day week)
✓ Overtime = 2x payment – for ALL entities irrespective of employees strength
✓ Women consent – for working before 6AM or after 7 PM

• Code on Social Security Bill, 2020

✓ Replaces 9 Central laws
✓ Also covers unorganised workers & agricultural workers (1st time)
✓ Gratuity eligibility = 1 year
• 2018 Amendment to Gratuity Act has also increased the upper ceiling for paying
gratuity to Rs. 20 lakhs
Dam Safety Act, 2021 • Concern – ‘Dam'= State subject
(Entry 56, Union list only includes ‘inter-state rivers’)
• Setting up –
i) National Committee on Dam Safety : Chairperson of Central water Commission
presides
ii) National Dam Safety Authority : For implementing the policies formulated by
Committee. Resolve disputes between State Dam Safety Organisations and specifying
regulations for inspection and investigation of dams.
iii) State Dam Safety Organisations

• Dam owners will be required to prepare an emergency action plan & carry out risk
assessment for each dam at regular intervals
• Will be helpful with respect to Mullaperiyar Dam issue
• India = 3rd rank in large dams (total 5,334) (1st = USA, 2nd = China)

Waqf Act, 1995 • Waqf = property given for religious/ charitable purposes in God’s name
• Once created/ donated, CANNOT be taken back
• ‘Non-Muslims’ – can also create Waqf
• Waqf is managed by Mutawali (Supervisor)
Its like a trust, but for religious purposes

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 • Its
like a trust, but for religious purposes
• Waqf Board – legal entity that can aquire/ hold property

124A – Sedition • Origin – Thomas Macaulay , 1837

• Included in Indian Penal Code by Sir James Stephen
• Punishment for actions that incite disaffection against government
• It is non-bailable
• Imprisonment = 3 years
• Kedarnath Singh V/s State of Bihar, 1962 – Sedition = Valid but with a limited scope

Disha Act • Anti-Rape law of Andhra Pradesh

Shakti Act • Anti-Rape law of Maharashtra
Foreign Currency • Origin – during Emergency in 1976
Regulation Act, 2010 • Implementation & grant of clearance by – MoHA
(FCRA) • Section 13 – Requires permission for NGOs for receiving donations above Rs. 25,000/-
• For such NGOs, registration is required every 5 years
• Section 5 – CG’s Power to deny access to foreign funding
• Section 13 also suspends Foreign Funding for 6 months if T&C not complied
• 2010 – Amended to consolidate the law in national interest

• 2020 Amendments
✓ Public sector employees – prohibited to received foreign donations
✓ Transfer of funds received under FCRA – prohibited
✓ NGOs will have to maintain a designated account in SBI in the capital Delhi
✓ Funding for Administrative expenses – allowed upto 20% only (Earlier – 50%)
✓ Mandatory Aadhar – for office bearers, KMPs, directors & office bearers
✓ Renewal – due after 5 years & will involve same level of scrutiny
✓ Voluntary Surrender option – available

Foreign Exchange • It
replaced FERA, 1973
Management Act ✓ Which was very restrictive w.r.t cross border inflows/ outflows
(FEMA, 1999) ✓ Also vested powers to try out criminal offences w.r.t forex regulations
✓ FERA & MRTP Acts were repealed

FEMA covers 3 broad areas

i) Rupee convertability
ii) Setting up ED & giving it power to administer criminal offences
iii) Corporate sector borrowings

• Restrictionson Current A/c Transactions

✓ Outward remittance of prize winnings/ lottery/ gambling – NOT allowed
✓ RBI permission is required for
• Outward tourism above USD 10,000 per year
• Medical treatment expenses above USD 1,00,000 per year
✓ For payment to foreign artists in India in foreign currency – approval is required from
Ministry of Finance

• Restrictionson Capital A/c Transactions – Outflow only

✓ Indian can remit upto USD 2.5 lakhs for overseas investment purpose (but not the
money which is earned by gambling/ lottery, etc)
Indians can open Foreign Currency Indian Resident A/c (FCIR A/c) in India

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 ✓ Indians can open Foreign Currency Indian Resident A/c (FCIR A/c) in India
Representation of • Section 8 – Disqualification for contesting elections on conviction of certain offences
People (RP Act), 1951 • Imprisonment of 2 years or more – disqualification for next 6 years after release
& • Section 29A – Registration of Political Parties
Elections regulations • Application to ECI within 30 days of formation of party
• For objections, ‘proposed name’ has to be published in 2 national & 2 local NPs
• Section 151A – Bye-elections to be held within 6 months of vacancy
• Section 153 – Postponement of elections by ECI
(subject to maximum of Lok Sabha/ SLA’s term expiry)
Term of Lok Sabha/ SLA – can only be extended via National Emergency u/A 352

• Section 77
✓ Election candidate shall keep a separate account of all election expenditure incurred
by him from nomination date →result declaration date
✓ Submit to ECI within 30 days of election result
✓ Section 77(1) – Star Campaigners
- NOT defined
- Communicate list of star campaigners to Chief Electoral Officer & ECI within 1 week
of election notification
- Recognized party can have upto 40 star campaigners maximum
- Unrecognized (but registered) party can have upto 20 star campaigners
- Expenditure NOT added to the election expenditure of the candidate, provided
the candidate has not shared stage with the star campaigner & the campaign is
‘general’

• Section 10A – Incorrect Expense A/c may disqualify the candidate for 3 years
• There is no cap on a political party’s expenditure
• However, political parties are also required to submit the expense statement to ECI
within 90 days

• 2010 – Amendment to RP Act, 1951

✓ Voting was extended to NRIs who stayed abroad beyond 6 months
✓ Section 20A – Such NRI Voting allowed ‘in person’ only at the polling booth
✓ Passport will be required at the time of voting

• 2016 – Amendment to the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 allowed ‘service’ voters to
use Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS)
✓ Postal ballots are sent electronically to the registered service voters
✓ Voters can download ETPBS & declaration form & send it to the returning officer via
email

• 2022 – Proposal to allow ETPBS for NRI voters

✓ Information needs to be given within 5 days of election notification
✓ Returning officer shall sent the ballot ‘electronically’ to the NRI voter
✓ NRI voter can print → attest → sent to the returning officer
• Indrajit Gupta Committee, 1998 – recommended ‘State Funding’ for elections to
ensure level playing field for poorer political parties
Citizenship •6Religions covered – Hindu, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis
Amendment Act Countries – Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh

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Amendment Act • Countries – Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh
(CAA), 2019 • For refugees who entered India on or before – 31st December, 2014
• The beneficiaries will be exempted under –
1. Foreigners Act, 1946 &
2. Passport Act, 1920
• Issue – as per Assam Accord of 1985, ‘all’ the illegal migrants who entered Assam after
25th March, 1971 shall be deported

• CAA NOT Applicable in following areas

i) 6th Schedule areas – in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram
ii) States regulated via Inner Line Permit as per Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulations,
1873
Indian Penal Code, • Lord Thomas Macaulay – considered as the Chief Architect of codifications of
1860 criminal laws in India
• Criminal Laws governed by –
i) IPC, 1860
ii) CrPC, 1973
iii) Indian Evidence Act, 1872
• Madhav Menon Committee (2007) – on criminal laws reforms

• MalimathCommittee Report (2003) – on criminal laws reforms which highlighted the

inadequacy of provisions for justice to victims

• IPC – governs criminal acts

• CrPC – governs the functioning of police machinery & court procedure during
investigations & trials

• Section 354A – Punishment for ‘sexual harassment’

• Section 354C – Voyeurism (Porn)
• Section 354D – Cyber Stalking (cyber-harassment)
• Section 377 – Decriminalization of same-sex marriages
• Section 499 – Defamation (Sec 500 punishment)
• Marital rape criminalised
• Gender neutrality in offences
• Covers custodial death

✓ Section 498A – Harassment to married woman by her husband or in-laws

✓ 1976 – Australia became the 1st country to criminalize marital rape

✓ Anuradha Bhasin - Sec 144 cannot be used against legit expression of opinion
✓ Navtej Singh Johar - Removal of Section 377 against LGBTQI
✓ Joseph Shine - 2018- Adultery 497- Struck
CrPC, 1973 • Governs the functioning of police machinery & court procedure during investigations
(Code of Criminal & trials
Procedure) • Section 144 of CrPC
• The magistrate issues the order to prohibit gathering of 4 persons or more,
although in a ‘curfew’ – there is complete restriction & only essential services
are allowed
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 are allowed
• Can be passed against an individual/ public
• Weapon transport – also disallowed
• If violated, imprisonment upto 3 years
• Schools/ colleges – closed
• Authorities can also block internet in that area
• Maximum duration = 2 months (extendable upto 6 months on SG’s discretion)
• Remedy if aggrieved – writ petition to HC or revision application to magistrate
himself

• 1967 – Ram Manohar Lohia Case – SC stated that ‘no democracy can exist if
public order is allowed to be disturbed by a section of citizens’
• 1970 – Madhu Limaye VS Sub Divisional Magistrate – SC held the constitutional
validity of Section 144 as it is under ‘reasonable restrictions’

Section 154
✓ First Information Report (FIR) for cognizable offence
✓ Written document
✓ Can also be lodged by victim’s representative
✓ Complain can be oral/ written to the head of the police station
✓ Here, police can arrest without warrant and police can start investigation on its own
(without waiting for court’s order)
(Above conditions do not apply for non-cognizable offence)
✓ NOT defined in any law
✓ After FIR,
- Charge Sheet is filed – if sufficient evidence is obtained
- Final Report is filed – if no evidence has been found
- Cancellation Report is filed – if it is found that no offence has been committed
- Untraced Report is filed – if no trace of the accused has been found
✓ Court can order further investigation also
✓ Section 154 (3) – If police refuses to register FIR, the aggrieved person can complain
to SP/ DCP concerned
✓ Section 156 (3) – If FIR is not registered even by SP/DCP, aggrieved person can
complain to concerned court which can direct FIR & Investigation by the Police

✓ Zero FIR – When complain received belongs to jurisdiction of another police station,
then case is transferred to it for investigation. This is called Zero FIR

Section 155
✓ First Information Report (FIR) for non-cognizable offence
✓ Here, after registering FIR, the complainant is asked to approach court for an
investigation order & police starts investigation after then
✓ Section 155(2) – A police officer CANNOT investigate a non-cognizable offence
without the order of a magistrate

• CrPChas also separated the executive from judiciary

✓ Before 1973, the collector also exercised the judicial powers as well
✓ After separation, the judicial powers were vested to Judicial Magistrates

Criminal Procedure It replaced Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920

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Criminal Procedure • It replaced Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920
(Identification) Act, • Changes recommended by
2022 ✓ 87th report of Law Commission
✓ SC in State of UP V/s Ram Babu Mishra case
• It authorizes police officers to take measurements of the convicts
• Police & prison authorities can collect, store & analyse biological samples, retina, iris
and can even opt narco analysis & brain mapping
• Data collection shall be as per Section 53 & 53A of CrPC
• If resisted, then it will be an offence under IPC
• Also applicable to persons held in preventive detection
• Differences

Basis IPA, 1920 CPA, 2022

Person whose Punishable with imprisonment of 1 No such condition
measurements can year or more
be taken
If directed by Magistrate, he should No such condition of
have been arrested previously w.r.t previous arrest
such investigation
Measurements Only fingerprint/ footprint impression Retina, iris,
handwriting,
signatures, etc also
included
• Measurements can be recorded by persons upto the post of head constable
• Repository for samples – National Criminal Records Bureau (which can also share it
with other agencies)
• Records can be stored upto 75 years
• Problems –
i) Bill proposes to collect samples even from protestors of political protests
ii) Violates Article 20(3) which says that no person can be compelled to witness against
himself
iii) Violates human rights mentioned in UN Charter

Special Marriage Act, • For registration of inter-religious & inter-caste marriages in India
1954 • Act applies to – Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains
• Also applicable to Indian citizens living abroad
• Controversial sections
✓ Section 5 – Prior Notice is required to be given
✓ Section 6 – Notice to be affixed at Registrar’s office
✓ Section – Objection by 3rd party within 30 days
• As per Muslim Personal Law, for marriage to non-Muslim, conversion is mandatory

Solid waste • Replacing – Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000

management rules, • Applicability also extended from Municipal Corporations to →Urban agglomerations
2016 & industrial townships

• Segregation of waste at source

✓ Wet/ Biodegradable waste – which auto-decomposes by itself
✓ Dry/ Non Biodegradable waste – other wastes
✓ Hazardous waste

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 • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) shall apply
• Provides for Central Monitoring Committee – under MoEFCC
• Bulk-generator of waste shall have to pay ‘User Fees’ to waste collector
• Spot Fine – shall be payable for littering or non segregation
• Formalization of waste pickers – should be done by SGs
• Event Organizer for 100 persons or more shall have to intimate the local authority at
least 3 days in advance & ensure segregation & handover of wastes after the event to
the waste collector or agency

• The Developers of SEZ, Industrial Park, Industrial Estate – will have to allocate at least
5% of the total area for recovery/ recycling facility
• Suggests – Bio-menthanation, waste → energy (plants to be set up by MoNRE)
• If the non recyclable waste is of more than 1,500 calories/ kg – then it shall only be
utilized for energy generation

• Alllocal bodies are obligated to set up –

✓ Solid Waste Management Facilities within 2 years – if population is 1 lakh or more
✓ Common/ standalone sanitary landfills within 3 years – if population is below 1 lakh

• Article 51 A (g) – Duty to protect environment

• Issues –
i) EPR only covers Electronics & Plastics
(In Canada, EPR also covers domestic hazardous waste)
ii) Definition of waste is not exhaustive, e.g, Cigarette Butts are excluded even when
they contain traces of heavy metals
iii) Not enough storage facilities

Eastern Region • SiliguriCorridor (Chicken neck) – connects NE states with mainland India
(Reorganisation) Act, • Till 1972 – NE states were part of Northeast Frontier Agency (NEFA)
1971 – Northeast
States & insurgencies • Northeast Initiatives by GOI –
✓ Kaladan multi-modal transit transport project (Sittwe Port, Myanmar)
✓ Indo Bangladesh Protocol Route (IBPR) for inland waterways
✓ Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region – Central sector
✓ UDAN Regional connectivity scheme – development of Greenfield airports
✓ National Mission on Edible Oil – to harness palm oil cultivation capacity (special
focus)
✓ Zero Defect Zero Effect Scheme – for MSMEs subsidy
✓ Northeast Region Urban Development Programme (NERUDP) – for urban utilities
✓ 5th/6th Schedule
✓ Saffron Bowl Scheme – for Sikkim, Meghalaya, Arunachal

• Assam
✓ 2020 – Bodo Peace Agreement was signed to give autonomy to the Bodoland
Territorial Region (BTR)
✓ 2021 – Karbi Anglong Agreement was a tripartite peace agreement.

• Manipur
Maharaja Bodha-chandra Singh signed ‘Instrument of Accession’ before

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✓ Maharaja Bodha-chandra Singh signed ‘Instrument of Accession’ before
independence on condition of autonomy
✓ 1948 – Elections were held in Manipur due to public pressure
✓ Manipur – 1st part of India to hold elections under Universal Adult Franchise
✓ The assembly had differences over merger of Manipur into the Indian Union
✓ 1949 – GOI pressurized Maharaja to sign the Merger Agreement without consulting
the popularly elected legislation assembly
✓ 1964 – Formation of separatist group United National Liberation Front (UNLF)
✓ 1972 – Statehood Day
✓ Other insurgent groups – People’s Liberation Army (PLA), People’s Revolutionary
Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Kanglei Yawol
Kanna Lup
✓ Naga-Kuki Conflict in the Imphal valley is yet another issue
✓ Kukis are demanding separate Kuki State Territorial Council
✓ Indian Army conducted Operation ‘All Clear’ with the help of Assam Rifles to deal
with the insurgencies in Manipur
✓ 2008 – GOI signed a Tripartite Ceasefire between Kuki National Organisation (KNO)
& United People’s Front (UPF)

• Tripura
✓ 1949 – Tripura acceded into the Indian Union
✓ 1972 – Statehood Day
✓ Due to immigrants of East Pakistan, their demography got changed from a tribal
majority area to → Bengali speaking majority
✓ Tribals lost lands & mass violence occured
✓ 2020 – Bru Accord was signed for permanent settlement of Bru families living in
Tripura between – CG, Tripura, Mizoram, Representatives of Bru migrant
✓ Demand for Greater Tripraland: by indigeneous people

• Meghalaya
✓ 1947 – Rulers of Garo & Khasi region acceded into Independent India
✓ 1972 – Statehood Day

• Mizoram
✓ National borders – Assam, Tripura, Manipur
✓ International borders – Myanmar & Bangladesh
✓ 2nd least populous state of India (after Sikkim)
✓ Highest %age of tribal population among all States in India
✓ Literacy rate – 91.60%
✓ State Bird – Hume Pheasant/ Vavu
✓ State Animal – Saza/ Serow
✓ 2 main Mizo festivals
1. Mim Kut – A Maize festival celebrated after maize harvest in August/ September
2. Chapchar Kut – A Spring festival celebrated after jhum clearing of jungles
✓ Cheraw – Unique colourful dance of Mizos, also called Bamboo dance
✓ 1987 – Statehood day as per 53rd amendment, 1986 (but boundary disputes with
Assam exists even today)

• ArunachalPradesh
National borders – Assam, Nagaland

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 ✓ National borders – Assam, Nagaland
✓ International borders – Bhutan, China (Tibet), Myanmar
✓ State Bird – Hornbill
✓ State Animal – Mithun/ Gayal
✓ 1987 – Statehood day as per 53rd amendment, 1986

• Nagaland
✓ 1918 – Naga Club was formed
✓ 1946 – Naga National Council (NNC) was formed under AZ Phizo
✓ 14th August, 1947 – NNC declared independence
✓ 1955 – CG passed Assam Disturbed Areas Act
✓ 1958 – CG imposes AFSPA
✓ 1963 – Separate state of Nagaland was created
✓ 1964 – Nagaland Peace Mission created & ceasefire was signed
✓ 1975 – Shillong Accord was signed – for an unconditional ceasefire
✓ 1980 – National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) was formed
✓ 2015 – Naga Peace Accord was signed
✓ Independence demand also extends to – ‘Nagalim’ (Gr. Nagaland), near Manipur hills

RTI Act, 2005 • Section 4 – Suo motu information to public by authorities

• Time period for PIOs to provide information: 30 days
• If information sought concerns the life or liberty of a person : within 48hrs
• In case application is sent through the Assistant PIO or wrong public authority : Add 5
days to the above
• Political parties covered as per CIC order.
• Office of Attorney General - NOT a public authority
• Section 8(1) : Exemptions against furnishing information
• Section 24: Related to security and intelligence organisation (Except Allegations and
Human rights violations)
• Section 2(h): Public Authorities: established or constituted:
• By or under the COI
• By law of parliament
• By order of govt
• NGOs substantially financed by GOI
• Office of CJI
Hindu Succession Act, • Codified according to – Mitakshara School of inheritance
1956 • NOT Applicable to – Muslims, Christians, Parsis & Jews
• Applicable to – ancestral property where succession is not as per will
• In HUF, several legal heirs can exist jointly simultaneously

• 2005’s amendment
✓ Women – recognised as coparceners for property partitions
✓ Daughters – given equal rights as son
• Section 15(1) – All property left behind by a Hindu women on her death shall pass to
husband
• But as per SC, if a Hindu woman dies without a will, then her property shall pass to
✓ Heir of her father – if inherited from father/ mother
✓ Heir of her husband – if inherited from husband/ in-laws
• Some states have conflicting laws with CG, for example In UP, married daughters are
NOT considered as primary heirs since 2016

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 NOT considered as primary heirs since 2016
Hindu Marriage Act, • Conjugal rights are rights created by marriage, i.e., right w.r.t. society
1955 • Reinstitution of Conjugal Rights,
✓ Recognized in all laws – Special Marriage Act, 1954, Muslim Law & Christian Law
(Divorce Act, 1969)
• Section 9 - A husband/wife can complain in local district court, if the partner has
withdrawn from the marriage without a ‘reasonable cause’

• Issues with reinstitution of conjugal rights by State –

✓ Violation of Right to Privacy
✓ Misuse of this provision as a shield against divorce proceedings
• Saroj Rani Case, 1984 – SC upheld Section 9 as it prevents break-ups
• Joseph Shine v Union of India 2019 – Bodily autonomy is part of right to privacy

Hindu Minority & • Natural Guardians – Parents

Guardianship Act • In case of separation, the child custody shall go to – Mother, if he/she is less than 5
1956 (HMGA) years old
• However, does not states any mechanism for deciding the child custody rights

Guardian & Wards • In case of separation, custody can be given to one parent & visitation rights to other
Act, 1890 • Law Commission Report, 2015 – Recommended joint custody & shared parenting (not
(GWA) singular child custody with 1 parent) & amendment in HMGA & GWA Acts
Prevention of Money • Aim – to combat money laundering, especially from trading in narcotics
Laundering Act • Currently, offences which are scheduled are very broad having nothing to do with
(PMLA), 2002 narcotics
• Applicability – Banks (including RBI), FI, MFs, Insurance companies, & their
intermediaries

2012 amendment
✓ PMLA will cover all reporting entities
✓ No limit on fine
✓ Provisional attachment/ confiscation of property

Money Laundering
✓ Legalizing illegal profits (dirty money) e.g., from drug trafficking or terrorist funding,
etc
✓ 3 stages – Placement → Layering → Integration
i) Placement – Collecting illegal money & placing it in Financial System
ii) Layering – Transferring the money through various layers via offshore shell companies
& false invoices
iii) Integration – Money re-entering the financial system in such a way that it wipes out
the original association of the crime
• Section 3 – Mere possession of ‘proceeds of crime’ is an offence
• Section 19 – Arrest without warrant
• Section 45 – Limitation on granting bail
• Responsible authority – Enforcement Directorate (ED) under MoF
• ECIR (Enforcement Case Information Report) – roughly equivalent to FIR is NOT given
to accused
• ED can confiscate property

National Medical Section 10 – NMC is responsible for determination of fees for 50% seats in the private

GS2 Page 124

National Medical • Section 10 – NMC is responsible for determination of fees for 50% seats in the private
Council Act, 2019 medical institutions & deemed universities
• Benefit will be first given to the candidates availing government quota seats & after
that, it will be given to remaining candidates on the basis of merit
Draft Guidelines For • Guidelines framed by – National Medical Commission (NMC)
Medical Registration, • Aim is to bring uniformity in medical registration of practitioners
National Exit Test
(NExT) National Exit Test (NExT)
✓ For registration in National Medical Register, the medical graduates shall have to pass
National Exit Test after clearing MBBS
✓ It will be conducted in the last year of MBBS
✓ National Testing Agency – shall be the authorized body for conducting NExT
✓ NExT will also act as a qualification exam for PG courses (current exam of NEET-PG
will be abolished)
✓ It will act as licentiate examination to practice medicine
✓ Will also be used for screening of foreign medical graduates
✓ NExT will also be applicable to – AIIMS, Institute of National Importance
✓ NexT will be conducted from 2024
• National Medical Register – is a National repository of registered doctors in which the
data is gathered from various State Medical Councils of India
Anti Conversion Laws • No Central legislation
• State laws passed by – UP, MP, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Uttarakhand,
Himanchal, Arunanchal, Karnataka, Haryana
• Haryana Prevention of Unlawful Conversion of Religious Bill, 2022
✓ Burden of proof – accused
✓ Declared marriages null & void if religion is concealed

Central Media • Accredited media persons are now prohibited from using the words “Accredited to the
Accreditation Government of India”
Guidelines, 2022 • Accredition is given only to journalists living in Delhi NCR region
• Given by – Central Press Accreditation Committee
• Eligibility – Minimum experience of –
• 5 years as full time journalist or cameraman, or
• 15 years as freelancer
• Veteran journalists having experience of 30 years or age 65 years
• Digital news journalists are also eligible if minimum visitors p.m = 10 lakh/ 1
million
• Freelancer journalists working for foreign news – NOT eligible

• Central Media Accreditation Committee (CMAC)

✓ Constituted by – CG
✓ Chairman – Director General, PIB
✓ 25 Members – nominated by CG
✓ Tenure = 2 years
✓ Meeting – at least once per quarter
• Issue – Discretion of ‘government nominated’ members to assess what is defamatory
or prejudicial to interest of Indian sovernity/ integrity
• Accredition benefits to journalists
✓ At VVIP events, only accredited journalists are allowed to attend
Not required to disclose who they intend to meet while entering government offices

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 ✓ Notrequired to disclose who they intend to meet while entering government offices
✓ Benefits of CG Health Schemes to their families, railway concession, etc

Right to Education • 2002 – 86th Amendment – Right to education is compulsory right under Article 21A for
Act, 2009 (RTE) children aged 6-14 years
• The Act mandates 25% reservation for disadvantaged sections in line with Article
21A,i.e,
✓ SCs & STs
✓ Socially backward class
✓ Differently abled
• 2002 – TMA Pai Foundation Case – Right under Article 30 (minority educational
institution) is neither absolute nor above law & hence a litigation in national interest
shall prevail
• Minorities notified under National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992 – Muslims,
Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jain, Zoroastrians (Parsis)

2012 , 93rd amendment:

• State is empowered to make special provisions for educationally backward, SCs, STs
in private/ public educational institutions but NOT minority educational institutions

✓ Section 1(5) – Exemptions to madarsas, pathshalas & other religious educational

institutions from the ambit of RTE
✓ Section 1(4) – RTE is subject to Article 29 & 30
• 2014 – Pramati Case – The whole RTE N.A on minority schools
• 2020 – Md. Raffique Case – Regulation is permissible if it is intended to ensure
excellence in minority educational institution
Online gaming & • ‘Betting & Gambling’ = State subject,
lottery regulations • SGs are empowered to tax lotteries even if they are conducted by CG
• The ‘dominant element test’ is applied to determine whether its a game of skill/chance
• Staking property/assets on ‘game of chance’ – illegal
• HCs are quashing such laws due to violation of Article 19 (g) (Choice of trading) &
Article 21 (privacy & liberty)
• SC rejected the notion of video games are ‘games of skill’ because tampering of
machines is possible
• Computer programmes cannot be patented under Patent Act, 1970 as they are not
inventions
• However, taking trademark for logos/signs and getting copyright – possible
• ‘Gaming disorder’ = mental health condition as per WHO
• 2017 – Telangana became 1st state to ban online gaming due to surge in illegal
activities
• Lottery is legal in India as per Lotteries Regulation Act, 1998
• Remittance of income from winnings & lottery = prohibited under FEMA, 1999
• Websites/ ISPs are prohibited to host any content supporting gambling as per IT Rules,
2011
• The current taxation policy covers all types of gambling industry directly/ indirectly
• 2020 – As per SC, betting, gambling, lottery are taxable under GST
• 2021 – Karnataka HC struck down Karnataka Police (Amendment) Act, 2021 which
banned online gaming & skill based platforms
• 2022 – As per SC, SLAs can levy taxes on lotteries organized by other States also
India = 2nd largest base for online gamining after China
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 • India = 2nd largest base for online gamining after China
Juvenile Justice Act, • In
compliance of UN convention on Rights of the Child, the Hague convention on
2015 protection of children and co-operation in respect of Inter country Adoption 1973

• Adoption takes place under –

1. JJ Act, 2015 – under MoW&CD
2. Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA) – under MoL&J (Law &
Justice)
3. Guardians and Ward Act (GWA), 1980 – for Non Hindus to become guardians
• As per rules, only Hindus, Buddhist, Jains & Sikhs – are legalized to adopt kids
• In GWA, 1980 – Legal guardians are not natural parents & once the child completes 21
years of age, then he assumes separate identity

• Juvenile – a minor (i.e, below 18 years of age) who has committed some offence in
‘conflict with law’ or needs protection/ care (like adoption, etc)
• Purpose of JJ Sytem – To rehabilitate young offenders and give them a second chance

• Doctrine of Doli Incapax

✓ It means ‘incapable of forming intent to commit a crime’
✓ Applies to children below 7 years of age & thus, they CANNOT be convicted for any
crime

• Section 7A – Accused person can raise ‘claim of juvenility’ before any court at
anytime (even after the final disposal of the case)
• In line with – UN Declaration of Rights of the Child, 1959
• Juvenile Justice Board – to handle ‘conflict with law’ cases of Juvenile
• Child Welfare Committee – to handle ‘care & protection’ need of Juvenile
• Juveniles aged between 16 to 18 years shall be treated as adults if they have
conducted heinous crime
• 2021 amendment – Adoption orders can now be issued by District Magistrate

Mines and Minerals • Regulates the mining sector & set licensing guidelines
(Development
• 2021 Amendments
Regulation) Act,
✓ End use restrictions were removed for captive/non-captive mines
1957/ MMDR Act
✓ Private sector inclusion, ease of doing business, etc
• Currently, mining licences are given for 50 years while Environmental Clearances are
given for 30 years – being reviewed
• There are 3 types of Mineral Concessions/ Licences
i) Reconnaissance Permit (RP)
✓ Granted for preliminary inspection of minerals using surveys & geological mapping
ii) Prospecting License (PL)
✓ Granted for allowing operations for exploring/ locating/ proving mineral deposits
iii) Mining Lease (ML)
✓ The actual mining liscence

• District
Mineral Foundations
✓ Statutory bodies under MMDR Act, 1957
✓ Established by SGs via notification
✓ Aims to protect the interests of the persons affected by mining operations
Ownership of minerals – lies with the SGs within whose territory the mines are
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 • Ownership of minerals – lies with the SGs within whose territory the mines are
located
• For minerals located in underwater region of EEZs & TWI – lies with CG
• Sand – notified as ‘minor mineral’ in India but UNEP’s report ‘Sand Use – Move to A
Circular Economy’ recommends that sand should be recognized as a ‘strategic
resource’

• International Seabed Authority (ISA)

✓ Which control all mineral resources related activities of the countries which are part
of UNCLOS
✓ UN body to regulate marine resources in international waters
✓ Intergovernmental body
✓ Located in Jamaica

• Mineral Concessions/ Licences

✓ Granted as per –
i) MMDR Act, 1957
ii) Mineral Concession Rules, 1960
✓ For normal minerals – granted by SGs (for minerals located in respective boundaries)
✓ For Schedule I minerals – granted by CG
(like coal, lignite, rare earth metals, uranium, thorium, etc)
✓ Minor minerals
▪ Notified by CG
▪ Entire procedure, approvals, orders, regulations – will be under State Governments
▪ Example – building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand

Unlawful Activities • Section 43(D)(5) – Makes grant of bail virtually impossible, if after filing chargesheet,
Prevention Act there are reasonable grounds to believe that accusitions are true
(UAPA), 1967 • 2019 Amendment – An individual can be designated as terrorist on certain grounds

India’s Arctic Policy • Arctic Policy

& Antarctic Policy ✓ Title – 'India and the Arctic: building a partnership for sustainable development'
✓ Policy has 6 pillars like R&D, Environment, Transport, etc
✓ India = Observer in Arctic Council
✓ 1920 – India signed the Svalbard Treaty in Paris
✓ Spitsbergen Island, Svalbard, Norway
• Largest island of the Svalbard archipelago,
• Part of Norway,
• Located in the Arctic Ocean
• The only island having permanent inhabitation
✓ Significance – shipping routes, hydrocarbons
✓ Projected to be ice free by 2050 giving way for mineral exploration
✓ 2007 – India initiated its 1st Arctic Research Programme focusing on monsoon study
✓ IndARC – India’s underwater observatory to scientifically study the Arctic region
✓ 2008 – R&D station ‘Himadri’ was set up in Spitsbergen island, Svalbard, Norway

• Antarctic Policy
✓ 2008 – India commissioned Sagar Nidhi vessel for Antarctic research
• An ice class vessel
• Can cut 40 cm deep ice
st
▪ 1 Indian vessel to navigate in Antarctic waters
1983 – India became a consultative member of the Antarctic Treaty
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 ✓ 1983 – India became a consultative member of the Antarctic Treaty
▪ 54 signatory countries are required to specify laws governing Antarctic territories
✓ 1984 – 1st R&D station ‘Dakshin Gangotri’ was set up but got weakened & now acting
only as a supply base
✓ 1988 – India commission Maitri research station at Schirmacher Hills
✓ 2012 – The latest R&D station ‘Bharati’ was set up at Larsemann Hills
✓ India is signatory to ‘Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources’
✓ 2021 – India co-sponsored the UK’s resolution to declare East Antarctica & Weddell
Sea as ‘Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
✓ 2021 – A rapidly menting ice shelf in Antarctica was named as ‘Glasgow’

Indian Antarctic bill • Regulating visits and activities in Antarctica.

2022 • Applicable to Indian as well as foreign citizen
- Strict guidelines and a system of permits
- Prohibits drilling, dredging, excavation or collection of minerals except for
scientific purpose
- Prohibition on introducing birds not native to Antarctic
- Prohibition on damaging native plants, flying or landing helicopters or operating
vessels
- Tour only after govt permission
• 40 permanent research stations - India's Bharti and Maitri

• India is a signatory to Convention on Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living

Resources
• Protocol on the environment protection to the Antactic Treaty
National Public • Replacing Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
Health Bill – Draft • Four-tier Health Administration
MoHFW → District Collectors → Block medical officers → Medical
superintendent
• These authorities will have powers to prevent non communicable diseases
• Public Health Cadres – will be set up at National & State level
• Definition given for – Isolation, Quarantine, Lockdown
• Conditions for declaring health emergency
i) Bioterrorism
ii) Infectious agent/ Biological toxin
iii) Natural disaster
iv) Chemical attack
v) Nuclear accident

POSCO Act, 2012 • Section 23 – Disclosing the identity of the victim is an offence as per ‘Right not to be
(Prevention of Child embarrassed’
from Sexual Offences • It states that entire trial needs to be concluded within 1 year but often delayed
Act) • Article 39 (f) of DPSP – provide freedom & dignity to youth & children

AMASR Act, 1958 • Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act
• 12 temples are covered under CG protection (among other archeological sites)
• Prohibits any new construction within 100 metres of temple’s vicinity
• National Monuments Authority – shall be the sole authority to carry out contructions/
repairs of the covered sites
GNCTD Act – 69th Amendment, 1991 – provided special status for Delhi & designated it as ‘NCT of

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GNCTD Act – • 69th Amendment, 1991 – provided special status for Delhi & designated it as ‘NCT of
Government of NCT of Delhi’
Delhi (Amendment) • In case of dispute between CM V/S LG – the matter is to be referred to President for
Act, 2021 decision
&
69th Amendment, LG’s ordinance power
1991 ✓ Prior recommendation of President is required for issuing ordinances by LG
✓ LG can promulgate ordinances during the recess period, & such ordinances must be
approved by assembly within 6 weeks of reassembly, else it will lapse
✓ However, LG can NOT issue ordinance when the assembly is suspended/ dissolved

• 2021 Amendment
✓ ‘Government’ shall mean ‘LG’ in all laws passed by Delhi Assembly
✓ LG’s consent shall be mandatory before any executive action
✓ Delhi Assembly shall NOT make any rule w.r.t. day to day administration of Delhi
✓ Delhi Assemby shall NOT conduct any enquiry w.r.t administrative decisions
✓ Above acts done by Delhi government shall be void
✓ If Delhi assembly passes any bill outside the purview of their powers, the LG shall refer
the bill to the President for assent
✓ If there is disagreement between LG & Delhi Assembly, then LG can refer the matter
to President

• 2018 – Government of NCT of Delhi VS Union

✓ LG is bound by the advice of council of ministers (except – land, police, public order)
✓ LG’s consent – NOT required by Delhi Assembly for any decision other than w.r.t. land/
police/ public order
✓ However, all decisions needs to be communicated to the LG

Arms Act 1959 • Gun legislation

• Min Age 21
• Lisencing authority – MOHA
• Smooth bore guns for crops/sports
• Max 2 per person
• Validity 5y

Elssential • Foodstuff is regulated under extraordinary circumstances

commodities • Essential commodites:
(Amendment) Act, 1. Drugs
2020 2. Fertilisers
3. Seeds
4. Foodstuff
5. Hank Yarn
6. Raw Jute and Jute textile.
RFCTLARR Act 2013 • Social Impact Assessment : To estimate Cost benefits to the people affected by the
acquisition.
• Except Urgent and Irrigation projects requiring EIA

• Compensation: 4X MV of Land - Rural; 2X MV of Land - Urban

• Mandatory consent : 70% landowners for land for PPP and 80% for Private Company.

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Diaspora

• During Colonial period : millions of indentured labourers were sent to Mauritius, Caribbean Islands,
Fiji and S.Africa by British. All such migrations were covered under the Girmit Act
(Indian Emigration Act)
• Ministry of External affairs: Indian technical and Economic Cooperation to provide development and
assistance to developing countries
• Global Pravasi Rishta portal - 3 way communication between Indian mission, diaspora and MEA.
• SAMEEP prog - Members of MEA - to engage with students across the country to make them aware
about the Foreign policies of India.
• Pravasi Bharti Diwas - 9th Jan 1915
○ Pravasi Bhartiya Samman Awards
• Know India Prog - for youth diaspora - 3 week prog by MOEA
• Umang International App - To avail Government services: MEITY and MEA
• E Visa facility
• Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana: Skill development scheme of MEA, IA: NSDC
• Vaishwik Bhartiya Vaigyanik Vaibhav Summit: to leverage expertise and knowledge of global indian
researcher for solving emerging challenges.
• Visiting Advanced Joint Reseach (VAJRA) faculty Scheme - By SERB (under DST) - Visiting faculty to
overseas scientists including NRIs and OCIs.
• Global INK - Indian Network of Knowledge - To connect diaspora

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International relations
USA
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Trade & Ties • For India, US is the largest trading partner & 2nd largest FDI investor
• US has granted GSP (Generalized System of Preference) to Indian imports
• Trade Policy Forum – To find mutually agreed solutions to WTO disputes between USA
& India
• Delhi Declaration of Friendship, 2015
✓ For Joint Strategic Vision for Asia-Pacific and the Indian Ocean Region
• Homeland Security Dialogue: Counter-terrorism initiative
• India – US 2+2 Dialogue

Defence •4 defence agreements:-

i) GSOMIA, 2002- General Security of Military Information Agreement
ii) LEMOA, 2016 - Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement
✓ Allowing access to military facilities for refuelling & replenishment
iii) COMCASA, 2018 - Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement
iv) BECA, 2020 - Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-Spatial Cooperation
• India has been given access to US bases at Djibouti
• P8I Aircraft deal under COMCASA

Climate change • Joint Clean Energy R&D Centre (JCERDC) – to promote clean energy innovations
collaboration • Clean Energy Agenda 2030 – A Indo-US collaboration, launched at climate summit 2021
Science & Tech • Science & Technology Endowment Fund – for innovation, entrepreneurship, R&D
partnership • Indo-US Science & Technology Forum – Under DST
• Indo-US Fellowship for Women in STEM – Allowing Indian women scientists to work in
USA’s research labs
Space • NISAR Mission – ISRO & NASA collaboration
Military Exercises • Malabar (Navy) – QUAD
• Sea-Dragon– QUAD, Canada, S. Korea
• Tiger Triumph – A tri-service exercise conducted in 2019
• Yudh Abhyas – Army exercise
• PASSEX – Navy exercise
• Vajra Prahaar – Special Forces exercise
• RIMPAC
• Red Flag

International Groupings • QUAD

• G-20

MAITREE Program – Market Integration and Transformation Program for Energy Efficiency (MAITREE)
energy efficiency • It’s
a part of US-India partnership on energy effiency
• By – USAID (USA) & Ministry of Power (India)
✓ USAID – US Agency for International Development
• Aim – To adopt cost effective & energy efficient practices in residential buildings

RUSSIA
TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Defence technologies • S-400
- Surface-to-air missile system (SAM)
• Cryogenic Technology
- Liquid Hydrogen & oxygen is used to give higher combustion to the engine
• Brahmos Missile
- Universal long-range supersonic cruise missile
- Launch from – land, air, sea
- ‘Brahmos’ derives it’s name from Brahmaputra & Moskva Rivers
- Fire & Forget principle
- Twin-engine – Propellant Booster Engine (Solid) & Ramjet Engine (Liquid)
• Submarines
- 1967 – 1st submarine INS Kalvari of Foxtrot Class, acquired from Russia
- INS Arihant – Only nuclear, although indigenous, but technologies from Russia
- Nuclear ballistic submarines in progress – Chakra 3 & Chakra 4 - by 2025
Destroyers

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 • Destroyers
- Kashin Class destroyers
• Frigates (Smalls ships to protect Navy)
- Talwar Class frigates
• Aircraft Carrier
- INS Vikramaditya – the only carrier, commissioned in 2013
• Fighter Aircrafts
- Sukhoi & MIG jets
- MIG-21
- Mikoyan Gurevich 21
• AK-203 Assault Rifles

RELOS • Logistics arrangement allows India access to Arctic resources & military bases of Russia
Arctic Resources • Russia – has world largest natural gas reserves
• 1/3th of coal reserves – present in Russian Far-East
• Rare Earth Metals (17) – in the Arctic & Siberian belt
(Indian rare earth reserves are richer in lighter fractions & deficient in heavier factions)
Military Exercises • PASSEX (Passage Exercise) -Navy exercise
• TSENTR (2019) – Multilateral Military Exercise
• ZAPAD (2021) – Multilateral Military Exercise

International Groupings • BRICS

• SCO
• G20
• INSTC – International North-South Transport Corridor

Rupee Rouble • 1991 – India & Russia signed the ‘rupee-rouble trade agreement’
Agreement • Russia’s Sberbank in India – can carryout any such transactions if needed
• Will be helpful after SWIFT Ban sanctions on Russia amid Ukraine War

EUROPE
NATION TOPIC DESCRIPTION
UK Green • Between India & UK
Collaboration • For – technological cooperation in green energy
Initiative • Includes India’s Green Hydrogen Mission & Deep Ocean Mission

Trade • FTA negotiations in progress & setting up of Early Harvest Scheme

✓ Early Harvest Scheme- a confidence building measure which helps identify products for tariff
liberalization
✓ Target – doubling of trade by 2030
• India-UK ‘Global Innovation Partnership’: To transfer the Indian innovations to developing
countries (first- Africa )
✓ UK = 2nd largest partner of India w.r.t. innovation collaborations

Military • Indradhanush – Air Force

Exercises • Konkan – Navy
• Ajeya Warrior – Army

International • G20
Groupings
France Bilateral Ties • 1998 – Ties established after the Cold War
• 1998 – France supported India’s Nuclear testing (Operation Shakti)
• Support India’s stand on Kashmir issue
• 2008 – Both signed Civil Nuclear agreement

Swachhta • Promoting Start-ups in sanitisation & waste management sector

Start-up • AFD – a French Development company shall provide seed funding to 10 eligible startups
Challenge
Environment • AICHA – Adaptation of Irrigated Agriculture to Climate Change
• By IFCPAR - Indo French Centre for Promotion of Advanced Research
• Impact of CC on groundwater irrigated agriculture systems in South India
• 2022 – ‘India-France Roadmap on the Blue Economy and Ocean Governance’ to enhance
partnership in Indio-Pacific.
Defence • Rafalemulti-role combat aircraft
Cooperation • Build
by – Dassault Aviation
• BVR (Beyond Visual Range) air to air missile
P-75 Project

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 • P-75 Project
• Technology transfer agreement
• To supply 6 scorpene submarines to India’s Malegaon dockyards
• Very complex submarines capable of multitasking, like warfare, intelligence, mine
layering, surveillance
✓ 6 Submarines under P75 Project are (KKKVVV) –
i) INS Kalvari
ii) INS Khanderi
iii) INS Karanj
iv) INS Vela
v) INS Vagir
vi) INS Vagsheer

Partnerships • International Solar Alliance

Military • Shakti– Army
Exercises • Varuna – Navy
• Garuda – Air Force
• Desert Knight – Air Force

Norway India-Norway • MOU for Ocean conservation efforts

Ocean
Dialogue,
2019
Nether- Mission • Led by – India & Netherlands
Integrated • On – PPP mode
lands
Bio-refineries • Aim – clean energy & development of biorefineries & biofuels
• Target – To replace 10% fossil fuels with bio based energy by 2030

Finland Indo Finnish • 2022 – Signed for Quantum Computing collaboration in 3 institutes
Virtual 1. IIT,Madras
Network 2. IISER, Pune
3. C-DAC, Pune

International • Antarctic Treaty

Collaboration

MIDDLE-EAST
NATION TOPIC DESCRIPTION

Israel STEM • STEM = Science, technology, Engineering, Mathematics

Conference • Women empowerment – creating critical thinkers
• In India, 43% of STEM graduates = women (highest in the world) but share in STEM jobs 14%
only
War & • 1962 – The strategic cooperation began during Sino-India war
Nuclear Test • 1965 – Israel supplied India M-58 mortar during India-Pakistan war
Cooperation • 1998 – Did NOT condemn the Pokhran Nuclear Testing of India

Free Trade • 1992 – Diplomatic relations officialised

Agreement • India is Israel’s 3rd largest trade partner in Asia
Trade • Balance of Trade – in favour of India
• 40% of bilateral trade – is in diamonds
• Israel – India’s 7th largest trading partner (3rd largest in Asia)

Defence is 2th largest arms supplier to India (after Russia)

• Israel
• Phalcon AWACS – Air Warning & Control System
• Barak anti-missile defence system
• Drones – Searcher-II, Harop, Heron

I4F • Industrial R&D and Technological Innovation Fund (I4F)

Operation • Sharing of manpower & technology in response to Covid-19
Breathing
Space
Palestine • India adopted a de-hyphenated policy in Israel-Palestine conflict
issue • Jerusalem:
Al Aqsa Mosque : Islam

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 • Al Aqsa Mosque : Islam
• Western Wall - Judaism
• Church and Holy Sepulchre - Christianity
UAE Military • Zayed Talwar – Naval exercise
exercises • GulfStar 1 - Naval Exercise
• Desert Eagle – Army exercise

Trade • 3.5Indian diaspora - Highest for UAE

• UAE 3rd largest trading partner- Supplies Crude, LNG and CNG
• UAE 2nd largest export destination
• 2022 – CEPA got signed
• 2022 – Joint vision statement – ‘New Frontiers, New Milestone’
• 2022 – MOU between India’s GIFT City & Abu Dhabi for financial cooperation
• 90% goods exported to UAE carry 0% duty

Diplomatic • Age old traditional cultural, religious & economic ties

ties • West Asia Quad / I2U2 - USA, Israel, UAE, India
• UAE is member of Organisation for Islamic Cooperation
Science & • 2022 – A new IIT (Indian Institute of Technoloy) will be set up in UAE
Technology
Saudi Al-Mohed Al- Naval exercise
Hindi
Arabia
Oman Diplomatic • 2019 – Gandhi Peace Prize, 2019 was conferred to HM Sultan Qaboos of Oman
ties
Defence • Duqm Port – For military use & logistics support (for increasing presence in Indian Ocean)
• JMCC (Joint Military Cooperation Committee): Meets annually
• White shipping information exchange - Indian Navy and Oman

Military • Oman – only country in the Gulf region with which India conducts regular bilateral exercise in
Exercises all 3 services
✓ Al Najah – Army
✓ Eastern Bridge – Air Force
✓ Naseem Al Bahr – Navy

Trade • Oman-IndiaJoint Investment Fund (OIJIF): JV between SBI & SGRF (State General Reserve
Fund) of Oman, for FDI in India
Programme • Inthe field of Science & Tech
of • Cooperation in the field of – medicinal plants, air quality monitoring, genetic resources, biofuel,
Cooperation software development, blockchain, fintech, big data, etc
• At least 1 workshop per year will be held alternatively in India & Oman

Internation • India’scordial relations with members of the groups which include Oman
Groupings ✓ Gulf Cooperation Council
✓ Arab League
✓ Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
✓ Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS)

Iran INSTC • International North South Transport Corridor - A multi-modal route that connects India, Iran
and Russia (Rail, Road, Water) - 7200 km
- Links Indian Ocean with Caspian Sea Via Persian Gulf
- 13 countries ratified this agreement (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Ukraine,
Russia, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey and Oman ).
Chabahar, • To neutralize the Chinese presence in Gwador, Pakistan
Bandar • Chabahar Port : contains of two separate ports called Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti.
Abbas • India Ports Global Limited took over operations at the Shahid Beheshti Port.

Farzad-B Gas • The contract for exploration of the field was signed in 2002 by Indian consortium comprising
Field in ONGC Videsh, Indian Oil Corporation and Oil India - EXPIRED in 2009
Persian Gulf
Ashgabat • Multi Modal transport agreement signed between
Agreement - India
- Pakistan
- Iran
- Turkmenistan
- Kazakhstan

GS2 Page 135

 - Kazakhstan
- Uzbekistan
• To facilitate trade and transport between Central Asia and Middle East

SOUTH-EAST & EAST ASIA

NATION TOPIC DESCRIPTION

Indonesia Exercises • CORPAT -‘Coordination Patrol'

• Samudra Shakti
• Garuda Shakti (joint)
A&N- Aceh • Envisioned in 2018 for tapping the economic potentials of both regions
Shipping Lane • Strategic Location since it is located at the entrance of Strait of Malacca
• Concerns – Presence of Rohingyas in Aceh & smuggling route

Thailand Military • SITMEX-Navy exercise

Exercises • Maitree(Army)
• SIAM Bharat (Air Force)
• CORPAT (Navy)

IMT Trilateral • India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway

Highway • Connecting India → Thailand via Myanmar
Singapore Military ✓ BoldKurukshetra (Army)
Exercises ✓ SIMBEX (Navy)
✓ SITMEX

S.Korea Trade • CEPA signed in 2010

Relations • Act East Policy
Sahyog- • Coast Guard exercise
Hyeoblyeog
Friendship • May,2021 – ‘India-South Korea Friendship Park’ was inaugurated at New Delhi to
Park commemorate the contributions of Indian Peacekeeping forces (IPKF) during Korean War
(1950-53)
Culture • Korean Buddhist monk wrote the ‘travelogue’ “Pilgrimage to the 5 kingdoms of India”
describing Indian culture
• 1929 – Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem ‘Lamp of the East’ to describe Korean culture &
glorious past
• Indian Cultural Centres have been established in Seoul (2011) & Busan (2013)

Japan 5G & AI • India-Japan Pact for AI & 5G Technologies

• India-Japan Digital Partnership – on cyber security, IoT, AI & other emerging technologies
Japan’s • 2015 – Agreement for Action Agenda by building JIT townships
Industrial • Focus on –
Townships ✓ Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor &
✓ Chennai-Bengaluru Industrial Corridor
• Japan – only country that has a dedicated industrial-township focus in India

Sister City Convention Centre at Varanasi - Rudraksh

Partnership - Kyoto - Varanasi
- Kobe - Ahmedabad
High Speed • From Ahmedabad (GJ) to → Mumbai (MH)
Rail (HSR) • 2015 – JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) conducted the feasibility study in India
Project • 81% cost is being covered
• Interest moratorium -10 years
• National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL)
• SPV for financing, construction & maintenance of the project
• Equity shareholding is as under
○ 50% -Ministry of Railways
○ 50% - Gujarat & Maharashtra SGs

Trade & Ties • Indiais having CEPA with Japan

• BilateralSwap Agreement – local currency swap in exchange of dollars
• Acquisition & Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) – logistics agreement to allow exchange of
defence supplies
Infrastructure • Zen Garden – Kaizen Academy at Ahmedabad Management Association (AMA), Gujarat
• MAHSR (Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail)

GS2 Page 136

 • MAHSR (Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail)
International • G-20
groupings • G-4 – India, Japan, Germany, Brazil
• QUAD
• Eastern Container Terminal Project – India, Japan & Sri Lanka
• Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) – between India, Austalia, Japan
Military • Dharma Guardian – Military
Exercise • Malabar – QUAD naval
• JIMEX – Naval exercise
• SHINYUU Maitri – Air Force

Myanmar Military Coup • Power acquired by Junta (Military)

• India supports the ASEAN 5-point consensus which called for restoration of democracy
Kaladan • North East India to → Kolkata via Sittwe Port in Rakhine, Myanmar
multi-modal • Deadline by 2023
project • Alternative route to Siliguri Corridor

Rakhine State • An MOU for socio-economic development of Rakhine State of Myanmar

Development
Programme
IMT Trilateral • India-Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway
Highway • Connecting India → Thailand via Myanmar
Strategic • Gateway to Southeast for India
Location • Only ASEAN nation sharing land-border with India
• Confluence of Neighbourhood First Policy & Act East Policy
• Important for Indo-Pacific & Indian Ocean presence
• Tussle between India & China to have influence over Myanmar, for example – India’s
development of Sittwe port in response to China’s development of Kyauk-pyu port
Operation Military operation to counter the narcotics trade routes of Opium in the Golden Triangle
Sunshine (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos)
Australia Trade & Ties • Major imports from Australia – coal, gold, LNG
• Major exports to Australia – diesel, petrol, gems, jewellery
• Australia – one of the major source for rare earth metals
• ECTA (Economic Cooperation & Trade Agreement) – signed in 2022
• Under this, Indian graduates in STEM will be granted post-study work visas
• Preferential market access will be provided to India
• NIL export duty to 96% of Indian products
• NIL import duty to 85% of Australian products
• India’s 1st ECTA with a developed country

International • QUAD
Groupings • Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) – between India, Austalia, Japan
Military • AUSINDEX
Exercise
Vietnam Historical ties • Buddhism (spread in Vietnam in 2nd Century BC by Mahajavaka & Kalyana)
• Colonial liberation struggle – ‘Ho Chi Minh’ is known as ‘Father of the Nation’ in Vietnam
Trade & Ties • 2016 – CSPA (Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement)
• 2020 – Joint Vision for PPP (Peace, Prosperity, People)
• Act East Policy – for India
• Energy Cooperation in South China Sea
• Vietnam supports India for UNSC Permanent Seat
• Swami Vivekanand Indian Culture Centre, Hanoi

CENTRAL ASIA
NATION TOPIC DESCRIPTION

Kyrgyzstan Trade • India’s‘Connect Central Asia’ Policy 2012

Relations • India
has joined the Ashgabat agreement – for setting up international transport &
transit corridor linking Central Asia to → Persian Gulf
Khanjar • Military Exercise

Turkmenistan MoU on Also included facilitation of TAPI Pipeline via Technical & Expert level meetings

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Turkmenistan MoU on • Also included facilitation of TAPI Pipeline via Technical & Expert level meetings
Disaster
Management
International • TAPI Pipeline
Groupings • INSTC – International North South Transport Corridor
Trade & Ties • Chabahar Port – can provide access to Cental Asia
• Turkmenistan supports India’s permanent membership in UNSC
• Consensus on Afghanistan issue between both countries
• Strategic – huge reserves of natural gas & connectivity with Central Asia
• ITEC (Indian Technical & Economic Cooperation) programme – provides training to
Turkmen nationals
• 2012 – India’s 'Connect Central Asia' policy, 2012 for cooperation
• 2015 – Hindi Chair was established in Ashgabat where Hindi is being taught to
university students
• 2021 – The 3rd edition of India–Central Asia dialogue was held in New Delhi
• 2022 – 1st visit by the President for bilateral meet

Uzbekistan Military DUSTLIK

Exercise

LATIN & NORTH AMERICA

NATION TOPIC DESCRIPTION

Chile Lithium • Chile 2nd largest Lithium resources after Australia

PTA • India is having Preferential Trade Agreement with Chile (2017)

ISA • Both are partners in International Solar Alliance

NEIGHBOURS – OTHER THAN CHINA

NATION TOPIC DESCRIPTION

Pakistan Kulbhushan • Pakistan Passes a vague ‘ICJ(Review & Consideration Bill) 2021’ in response to ICJ’s
Jadhav Case order (Issue: Excessive powers to Municipal Courts)
• India’s demand – ‘Effective Review & Consideration’,i.e,
i) Consular access
ii) Disclosure of evidence & charges
iii) Disclosure of circumstances when testimony was obtained
• Right to defend

Kashmir’s issue ✓ 1949 – Established after Kashmir war

✓ Under Resolution 39 of UNSC →UNCIP (UN Commission for India & Pakistan) was
established for mediation
✓ Under Resolution 47 → UNCIP was reconstituted as 5 member UNMOGIP (United
Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan )
✓ It is funded via UN’s regular budget
✓ India rejects Resolution 47 because it ignores Pakistan’s aggression & Instrument of
Accession signed by Maharaja
• 27th July, 1949 – Karachi Agreement was signed for ceasefire (brokered by UNCIP)
established the Ceasefire Line (CFL) in Kashmir
• 1972 – Shimla Agreement established the LOC (Line of Control)
• 2019 – Pakistan closed trade with India protesting for A-370 abrogation

Joint Protocol on • Forpilgrimages visit without religious discrimination

Religious • Currently5 shrines in India & 15 shrines in Pakistan are included (mostly Gurudwaras)
Pilgrimages, • Upto 20 parties are allowed to visit a particular year (revisable) on visitor visa
1974
Kartarpur Sahib • Connecting
Corridor – Darbar Sahib Gurudwara (Narowal, Pakistan) → Dera Baba Nanak shrine (Gurudaspur,
Punjab, India)
– Kartarpur (PK) → Gurudaspur (Ind)
• Visa-free travel, same day return but passport is required
• Located on the banks of River Rabi
• 1539 – Guru Nanak died in Kartarpur after living here for 18 years • 3 Ongoing
• Called as “Road to Peace” hydropower
projects –
Information • 1998 – Agreement on Prohibition of Attacks against Nuclear Installations & Facilities i) Pakal Dul – on river

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 • Located on the banks of River Rabi
• 1539 – Guru Nanak died in Kartarpur after living here for 18 years • 3 Ongoing
• Called as “Road to Peace” hydropower
projects –
Information • 1998 – Agreement on Prohibition of Attacks against Nuclear Installations & Facilities i) Pakal Dul – on river
Marusudar (tributary
exchange on • Obligates both countries to inform of each-other’s nuclear facilities & their locations of Chenab), J&K
Nuclear facilities ii) Kiru – on river
Chenab in Kishtwar,
Agreement on • To exchange information regarding list of prisoners, civilians, defence personnel, J&K
Consular Access, fishermen : On 1st January & 1st July iii) Kalnai – in Kishtwar,
J&K
2008
Indus Water • 1960 – IWT was signed between Nehru & Ayub Khan brokered by World Bank
Treaty, 1960 •3 Western rivers will be used by Pakistan – Indus, Jhelum, Chenab
• 3 Eastern rivers will be used by India – Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
• 80% water – went to Pakistan, & 20% to India

• Permanent Indus Commission – was set up by both sides

✓ Meets annually, alternatively in India & Pakistan
✓ Conducts a general inspection of the projects after every 5 years
✓ 2016 – India suspended the meeting due to Uri Attack

• India’s rights on IJC Rivers

✓ Some agricultural rights & hydropower project rights after pre-informing Pakistan &
adhering to design specifications
• 3 way dispute resolution mechanism
Permanent Commission → World Bank (which will appoint a Neutral Expert) → Court
of Arbitration
Sri Lanka Four Pillars • Under this, India will give to SL
Initiative i) Easy credit for food, medicines & fuel
ii) Currency swap for SL’s BOP crisis
iii) Modernization of Trincomalee oil farm project

iv) FDI in Sri Lanka by India

Trade • Active Reciprocal Currency Swap Agreement to help Sri Lanka with its Forex reserve crisis
Military Exercises • Dosti (Coast Guard) – India, SL, Maldives
• MITRA SHAKTI (Military)
• SLINEX (Navy)

India- SL Accord, • Between Rajiv Gandhi (India) & J.R Jayawardhene (SL)
1987 & Tamilian • Placing Indian Peacekeeping Forces in Sri Lanka to resolve Civil War
Issue • It establishes autonomous provincial councils in North & North-East Sri Lanka, i.e,
majority regions of Malaiyaha Tamils
• Affected after 13th Constitutional Amendment of Sri Lanka – which provides necessary
powers to provincial council to address the demand of Tamil minority
Trincomalee Oil • Asper 4 Pillars Initiative
Farm • Trincomalee – nearest port to Chennai
• Will be used for refuelling facilities for small ships

Eastern • Joint agreement between India, Japan & Sri Lanka

Container • To develop ECT at Colombo Harbour
Terminal
3 Hydro Power • On 3 islands (near Jaffna) –
Projects ✓ Naina-tivu ,
✓ Delft or Nedun-theevu, &
✓ Analai-tivu islands

Maritime Rescue • For defence cooperation

Coordination • Will be a part of UN International Maritime Organisaiton (UNIMO)
Center (MRCC)
Columbo security It is a maritime security grouping

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 Columbo security • It is a maritime security grouping
dialogue/ • Between India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius
enclave
Sagar Aaraksha-II • It was a major fire-fighting & pollution reponse operation
• Undertaken by – Indian Coast Guards
• At Sri Lankan Coast

Line of Credit & • USD 500 million LOC has been extended from EXIM Bank of India
Grants by India • USD 2.4 billion for Unitary Digital ID Framework (like India’s Aadhar Card)
• USD 1 billion concessional loan to cope up economic crisis

International • BIMSTEC
Groupings • SAARC
• ECT
• Columbo Security Enclave
Maldives Military Exercises • DOSTI – coast guard trilateral exercise(India, SL, Maldives)
• Ekuverian – Military exercise

Four Pillars • By India, Sri Lanka, Maldives

Security Initiative • Covers 4 issues/ pillars:
i) Maritime security
ii) Counter-Terrorism
iii) Human Trafficking
iv) Cyber Security

National College • At Addu City, Maldives

for Policing and • To counter violent extremism & prevent radicalisation
Law Enforcement • A drug toxification & rehabilitation centre has been built in Addu city by Indian assistance
(NCPLE)
International • SAARC member
Cooperation • SASEC member (South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation)
Operation Cactus • 1988 – By India- Paratroopers & Navy vessels to restore legitimate leadership in Maldives
against a coup
Columbo security • It’s a maritime security grouping
dialogue/ • Between India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius
enclave
Humanitarian • MaitriInitiatives for delivering covid vaccines
Assistance • During blockage of supply chains, India continued to provide crucial commodities under
Mission Sagar
• 2004 Tsunami assistance

Trade & • India is its 2nd largest trade partner

Economy • Liberal visa free regime extended by India
• Strategic location in Indian Ocean, i.e, a Toll Gate

Problems • ‘IndiaOut Campaign’

• Maldives support to China’s String of Pearls
• Increasing incidents of Islamic terrorism

Nepal Cultural • Both in Buddhism & Hinduism

Significance • Buddha’s birth place – Lumbini
• Roti-Beti ka Rishta – due to marriages & family ties

Diplomatic Ties & • Treaty of Peace & Friendship, 1950 – Visa-free open passage in both nations
Trade • For Nepal, India = largest trading partner & largest FDI investor
• 3 Sister Cities agreements signed between India & Nepal
• Varanasi-Kathmandu
• Bodhgaya-Lumbini
• Ayodhya-Janakpur
• Nepal joined International Solar Alliance
• India launched RuPay Cards in Nepal (4th country)
(Note – RuPay Cards – also active in Bhutan, Singapore, & UAE)
Infrastructure • MOU – for laying an electric rail line linking Kathmandu → to Raxaul (India)
• 2022 – New bridge connecting India & Nepal over Mahakali River
• 2022 – India handed over Solu Corridor, a power transmission line under an Indian line of
credit
2022 – Pancheshwar Dam Project signed – on River Mahakali

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 • 2022 – Pancheshwar Dam Project signed – on River Mahakali
Defence • Gorkha Regiments from Nepal hills
cooperation • Military Exercise – Surya Kiran
International • SAARC
Groupings • BIMSTEC
• Non-Alignment Movement
Border Disputes • 2019 – Nepal released it’s new political map claiming
• Kalapani,
Lipulekh & Limpiyadhura of Uttarakhand
• Susta in Champaran, Bihar
• As per Treaty of Sagauli, 1816 – River Kali/ Mahakali marks the border with India
However, issue is with the origin of River Kali
✓ Lipulekh Pass – is a passage for Kailash Mansarovar Yatra
✓ Heights of Lipulekh aids in surveillance of Chinese movements

Bangladesh Indo Bangladesh • Signed in 1972

Protocol Route • For trans-border inland water transit & trade via specified routes
(IBPR) • Under the ambit of – Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
• NE connectivity will be enhanced
• Will also provide connectivity among landlocked nations like Bhutan, Nepal

Bangladesh- • BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement – for the regulation of Passenger, Personnel & Cargo
Bhutan-India- Vehicular Traffic between the 4 countries
Nepal (BBIN) • Funding from – Asian Development Bank
Project • 2017 – Bhutan opted out due to environmental concerns

Others • Rail link between Haldibari and Chilhati AND Agartala and Akhaura is underway
• 50% of Indian revenue from Medical tourism comes from Bangladesh
Trade & Ties • Bangladesh
– Largest trading partner of India in South Asia
Bangladesh → Nepal → Sri Lanka → Pakistan → Bhutan → Afghanistan →
Maldives

Mauritius • Population of Mauritius constitutes 70% of Indian-origin

• Social Housing Projects inaugurated in Mauritius under Special Economic Package (by India for 5
projects including the Supreme Court in Mauritius)
• 2021 – signed Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA)
• Mk III Helicopter – export contract by India for Mauritius Police

AFRICA
General – Infrastructure • POWERGRID recent agreement with Africa50 for development of Kenya Transmission Project

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China

TOPIC DESCRIPTION
Border disputes • LAC = 3488 kms

i) Western Sector – Aksai Chin area demarcated by Johnson line

ii) Middle Sector – Not much disputes
iii) Eastern Sector – Dispute is over McMahon Line
• At Shimla Conference (1914), the representatives of Tibet & China accepted the
McMahon Line but since acceding Tibet into its territory in 1950, China refuses to
accept it
• In August 2020, India captured the previously unoccupied heights of the Kailash
Range on the south bank of Pangong Tso lake
• ‘Agreement on Maintenance of Peace & Tranquillity along the LAC (1996)’, all
kinds of fighter aircrafts shall be prohibited from within 10 kms range from LAC
• Trojan Shadowpad – Hacking attempt on grid systems in Ladakh but failed
• Malware of Chinese government
• It can acquire real time grid control & targets State Load Dispatch Centres
(SLDCs)
Trade Deficit • Export – Iron Ore, Cotton, other RM-based commodities
• Import – Electronics, Machinery, APIs, Automobile components, Medical supplies
(e.g. Oxygen concentrators, PPE kits, etc.)
• Steps
i) Ban on Chinese apps
ii) Scrutinizing Chinese investments in various sectors
iii) Keeping Chinese companies out of 5G trials
iv) Now a prior approval is required for FDI from nations sharing land-border from
India
v) Scheme for bulk-drug parks

Tibetan Parliament in • 1950– Tibet was occupied by Mao Zedong of the newly formed ‘People’s Republic
Exile (TPiE) of China’
China repudiated the Shimla Convention & McMahon Line

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 • China repudiated the Shimla Convention & McMahon Line
• 1954 – India & China signed an agreement under which Tibet was recognized as
part of China
• 1959 – During anti-government revolt, 14th Dalai Lama fled to India
• 29th April, 1959 – Dalai Lama established Tibetan Parliament in Exile (TPiE) in
Mussorie & named it Central Tibetan Administration (CTA)
• 1960 – H.Q shifted to Dharamshala, Kangra, Himanchal Pradesh
• Dalai Lama’s successor – could be a living incarnation only
• GOI doesn’t give citizenship to Tibetans born in India after 1987
• Indian Army trains the Tibetan Special Frontier Force (TSFP) while China has begun
to raise Tibetan Militia groups
• China's biggest Copper depostis - Yulong Mine, Tibet

Cyber Attacks – Red • Red Echo & Stone Panda – Chinese group involved in Cyber attacks
Echo & Stone Panda, • They used a software called – ShadowPad (on grid systems in Ladakh but failed),
Trojen Shadowpad which works on backdoor access
Debt Trap Diplomacy Coined by Indian Geo Strategist Brahma Chellaney, 2017
China’s Nuclear • Dong Fing-26 – Ballistic missile (ICBM) of China
weapons • JL-2 – Submarine launched ballistic (SLBM) missile of China

‘Pillar of Shame’ statue • Related to Tiananmen Square massacre - 4th June 1989 (also called June Massacre)
• Chinese troops fired on pro-democracy protestors & NIL death trolls were reported
• Another statue – Goddess of Democracy
• Both broken

China's Plans/ Intiatives Counter plans

Belt & Road Initiative • Global Gateway by EU
• B3W – Bring Back Better World by G-7
• Blue Dot Network by USA, Japan, Australia
• Asia-Africa Growth Corridor by India & Japan
• Exit from 17+1 forum by Lithuania

Tibet Influence • The

Dalai Lama resides in Dharamshala, HP and India can use Tibetan Card to
counter Chinese aggression
Columbo & Hambantota • Trincomalee Oil Tank Farm development in SL – by India
Port development in Sri • Eastern Container Terminal Agreement – India & Japan
Lanka (2 engines of • USD 1 billion concessional loan to SL to cope up economic crisis – by India
growth) • India’s MOU with SL to set up 3 hydro PPs in 3 islands (near Jaffna) –
Nainativu , Delft or Neduntheevu , and Analaitivu islands
Border aggression • Improvement of Border infrastructure by India & BRO, e.g. Atal Tunnel
✓ Naming of Places in • Project Himank by India for constructing highest motorable road (passing through
Arunachal Umling La Pass) making it easier to mobilize troops
✓ New Bridge over • In August 2020, India captured the previously unoccupied heights of the Kailash
Pangong Tso Range on the south bank of Pangong Tso lake – strategic importance
✓ Dam on Brahmaputra • Vibrant Villages Scheme in Budget 2022-23 for developing border villages
✓ Village settlements • Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles – being proposed for deployment in Ladakh
near border
China’ Indo-Pacific • ‘Free
& Open Indo-Pacific’ Initiative – India
Influence SAGAR Vision – India
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 Influence • SAGAR Vision – India
✓ One China Policy • Act East Policy – India
✓ String of Pearls • Columbo Security Enclave – India, SL, Mauritius, Maldives
✓ Taiwan & Hong Kong • Export of Brahmos Missiles in ASEAN nations – India
✓ Support of China’s • Special Economic Package (USD 350 million grant) to Mauritius by – India
claims by Russia • Development of Sittwe Port, Myanmar – India
✓ Development of • Ports for military presence – Duqm (Oman), Djibouti, Chabahar (Iran) – India
Kyauk-pyu port in • Defence Exports – India (Untapped potential)
Myanmar • Defence Projects like P15 – by India
✓ Global Security • Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) – India for maritime cooperation
Initiative (GSI) • Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy – by India
✓ Solomon Islands – • A&N-Aceh Shipping Lane at the entrance of Malacca – India & Indonesia
security cooperation & • PANEX-21 disaster management exercise by – BIMSTEC
military bases • UNCLOS – UN
• QUAD
• Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Mauritius – 23 states
• IONS (Indian Ocean Naval Symposium) – 24 states
• Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA) – between Australia & Japan
• Pro-Taiwan stand – Lithuania (supported by EU)
• Plan for opening embassy in Solomon Islands – USA

Hegemony over • USA’s new law of rare-earth policy – for creation of strategic reserve by 2025
Minerals Resources (will have 1 year stock as a buffer)
✓ Investment in • Deep Ocean Mission – by India
Afghanistan’s Lithium
Reserves
✓ 80% of USA’s need &
98% of EU’s need of
Rare Earth metals –
met by China
Economy & Trade • USA’s COMPETES Act
Energy & Space • InternationalThermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) by 7 countries – US,
✓ EAST – Experimental India, Russia, China, Japan, S.Korea, EU
Advanced
Superconducting
Tokamak
✓ Artificial Moon

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Indo pacific

North to South:
Seychelles
Comoros
Madagascar
Mauritius
Reunion
“India: As a First Responder in the Indian Ocean” – 5th World Conference on Disaster Management
✓ Promotion of Blue Economy
✓ Humanitarian Assistance
✓ Naval Exercises
✓ Supported neighbours in 2004’s Tsunami relief
✓ Proposed Coalition for Disaster Relief Infrastructure
✓ Operation Rahat – Evacuation Operations from Yemen in 2015
✓ Deployed 30 warships since 2008 to combat piracy near Gulf of Aden
✓ Safe heaven to refugees of South Asia

Naval Exercises for increasing presence, e.g, CORPAT, Malabar, Sea Dragon etc.
‘Free & Open Indo-Pacific’ Initiative
SAGAR Vision
PANEX-21 – a disaster management exercise by BIMSTEC
A&N-Aceh Shipping Lane at the entrance of Malacca – India & Indonesia – Strategic location
Special Economic Package (USD 350 million grant) to Mauritius by – India
Ports for military presence – Duqm (Oman), Djibouti, Chabahar (Iran)
Defence Exports – Untapped potential
Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) – open treaty for cooperation, maritime resources, ecology, disaster mgmt.,
etc
QUAD Vaccine Initiative – Launched in 2021, to deliver 1 billion vaccines to be produced in India
Djibouti Code of Conduct - Enhancing Maritime security
- Under International Maritime Org (UN Agency), 20 countries
- India - Observer
- Jeddah amendment - to cover illicit maritime activities including human trafficking, unregulated fishing

Indian ocean Rim Association: 23 states,

HQ- Ebene, Mauritius
(Countries NOT part of it: Mayanmar, Pak, Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea)
Indian Ocean Commission: Intergovt: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion (India Observer) ,
HQ- Port louis, Mauritius

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Awards

AWARD DESCRIPTION
Gopal Ratna Award • National award for Cattle & Dairy sector
Jnanpith Award • Highest literary award
• By – Bhartiya Jnanpith
• In 23 Languages – 8th Schedule + English

Sahitya Akademi Award • 2nd Highest Literary honour

• By – Sahitya Akademi (Established in 1954)
• 24 languages awards are given – 22 languages in 8th Schedule, English, Rajasthani
• Author must be Indian
• Sahitya Akademi – Society under Societies Registration Act, 1860
• Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar – For authors aged 35 years or less

Saraswati Samman Award • One of most prestigious Literary award of India

• By – KK Birla Foundation
• Eligible languages – 22 languages (as per 8th Schedule of COI)
• Given since 1991
• 15 lakhs cash, citation, plaque

Medini Puraskar • Given to – Indian Authors

• For – original works on Environment in Hindi language
Indira Gandhi Peace Prize, • It is for peace, disarmament & development
2021 • By – Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust
• Since 1986
• Rs. 25 lacs + Citation

Gallantry Awards Wartime Gallantry:

i) Param Vir Chakra – distinguished act of valour
ii) Mahavir Chakra – conspicuous gallantry in presence of the enemy
iii) Vir Chakra – 3rd highest wartime gallantry

Peacetime Gallantry:
iv) Ashoka Chakra – Valour/ self-sacrifice during peacetime
v) Kirti Chakra – Valour/self-sacrifice away from battlefield
vi) Shaurya Chakra – For instances of extraordinary gallantry for armed forces only

• Twice in a year on occasions of – Republic Day & Independence Day

• Introduced since – 26th January, 1950
• 1967 – 3 Ashok Chakras were renamed as Ashok Chakra, Kirti Chakra, Shaurya
Chakra
• Eligible persons – Army/ Navy/ Air Force, Reserved Forces, Territorial army & all
other lawfully constituted forces, nursing staff, Civilians acting on the
direction/supervision of these forces
• Medals for exceptional devotion to service – Sena Medal (Army), Nao Sena Medal
(Navy), Vayu Sena Medal (Air Force)
National Water Awards, • Organised by – MoJS (Jal Shakti)
2021 • For – Adopting the best water management practises
• 2022 Winner – Uttar Pradesh (2nd = Rajasthan, 3rd = Tamil Nadu)
Aim – ‘Jal Samridh Bharat’
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 2022 Winner – Uttar Pradesh (2nd = Rajasthan, 3rd = Tamil Nadu)
• Aim – ‘Jal Samridh Bharat’

Swachh Vidyalaya • By – MoEd

Puraskar • Basis – Water, sanitization, hygiene

Nari Shakti Puraskar, 2021 • It is the highest Civilian Honour for Women in India
• Given – Annually
• By – President
• On – International Women's Day (8th March)
• Cash Prize – Rs. 2 lakh
• Announced by – MoWCD
• Eligibility – Minimum age = 25 years, Worked in the field for = 5 years

National Startup Awards, • By – MoCI (Commerce & Industry) (via DPIIT)

2021 • It was 2nd edition
• On 16th January – National Start-up Day
(Startup India initiative was launched on 16th Jan, 2016)
• 6 broad parameters

✓ Innovation ✓ Social Impact

✓ Scalability ✓ Economic Impact

✓ Inclusiveness & Diversity ✓ Environmental Impact

Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya • Highest honour for children

Bal Puraskar • For children residing in India aged between 5-18 years
• Administered by – MoWCD
• 2 categories
i) Bal Shakti Puraskar
ii) Bal Kalyan Puraskar
• Given for – exceptional abilities in 6 fields –
Innovation, Sports, Art &Culture, Bravery, Social Service, Scholastic Achievements
• The Award receivers then participate in the Republic Day Parade every year
• 2022 winners – will be given Digital Certificates using Blockchain Technology

SC Bose Aapada • Awarded in the field of disaster management

Prabhandhan Puraskar • Announced annual on Parakram Diwas (23rd January)
• 2022 Winner – Vinod Sharma, Professor of Gujarat Institute of DM

Bharat Ratna • Highestcivilian honour

• Givenfor – exceptional service/ performance in any field of human endeavour
• Recommended by – Prime Minister to → President
• Maximum 3 Bharat Ratnas can be given in a particular year

Padma Awards i) Padma Vibhushan – for exceptional & distinguished service

ii) Padma Bhushan – Distinguished service of highest order
iii) Padma Shri – Distinguished service
• Padma Vibhusna – 2nd Highest Civilian honour for Citizens of India (after Bharat
Ratna)
• Since 1954
• Announced on Republic Day
• Fields (involving ‘public service’) – education, arts, literature, science, acting, social
service, public affairs
• Recommended by – Padma Awards Committee, which is constituted by PM
Awarded by – President

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 • Awarded by – President
• Total number of awards to be given in a year should NOT exceed 120
• NO Cash prize, but only Sanad/ Certificate (signed by President) & a medal is given

Jeevan Rakshak Padak • For saving life of a person

• All are eligible
• 3 categories – Sarvottam JPR, Uttam JPR & JRP
• Certificate – signd by ‘Home Minister’

IGPEA Awards • National Award for ‘Innovations & Good Practices in Educational Administration’
(IGPEA)
• Given by – National Institute of Educational Planning & Administration (NIEPA)
• NIEPA – is a government organisation under MoE for capacity-building & research in
India & South Asia
• Award is given to recognise innovative ideas/ practices adopted by the district and
block level education officers for effective management of educational
administration
Ramanujan Prize • Awarded to a researcher from developing nation
• Awarded by – DoS&T since 2014
• Person should be at least 45 years of age

Boltzmann Medal • For contribution in the field of Statistical Physics

• Given only to the person who has NOT won the Noble Prize
• Given in honour of – Ludwig Boltzmann, an Austrian physicist & philosopher
• Awarded every 3 years
• Given by – Commission on Statistical Physics under ‘International Union of Pure &
Applied Physics (IUPAP)’
• Given since 1975 & 1st winner was K.G. Wilson
• 2022 – 1st Indian to receive it – Professor Deepak Dhar (co-winner = John Hopfield)

Kaushal acharya Awards • Given to recognize contribution of skill trainers

• Aim is to motivate trainers under Skill India Mission

Women Transforming • Annual awards

India Awards • Given by – NITI Aayog
• To recognize the endeavours of India’s women leaders under Women
Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)
• Shortlisting by – ‘Search-and-Select’ committee
• Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) anthem titled 'Nari Shakti'- written,
composed and sung by Kailash Kher at the event
Abel Prize • Presented by King of Norway
• Given to Mathematicians since 2003
• Award is named after Norway’s great mathematician Neils Henrik Abel
• 7.5 million Norwegian Kroner is given to winner

TX2 Award • Given for tiger conservation since 2010

• The area must be designated as a ‘site’ under national legislation
• Award given by – WWF (NOT Global Tiger Forum)

Land for Life Award • Given by – UNCCD

• For sustainable land use practices
• 2021 – Winner was Familial Forestry of Rajasthan
(Familial forestry – means caring for a tree as a family member)
President’s Color Its the highest award given to a military unit

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President’s Color • Its the highest award given to a military unit
• For recognizing exceptional service
• By – President
• 4 kinds of symbols – Standards, Guidons, Colors, Banners
• Colors – given to Army/ Navy/ Air Force
• Standards – given to Armoured Regiments
• In the Regiment of Artillery, guns are considered to be the Colors and losing a gun
in battle is similar to losing the Color of the entire regiment
Akademi Ratna • Highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi
• No discrimination on the basis of nationality/ race/ caste/ religion (i.e, foreigners
also eligible)
• Given to 40 members at a time
• Rs. 3 lakhs + Tamrapatra + Angavastram – are given to winners

Sangeet Natak Akademi • Given to artists in the field of music, dance, theatre, performing arts, etc
Awards • Rs. 1 lakh + Tamrapatra + Angavastram – are given to winners
Lalit Kala Akademi Award • Torecognize individuals for outstanding work in the field of art
• Winners selected by – Panel of judges, nominated by Akademi

Award for Excellence in • Given by – PM since 2006

Public Administration • Every year on – Civil Services Day (21st April)
• Trophy + Scroll + Rs. 10 lacs

Lata Deenanath • Given in the memory of Lata Mangeshkar

Mangeshkar Award • Annual award for 1 person
• Given for – Exemplary contribution to the nation & the society
• 2022 – 1st award given to PM Modi

Awards won by PM Modi • Highest

Civilian Awards
Name of the Award Country
Druk Gyalpo/ Ngadag Pel Gi Khorlo, 2021 Bhutan
Zayed Award, 2019 UAE
St. Andrew Award, 2019 Russia
Nishan Izzuddin Award, 2019 Malives
King Hamad Order of Renaissance, 2019 Bahrain
Grand Collar Award, 2018 Palestine
Abdulaziz Al Saud, 2016 Saudi Arabia
Ghazi Amir Amanullah Khan Award, 2016 Afghanistan
• Global Awards

Name of the Award Given By Remarks

Global Energy & Environment Cambridge Energy
Leadership Award, 2021 Research Associates
(CERA)
Legion of Merit Award, 2020 US Armed Forces For outstanding services
& achievements
Philip Kotler Presidential 1st award given to PM
Award, 2020 Modi
Global Goalkeeper Award, Bill & Melinda Gates For – Swachh Bharat

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 Global Goalkeeper Award, Bill & Melinda Gates For – Swachh Bharat
2019 Foundation Abhiyan
Seoul Peace Prize, 2018 South Korea (binneal For – world peace
award) contribution
Champions of the Earth UNO UN’s highest
Award, 2018 environmental honour
Amrita Devi Bishnoi • Given in the field of wildlife protection
Award • For exemplary work/ courage to protect wildlife

Champions of the Earth • UN’s highest environmental honour

Award • For figures in public/ private/ civil society
• 5 categories
i) Policy Leadership (PM Modi won in 2018 in this category)
ii) Lifetime Achievement
iii) Action & Inspiration
iv) Entrepreneurial Vision
v) Science & Innovation

Asia Environment • Given by – UNEP

Enforcement Awards • To individuals/ organisations for excellent efforts in enforcement of national laws
w.r.t. prevention of transboundary wildlife crimes in Asia
• 2018 winner – Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) & MoEFCC
✓ WCCB had launched a portal ‘Wildlife Crime DBMS’ for realtime tracking of trends
of wildlife crimes & devising effective actions
Royal Gold Medal, 2022 • Itis world's highest honour for architecture
• Given by – Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
• Approved personally by – Queen Elizabeth II

Best Tourism Village • Given by – UN-WTO (World Tourism Organisation)

• 2021 winner – Poochampally village, Telangana
• Poochampally
✓ Called as ‘Silk City of India’ or Bhoodan Poochampally
✓ From here Vinobha Bhave started Bhoodan movement
✓ Poochampalli Ikat (means dye) – received GI tag in 2004

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Places in News

PLACE MAP DESCRIPTION

Equator Maldives, Indonesia
Kiribati
Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia,
Congo, DRC, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Sao Tome and
Principe, Gabon
Tropic of Cancer In India - Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Mexico, Bahamas
West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman,
India, Bangladesh, Mayanmar, China, Taiwan
Algeria, Niger, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, Mali, Western
Sahara
Tropic of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay
Capricorn S. Africa, Botswana, Madagascar, Mozambique,
Namibia
Prime Meridian UK, France, Spain
Algeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Togo
Amazon • Countries covering Amazon Basin – Brazil, Bolivia,
Rainforest Peru, Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela, Suriname,
Guyana, French Guinea
• 6 million square kms (Twice of India)
• 40% of Brazil’s total area

Lalibela • It’s
a UNESCO WH Site in Ethiopia
• Countriesbordering ‘Ethiopia’ – Eritrea, Djibouti,
Somalia, Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan

Sudan • Capital = Khartoum (confluence of White Nile & Blue

Nile from where it is emerged as Nile River)
• Boundaries with 7 countries – Egypt, Libya, South
Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Chad, Central African
Republic
• 2011 – South Sudan was separated out of Sudan
• West  Nile-Congo shed & Darfur Plateau
• East → Ethiopian Plateau & Red Sea Hills
• Tropic of Cancer – does NOT pass through Sudan

Horn of Africa • Nations – Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia (SEED)

Nile River • World’s longest river (6,600 kms)
• Drainage – Mediterranean Sea
• Passes through Equator
• 3 main tributaries – White Nile, Blue Nile, Atbara
• White Nile – originates from Lake Victoria (largest lake
in Africa)
• Blue Nile – originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia
• Khartoum (Capital of Sudan) – is the confluence of W
& B Nile
• Nile basin – Tanzania, Burgundy, Rwanda, Congo,
Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, S. Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt

Israel, Gaza, Golan • 70% of Gaza’s population are refugees

Heights • Golan Heights (part of ‘Syria’ that Israel captured)
bordered by – Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
• Israel border – Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Red
Sea, Mediterranean Sea

Water bodies around Israel:

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Israel, Gaza, Golan • 70% of Gaza’s population are refugees
Heights • Golan Heights (part of ‘Syria’ that Israel captured)
bordered by – Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan
• Israel border – Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Red
Sea, Mediterranean Sea

Water bodies around Israel:

1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Lake Tiberias/ Sea of Galilee - Main freshwater
source, lowest freshwater lake in the world.
3. Dead Sea - 2nd most Saline lake in the world
4. Jordon River
5. Gulf of Aqaba

• I2U2 : West Asian Quad by India, Israel, UAE and USA

for cooperation in diverse fields

• Negev Desert: Negev means To dry. It is an arid region

South of Israel bound by Sinai Peninsula, Jordan Rift
valley.
• Unique: Makhteshim, which is steep walls of
resistant rock surrounding a deep close valley

Gulf of Aqaba Eilat - port in Israel

Aqaba - port in Jordan
Guf of Aqaba cinnects to the Red Sea

Fertile Crescent • It’sa region in Middle-east which had some earliest

civilizations
• Also called Crade of Civilization
• Today’s countries covering ‘Fertile Crescent’ area are
Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Iraq
(7)

Gulf of Aden • Bordered by – Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti

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Gulf of Aden • Bordered by – Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti

Red Sea • Bordered by 6 countries–

Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Eritrea,
Sudan
• It’s the world’s northernmost tropical sea
• Connects – Gulf of Suez & Gulf of Aqaba to → Strait
of Bab el Mandeb
• Part of – Great Rift Valley
• High salinity due to high evaporation, heat & lack of
precipitation
• Part of Global 200 regions – as per WWF

Global 200 sites WWF • Western Ghats Rivers and Streams (India)
of India • Andaman Sea
• Lakshadweep
• Eastern deccan Moist forests
• Naga hill Moist forests
Umling La pass • Having the highest motorable road in the world
(19,000 ft)
• 2nd highest = in Bolivia
• Road is connecting – Chisumle → Demchok
• Demchok – strategic location for India-China faceoff
• Built under Project Himank

Bohemia ‘Ukraine + Czech Republic’

Thaa Atoll/ • Located in Maldives
Kolhumadulu
Baltic Sea • Baltic Sea bordered by 9 countries – Lithuania,
Estonia, Latvia, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Russia,
Germany, Poland
(Baltic nations + Scandinavian Nations + Russia,
Germany, Poland)
• 3 arms – Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga
• The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to
the White Sea via the White Sea-Baltic Canal and to
the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal

Yemen • Socotra island at the end of Gulf of Aden belongs to

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Yemen • Socotra island at the end of Gulf of Aden belongs to
Yemen.
• Aden is the port city of Yemen.
• Yemen Conflict:
- Since 2014
- The Houthis, a group of Zaidi Shia Muslims, used
widespread anger against President Hadi's
decision to postpone long-awaited elections and
his stalled negotiations over a new constitution.
- Iran backs the Houthi rebels (Shia Muslims) while
Saudi backs the Hadi's government.
- Houthis have attacked Riyadh in 2019,2021

English Channel • It’s

the shallowest sea in Europe’s continental shelf
• Strait
of Dover – connects English Channel – North
Sea

France • Boundaries – Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany,

Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Spain, Andorra (8)
• Maritime boundaries – Mediterranean Sea, Bay of
Biscay, English Channel, North Sea
• River Loire – longest river
• River Rhine – forms boundary between France &
Germany

Faroe Islands • Located in Norwegian Sea

• Just above UK
• It’s a part of Denmark

Galilee Basin • It’s the coal basin located in Queensland, Australia

• Proposed – Carmicheal mine (near ‘Townsville’)

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Galilee Basin • It’s the coal basin located in Queensland, Australia
• Proposed – Carmicheal mine (near ‘Townsville’)

Kazakhstan • World’s largest landlocked country

• Has 3% of global oil reserves
• No. 1 producer of Uranium
• 2nd largest miner of Bitcoin
• Muslim republic with a large Russian minority
• Intervention by the Collective Security Treaty
Organisation (CSTO), a Russian version of NATO
• Bordering countries – Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan (not Tajikistan)

Strait of Johor • Between Malaysia & Singapore

• Called as Johor Bahru gateway (or road)

Patagonia • It’s the southernmost tip of Argentina

Chile •2 Capitals
i) Santiago – administrative
ii) Valparaiso – legislative
• 2022 – India has signed MoU with Chile for
cooperation in Disability Sector
• Borders – Argentina, Peru, Bolivia (NOT Paraguay)
• Atacama Desert (North Chile) – is a source of ‘Sodium
Nitrate’ fertilizers
• Reason for Desert - Humboldt cold ocean current
• Chuquicamata, Chile – World’s largest copper town

A&N→ Aceh • Between India & Indonesia

Shipping Line • Strategic Location – entrance of Malacca

Darvaza Gas • Located in Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan

Crater • It’s a huge natural gas crater
• Also called as ‘Gateway to Hell’
• It’s burning continuously since last 50 years
• Origin – ground collapse due to USSR’s punching of
underground gas cavern in 1971

Indonesia • New Capital of Indonesia – Nusantra

• Nusantra means ‘archipalego’ in Javanese
• Location – Borneo Island, East Kalimantan province
• Sunda Strait – separates Java & Sumatra
• Land borders – Malaysia (at Borneo), Papua New
Guinea, Timor-Leste (at Timor island), (3)
• 2014 – Giant Garuda (Giant Sea Wall) Project by

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Indonesia • New Capital of Indonesia – Nusantra
• Nusantra means ‘archipalego’ in Javanese
• Location – Borneo Island, East Kalimantan province
• Sunda Strait – separates Java & Sumatra
• Land borders – Malaysia (at Borneo), Papua New
Guinea, Timor-Leste (at Timor island), (3)
• 2014 – Giant Garuda (Giant Sea Wall) Project by
Indonesia for flood-protection
• Shifting of capitals due to sea-level rise
• 2003 – Malaysia :Kuala Lumpur → Putrajaya
• 2006 – Myanmar : Rangoon → Naypidaw

Tahiti • It’s
the largest island in French Polynesia
• Capital of Polynesia – Papeete (located in Tahiti)
• French Polynesia is a group of 5 archipelagos in the
Pacific

Peru • 90-days environmental emergency due to oil spill

• 3rd Largest South American nation (after Brazil &
Argentina)
• Capital – Lima
• Borders – Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile (5)
• Home to Historic Machu Picchu Sanctuary – which
was the centre of Inca Civilization (the last great
Andean civilization)
• It has Mt. Huascaran – the largest peak of Andes
Mountains

Burkina Faso • Capital– Ouagadougou

• Landlocked country
• Bordering with – Benin, Niger, Mali, Cote D’Ivoire,
Ghana(5)
• Meaning of ‘Burkina Faso’ – Land of the Honest Men
• Former colony of France until got independence in
1960
• Gold producer – still poor nation
• Climate – Savanna (Grassy in north & sparse forests in
south)
• Longest river – River Volta

Serbia • Country from western-central Balkans

• Yugoslavia broke in 1992 into 7 nations
Croatia Romania
Bosnia Serbia
Herzegovina Slovenia
Macedonia
• Capital– Belgrade -lies on the confluence of rivers
Danube & Sava
• River Danube – drains into Black Sea
• Bordered by – Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia,
Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Hungary,
Romania
• Important Mountain Ranges – Dinaric Alps,
Carpathian, Rhodope
Madagascar • Acute water shortage being faced – due to global
warming
• Capital – Antananarivo

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Madagascar • Acute water shortage being faced – due to global
warming
• Capital – Antananarivo
• 5th largest island of the world
• Maritime boundaries – Comoros (France), Mayotte
(France), Reunion (France), Mauritius, Seychelles,
Mozambique (6)
• Highest Point – Maro-mokotro
• Longest River – River Mangosky

Central Asia • Borders with Caspian Sea – Kazakhstan &

Turkmenistan
• Borders with China – Kazakhstan, Krgyzstan, Tajikistan
• Ferghana Valley → was India’s crossing-point of
the Silk Route
• Ferghana Valley lies in – Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan
• Capitals
i) Kazakhstan – Astana/ Nur Sultan
ii) Krgyztan – Bishkek
iii) Uzbekistan – Tashkent
iv) Tajikistan – Dushanbe
v) Turkmenistan – Ashgabat
(N to S - ABTDA)
Falkland Islands • Also called Malvinas Islands (or Spanish Islas Malvinas)
• It’s
autonomous territory of UK in South Atlantic
Ocean
• Being claimed by – Argentina (& supported by China)
• Located east of Strait of Magellan
• Capital – Stanley (on East Falkland)
• UK’s Royal Airforce base – located at Mount Pleasant

Nicaragua • Central American country

• Bordering with – Hondurus (N), Costa Rica (S)
• Capital – Managua
• Lake Managua – famous lake

Solomon Islands • Located at – Melanesia, East of Papua New Guinea in

the South Pacific Ocean
• Capital – Honiara (located in Guadal-canal island)
• Colonised by the Britishers

• Country is independent & member of Commonwealth

& GG is appointed by the Parliament (which is
unicameral)
• 1978 – Island became independent as constitutional
monarchy under the British Crown
Federated States • It’sa sovereign island nation in Melanesia
• Capital – Palikir
• Association with USA
• Neighbour of – Marshall islands, Papua New Guinea,
Guam, etc
• Climate – tropical

Belarus • Landlocked country

• Capital– Minsk
• Bordered by – Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Ukraine (5)
• Referred as ‘Lungs of the Europe’ – due to its primeval

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Belarus • Landlocked country
• Capital – Minsk
• Bordered by – Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Ukraine (5)
• Referred as ‘Lungs of the Europe’ – due to its primeval
forests & wetlands which covers almost half of the
country

Moldova • Landlocked nation

• Boundaries/ sandwiched between – Ukraine &
Romania (2)
• Capital – Chisinau
• Earlier part of USSR
• North & Central Maldova lies in steppe forests

Ukraine • Borders – Russia, Belarus, Maldova, Poland, Hungary,

Slovakia, Romania. ( Russia BP SHRM)
• Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
✓ Located north of Kyiv
✓ Near Belarus border
✓ 1986 accident resulted due to flawed reacter

• Zaporizh-zhya Nuclear Plant

✓ Largest nuclear PP in Europe
✓ Located in Southern Ukraine at Dnieper river
✓ Capacity = 6,000 MW
✓ If explodes, then it can destroy 4 million homes
• Kherson
✓ Important port city
✓ Located on river Dnieper
✓ Providing trade route to Mediterranean Sea
✓ Kherson shipyard – know for various vessels
construction

• Odessa region
✓ It’s the western portion of Crimea
✓ If Russia captures Odessa, then Ukraine will be
reduced into a landlocked country
✓ It’s also the largest region in Ukraine
✓ Major transport corridor for energy & minerals
✓ Port of Odessa – is a link between Ukraine & outside
world
Zmiinyi island or Sevastopol - is a historic base of Russia's Black Sea fleet
Snake island,
Sewastopol

Afghanistan • Bordering
nations – Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Iran, Pakistan, India (Wakhan Corridor,

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Afghanistan • Bordering nations – Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Iran, Pakistan, India (Wakhan Corridor,
POK), China (Wakhan Corridor–Xinjiang) (7)
• Capital – Kabul

Turkish/ Black Sea • As per Montreax Convention, 1936 – Control is held

Straits by Turkey
• Connects –
Black Sea (N), Sea of Marmara (Middle) & Agean Sea
(S)
•

Aegean Sea • Greece absorbed the islands of Limnos, Lesvos,

Samothrace, Samos, Chios and Ikaria from the
Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13.
• London Treaty of 1914 had made Greek possession of
the islands conditional on their demilitarisation.
• Greece was officially awarded sovereignty in the
Treaty of Lausanne of 1923.

Bucharest Nine • Founded in 2015

(B9) • These are group of 9 nations of Eastern Europe that
joined NATO & also EU
• Namely – (Baltic, SHRP, CB)

Estonia Czech Republic

Lithuania Slovakia
Latvia Hungary
Romania Bulgaria
Poland
• Referred as ‘’voice of the eastern flank” of NATO
• Bucharest is the capital of Romania
Turkmenistan • Borders – Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran
(4)
• Also borders Caspian Sea
• Divided into 2 regions
i) Oasis region – having adequate water supply
ii) Desert region – occupying 90% territory
• River Amu Darya passes through it (originating from
Aral Sea)
• Huge reserves of oil & natural gas

Caspian Sea • Borders – Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia,

Azerbaijan, Iran (TARIK)
• Salt water
• Endorhic basin
Rivers :
• Volga River
• Ural River
• Kura River
• Terek River

East Timor/ Timor • It’s Asia’s youngest democracy

Leste Former colony of Portuguese
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Leste • Former colony of Portuguese
• 1975 – Got independence
• After independence, the eastern part again got
captured by Indonesia
• 1999 – Referendum was brokered by UN in which East
Timorese voted for independence, after which the UN
peacekeeping forces entered to neutralize violence
• 2002 – Country was officially recognized by UN
• It’s an observer country in the ASEAN
• Political setup – Presidential + Parliamentary (but
President also has powers to appoint government &
veto ministers)
• 90% GDP – runs on revenue from offshore oil & gas
reserves
• Main revenue stream from – Bayu Undan gas field
(however, expected to dry up by 2023)
South Africa •3 capitals
✓ Administrative capital – Pretoria
✓ Legislative capital – Cape Town
✓ Judicial capital – Blomefountain

• Bounded by – Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe,

Mozambique, Swaziland, Lesotho (6)
• Prince Edward & Marion Islands are also a part of
South Africa
• Largest river – River Orang
• West coast = Benguela Current (Cold)
• East coast = Mozambique – Agulhas Current (Warm)

Kuril Islands • Dispute between – Russia & Japan

• These are a group of 4 islands referred as –
✓ Russia calls them Kuril Islands, &
✓ Japan considers it as Northern Territrory (as per it’s
‘Diplomatic Bluebook’)
✓ South Korea calls them Dokdo Islands
✓ The South Kuril Islands comprise Etorofu island,
Kunashiri island, Shikotan island and the Habomai
island.

• Diplomatic Bluebook
✓ It’s annual report of Japan’s foreign policy

• Location (N to S) from Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia)

to → Okhotsk Sea
• They separate Okhotsk Sea from North Pacific Ocean
• Part of – Pacific Ring of Fire
• Huge natural resource reserves
• Russia has deployed missile systems in the region
• Cultural ties with Hokkaido region of Japan

• 1951 - Japan Renounces claims to Kurils in Treaty of

San Francisco, signed between Japan and Allied
powers.
• 1956 – Japan Soviet Joint Declaration
✓ Concluded as diplomatic ties between Japan & USSR
✓ In this, USSR offer 2 southernmost islands, i.e,
Habomai & Shikotan to Japan but Japan rejected as
those 2 islands have only 7% population of Kuril
Kuwait • Land borders – Iraq, Saudia Arabia (2) (NOT Iran)
• Largely a desert, except for Al Jahra Oasis
• It has no permanent surface water
• 50% GDP – is dependent on oil extraction/ processing

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Kuwait • Land borders – Iraq, Saudia Arabia (2) (NOT Iran)
• Largely a desert, except for Al Jahra Oasis
• It has no permanent surface water
• 50% GDP – is dependent on oil extraction/ processing

Antarctica Amery Ice shelf - 41st station sent by India. Bharti

Situated there.

Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina, Solvenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro,

Macedonia, Kosovo.
ASEAN CAPITALS WEST TO EAST: ●Indonesia is the only country in ASEAN through
Myanmar (Naypyidaw)>>>Thailand (Bangkok)>>>Malaysia (kuala which Equator paasses
lumpur)>>>Loas(Vientiane)>>>Singapore>>>Cambodia(Phnompenh)>>> ●Jakarta is only capital in ASEAN below equator
Viet nam (Hanoi)>>> Indonesia(Jakarta)>>> Brunei(bandar seri ●Laos : landlocked country
Begawan)>>>Philippines(Manila)
●Northern most ASEAN country : Myanmar
●ASEAN capital closest to equator : Singapore
Mnemonic: Mother Theresa May Lost Second Chamber Vote, Is a Big
Problem (MTMLSCVIBP)

CAPITALS NORTH TO SOUTH:

Vietnam(Hanoi)>>>Myanmar(naypidaw)>>>Loas(Vientiane)>>>
Philippins( Manila)>>>Thailand(Bangkok)>>>Cambodia(Phnompenh)>>>
Brunei(BSB)> >>Malaysia(Kualalumpur)>>>Singapore>>>
Indonesia(Jakarta)
Mnemonic : Viraj’s Mother Lost P T C , But Methods Show Improvement
(VMLPTCBMSI)
South China Sea The regions of contention are the Spratly Island, the
Dispute Paracel Island, maritime boundaries in the Gulf of
Tonkin and other places. Waters near the Indonesian
Natuna Islands are also disputed.

● Spratly Islands dispute- It is an ongoing territorial

dispute between China, the Philippines, Taiwan,
Malaysia, Vietnam, and Brunei
● Paracel Island Dispute- It is between China, Taiwan,
and Vietnam all claim the
archipelago
● Natuna Islands- Dispute between China and
Indonesia

Mekong River • 12th longest river in the world.

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Mekong River • 12th longest river in the world.
• Mekong River Commission (MRC) is an inter-
governmental organization that works directly with
the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and
Vietnam to jointly manage the shared water resources
and the sustainable development of the Mekong
River.

• China is building a dam in Lancang River, upper half of

Mekong river

Salwa Canal - Along Saudi Arabia and Qatar Border, Effectively

turning the latter into an island.
- Qatar has been designation as a Major Non NATO Ally
(MNNA) by USA

Persian Gulf Joins the Gulf of Oman by Strait of Hormuz. - Countries brodering Persian Gulf:
• Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Oman (Musandam
Exclave), Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar.
- Rivers draining : Tigris and Euphrates (Iraq)
Zayandeh Rud • Largest river of Iran
river • Called ‘Bloodline of Iran’
Razzaza Lake/ • Also called ‘Arabic for Salt Lake’
Lake Milh • Located in Iraq
• 2nd largest lakein Iraq (after Lake Tharthar)
• Helpsin preventing floods in River Euphrates
✓ Euphrates rises in Turkey & flows through Syria & Iraq
✓ Longest river in Southwest Asia

IRAN • Elbruz and Zagros Mountain ranges

• Lakes - Razzaza, Urmia and Tharthar
• Deserts: Dast -e-Kavir, Dast-e-Lut
• Lut Desert- One of the driest places, temp
reaching upto 70 degree celcius - UNESCO WHS

• Natanz – the only uranium enrichment plant in

Central Iran

GS2 Page 162

Syria • River: Khabur, Euphrates
• Lake: Al-Assad
• Syrian Desert / North Arabian Desert : Includes parts
of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
• Bounded by Orontes Valley and volcanic field of
Harrat al-Shamah to the west, the Euphrates to the
east

Turkey • Earthquake type - “strike-slip quake” - Emerged from

Earthquake shallow depths
• Turkey lies at the centre of 3 tectonic plate -
Anatolian, Arabian, African
• 2 faults - North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian
Fault.
• NAF is the meeting point of Eurasian and Anatolian
plate that is particularly devastating.
• Arabian plate is moving towards European plate
making the Anatolian plate move westwards

• Euphrate and Tigris originate from Turkey

• Mountains and plateaus: Koroglu, Taurus, Pontic,

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 • Mountains and plateaus: Koroglu, Taurus, Pontic,
Eastern Taurus, Anatolian plateau
• Volcano : Mt Ararat
• Lake Van – largest lake (known for salinity)
• Euphrates, Sakarya – main rivers

Montreux convention:
• Governs Bosporus and Dardanelles strait during
times of peace: "Complete freedom" to civilian vessel
passage in times of peace.
• In wartime - Turkey Decides.

Bordering Countries of Turkey: (BS G2I2A2)

1. Bulgaria
2. Syria
3. Georgia
4. Greece
5. Iran
6. Iraq
7. Armenia
8. Azerbaijan

Black Sea/ • Bordered by 6 countries – Russia, Ukraine, Turkey,

Euxine Sea Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania
(Turkey BURGR)
• Surrounded by 3 mountain ranges – Caucasus, Pontic,
Crimean
• North to south
Sea of Azov → Kerch Strait → Black Sea →
Bosporous Strait → Sea of Marmara →
Dardanelles Strait → Aegean Sea (Mediterranean
Sea)

• Has anoxic water, i.e, oxygen deficient

• Strategic buffer between Russia & NATO

• Rhine-Main-Danube Canal – connects Black Sea to →
Atlantic Ocean
• Rivers enter : Danube, Dnipro, Don
Rivers of Europe

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Rivers of Europe

Rivers of Africa

Levant Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine,

Syria, and Turkey are sometimes considered Levant
countries

Vanilla Islands • Vanilla

Islands = 6 Western Indian Ocean Islands
• Mauritius,
Madagascar, Reunion, Seychelles, Mayotte,
Comoros

GS2 Page 165

Straits in the ● The major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb
Indian Ocean (between Yemen and Djibouti, Eritrea)
● Strait of Hormuz (separates Persian Gulf from the
Gulf of Oman),
● The Lombok Strait (connects Java Sea to the Indian
Ocean)
● The Strait of Malacca (between Malay peninsula and
Sumatra Island)
● Sunda Strait- Between Sumatra and Java

Cook Strait Links Tasman Sea with South Pacific Ocean

Coastal Plains of • Hexadeltaic Regions or "Gift of Six Rivers":

Odisha 1. Subarnarekha
2. Budhabangla
3. Baitarni
4. Brahmani
5. Mahanadi
6. Rushikulya

Vamsadhara

• Chilika Lake:
• Largest brackish water lake of India
• Asia's largest and world's second largest lagoon
• 1981 – 1st Wetland under Ramsar list
• Spread in Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of
Odisha
• At the mouth of R. Daya
• Famous for – Irrawady Dolphins
• Presence of Nalabana Island (‘Forest of Reeds’) –
declared as a bird sanctuary in 1987
• Kalijai Temple – Located on an island in the
Chilika Lake

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 • Famous for – Irrawady Dolphins
• Presence of Nalabana Island (‘Forest of Reeds’) –
declared as a bird sanctuary in 1987
• Kalijai Temple – Located on an island in the
Chilika Lake
• Vast mud-field and abundant fish stock

South India

Poochampally • Location– Nalgonda district, Telangana

Village • Referredas Silk City of India
• Unique saree weaving style – Ikat (also got GI tag in
2004)
• From here, Acharya Vinobha Bhave started Bhoodan
movement in 1951
Talapady • Disputed area at Kerala-Karnataka border
Pangong Tso Lake • Pangong Tso literally means ‘conclave lake’
• It’s world’s highest saltwater lake (4,350 metres
altitude)
• 1/3rd of the Pangong Lake lies in India
• Formed via Tethys geosyncline
• Southern Bank – Spangur Lake
• Northern Bank – Khurnak Fort
• Karakoram Range – ends at the North Bank of
Pangong Tso

Gandhi Sagar Dam • It is 1 out of 5 water reservoirs of national importance

• Location – Chambal river, Madhya Pradesh
Katrol Hill Fault • Located in Kutch, Gujarat
• It’s
a major intrabasinal fault
• Faults of this region – Katrol Hill Fault, South Wagad,
Gedi Fault, Island belt Fault

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Katrol Hill Fault • Located in Kutch, Gujarat
• It’s
a major intrabasinal fault
• Faults of this region – Katrol Hill Fault, South Wagad,
Gedi Fault, Island belt Fault

Zojila La Pass • Location – Dras & Kargil districts, Ladakh

• Connect Leh,→ Srinagar
• Aka ‘Mountain Pass of Blizzards’
• 2018 – Zojila La Tunnel project being constructed –
will be Asia’s longest bi-directional tunnel to provide
all weather connectivity between Leh → Srinagar →
Ladakh
• Also – India’s largest road tunnel

Mahakali River • Also called Sarda River or Kali River

• Location – Dharchula, Uttarakhand
• It’s a tributary of Ganga which joins Ghaghra River
• Forms a boundary between Kumaon, Uttarakhand &
Nepal

Strategic •4 sites exists

Petroleum i) Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Reserves- India ii) Mangalore, Karnataka
iii) Padur, Karnataka
iv) Chandikhole, Odisha (In process)

AC Standoff • Hot Springs & Gogra Post

points - ✓ Hot Springs is just north of the Chang Chenmo river
(T of Shyok)
✓ Gogra Post is to the east of Chang Chenmo river
✓ The area lies close to the Kongka Pass (at Aksai Chin’s
border)

• Galwan Valley
✓ Source of Galwan River – Aksai Chin
✓ Trib of Shyok River on the India’s side

• Kongka/ Kongla Pass

✓ It provides passage into the Cheng Chenmo Valley

• Karakoram Range
✓ Alsocalled Krishnagiri Range
✓ Northernmost Trans-Himalayan range
✓ Forms Afghanistan-China border
✓ Highest peak – K2/ Godwin Austen/ Qogir (Also
world’s 2nd highest & India’s highest peak)

• Siachen Glacier
✓ World’s highest & coldest battlefield
✓ Famous – Saltoro Range (23,000 feet)
✓ Part of Eastern Karakoram Range
✓ Separates Central Asia from Indian Subcontinent
✓ 2nd biggest non-polar glacier in the world
(Biggest (non polar) = Fedchenko, Tajikistan)

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 • Siachen Glacier
✓ World’s highest & coldest battlefield
✓ Famous – Saltoro Range (23,000 feet)
✓ Part of Eastern Karakoram Range
✓ Separates Central Asia from Indian Subcontinent
✓ 2nd biggest non-polar glacier in the world
(Biggest (non polar) = Fedchenko, Tajikistan)
✓ Source of Nubra River (a tributary of Shyok River)
✓ Operation Meghdoot, 1984

• Daulat Beg Oldi

✓ It’s
the highest airfield in the world
✓ Named after Sultan Said Khan, Mongol dynasty
✓ Located at 16k feet & close to Siachen, Karakoram
Pass, & Xinjiang-Karakoram highway
✓ Important military outpost since 1962 War

Kalapani, Lipulekh • India-Nepal border dispute

& Limpiyadhura • As per Treaty of Sagauli, 1816 – River Kali/ Mahakali
marks the border with India
However, issue is with the origin of River Kali
✓ For India, origin is – Kalapani village
✓ For Nepal, origin is – Limpiyadhura (giving it acces to
triangular land between Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh &
Kalapani)

Andaman & • PortBlair – located in Lower Andaman

Nicobar Islands • Nicobarislands (N to S)
Car Nicobar → Taresa → Bompaka →
Nancowry → Katchal → Little Nicobar → Great
Nicobar

• Channels of separation –
i) 10 degree – separates Andaman & Nicobar islands
ii) 9 degree – separates Lakshadweep & Minicoy
iii) 8 degree – separates Minicoy & Maldives
iv) 6 degree – separates Nicobar & Sumatra (Indonesia)

Siruvani Dam • Location – Palakakad district of Kerala

• On Siruvani River
• It’s a tributary of Bhavani River & part of Cauvery
River basin
• Constructed in 1984 to provide drinking water to
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Attappady Hills • Location – Tamil Nadu & Kerala

• It’s
a tribal block
• Main tribes – Mudugas, Kurumbas, Irulas
• 2022 – Some archeological excavations have been
done like stone tools, caves, Black & Red Ware
pottery, terracotta images, granite inscriptions

Indus River 1. Harike, PB, India – Sutlej + Beas

System 2. Mithankot, Pakistan – Sutlej + Indus
3. Jhang, Pakistan –Jhelum + Chenab
4. Sarai Sindhu – Ravi + Chenab
✓ Sutlej receives the collective drainage of the Ravi,
Chenab & Jhelum rivers
Luhri Hydropower project – located on Sutlej in

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Indus River 1. Harike, PB, India – Sutlej + Beas
System 2. Mithankot, Pakistan – Sutlej + Indus
3. Jhang, Pakistan –Jhelum + Chenab
4. Sarai Sindhu – Ravi + Chenab
✓ Sutlej receives the collective drainage of the Ravi,
Chenab & Jhelum rivers
✓ Luhri Hydropower project – located on Sutlej in
Shimla & Kullu, Himanchal Pradesh

• Chenab
✓ Enters Pakistan in – Sialkot
✓ In Pakistan – the Panjad River is formed when
Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej joins Chenab
•

Tripura • Bangladesh, Mizoram and Assam - Borders

• NH44 connected to mainland
• Tribes: Tripuri, Riang, Bhil, Bhulia, Santhal, Orang,
Jamatia,Chakma.

• Protected areas:
• Sephahijala WLS
• Gomti WLS
• Trishna WLS
• Clouded leopard NP
• Bison NP
Buxwaha Bundelkhand
Diamond Mining
Region
Kendra pada Only to have three species : Saltwater crocodile LC,
District, Odisha Gharial CR, Mugger VU (All Schedule I and CITES AppI)
Bali Islands (of • Located in Pargana district, West Bengal
Sundarbans) • The Gumdi Channel – separates Bali islands &
Sundarbans NP
• Part of mangroves range
• Sajnikhali Tiger Reserve – also lies inside Sundarbans
NP

VOLCANEOS

Taal Volcano Philippines P. sea plate and Eurasian Sea Plate

Mount Semeru Indonesia • Java,
Sumatra, Bali – are part of the
Sunda Island Arc
Mt. Sinabung North Sumatra, Indonesia
La Soufriere Volcano St. Vincent and Grendines Carribean Island Caribbean Plate
Strato Volcano
Mauna Loa USA (Southermost Hawaiian island) • World's largest - erupted for the first
time in 38 years
• Immediate north of Kilauea Volcano
Klyuchevskaya Sopka Kamchatka Peninsula Part of Ring of fire
Russia Highest mountain of Siberia
Eurasia's Highest active volcano

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Shiveluch Kamchatka
Tonga Volcano / Hunga-ha- South pacific Undersea volcano, part of ring of fire.
apai / Hunga-Tonga • Tonga– is the only Pacific country with
a constitutional monarchy

Mt Nyiragongo Virunga NP, Democratic republic of Congo Stratovolcano

Sangay Volcano Ecuador Sange NP is a WHS
Mt. Whakaari, Mt. New Zealand
Ruapehu, Mt. Tongariro
Fuego Volacono Guatemala - Active Stratovalcono, part of Central
American volcanic Arc

Anak Krakatoa Sunda Strait - Between Java and Sumatra - Is a volcanic island that emerged from
the eruption of 1883 of Mt. Krakatoa
Wolf volcano Isabela Island - part of Galapagos island, Pacific ocean - Shield volcano
(E of Ecuador)

Mt Etna Italy Active stratovolcano located on the east

coast of Island of Sicily.
Highest and most active volcano in
Europe.
Barren Island, Andaman On the edge of Burmese Tectonic plate
Narcondam Andaman sea • Tamil origin meaning “Pit of Hell”
• Made of Andesite
• Dormant
Baratang / Ranchiwalas Andaman Mud Volcano, Andaman
Island

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Baratang / Ranchiwalas
Island
Mud-Volcanoes
• A mud volcano or mud dome is a
landform created by the eruption of
mud, water and gases.
• Usually found near subduction zones
and hot springs
• Non volcanic ones also occur near oil
fields where methane and other
hydrocarbon gases force their way up,
mixed with mud.
•

Dhosi Hills, Tosham Hill • Extinct volcanoes, part of Aravali

Mountain Hill

• Major rivers and their tributaries that

flow from the Aravalli:
(i) Banas and Sahibi rivers which are
tributaries of Yamuna,
(ii) Luni River which flows into the Rann
of Kutch through Rajasthan.
(iii) Sabarmati river, that drains into the
Gulf of Khambat

• Pushkar Valley: formed between the

two parallel ranges of the Aravalli hills.
Pushkar Lake around which the Pushkar
town has developed.
• Pushkar temple (also known as
Jagatpita Brahma Mandir) is one of the
few temples of Brahma.

Hills • Satpura range is a series of seven

mountains (‘Sat’ = seven and ‘pura’ =
mountains) stretches for a distance of
about 900 km:
1 Maikal
2 Mahadeo Hills
3 Kalibhit
4 Asirgarh
5 Bijagarh
6 Barwani
7 Arwani

• Sandstone, Shale and limestone

• Highest peak in Dhupgarh in the
Mahadeo Range.
• Horst mountains.

• Vindhyan Range:
Granite and crystalline rocks

Tanzania • Capital – Dodoma

• 2022 – 1st Female President – Samia
Hassan
• Includes islands of – Zanzibar, Pemba,
Mafia
• Part of East African Rift Valley
• Mt. Kilimanjaro – Highest Mountain in
Africa - Dormant Volcano - Highest free
standing mountain in the world.

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Tanzania • Capital – Dodoma
• 2022 – 1st Female President – Samia
Hassan
• Includes islands of – Zanzibar, Pemba,
Mafia
• Part of East African Rift Valley
• Mt. Kilimanjaro – Highest Mountain in
Africa - Dormant Volcano - Highest free
standing mountain in the world.

• Lake Victoria – the 2nd largest

freshwater lake (after Lake Superior)
also located here
• Bordering Countries:
- Kenya
- Uganda
- Rwanda
- Burundi
- Democratic republic of Congo
- Zambia
- Malawi and
- Mozambique

Africa Highest peak on Atlas - Mt Toubkal

Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia - Altas
Mountains

Vosges and Black forest Vosges Rift - France

Rifts Black Forest - Germany

Alps Range (Europe) • Discontinuous mountain chains

• They are Orobiome, i.e, inter-zonal
mountain system – a transition
between Central & Mediterranean
Europe
• Highest peak – Mont Blanc (Border of
France and Italy)
• Alpine regions cover 8 countries –

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Alps Range (Europe) • Discontinuous mountain chains
• They are Orobiome, i.e, inter-zonal
mountain system – a transition
between Central & Mediterranean
Europe
• Highest peak – Mont Blanc (Border of
France and Italy)
• Alpine regions cover 8 countries –
France, Germany, Italy, Austria,
Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia,
Switzerland
Tian Shan - Aka Heavenly Mountains
- Separated from the Tibetan Plateau by
the Taklamakan Desert
- Highest point: Peak Jengish Chokusu
(Kyrgyz-China border)
- River Syr Darya originate from Tien
Shan and drains into the Aral Sea.

Altai Mts Mongolia • Rivers Irtysh and Ob have their

headwaters

Mountain range Highest mountain

Himalayas Mount Everest Nepal, China
Karakoram K2 India
Hindu Kush Tirich Mir Pakistan
Pamir Mountains Ismoil Somoni Peak Tajikistan
Andes Aconcagua Argentina
(Mt Ojes del Salado is the highest Volcano
in the world)
Kunlun Mountains Chakragil China
Tian Shan / Heavenly Xuelian Feng Jengish Chokusu China
Mountains
Hindu Raj Buni Zom Pakistan
Cordillera Occidental Chimborazo Ecuador
Alaska Range Denali Alaska, USA
Eastern Rift mountains Mount Kilimanjaro Tanzania
Caucasus Mountains Mount Elbrus Russia
Armenian Highlands Mount Ararat Turkey
Alps Mont Blanc Italy, France
Kamchatka Klyuchevskaya Sopka Russia
Altai Mountains Belukha Mountain Kazakhstan,
Russia
Sierra Nevada Mount Whitney USA
Sierra Nevada Mulhacén Spain
Sawatch Range (Rocky Mount Elbert USA
Mountains)
Cascade Range Mount Rainier USA
Atlas Mountains Toubkal Morocco
Coast mountains Mt Waddington Canada
Canadian Rockies Mount Robson Canada
Baluchestan Mountains Taftan Iran

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Baluchestan Mountains Taftan Iran
Honshu Mount Fuji Japan
Southern Alps Aoraki/Mount Cook New Zealand
Tibesti Mountains Emi Koussi Chad
Pyrenees Aneto Spain
Sicily Mount Etna Italy
Réunion Piton des Neiges France
Madagascar Maromokotro Madagascar
Aleutian Range Mount Shishaldin USA
Ural Mountains Mt Narodnaya Russia
Great Dividing Range Mt Kosciuszko, Snowy Australia
Mountains

Continent Peak Height Mountain range Countries

Asia Mount Everest 8,848 m Himalayas Nepal, China
South America Aconcagua 6,962 m Andes Argentina
North America Denali 6,190 m Alaska Range United States (Alaska)
Africa Kibo 5,895 m Kilimanjaro Tanzania
Europe Elbrus 5,642 m Caucasus Mountains Russia
Antarctica Mount Vinson 4,892 m Sentinel Range -
Australia Mount Kosciuszko 2,228 m Great Dividing Range Australia

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International News

TOPIC DESCRIPTION
USA Visas • L-1 : MNCs for International Postings, Non-Immigrant short-term VISA upto 7 years
• L-2 : For spouses & children(aged upto 21 years) of L-1 Visa
• H-1B : For professional & experts, mostly populated in Indian IT Companies
• H-2B : For seasonal workers in the landscaping & hospitality industries
• H-4 : For family/dependents of H-1B Visa holders
• J-1 : For students on work-study summer programmes

USA’s CAASTA Act • Origin – Russia’ Crimea Invasion (2014) & interference in US Elections (2016)
• For supplies from – Russia, N.Korea & Iran
• For S-400, India got a waiver by Trump

Magnistsky-style • Forhuman rights violation

sanctions • Imposed by UK
Russia VS Ukraine • The Kyivan Rus (Rus land) region includes modern Ukraine, Russia & Belarus
• 1762 to 1796 – Ukraine was absored into Russia under Empress Catherine
• Russia’s Czarist regime led to the suppression of Ukranian ethnic identities
• 1922 – After the collapse of Ottomons (WW-I, 1919) & Czar (October Revolution, 1917), a
civil war was started in Ukraine which finally merged into USSR.
• 1990 – Ukranian students led the ‘Granite Revolution’ fighting for independence from USSR
• 24th August, 1991 – Ukraine got Independence during Gorbachev’s tenure
• 1991 – USSR was dissolved & Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was created
✓ CIS has 12 members namely –

Kazakhstan Russia Georgia

Kyrgyztan Ukraine Armenia
Tajikistan Maldova Azerbaijan
Turkmenistan Belarus
Uzbekistan
• 1994 – Budapest Memorandum, signed by Ukraine under which –
○ It shall relinquish nuclear arsenal inherited from USSR
○ Transfer all nuclear warheads to Russia for decommissioning
○ In return, Ukraine got politically binding security assurances from signatories
○ Signatories were – Russia, USA & UK
○ ‘Meaning’ of “security assurances” – left ambigious
○ 2022 – Russia’s attack is direct violation of Budapest Memorandum
• 2008 – In the Bucharest Conference, Ukraine & Georgia agreed to NATO membership
pursuant to which Russia invaded Georgia.
• 2014 – After Russia invaded Crimea, Donetsk & Luhansk held a referendum to declare
independence from Ukraine
• Russia set up a naval base at Sevastopol on Crimea, making it the headquarters of Russia’s
Black Sea Fleet
• After invasion, 2 Minsk Accords for peace were signed in Minsk, Belarus

i) Minsk 1 Accord, 2014

✓ Normandy Format refers to discussions between France, Germany, Russia & Ukraine
✓ Ceasefire monitoring by – ‘Organisation for security & cooperation in Europe (OSCE)’
Both side violated the Accord

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 ✓ Both side violated the Accord

ii) Minsk2 Accord, 2015

✓ It was a 13 point agreement
✓ Ukraine to offer self rule in Donetsk & Luhansk (interim self-government)
✓ Labelled as ‘Minsk Conundrum’ as both nations were having varied interpretations

• Ukraine is the poorest economy in Europe (as per GDP size)

• It’s major exports to India is sunflower oil (70%), inorganic chemicals, iron & steel, plastics
• Conflict in Donbass region in East Ukraine (Donetsk & Luhansk) having 70% Russian speaking
population
• 1/3rd of Russian Gas to →EU, travels through Ukraine
• Russia against – NATO’s eastward expansion & Ukraine entering NATO

• Bucharest Nine/ Bucharest Format (B9)

✓ Founded in 2015
✓ These are group of 9 nations of Eastern Europe that joined NATO

Estonia Czech Republic

Lithuania Slovakia
Latvia Hungary
Romania Bulgaria
Poland
✓ Referred as ‘’voice of the eastern flank” of NATO

• Nord Stream pipeline being used as a geopolitical weapon against Russia by Germany & US
• Russia
✓ 3rd largest crude producer (1st = Saudi Arabia, 2nd = USA)
✓ 2nd largest crude exporter (1st = Saudi Arabia)

Russia VS • India’s stand

Ukraine – Major ✓ India in 2020, also voted against Ukraine’s sponsored resolution in UN that condemned the
War Events, 2022 allegation of human rights violation in Crimea by Russia
✓ India abstained from voting in –
• UNSC, UNHRC, UNGA, &
• IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) – resolution regarding safety of 4 nuclear
power plants captured by Russia (including Chernobyl)
✓ At UNSC, India also abstained from voting to a Russian drafted resolution w.r.t. human rights
situation in Ukraine

• Impact on India
✓ Wheat Export opportunity to amid war (Russia & Ukraine account for 25% global export)
▪ India = 2nd largest producer of wheat after China
✓ Expensive Fertilizers – 100% requirement for potash fertilizer is met by Russia & Belarus
✓ Sunflower oil depence upon Ukraine will make it expensive
✓ CAASTA sanction risks for S-400 deal – came into the spotlight
✓ Tea Export to Russia was 20% & now India has to explore alternatives
✓ Oil Prices expected to rise
✓ Semiconductor Chip shortages will be escalated because
• Supply of rare gases from Ukraine (used to produce semiconductor fab lasers)
Supply of palladium from Russia (a rare earth metal used in chips manufacture)
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 • Supply of palladium from Russia (a rare earth metal used in chips manufacture)
✓ India is exploring options to import sunflower oil from the MERCOSUR countries (Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay)
• After the SWIFT Ban sanctions & Bank Runs (mass withdrawls from banks) in Russia, it has
following options –
1. SPFS (System for transfer of Financial messages) – like SWIFT & developed by Russia’s
Central Bank
2. Integrate SPFS with CIPS (China’s Cross border interbank payment system)
3. Adopting interledger protocol platforms (developed by companies such as Ripple) on
which the cryptocurrencies are based
4. Digital Rouble – Russia’s cryptocurreny in development stage

• Mriya – World’s largest cargo aircraft (held with Ukraine) destroyed by Russia
• Russia alleged of using –
i) Vaccum Bombs, Cluster Bombs, Thermobaric Weapons, Aerosol bombs/ fuel air explosives
• They use oxygen from air for a high temperature blast
• Launched from – rockets or tank mounted launchers
• It can vapourize human beings
• NOT prohibited by any law/ agreement but their usage against civilians can attract
consequencs as per Hague Conventions of 1899 & 1907
i) Phosphorous Bombs
• They use allotropes of Phosphorous (P)
• Are pyrophoric, i.e., can be ignited by contact with air
• Creates a blanket of phosphorous pentoxide vapour which can burn injuries & can cause
damages via vapour inhalation
• Fall under Chemical Weapons
• Banned by Hague Convention

• Operation Ganga – launched by India for evacuation of nationals

• International Space Station’s support withdrawn by Russia
• Orbit control ensured – by Russia/ Roscosmos
• Russia periodically send thrusters to ISS (roughly 11 times a year) to keep it moving
• ISS orbit does NOT fly over Russia
• If ISS falls, greater risk to regions closer to equator
• Montreaux Convention – invoked by Turkey to block passage of Turkish Straits
• Ukraine moves to International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• International Criminal Court (ICC) – starts suo moto investigation
• Asia Infrastructure Development Bank (AIIB), Beijing
✓ Put all activities of Russia & Belarus on hold
✓ Russia = 3rd largest shareholder in AIIB after China (1st) &India (2nd)

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 Russia = 3rd largest shareholder in AIIB after China (1st) &India (2nd)

• Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant – destroyed by Russia

• Zaporizh-zhya Nuclear Plant – captured by Russia - Largest nuclear PP in Europe
• Kherson Port – captured by Russia-on the Dnieper River
• Mariupol City

• Odessa region
✓ It’sthe western portion of Crimea
✓ If Russia captures Odessa, then Ukraine will be reduced into a landlocked country

• Article56 of Additional Protocol I of the Geneva Convention – prohibits attacks on

dangerous installations (like nuclear PPs)
• UNESCO gives Blue Shield Emblem recognitions to Ukraine’s monuments to preserve the
cultural sites from Russian Attacks – as per Article 6 of UN’s Hague Convention of 1954

✓ Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, aka Hague
Convention, 1954
• India – is also a signatory

✓ Blue Shield – an international non-government NPO to protect global cultural heritage, like
museums, monuments, archives, etc

• G7 revoked ‘PNTR Status (Permanent Normal Trade Relations) Status’ in WTO for Russia
✓ This will allow the Western allies to increase import tarrifs on Russian goods
✓ Earlier called as ‘Most favoured nation’ till 1998

• Man-Portable Air-Defence Systems (MANPADS) – shipped to Ukraine by NATO & USA to

fight against Russia

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 fight against Russia

• Supply of Kamikaze Drones by USA to Ukraine

• Also called Switchblade drones/ Suicide drones
• Can fly upto 7 miles
• Difficult to detect on radar
• Can attack on the basis of facial recognition
• Russia, China, Israel, Iran, Turkey – have Kamikaze drones (apart from USA)

• ExoMars Mission, 2022 – collaboration of ESA & Roscosmos – postponed

• Finlandization Policy
✓ Suggested by France for post war peaceful existence of Russia & West
✓ It means strict neutrality that was followed by Finland during the Cold War
✓ Finland also acted neutral on the Marshall Plan, (which was a US-sponsored programme to
rehabilitate & stabilize 17 war-torned nations in Europe after WW II)

• Russia used Kinzhal Missiles in Ukraine

• ‘Kinzhal’ means a dagger
• It’s Air-to-air ‘hypersonic’ missile
• 5 mach

• Russia – suspended from UNHRC by a resolution passed by UNGA

✓ Requires 2/3rd majority among the members present & voting
✓ India – abstained from voting

• Neptune Missile – used by Ukraine

•A coastal anti-ship ‘Cruise’ missile

• Range = 300 km

• Moskva – sank in Black Sea

• A cruiser held by Russian Navy
• Loaded with guided missiles
• It is a large surface warship

• Loiter Ammuncations/ CALM System –

✓ CALM – Canister Launched Anti Armour Loiter Ammunition
✓ These are a mix of ‘S to S missiles + Drone’
✓ After release/ fire, it remains aloft/ suspended over the area & once the target is sighted, it
attacks with explosive payloads

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 ii) ZALA KYB loiter ammunition – by Russia
i) Switchblade loiter ammuncation – by Ukraine (provided by USA)

• Russia – withdrawn from UNWTO (World Trade Organisation)

Regional Trading • Regional trading can be bilateral/ trilateral/ plurilateral but can never be multilateral
& International • Regional Trading & Multilateral Trading – can coexist
Trade ✓ Regional trading meets the objective of economic cooperation
Agreements ✓ Multilateral trading meets the objective of welfare gains

• Sensitive List/ Negative List – list of product lines which are NOT included in agreements
• Trade Creation – It means replacement of a costly domestic input with the lowest price input
globally
• Trade Diversion – It means replacement of a costly domestic input with the lower price input
from within the regional bloc (which may not be the lowest globally)
• Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA)/ Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
• Since the establishment of WTO in 1994
• Special status to various countries where preferential entry rights are given, positive list
• It can have 5 forms
a. Partial Scope Agreement (PSA) – Small number of goods
b. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) – Tariff reduction among members only
c. Customs Union (CU) – members also agree for Common External Tariff (CET)
schedule
d. Common Market – A CU where there is free movement of factors of production
e. Economic Union – Members also coordinate macro economic & exchange rate
policies
• India has PTA with – Afganistan, SL, Nepal, Bhutan, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Korea, Chile,
MERCOSUR

• Free Trade Agreement (FTA)

✓ Only goods are covered, NOT services
✓ There is a negative list of goods. India has FTA with ASEAN & many nations
✓ FTAs can be categorized into – CECA & CEPA

Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)

✓ CEPA covers negotiation on the trade in ‘services’ & ‘investment’, e.g., IPRs, cooperation in
customs (NOT goods)
✓ Partnership (or cooperation) agreements are more comprehensive than FTAs
✓ India has CEPA with – Japan, S. Korea, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong

Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)

✓ CECA generally covers negotiation on trade tariff & TRQ (Tariff Rate Quotas) rates only
✓ Unlike FTA, it also covers services
✓ Once finalized & signed, CECA becomes → CEPA
✓ India has CECA with Malaysia, Singapore, Cuba, etc

Preference order – PTA/GSP > CEPA > FTA > CECA

• Bilateral
Investment Treaty (BIT)
Promotion of ‘private’ investments

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 ✓ Promotion of ‘private’ investments
✓ Provides protection from – illegal expropriation of foreign assets
✓ It allows foreign investors to sue states directly (claiming breach of BIT) in arbitration rather
than approaching local courts

• Trade & Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)

✓ For expanding trade & resolving outstanding disputes between nations

• Economic Cooperation & Trade Agreement (ECTA)

✓ Provides preferential market access among other privileges
✓ Covers goods, services, telecom, trade barriers, pharma products, & others
✓ 2022 – India signed ECTA with Australia

• Early Harvest Scheme/ Interim Trade Agreement

✓ Confidence building measure during the course of FTA negotiations to identify products for
tariff liberalization.
✓ Exposed to legal challenges by WTO

PNTR Status • Earliercalled as ‘Most favoured nation’ status till 1998

(Permanent • Non-discrimination to treat all WTO members equally for lower tariffs, import quotas &
Normal Trade fewest trade barriers
Relations) Status • India – has accorded PNTR Status to all WTO nations including Pakistan
(But Pakistan never have such status to India)
• 2019 – India suspended PNTR status to Pakistan after Phulwama attack
• For suspension of PNTR status, there is no formal procedure

Bound Tariff Rate • Bound Tariff Rate – Maximum tariff rate fixed by WTO for the respective product category
• Applied Tariff Rate – Actual tariff rate fixed by a country
Nord Stream-II

Gas transport pipeline

• It is the longest subsea pipeline
• From Ust-Luga, Russia → to Greifswald, Germany via Baltic Sea
• To double Russia’s gas export to Germany
• Nord Stream I was completed in 2011
• Nord Steam II – pending approval from European Commission
• Combined supply = total 110 billion cubic metre of gas a year to Europe for at least 50 years
• It can also help Ukraine to earn 2 billion USD of transit fees after its operation starts
• Transit Fees will also be earned by Poland & Belarus

UN’s Beijing • At ‘World Conference on Women’ in Beijing in 1995

Declaration, 1995 • International plan of action for young women empowerment
• 11th October = International Girl Child Day (since 2011 by UN)

RELOS • These are logistic amendments

It allows the signatory nations to access each-others military facilities like ports, base, etc.

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 • Itallows the signatory nations to access each-others military facilities like ports, base, etc.
• India is having logistic agreements with 6 nations – QUAD, Russia, S.Korea & Singapore
• With US, India’s logistic agreement is – LEMOA, 2016
• With Russia’s RELOS, India can have access to Arctic Resources

BELLA Project • Project for extension of optic fibre cables from Europe → Latin America
‘Agreement of • By – WTO
Agriculture (AOA)’ • To remove trade barriers in agriculture & facilitate global market integration
• Implementation is overseen by – Agriculture Committee of WTO
• It stipulates a threshold termed as ‘De minimus level’ which is
• 5% of value of production – for developed nations
• 10% of value of production – for developing nations
• It lists 4 kinds of subsidies
i) Green Box
• Given for subsistence/ livelihood of farmers
• That DO NOT distort the trade
• Government-funded (not production-linked)
• Includes Environmental protection element also
• No WTO interference in these subsidies
• Available to both – developed & developing nations, but special treatment is provided to
‘stockholding programmes’ by governments of ‘developing’ countries
ii) Amber Box
• Given to expand output of agricultural products
• Hence, these are production-linked subsidies that distort trade (except few cases)
• E.g – MSP, Procurement price, subsidies on inputs, etc
iii) Blue Box
• These are ‘condition-based amber box’ subsidies (to reduce trade distortion)
• These are same as amber box subsidies, but here the farmer is required to limit the
production in order to avail the subsidy
• As of now, there are no limits on Blue Box subsidy spending by India
iv) Special & Differential Tariff Box
• Allowed only to developing/ low income countries
• Comprises of investment subsidies like tractors, pump sets, ‘fertilizers’, etc
• India is NOT allowed to give subsidy on fertilizer

• PeaceClause/ Due Restraint clause

✓ Under this, the limit breaching country seeks no action.
✓ Available to developing countries only
✓ 2020 – India became the 1st nation to invoke peace clause when the rice subsidy limit was
breached

•3 Pillars of AOA
i) Under market access conditions, both the ‘developing’ & ‘developed’ countries shall eliminate
non tariff barriers
ii) Domestic Support/ boxes
iii) Export Subsidies & other methods to promote exports – shall be artificially competitive

• Special Products (SPs) – these are category of agricultural products of livelihood concerns
over which there will be no reduction in tariffs
• Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM)
It’s the relaxation to block the agricultural imports in adverse circumstances

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 • It’s
the relaxation to block the agricultural imports in adverse circumstances
• Given to net food importers countries only (not for India)
• Export Subsidy (on agro products) – generally given by developed countries
• Aggregate Measures of Support (AMS) – These are domestic subsidies/ concessions given by
government for agriculture sector
• Sanitary & Phyto Sanitary Conditions (SPS) – These are norms w.r.t sanitisation, hygiene,
child labour, etc for agricultural products before entering in the new country
• Less Than Full Reciprocity (LTFR)
✓ This is for non agricultural goods
✓ Tariff rollback will be lesser by developing countries than developed ones, over a longer
period of time
Subsidies and • By – WTO
Countervailing • Itregulates the countries actions ‘against’ import subsidies
Measures (SCM) • Under SCM Agreement,
Agreement ✓ A country can use the WTO’s dispute-settlement procedure to seek the withdrawal of the
import subsidy or
✓ Charge CVD (Countervailing Duty) on subsidized imports

PANEX •A disaster management exercise by BIMSTEC

World War-II • Axis powers—Germany, Italy, Japan
(1939-45) • Allies—UK, France, United States, USSR, China
• 1st September, 1939 – Triggering event – Germany invaded Poland
•2nd September, 1945 – Conclusion on the deck of USA’s warship
• Deaths – 60-80 million OR 6-8 Crores (3% of global population)
• Holocaust – 6 million Jews in Nazi concentration camps

Universal • 30 rights and freedoms

Declaration of • Adopted by UNGA in 1948
Human Rights • India also participated in drafting
(UDHR) • NOT binding since it is NOT a treaty
• In the COI, it’s reflected in – Preamble, DPSP, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties

Non Proliferation • Signed in 1968 and entered into force in 1970

Treaty (NPT) • Aim – to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons
• Presently 190 members but India has NOT signed
• Total 5 countries have not signed NPT – India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea & South Sudan
• Signing NPT will provide the nation – access to peaceful uses of nuclear energy
• Nuclear-weapon states (NWS) – Those who manufactured & tested nuclear weapons before
1st January, 1967 can retain them
• However, NPT is preventing only horizontal proliferation, not vertical proliferation
✓ Vertical proliferation – Advancement/ modernization of nuclear arsenal by NWS
✓ Horizontal proliferation – Direct/ indirect transfer of technology among nations
• Hence, NWS have continued to expand their respective arsenals without any constraints
• Other similar treaties
i) PTBT (Partial Test Ban Treaty)
✓ Banning nuclear test in Atmosphere, Outer Space, & Underwater
✓ India – has ratified PTBT
ii) CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty)
✓ Banning all nuclear test explosions
✓ It was signed in 1996 but yet to come into force
iii) TPNW (Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons)
Set of prohibitions on participating in any nuclear activities

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 ✓ Set of prohibitions on participating in any nuclear activities
✓ India – has NOT signed TPNW

New START Treaty • Between USA & Russia

• Entered – 2011
• For reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms
• Successor of – START framework of 1991 (at the end of the Cold War)

‘Developing • Declared by – members themselves (other members can object)

nation’ status at • Benefits
WTO ✓ ‘Special & Differential treatment’ provisions
✓ Lenient targets
✓ Preferential treatment like GSP
• China = listed as ‘developing’ country in WTO

‘Least-developed’ • Classification is done by – UN (NOT members)

country (LDC) • Reviewed every 3 years by a Committee for Development
status at WTO • Currently - 46
• LDCs/Developed/Developing are classified on the basis of 5 criterias
1. Per Capita Gross National Income (GNI) (LDC is <1018$)
2. Share in World Trade
3. Human Assets Index (LDC <60) Based on 6 factors :
a. Health Index : U5MR, MMR, Stunting
b. Education Index : Secondary school ER, Adult LR, Gender Parity Index
4. Economic and Environmental Vulnerability (LCD if >36): Based on 8 indicators.
5. Membership of OECD, EU, G-20
• Latest inductee = Bangladesh

World Bank's • 4 income groups: Low, Lower-middle, Upper-middle, High-income

classification of • Classifications updated 1st July, based on GNI.
countries • India - Lower-Middle income country
North Korea V/S • 1945 – Yalta Conference – established UN ‘trusteeship’ over whole Korea but it failed due to
South Korea US & USSR conflict
• Division – 38th parallel
• 1948 – UN proposed elections for whole Korea but USSR rejected the plan & declared ‘North
Korea’ as ‘People’s Republic of Korea’
However, elections did happen in S. Korea under USA’s protectorate

• Korean War (1950-53)

✓ 1950 – USSR attacked S. Korea
✓ 1951 – US Forces crossed 38th parallel & invaded N. Korea
✓ 1952 – India’s resolution for Korean peace was adopted in UN
✓ 1953 – Korean Armistice Agreement for ceasefire (but without any peace treaty)
The agreement also provided for a military buffer called ‘Korean Demilitarized Zone’
between the 2 nations
✓ 1991 – N. Korea & S. Korea signed a pact to refrain from aggression

• During Cold War, US provided ‘Nuclear Umbrella’ to – S. Korea & Japan

• 2003 – N. Korea withdrew from NPT
• 2017 – US deployed THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defence) ‘anti-missile’ system in
South Korea
Kohima War • This
is w.r.t the event during WW-II when Kohima (Nagaland) was attacked by Japanese forces
Cemetery Nagaland & Manipur – the only WW-II battlefields in India

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Cemetery • Nagaland & Manipur – the only WW-II battlefields in India
(Nagaland) • Listed by – UK based Commonwealth War Grave Commission (CWGC)

ReVIL • Russia-backed hacking organisation

• Its name is the amalgam of “Ransomware” & “Evil” (R+eVIL)
• They generally steal data & then ask ransom (Ransomware)

Yemen Crisis • Houtis are Shia muslims rebels (backed by Iran), operating in Yemen
• They call themselves Ansar Allah (Partisans of God)
• Controlling the North Yemen including the Yemen’s capital Sanaa
• Origin of Houtis –
✓ Yemen – Sunni majority & Zaydi were Shia muslims
✓ ‘Believing Youth’ (a Zaydi revivalist organisation) was founded by – Hussein Al Houti & his
father Badr al-Din al-Houti in 1990s
✓ Zaydi revivalists (Believing Youth) were inspired by –
Iranian Revolution (1979) & Hezbollah of Lebanon

✓ Houtis got inspired by –

Arab Spring of 2011 which overthrew the dicatators of Tunisia & Egypt
• 2015 – India launched Operation Rahat for rescuing Indian refugees in Yemen
• 2021 – Houtis attacked Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia via Ballistic Missile

Sherpa • Sherpa is a personal representative of the leader of any country in international summits like
G-7, G-20, etc
• Origin of this term – Nepalese Sherpa people who served as mountaineers guide in Himalayas
• They participate in pre-Summit consultations to help negotiate their leader’s position
• There is only 1 Sherpa per summit for a country

Burkina Faso • Militarycoup has occurred & President overthrown

• Reason – Rising Islamic Insurgency by Al-Qaeda
• Taken over by – Patriotic Movement for Safeguard & Restoration (MPSR)
• Meaning of ‘Burkina Faso’ – Land of the Honest Men
• Gold producer – still poor nation

COMPETES Act, • Creating Opportunities for Manufacturing, Pre-Eminence in Technology, and Economic
USA Strength – COMPETES
• To open up new visas for talented individuals from across the world (good for India)
• Strengthening supply chains & counter China
• Encourage semiconductor production in USA

CHIRU • Maritime exercise between – CH = China, I = Iran, RU = Russia

China V/s • Lithuania = pro-Taiwan
Lithuania • Reason – new pro-democracy government in Lithuania in 2020
• Lithuania = 1st country of EU to allow Taiwan open a representative office in it’s own name
• 2020 – Lithuania supported Taiwan’s ‘Observer Status’ at WHO
• 2021 – Lithuania quit ‘17+1 forum’ of China for BRI implementation
• China has officially blocked imports from Lithuania
• EU = China’s largest trading partner

India-ASEAN • Approved in 2nd ADGMIN Meeting (ASEAN Digital Ministers Meet)

Digital Work Plan, • It’s a plan to –
2022 i) Combat use of stolen mobile handsets
ii) WIFI Access interface & public internet
iii) Capacity building & knowledge sharing in ICT technologies

China-Pakistan 1963 – Pakistan gave ‘Shaksgam Valley’ (in POK) to China

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China-Pakistan • 1963 – Pakistan gave ‘Shaksgam Valley’ (in POK) to China
relations • Lies in Trans-Karakoram tract
• Part of Hunza-Gilgit region
• 1991 – China gave Pakistan Qinshan-1 Nuclear Power Plant
• 1998 – Pakistan conducted nuclear test with China’s help
• CPEC
✓ 60 billion USD project, 3,000 km route
✓ Xinjiang → Gwadar
• Gwadar Port – part of String of Pearls
• Article 370 abrogation by India brought China & Pakistan closer
• 2020 – Defence Pact was signed between China & Pakistan
• Pakistan support China’s claims w.r.t. South China Sea, Taiwan, Xinjiang, & Tibet

China-Russia • 1989 – Mikhail Gorbachev became 1st USSR President to visit China
relations • 2001 – Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness & Friendly Cooperation
• Russia supports One-China policy, BRI,
• China – Russia’s largest trading partner
• 2022 – China & Russia signed a deal for Power of Siberia 2 pipeline
• International alliances – BRICS, SCO, RIC (Russia-India-China)

Trade-Related • It’s an agreement negotiated in 1995 at WTO

Aspects of • It requires its signatories to enact domestic laws w.r.t. IPRs
Intellectual • It provides for compulsory liscensing which was ratified via Doha declaration, 2001
Property Rights • In India, the Section 92 of the Indian Patents Act, 1970 provides for compulsory liscensing (at
(TRIPS) the time of Emergency & extreme urgency)
Falkland Islands • Also called Malvinas Islands (or Spanish Isles Malvinas)
issue • Itis an autonomous territory of UK in South Atlantic Ocean
• Being claimed by – Argentina (& supported by China)
• Located east of Strait of Magellan
• Capital – Stanley (on East Falkland)
• UK’s Royal Airforce base – located at Mount Pleasant
• Falkland’s government also administers the UK’s territories of – South Georgia Islands &
South Sandwich Islands
• Since end of WW-II, the sovereignity of Falkland islands are debated by UN Committee on
Decolonization
• 1990 – Diplomatic ties were established between UK & Argentina but the dispute continues
• 2013 – In a referendum, people of Falklands voted to be a part of UK
• Both countries put forward their claim on the following basis
✓ UK’s claim – Continued possession since 1833 & self-determination (as per UN Charter) by the
people of Falkland
✓ Argentina’s claim – Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), Falklands proximity with Argentina & end of
colonialism
Covid-19 GAP • Covid-19 Global Action Plan
• Launched by – QUAD
• Aim – vaccination, healthcare, supply chain resilience, etc

UNSAAT • UN Selection Assistance & Assessment team

• Itis the minimum eligibility test for Indian forces for being deployed in UN Missions
• Organized by – MoHA
• Members belong to various paramilitary forces, CRPF & State police
• For 2022-24, over 25% women have been selected for the 1 st time ever

SWIFT Sanctions Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)

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SWIFT Sanctions • Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
• 1973 – Established in Belgium as it’s headquarter
• Non-listed cooperative of banks
• A global messaging platform for exchange informations w.r.t. international transactions
• It does NOT handle any transfer by itself but only act as a messaging system
• Covers 200 countries (including India) & 11,000 banks
• Management is overseen by the central banks of 11 countries –
G7 + Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden
• Before SWIFT, another messaging system called Telex was used
• Sanctions imposed only on 2 occassions – Iran (2012) and Russia (2022)

India’s Evacuation Operations Year Country Reason Remarks

Operations
Ganga 2022 Ukraine Ukraine War • OpGanga Helpline – a dedicated twitter
handle is created
Vande Bharat 2020 Various Covid-19 • Oneof the largest civilian rescue
operations by a country
Samudra Setu 2020 Various Covid-19 • Naval operation
• Landing platform dock – Jalashwa
• Landing ship tanks – Airavat, Shardul,
Magar
Brussels 2016 Brussels Terrorist attack
Evacuations
Rahat 2015 Yemen Houti conflict • Saudi had declared the areas as no-fly
zone
Maitri 2015 Nepal Earth-quake
Safe 2011 Libya Internal
Homecoming conflict
Sukoon/ Beirut 2006 Lebanon Israel • Largestnaval rescue mission since
Sealift V/s Lebanon ‘Dunkirk’ evacuation
• Nepalese & SL citizens also rescued

Kuwait Airlift 1990 Kuwait Iraq’s attack

Devi Shakti 2021 Afghanistan Taliban Attack Rescue operation

Joint Statement •A plurilateral negotiation tool

Initiative (JSI) • Initiated by WTO members
• Without adhering to concensus decision making

Genocide • 1stHuman rights treaty adopted by UNGA

Convention, 1948 • Genocide may be during war or even during peace
• Article 4 – State to take steps to stop genocide & punish the guilties (whether the State is
constitutional, monarchy, public or even private official based)
• India – also a signatory

ICJ V/s ICC Basis International Court of Justice (ICJ) International Criminal Court (ICC)
YOE 1946 2002
Convention UN Charter Rome Statute
UN-Relationship Principal judicial organ of UN Independent
Cases UN members & advisory opinions Criminal prosecution of individuals

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 Funding Funded by UN Voluntary contributions
Example of Sovereignty, boundary, maritime Genocide, war crimes, human rights
cases disputes, natural resources, HR, crime, etc
etc

Pandemic • Being proposed by WHO

Convention/ • 2021 – World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted a decision ‘The World Together’ in its 2nd
Treaty (Proposed) Special Session since 1948
• Aim – data sharing, genome sequencing of emerging viruses, equitable vaccine distribution,
etc
• Article 19 – WHA has the authority to adopt conventions & agreements via 2/3rd majority
✓ Only 1 such convention (on Tobacco) is adopted until now

Montreaux • Control of Turkish Straits is held by Turkey

Convention, 1936 ✓ Turkish Straits (Bosphorous & Dardanelles) connects –
Black Sea (N), Sea of Marmara (Middle) & Agean Sea (S)
• Signed by 10 nations – Turkey, USSR, UK, France, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia,
Japan, Australia
• Sets limits on passage of civilian/military vessels
• In the event of War, Turkey can regulate the vessel transits
• For sending vessels via Turkish Straits, a pre Notice has to be given to Turkey –
✓ For 8 days – by a country that borders the Black Sea
✓ For 15 days – by other countries
• However, Turkey CANNOT block the passage of those warships which are returning to their
base
• During WW II also, Turkey used this power to restrict the Axis powers & defended USSR

War Crime/ • Defined by the Rome Statute, 1998

Geneva • Geneva Convention, 1949
Convention • International treaty dealing with ‘barbarity of war’
• India – also a signatory
✓ 4 Conventions
▪ 1st protects – wounded/sick soldiers on land
▪ 2nd protects – wounded/sick soldiers on sea
▪ 3rd protects – POWs
▪ 4th protects – civilians (both in self & occupied territory)
✓ 3 Additional Protocols
▪ Protocol 1 – Protect victims of international armed conflicts
▪ Protocol 2 – Protect victims of non-international armed conflicts
▪ Protocol 3 – Creates Red Crystal/ Red Cross/ Red Crescent

• Based on the idea that individuals – NOT liable for actions of state/military
• 3 criteria to determine war crimes
i) Distinction – Distinguish between civilians & belligerent population
ii) Proportionality – Armies cannot relaliate with excessive violence
iii) Precaution – Minimize the harm to civilian population
• Examples – Hostages, Killings, Torture, inhuman POW treatment, forcing children to fight

• War Crime V/s Genocide

✓ War Crime – during war/internal conflict
Genocide – during peacetime or unilateral aggression on unarmed people

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 ✓ Genocide – during peacetime or unilateral aggression on unarmed people
Humanitarian • They are demilitarised zones for a specific time as agreed by the both parties in a war
Corridors • Defined in UNGA resolution
• Recognized in the Geneva Convention of 1949
• Generally allowed only to neutral parties like – UN, NGOs, Journalists, Aid organisations like
Red Cross, etc
• However, also a risk of military/ political abuse like weapon smuggling
• Frequent uses in – Syria War, Libya War, Gaza War, etc

Hague ✓ Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, also called
Convention, 1954, the Hague Convention, 1954
Blue Shield ✓ India – is also a signatory
✓ Blue Shield – an international non-government NPO to protect global cultural heritage, like
museums, monuments, archives, etc
Chemical •A multilateral treaty which requires to destruct the chemical weapon piles within a stipulated
Weapons time
Convention • Treaty is MANDATORY for the 165 signatory nations (India – also a signatory)
• Members should also disclose the Riot-Control Agents/ Tear Gas stock with them as these are
NOT allowed to be used during warfares
• CWC also established the OPCW (Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons)
• In India –
✓ Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000 was passed to implement CWC
✓ National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention
• Formed in 2005,
• Forms the link between GOI & OPCW

✓ 2022 – Weapons of Mass Destruction & their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful
Activities) Amendment Bill, 2022
▪ Aim is to prohibit any activity w.r.t. such weapons & act against financers of such things
▪ Coverage – chemical, biological & nuclear weapons
▪ Exports, delivery, transfers – all prohibited
▪ The existing act did NOT cover the ‘financial aspects’ – hence amendment is done
▪ CG will be empowered to seize property & attach funds
• Basel (hazardous waste), Rotterdam (hazardous waste) & Stockholm (on POP) Conventions –
deal with hazardous chemical wastes

• Australia Group, 1985

✓ It’s an informal forum that control the exports of of chemical weapons piles

• Wassenaar Arrangement, 1996

✓ It is a voluntary regime for controlling exports of conventional arms & dual use goods
technologies
✓ Members = 42 countries
✓ Latest addition – India

Geneva Protocol, • Itbanned the use of biological weapons/ weapons of mass destruction in war
1925 & • Modern ‘weapons of mass destruction’ are nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons—
Biological collectively called NBC weapons
Weapons • India – ratified the Geneva Convention in 1950
Convention • Biological & Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC)
Entered into force in 1975 in Geneva, SZ

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 ✓ Entered into force in 1975 in Geneva, SZ
✓ It was the 1st multilateral disarmament treaty
✓ It has 183 parties & 4 signatories (including India)

China & Solomon • Huge level of security cooperation – as per leaked document
Islands – security • China can send its forces (& police) in the islands
deal • China’s naval bases can utilize the islands for logistics support
• China seems to utilize the timber & mineral resources
• Strategic location – to counter USA’s military bases in the Pacific
• Before 2019, the island nation had diploatic ties with Taiwan
• Boe Declaration – signed in 2018 by the Pacific Forum members + Australia to address the
regional security challenges of the Pacific
‘State sponsor of • Given to countries providing repeated support to international terrorism
terrorism’ • Power with – US Secretary of State, as per 3 laws in USA
designation 1. Foreign Assistance Act, 1961
2. Arms Export Control Act (AECA) – it identifies the ‘objectionable activities’
3. Export Controls Act, 2018
Note: None of the above Acts define ‘international terrorism’
• These sanctions can also be imposed on supporter countries/ persons
• 4 countries in the list as of now –
i) Syria – 1979
ii) Iran – 1984
iii) N. Korea – 2017
iv) Cuba – 2021

Israel Vs Palestine • Temple Mount is located in the Old city of Jerusalem

• Bounded by 3 shrines:
i) North = Dome of Rock
• 7th Century structure
• Holy for Islam
• Place where Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven
• Pilgrims from Mecca & Medina used to stay here & pray at the Dome
ii) South = Al Aqsa
• In Judaism, it is belived that here the God gathered dust to create Adam
• 1000 BC – Built by King Soloman for the Jews (as per Bible)
iii) Southwest = Western Wall
• Holiest site for Jews
• Remnant of 2nd temple
• 1947 – UN’s Partition Plan declared Jerusalem as international city
• 1948 – 1st Arab Israel War
✓ Israel captured the Western half of Jerusalem
• 1967 – Six Day War
✓ Israel captured whole city of Jerusalem

• Abraham Accords – Israel, UAE, Bahrain (brokered by USA)

Cape Town • Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment
Convention • Signed in 2001
• They provide – Protocol on Matters Specific to Aircraft Equipment
• Adopted by –
i) International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)
International Institute for Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT)

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 ii) International Institute for Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT)
Kuril Islands
dispute

• Dipsute between – Russia & Japan

• These are a group of 4 islands referred as –
✓ Russia calls them Kuril Islands, &
✓ Japan considers it as Northern Territory (as per it’s ‘Diplomatic Bluebook’)
✓ South Korea calls them Dokdo Islands

• Diplomatic Bluebook
✓ The annual report of Japan’s foreign policy
✓ Released by Japan’s Foreign Affairs Ministry
✓ Published since 1957

• Part of – Pacific Ring of Fire

• Huge natural resource reserves
• Russia has deployed missile systems in the region
• Cultural ties with Hokkaido region of Japan
• Currently, occupied by Russia (but claimed by Japan)

• 1885 – Treaty of Shimoda gave control of 4 southernmost islands to Japan (remaining –

Russia)
• 1875 – Treaty of St. Petersburg, Russia gave control of Kuril islands to Japan, in exchange of
complete control of Sakhalin Island
• 1945 – Yalta Agreement – Islands were given to USSR & Japanese population was also
replaced
• 1951 – Treaty of Peace with Japan – formalized version of Yalta Agreement
• 1951 – San Fransisco Peace Treaty (signed between Allies & Japan) – stated that Japan will
give up its claim for Kuril Islands
• 1956 – Japan Soviet Joint Declaration
✓ In this, USSR offer 2 southernmost islands, i.e, Habomai & Shikotan to Japan but Japan
rejected as those 2 islands have only 7% population of Kuril
Battery Passport • Itis a digital representation of a battery that gives information w.r.t ESG norms
• ESG – Environmental, Social, Governance
• A consortium funded by Germany
• Purpose is to meet carbon footprint targets & limit CO2 emissions
• Aims to minimize the use of – lithium, cobalt, nickel & lead

Global Security • By – China

Initiative (GSI) • Based on Principle of Indivisible Security, i.e, no country can strengthen its own security at the
expense of others
Opposes unilateral sanctions of the west

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 • Opposes unilateral sanctions of the west
• To counter – QUAD, AUKUS, 5 eyes alliances

#KeepITOn • Monitors Internet shutdowns all around the world

coalition • India – Telegraph Act, Authority – Secy to MOHA, only upto 15 days shut down+

Expulsion from • Article 6 of UN Charter : UNGA can expel a country on recommendation of UNSC
UN • Article 5 : Expulsion from UN membership
• Article XXVI (2) of IMF - " Compusory Withdrawal"

• 3 situations:
- Regime changes to anti democratic
- Human Rights Violation
- Country commits armed aggression
Turkmenistan • 4th largest Gas reserves
• Also rich in petroleum, Sulfur, Iodine, Clays etc
• TAPI - Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pak, India - Pipeline aka PEACE Pipeline
UN Resolutions Resolution 2593 of the UNSC adopted:
- Wrt Afghanistan
- War torn country not be used to threaten any other country or shelter terrorists.
- Russia and China abstained from voting

Resolution no. 47 - wrt Kashmir

Global Commons - High seas : 200 nautical miles after base line
- Atmosphere
- Antarctica :
• Ice sheves and land and sea beyond 60degree South
• High plateau
• No coastal plains
• Two inlets: Weddel sea >> Ronn Ice shelve , Ross Ice shelf
• Penguins, whales, seals and albatross
- Outer space : 100 km above mean sea level aka Karman Line

- Antarctic Treaty : By 12 countries in Washington in 1959 making the Antarctic a demilitarized

zone to be preserved for scientific research only
• India joined in 1983. Currently 54 parties
• HQ- Buenos Aires
Reforms in the - Increase in resource base
IMF - Merit based selection of the head of IMF
- Eliminating the veto of US in key decisions.
Reforms in WB - Merit based selection of the President of WB
- Need of Shareholders to replenish the capital base for soft loans
- Revamping of shareholdings and voting rights in the executive board.
- Overhauling its operational modalities.
Shipping - White - Commercial
information - Grey - Military
agreements - Black - Illegal
Clinker boats

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Clinker boats
•

Added In UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

• For – 5 Nordic Countries
• These are small, wooden, open boats
• Build by Nordic nations using thin planks tighten together with metal rivets, treenails & ropes

Coastal fisheries • By GEF - launched by WB

initiative • To address Overfishing especially in Cabo Verde, Ecuador, Peru and Indonesia.
North Field - China is the first country to seal a deal for North Field East
- North Field is a part of World's biggest Gas Field shared by Qatar and Iran.
- Iran's share is called "South Pars"

GCC members (6): Bahrain, Kuwait, UAE., Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman. HQ- Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Turkiye • UN agreed to a formal request for a name change from Turkey to Türkiye
• Capital: Ankara
• Seas: Aegean, Mediterranean, Black sea, Sea of Maramara

Black Sea Grain • Agreed by UN, Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine
Initiative • The deal allowed exports from Ukraine of grains, fertilisers and other food stuff through a safe
humanitarian corridor to the rest of the world.
• For this a Joint Coordination Centre (JCC) was established in Istanbul.
• Russia has withdrawn from this
Operation • Anti-insurgent operation (2014-2022) led by the French military against Islamist groups in
Barkhana Africa's Sahel region.
• Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic realm of transition between the Sahara and
Sudanian savanna.

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Sports

Grand Slam • InTennis, Grand Slam means – winning all 4 championships (US, UK, France,
Australia) in same calendar season
• Rafael Nadal – won 21st Gram slam title at Australian Open, 2022
• Surpassed the record of 20 Grand Slams by Novak Djokovic & Roger Federer

Winter Olympics • Boycotted by US, Canada, UK, Australia, India

• Held every 4 years
• 1924 – 1st Winter Olympics was held in France
• India – participating in Winter Olympics since 1964

International • It is an independent NPO

Olympics • Originated in Greece in honour of Zeus
Committee (IOC), • Lausanne, Switzerland
1894 1896- First games in Athens
1924- Winter Olympics in France
• 2023 session – will be hosted in Mumbai
• 90% expenses incurred for sporting movements, events, promotion

World Anti • Initiated by International Olympic Committee

Doping Agency • Montreal, Canada
WADA • Implements UNESCO's International convention against doping in Sport.
• India is a signatory to the convention.

• India - 3rd max dope offendors (#1- Russia)

NADA • National Anti Doping Agency
• MoYAS
• Redg Society Act, 1890

Dried blood spot World Anti Doping Agency

testing Few drops of blood is put on a blotting paper - to check use of banned substances
National Sports 1. Major Dhyan Khel Ratna Award : 1991
and Adventure • Vishwanathan Anand - First Laureate
Awards - Ministry • Highest athletic honor to a sportsperson's exceptional and remarkable
of Youth affairs accompishment in the field of sports over 4 year period.
and Sports • Earlier Rajiv Gandhi Khel ratna award

2. Arjuna Award: 1961

• Good performance over a period of 4 years

3. Dronacharya Award 1985

• To coaches for meritorious work

4. Dhyan Chand Award: 2002

• Athletes who have contributed to sports through their performance and
continue to contribute to the promotion of sporting events even after

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 continue to contribute to the promotion of sporting events even after
retirement.

5. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy : 1956

- Granted to universities for outstanding performance in inter university events

6. Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar, 2009:

- Granted to business enterprises (Pvt or public) Sport control boards, NGOs. Etc
that have played a noticeable role in sports promotion

7. Tenzing Norgay National Adventure awards:

- To foster endurance, risk-taking, cooperative teamwork, and rapid, dry, ready and
effective reactions in stressful situations.
- In 4 categories: Land, water, air adventures and life time acheivement
Events of national - MoIB has notified
importance - Under Sports Broadcasting (Mandatory sharing with Prasar Bharti) Act
- Act mandates the broadcasting right holders of these sporting events to share live
feed with public broadcaster Prasar Bharti:
• All olympics Games
• Commonwealth games and Asian Games
• Sports events like cricket, tennis, hockey, etc.
Target Olympics - MOYAS
Podium Scheme - Custom training at Institutes
(TOPS) - Sports Authority of India (SAI) and the federations, which are the members of the
Mission Olympic Cell (MOC), would be the agencies for fund disbursal.
- Abhinav Bindra committee was constituted for identifying and supporting potential
medal prospects for 2021 and 2024 Olympic Games under TOPS.

Mission Olympic Cell:

- To assist the athletes selected in TOP scheme
- Under DG, SAI
Mission XI million - MOYAS
- To make football the sports choice of India
Khelo India Youth - Annual
Games - Develop the spirit of sports teams by enhancing the skills among he children of
schools and colleges.
National Service - Central Sector scheme
Scheme - MoYAS
- Developing the personality, character of the youth through voluntary community
service.
- Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan - Oversights the functions
- Motto - Not Me, But You

Difference with National cadet corps:

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Laureas Award • It
is world sports award
• Givensince 2000 on an annual basis
• Maximum times winner – Roger Federer (Tennis)
• 6 categories – Sportsman, Sportswoman, Team, Breakthrough, Comeback, Action
• Winner list dominated by –
✓ Tennis players – 11 times
✓ Athletes – 5 times
✓ F1 racers – 5 times

World Chess Federation (FIDE) Athens, Greece 1924

International Cricket Council (ICC) Dubai, UAE 1909
International Olympic Committee (IOC) Lausanne, 1894
Switzerland
International Hockey Federation (FIH) Lausanne,Switzerlan 1924
d
International Association of Athletics Monaco 1912
Federations (IAAF)
The Fédération Internationale de Zurich, Switzerland 1904
Football Association (FIFA)

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International Organisations

NAME YOE H.Q FACTS

G-20 - • Origin – Global Financial Crisis, 2007
• Representatives of World Bank & IMF
• 85% of Global GDP
• Members = G7 + BRICS + EAST SIMA
(EAST SIMA = EU, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, South Korea, Indonesia,
Mexico, Australia)
• Each nation is represented by his leader called Sherpa
• For India, Sherpa is MoCI minister

UK USA EU S Korea Brazil

France Canada Australia Indonesia Russia
Germany Japan Saudi Arabia Mexico India
Italy Turkey Argentina China
S. Africa

G7 1975 • UK, USA, Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Germany

• No fixed HQ
• Non binding decisions
- Recent decision - Minimum 15% Corporate tax
- (India tax to GDP ratio is 10.5% whereas OECD countries it is around 35%)
Shanghai Cooperation 2001 Beijing • Formation in Shanghai
Organisation (SCO) •8 Members
• Kazakhstan
• Tajikistan
• Kyrgyztan
• Uzbekistan
• China
• Russia
• India 2017
• Pakistan 2017
• Turkmenistan
• To maintain peace security and stability
• 2 Annual Meetings: 1 with Head of state and 1 with Head of Govt
• Apex decision making body Head of State

• RATS (Regional Anti-terrorist structure), Tashkent (Uzbekistan NOT a part of

CTSO)
• To counter cross border crime

BRICS 2006 Shanghai, • 2014 – At the 6th BRICS Summit held at Fortaleza, Brazil, the leaders signed &
China established New Development Bank (H.Q. -Shanghai)
• Contingent Reserve Arrangement to provide short term liquidity support to
members
• Chairmanship – rotated annually
• IBSA – is a trilateral trading bloc between India, Brazil, South Africa

• BRICS Media Forum

Brazil CMA Group
Russia Sputnik

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 Russia Sputnik
India The Hindu
China Xinhua
South Africa Independent Media
✓ Aim – Innovation-driven media development

New Development Bank 2014 Shanghai, • Formed via ‘Fortaleza Declaration’

(NDB) China • It mobilizes resources both from BRICS & other developing nations
✓ 1st President – India
✓ NDB Africa Regional Center – has been set up in South Africa

AIIB (Asia Infrastructure 2015 Beijing, China • Multilateral development bank

Investment Bank) • Concept by – China
• Response to West dominated ‘ADB’
• Aim is to enhance socio-economic status in Asia, basically infructural loans

International Advisory Panel – advisory body

• It’s
a permanent observer member of UNGA & ECOSOC

• India
✓ Among founding members
✓ 2nd largest shareholder (7.6%) after China (3rd = Russia)
ADB (Asian 1996 Manila, • Aim – socio-economic development & poverty eradication in Asia & Pacific
Development Bank) Philippines • 68 members
• Biggest SH = Japan, 4th = India
• It also partners with NGOs & private sectors for proverty eradication

IONS (Indian Ocean 2008 • Inaugurated in New Delhi in 2008

Naval Symposium) • Bringingtogether the navy of IOR (Indian Ocean Littoral) states
• Maritime cooperation, humanitarian aid, disaster relief
• Members = 25 nations lying in IOR, 8 Observer states
• Counter China’s presence
• 2022 – IMEX- the 1st edition of maritime exercise of IONS held at Goa (Arabian
Sea)
Eastern Economic 2015 • By – Russia
Forum
Bo'ao Forum for Asia - 28 Asian Countries and Australia
BFA - NPO
- Asia's share in the global economic aggregate PPP in 2020 reached 47.3%
MERCOSUR countries • Trading bloc of Latin American nations
• Members are – Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
• India can explore options to import sunflower oil from here amid Ukraine war

AUKUS 2021 • Australia, UK, US (The Anglo-sphere nations)

• Defence alliance
• Maritime security & counter China
• Australia to get 8 Nuclear Submarines (but conventionally armed) – US
technology
• Exchange of sensitive “naval nuclear propulsion information” among the three
nations
North Atlantic Treaty 1949 Brussels, • Military alliance
Organisation – NATO Belgium • Established by – North Atlantic Treaty/ Washington Treaty by US, Canada and
some western European nations
• Security against Soviet Union
• 3 missions
Deter USSR expansion

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 1. Deter
USSR expansion
2. Resist
the revival of militant nationalism in Europe through the presence
of North America
3. Europe’s political integration
• Article 5 of Washington Treaty – Attack on any nation shall be attack on NATO
(Article-5 invoked only once following 9/11 attacks)

Latest member – North Macedonia (2020) (Total = 30 nations)

• NATO membership is open to – European States

• Major non-NATO ally (MNNA)

✓ This designation provides some military & economic privileges
✓ They are allowed to host US war reserve stockpiles inside their countries

Tunisia Thailand Australia Brazil

Egypt Philippines New Zealand Colombia
Kuwait Taiwan Morocco Argentina
Qatar Pakistan
Bahrain Japan
Israel South Korea
Jordan

✓ India – not a part of MNNA

• Alliances:
- IstanbulConvention Initiative
- Euro Atlantic Parternership Council
- Mediterranean Dialogue

Collective Security 2002 Moscow, • Russia-led military alliance of six former Soviet states
Treaty Organisation Russia • Origin – Tashkent Treaty, 1992 (or ‘Collective Security Treaty’)
(CSTO) • Collective defence of any member that faces external aggression
• 6 members – Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia, & Belarus
(Tukmenistan, Uzbekistan)
Eurasian Economic 2015 • Itis an international trade agreement which provides for free movement of
Union (EAEU) goods, services, capital, labor within borders
• Members – Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Armenia, Belarus

Organisation for 1972 Vienna, • Itis the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organisation
Security and Co- Austria • Decisions – NOT legally binding
operation in Europe • India – NOT a member
(OSCE) • Implementing body for – Open Skies Treaty (2002)
• Mediator of Ceasefire in Russia v/s Ukraine (Minsk Peace accord)

Regional • World’s largest ‘Free Trade Zone’ – in terms of trade volume

Comprehensive • Countries = ASEAN + China, Japan, S. Korea, Australia, NZ
Economic Partnership • Around 90% tariff elimination
(RCEP) • Also cover intellectual property, but no protections as to environmental and
labour rights
Abraham Accord • Israel, UAE, Bahrain – brokered by US
• Accord is for – diplomatic ties, exchange of embassies/ ambassadors
Global Gateway 2021 • To counter BRI
• Signifies Team Europe approach
• Will cover digital, climate change, energy & transport infrastructure
• Will mobilize 300 billion USD by 2027
• Both public & private funding will be used without any debt-trap

Future Investment Saudi Arabia’s flagship investment conference

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Future Investment • Saudi
Arabia’s flagship investment conference
Initiative • Referredas “Davos in the desert” (since it came up in WEF’s annual meet in
Davos, Switzerland)
World Economic Forum 1971 Geneva, • Non-profit foundation of private-public cooperation
(WEF) Switzerland • Independent & impartial
• Founded by – Klaus Schwab (a German professor)
• Annual meeting – Davos, SZ
• Major Reports
✓ Global Energy Transition Index
✓ Global Competitiveness Report
✓ Global IT Report (by WEF, Insead, Cornell University)
✓ Global Gender Gap Report
✓ Global Risk Report
✓ Global Travel & Tourism Report
✓ Future of jobs report
✓ Chief Economists Outlook
• It recently opened a centre for 4th Industrial Revolution in San Francisco,
USA

• Global social mobility index: Change is social status, Mobility means the
ability of a child to experience a better life than their parents
5 key dimensions: Health, Education, Technology, Work, Protection and
Institutions

United Nations (UNO) 1945 New York, •6 Principal organs

USA i) UNGA
ii) UNSC
iii) Trusteeship Council
iv) Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC)
v) ICJ
vi) Secretariat

- Sanitation and Hygiene Fund: by UN

To countries with the heaviest burden of diseases stemming from the lack of
sanitation services
Aims to raise $2billion over the next 5 years
1. United Nations General NY • Each member has equal vote
Assembly (UNGA) • Resolutions & conventions are NOT binding
• Article 10 & Article 14 of UN Charter – refer the ‘resolutions’ as
‘recommendations’
• Also elects non permanent members (10) of UNSC

• United Nations Population 1967 • UNFPA = UN Fund for Population Activities

Fund (UNFPA) • Aim – SDG 3 (Health), SDG 4 (Education), SDG 5 (Gender Equality)
• Entirely funded via voluntary contributions & NOT by UN
• Releases ‘State of World Population Report’:
- 1/3rd of all women are Indians (46 millions)
- 4.6 lakh missing at birth

• Subsidiary organ of UNGA

• Its mandate is established by – ECOSOC (UN Economic & Social Council)

- UN Population Award: By UNGA

- Honour Individuals and institutions for outstanding contribution to
population and reproductive health question and their solutions

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 population and reproductive health question and their solutions
- Emma Theofelus of Namibia - 2022

2. United Nations 1945 New York, US • Aim – international peace & security
Security Council • Resolutions – binding
(UNSC) • Members – 5 Permanent, 10 Non-Permanent (Tenure = 2 years)
• Pemanent: China, France, Russia, UK, USA
• ‘Non-permanent members’ – elected by UNGA
• 1 member = 1 vote
• ‘Veto Power’ – NOT specifically mentioned in UN Charter
• Article 27 of Charter – requires concurring votes from the Permanent
Members
• Non-member of UN may participate in election but without voting

Da Esh and Al Qaeda Regulation / 1267 Committee: Any member can submit
proposal for listing any individual or entity or organisation as Terrorist.
• Counter Terrorism 2004 • Established by UNSC Resolution
Executive Directorate • It is an expert body to support Counter Terrorism Committee of UN
• Counter Terrorism Committee
✓ Established in 2001 after 9/11 attacks
✓ Via UNSC resolution

3. International Court of 1945 Hague, • Established by UN Charter

Justice (ICJ) Netherlands • Principal judicial organ of UN, hence also called World Court
(Peace • Only UN organs which is not located in New York
Palace) • Settles disputes between member states & all UN members are automatically
the members of ICJ
• Judgement – final & binding (BUT no method of enforcing compliance of its
order)
• 15 judges – elected by UNGA & UNSC for tenure of 9 years (eligible for re-
election)
• Tenure of President & VP = 3 years & election by secret ballot
• 4 Indians have held the ICJ’s President post till March 2022
• Vienna Convention – on consular right

4. UN Economic & Social 1945 New York, • Established by – UN Charter

Council -ECOSOC USA • Aim – economic, social, environmental development
• India’s term – 2022 – 2024
• Coordinates working of 14 UN Specialised agency
• 4 bodies of ECOSOC
1. Commission for Social Development
2. Committee on NGOs
3. Commission on S&T for development
4. Committee on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights

• Office of the High 1993 Geneva, SZ • Leading entity for human rights
Commissioner for Human • Part of UN Secretariat
Rights (OHCHR) • 3 interconnected pillars – peace & security, human rights and development
• Acts as secretariat to UNHRC at Geneva

• UN Human Rights Council 2006 Geneva, • An inter-governmental body having 47 members

(UNHRC) Switzerland • Human rights groups – within UN
• Established by – UNGA resolution, 2006 (replacing UN Commission on Human
Rights)
• Members – are elected by the UNGA (as per HR status)
• Tenure – 3 years (Maximum – 2 consecutive terms allowed)
• Universal Periodic Review – for assessing human rights in nations
Complain can be filed by any individual/ organisations
GS2 Page 202
 • Complaincan be filed by any individual/ organisations
• UNSpecial Procedures are made up of UN special rapporteurs (consisting of
independent experts & representatives) for examining, monitoring & reporting
human rights situations
• UN Special Rapporteur • These are from UNHRC that advise on human rights issues
• Also called ‘Independent Experts’
• Composition
✓ These are a group of 5 members
✓ Elected 1 each from a 5 regional groups
(Asia, Africa, E. Europe, W. Europe, Latin America, Carribean)
✓ Tenure = 6 years
✓ These are NOT UN Employees

• UNCITRAL – UN Vienna, • It
is a subsidiary body of UNGA
Commission on Austria • Aim is to facilitate international trade & commerce
International Trade Law • UNCITRAL Tribunal – located in Hague, Netherlands

• UN forum on forests 2000 New York • By ECOSOC

To promote management, conservation and sustainable development of
forests
• UN-SDSN (Sustainable 2012 • Under the UN Secretary General
Development Solutions • Major Reports –
Network) • World Happiness Report,
• SDGs Index,
• Index & Dashboard Global Report, etc
• 6Rs – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse, Rethink

Specialised agencies of 15 1. International labour Organization (ILO)

UN 2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
3. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
4. World Health Organization (WHO)
5. World Bank Group
6. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
7. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
8. International Maritime Organization (IMO)
9. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
10. Universal Postal Union (UPU)
11. World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
12. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
13. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) -Sister body of
UNFAO
14. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
15. World Tourism Organization (WTO)
1. ITU – International 1865 HQ Geneva, • Oldest UN Specialized agency
Telecommunication SZ • Purpose – ICT, International connectivity, allocation of global radio spectrum,
Union allocation of satellites orbits,
• 193 members (including India) & 900+ private sector entities
• Also a member of UN Development Group
• Supreme governing body – Plenipotentiary conference
• Another governing body – Administrative council
• Releases
• Global Cybersecurity Index
• Global E waste Monitor (last 5 y - E waste has increased by 21%)
• ICT development Index
2022 – India has signed Host Country Agreement to establish an Area

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 • 2022 – India has signed Host Country Agreement to establish an Area

• Office/Innovation Centre of ITU

- This will boost the R&D infrastructure in India
- India elected in the council from 2019-2022

2. ILO 1919 Geneva, SZ • Established via Treaty of Versailles

• It is the only tripartite UN agency
• Aim – Social Justice, labour rights
• 1969 – Noble Peace Prize

• Works on tripartite negotiation basis, i.e, between

✓ Government
✓ Trade Union
✓ Employers of member-states
• Structure
✓ International Labour Conference/ International Parliament of Labour – for
setting out global standards & meets annually at Geneva
✓ Governing Body/ Executive Council – takes policy decisions & meets 3 times
in a year
✓ International Labour Office – headed by Director-General

• International
labour standards of ILO are NOT binding
• ILO
adopted 8 fundamental rights conventions which forms part of UN
Human Rights Framework
Convention Rights w.r.t.
29 Forced Labour
87 Freedom of Association and Freedom of Right to Organised
Convention
98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining
100 Equal Remuneration
105 Abolition Forced Labour
111 Discrimination in Employment
138 Minimum age
182 Child Labour
• A country, by ratification of these conventions, accepts them as legally
binding
• ILO registers complaints but it CANNOT impose sanctions

• India
✓ Among Founding member of ILO
✓ India has ratified 6 out of 8 core-conventions
(except 87 & 98 related to collective bargaining)
Reason – Restrictions of government servants to criticize government

✓ Report: World Employment and Social Outlook

3. UN Food and 1945 Rome, Italy • Focus on Food security, Nutrition and Agri Productivity
Agriculture • 16th October – World Food Day on the foundation day of FAO
Organization (FAO) • 7thJune World Food Safety Day
•2 sister bodies
1. World Food Programme - Focus on Hunger and Nutrition
2. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) - Rome, Italy
• FAO Council - Executive Arm

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 • FAO Council - Executive Arm

• Reports
✓ State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) report - Biennial
✓ State of the World's Forests (SOFO) report
✓ State of Food Security & Nutrition in the World (SOFI) Report
✓ State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) report
✓ State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) report

✓ Global Forest resource assessment

✓ Mainstreaming biodiversity in forestry report 2022
✓ Global status of Black Soil Report 2022
✓ Future of Food and Agriculture - Drivers and triggers for transformation
Report 2022
✓ Food Outlook report
✓ Hunger Hotspots Outlook - With WFP
✓ Indigeneous People's Foods systems report
✓ Agriculture Output : FAO +OECD
✓ State of world's land and water resources for food and agriculture - FAO
✓ Tree city of the World - FAO +Arbor day foundation

(Global report on food crisis by GNAFC

Transforming Food Systems for Rural Prosperity - IFAD)

• Initiatives
1. Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) -
• Koraput Traditional Agriculture, Odisha
○ Several varieties of paddy, millets, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables,
nearly 2500 types of flowering plants, etc.
○ Inhabited by khonds, bonda tribes practicing poddhu (shifting)
cultivation
• Kuttanad Below Sea Level Farming System, Kerala.
• Pampore Saffron Heritage, Jammu & Kashmir.
Criteria: - Aesthetic beauty, Agricultural diversity, Resilient Ecosystem,
Valuable culture heritage
2. Global alliance for climate smart agriculture GACSA
3. World Census of Agriculture - Since 1950
4. One health Joint Action Plan (OHJPA)
• By WHO, FAO, and World Organisation for Animal Health.
• Aims to integrate systems that collectively prevent, predict, detect and
respond to global health crisis.
• It will address challenges viz. ecosystem degradation, food system
failures, infectious diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
• One Health Approach recognizes interdependence of humans, domestic-
wild animals and environment.
5. AQUASTAT:
• It collects, analyses and disseminates country-wise data and
information on water resources, water use and agricultural water
management
• It primarily emphasises on irrigated agriculture in Africa, Asia, Latin
America, and the Caribbean.
6. WIEWS - World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture
7. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
(ITPGRFA) aka Seed Treaty

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 (ITPGRFA) aka Seed Treaty
8. Domestic animal diversity Information System (DAD-IS)
• It provides access to databases of breed-related information and photos
and links on livestock diversity.
• It provides contact information of all National Coordinators for
Management of Animal Genetic Resources.
9. Blue Transformation Roadmap 2022-2030:
• It outlines roadmap for transformation of aquatic food systems,
providing direction for FAO’s future projects on aquatic food systems
• Aligned with 2021 Declaration for Sustainable Fisheries and
Aquaculture of Committee on Fisheries (COFI) and FAO’s Strategic
Framework 2022–2031
10. Desert Locust warning
(India- Jodhpur - Locust warning Organisation under MoAFW)
11. GloLitter Partnerships Project- To reduce marine plastic litter. (IMO+Govt of
Norway funded)
12. Soil Mapping Project: To digitally map soil nutrients in sub-Saharan Africa
(SSA) and central America to increase efficiency in using fertilisers
13. Global Ecological Zones (GEZ) Mapping
14. Global alliance for climate smart agriculture GACSA - FAO

• Declaration for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture of the FAO

Committee on Fisheries (COFI) 2021:
- Highlights the contribution of Fisheries and Aquaculture in fighting poverty,
hunger and all forms of malnutrition.
- It was developed on 25th Anniversary of FAO Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries(1995/96)

• COFI:
- Estd in 1965, subsidiary body of FAO council
- Reviews the programmes in field of fisheries and aquaculture

• International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

- Multilateral treaty overseen by FAO
- To secure coordinated, effective action to prevent and control the
introduction and spread of pests of plants and plant products
- Secretariat - Rome
- Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, established in 2005, oversees the
implementation of the convention

• Indices
- Food Price Index - Measure of monthly change in international prices of a
basket of food commodities. Base period 2014-16
- Codex Alimentarius 1963 Rome, Italy • Intergovernmental body
Commission (CAC) • Jointly set up by –
i) FAO
ii) WHO
• Aim is to ensure fair trade practices in food trade
• 189 members (including India & EU)

• Codex Alimentarius
✓ Are the set of international standards adopted by CAC
✓ All processed/ semi processed/ raw foods & inputs of foods processing
industry – covered
Micorbiological norms, addictives, drug residues, labelling, sampling methods,

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 ✓ Micorbiological norms, addictives, drug residues, labelling, sampling methods,
pesticides – all prescribed in norms

• Codex Committee on Spices and Culinary Herbs (CCSCH)

✓ Established uder CAC in 2013
✓ Aim is to elaborate worldwide standards for spices & culinary herbs
✓ Host country – India
✓ Secretariat for organising sessions – Spices Board (of MoC&I), India

- UNWFP (World Food 1961 Rome, Italy • Founded by – FAO & UNGA
Programme) • Aim – Leading humanitarian organisation & SDG-2
• Funding entirely from voluntary contributions (private also)
• Executive member of UN-SDG group (a coalition of UN organisations for
fulfilment of SDGs)
• Works closely with 2 other agencies located in Rome, Italy
1. FAO
2. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
• 2020 – Noble Peace Prize
• Major Report – Global Report on Food Crisis
• Major Initiative – ShareTheMeal App
• In India, it provides assistance in TPDMS, Food fortification, vulnerability
assessment
- UN Committee on Food 1974 Rome - Intergovernmental platform
Security - 1st ever voluntary guidelines on food systems and nutrition meant to end
hunger
- Forum in UN system to ensure food security and nutrition for all.
- Membership to the members of FAO, IFAD, WFP members.
4. UN Educational, 1945 Paris, France • Specialized Agency of UN
Scientific & Cultural • 2019 – USA & Israel – formally quit UNESCO
Organisation • Major Initiatives
(UNESCO) ✓ MAB Programme
✓ World Heritage Programme
✓ Global Geopark Network
✓ Network of Creative Cities
✓ UNESCO-IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) – to establish
tsunami warning system

• Major Reports
✓ UNESCO Science Report
✓ Global Education Monitoring Report
✓ State of the Education Report for India

- Global Teacher Award - By Varkey foundation and UNESCO

- To Ranjeet Singh Desle

• International Council on 1965 Paris, France • Its an international NPO

Monuments and Sites • Created by – Venice Charter, 1964
(ICOMOS) • 1982 – It proposed ‘World Heritage Day – 18th April’
• Associated with – UNESCO
• Its an advisory body to the UNESCO WH Committee

5. World Health 1948 Geneva, • Important Reports

Organisation (WHO) Switzerland ✓ Global Tuberculosis Report
✓ Global Malaria Report
✓ Global Health Estimates

7th April, 1948 – World Health Day

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 • 7th April, 1948 – World Health Day

• 2022 – WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine

✓ 1st & the only centre
✓ Set up in Jamnagar, Gujarat
✓ Via host country agreement between India & WHO
✓ Under Mo AYUSH
✓ Will provide traditional medicine & strenghten AYUSH across the globe

Top 10 diseases causing deaths

1. Heart Attack
2. Stroke
3. COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
4. LRTI - Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTI)
5. Neonatal condition
6. Trachea, Bronchus and lung cancer
7. Alzheimer
8. Dementia
9. Diarrhea
10. Kidney disease

- Solidarity Trial: Launched by WHO, test difference drugs and combinations to

treat Covid - India also a member

- Global Pulse Survey: On impact of COVID on health services

6. World Bank Group 1944 Washington • 189 member countries
DC, USA • Targets
i) Ending poverty by 2030
▪ Extreme Poverty as per WB in India means a person living on USD 1.9 per
person per day or less in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
ii) Boost shared prosperity of poorest 40% population

WB Bonds - AAA rating

•5 institutions of WB Group
i) InternationalBank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD)
✓ For loans/grants/credits
✓ Finances only sovereign governments or projects backed by soverign
governments
✓ More concerned on reducing poverty
✓ Board of Directors' Chairman = President of WB Group

ii) InternationalDevelopment Association (IDA)

✓ For interest-free loans to 79 poorest countries
✓ Repayment period is very long (30-40 years)

iii) InternationalFinance Corporation (IFC)

✓ It is a private arm of WB
✓ For investment, asset management & advice
✓ Focused upon private sector, MSMEs & entrepreneurship in developing
nations

iv) Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
✓ For insurance in case of war & political risks
Overseas investments are secured during global wars via MIGA

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 ✓ Overseas investments are secured during global wars via MIGA

v) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

✓ For settling nation-investors industrial/ investment disputes
✓ Article 53 – Award by ICSID is binding & final
✓ Conciliation Commission/ Arbitrary Tribunal appointed by Secretary General
✓ India – is NOT a member of ICSID

• History
✓ 1944 – IBRD & IMF were set up via Bretten Woods Conference, USA (also
called UN Monetary & Financial Conference)
✓ Intial aim was to provide loans to war-torn countries
Unlike IMF
• It provides concessional loans with less commercial interests
• It can also lend to SGs, NGOs, Institutions engaged in developmental
works

1. CRDD (Catastrophe Risk Deferred Draw Down) programme

✓ Aim is to provide assistance to low income countries affected by natural
disasters
✓ Initial corpus of USD 500 million being infused

2. VFF (Vulnerability Finance Facility) programme

✓ It provides fast track finance assistance

3. RSRF (Rapid Social Response Fund) programme – for meeting emergent

social needs of low income countries

• MajorReports
✓ Ease of doing business Report
✓ Human Capital Index
✓ World development report
✓ International Debt Statistics

✓ Financing Facilities:
Global concessional Financing Facility
Investment Promotion and Financing Facility
Investment Project financing
Development Policy Fianncing
Program-for-results

7. International 1945 Washington, • Created alongwith World Bank in the Brettenwoods conference, USA
Monetary Fund (IMF) DC • Initially set
up for post war reconstruction
• Aim is to ensure stablility of the global financial system & exchange rates
• Providing loans since 1970s w.r.t BOP crisis

• 2012 – Mandate was extended to include all global financial issues

• For availing loan, it is mandatory to have membership by purchasing a quota
(decided as per economic size/ global position, etc)
• Becoming IMF member is pre requisite for IBRD membership (WB group
• Voting rights: USA - 16.5%, China - 6.41%, UK - 4.03%, India 2.64%
• Payment for purchasing quota is made as under
• 25% payment from any of the 5 widely acceptable currencies/ WACs
○ USD
Euro

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 ○ Euro
○ PoundSterling
○ Japanese Yen
○ CMB (Chinese Renmimbi)
• 75% payment can be done in home currency
• All loans provided by IMF are short term having commercial interest rate &
attached conditions like reforms
• IMF Accounts/ Quotas are maintained in the form of a separate accounting
unit called as SDRs (Special Drawing Rights)
• SDRs also called paper gold
• Created in 1969
• They can be converted into → WAC at predetermined rates by IMF

• Poverty Reduction Growth Fund (PRGF)

✓ Itis the only concessional programme of IMF
✓ Assistance generally given to African & Asian nations
✓ Repayable over 10 years
• Financial Transaction Plan (FTP)
✓ To help low income countries in managing their BOP crisis
✓ Only 47 strong economies are allowed to lend to IMF for funding this plan
(India – also included)
• IMF is also one of the largest holder of Gold Reserves

• Reports
i) Global Financial Stability Report
ii) World Economic Outlook Report

- IMF Financing Facilities:

Reserve Tranche
Credit Tranche
Stand-by Agreements
Extended Fund Facility
Compensatory and Contingency Financing Facility
Buffer Stock Financing Facility
Supplementary Reserve Facility
Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility

- India's share is 2.75% (Weighted avg GDP, openness, Economic Viability)

8. International Civil 1944 Montreal, • Formed through Civil Aviation or Chicago Convention, 1944
Aviation Organisation Canada • Aim – safe & orderly international air transport & lays protocols for peaceful
(ICAO) global navigation
• India is a member (Total – 193 members)

- MoU was signed to check growth of CO2 emissions in the sector.

- Aviation sector is responsible for around 2.5% of global CO₂ emissions.
- In 2015, India’s Cochin International Airport became world’s first fully solar
powered airport.
9. UN International 1948 Lambeth, • UN Specialized agency
Maritime London • Established by Geneva Convention, 1949
Organization • Sets stardards to improve safety & security w.r.t international shipping &
(UNIMO) regulates framework
• Also ensures prevention of maritime pollution by ships by reducing sulphur
emissions
• Aim – SDG – 14
It demarcates ‘High Risk Areas’ where there is high piracy chances
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 • Itdemarcates ‘High Risk Areas’ where there is high piracy chances
• NOT an enforcement agency, just advisory
• 174 members, 3 associate members (India joined in 1959)

• 1974 – SOLAS Convention, 1974

✓ International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
✓ Regarded as the most crucial treaty for safety at the sea
✓ 1st draft was prepared in 1914 when Titanic sank

• 2005 – MARPOL Convention, 2005

✓ International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
✓ UNIMO had set limits of sulphur oxide emissions from ships
• 2009 – Hong Kong Convention, 2009
✓ International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling
of Ships
✓ However, NOT yet enforced

10. World 1950 Geneva, SZ • 192 members including India

Meteorological • World Meteorological Day – 23rd March, 1950
Organization (WMO)
11. UNWTO (UN World 1975 Madrid, • Aim is to promote sustainable tourism
Tourism Spain • Implements – ‘Global Code of Ethics for Toursim’
Organisation) • India – among founding member
• 2022 – Russia has been withdrawn from UNWTO amid Ukraine War

United Nations 1972 Nairobi, • Established via Stockholm Declaration

Environment Kenya • 193 member states including India
Programme (UNEP) • It sets the global environmental agenda
• 95% income is through voluntary contributions

• It hosts UN Environment Assembly – World’s highest level decision making

body on environment
• It is the governing body of UNEP
• Created in 2012 in Rio+20 Conference
• Meets biennially at Nairobi, Kenya
• 1st international conference on environment – UN Conference on
Human Environment held in Stockholm, 1972

• UNEP is the implementing agency for the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
and Multilateral Fund for implementation of the Montreal Protocol

• Major Reports
✓ Emission Gap Report: GHG emissions continue to increase 4% per year since
2010 on average.
✓ Adaptation Gap Report: Identifies trends and highlights challenges
associated with measuring progress towards fulfilling Adaptation finance
gap
✓ Production Gap Report.
✓ Global Environment Outlook: Flagship report
✓ Annual Frontiers Report
✓ Invest into Healthy Planet
✓ Food waste Index report
✓ Inclusive wealth report
✓ Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)
Ocean Deoxygenation

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 ✓ Ocean Deoxygenation
✓ Rise of environmental crimes : UNEP and INTERPOL

✓ World dB on Protected areas: Hold dB on terrestrial and marine protected

areas- UNEP and IUCN, Protectedplanet.net

✓ Protected Planet report- IUCN and UNEP , biennially, progress of Aichi

Targets.

✓ Global Climate litigation report: UNEP + Columbia university.

✓ State of World Forest Report : FAO and UNEP, 31% on global land is forest

✓ Triple Emergency : Making Peace with nature report- Climate change,

biodiversity loss, and pollution

✓ Human Animal Wildlife coexistence : WWF- UNEP : Affected 75% of cats

• Major Campaigns
✓ Beat Pollution
✓ UN75
✓ World Environment Day: 5 June
✓ Wild for Life

Champions of Earth Award :

✓ Both public and private sector
✓ Given to Purnima Devi Barman " Hargila Army" consists of over 10,000
women

IPCC – Intergovernmental 1988 Geneva, SZ • Set up by –

Panel on Climate Change i) WMO (Geneva) &
(Inside WHO) ii) UNEP (Kenya)
• 195 members
• It does NOT conduct R&D and does NOT monitor the climate related
parameters/ information
• Its function is to review & assess the scientific/ technical information relating
to climate change

Reports –
• Assessment Reports
• Normally published in several volumes
• 1 volume from each working group of IPCC
• Synthesis Report & Special Reports – also released
• Also responsible for developing – GHG Inventory Estimates & methods

Sixth Assessment Report, 2022:

• Net Zero by 2050 was the minimum to keep the temperature rise to 1.5
degree celcius
• CO2 dominant in Global warming
• Aerosols contribute to reducing the impact of warming by other GHGs, by
almost a third
• 1st report released in 1990
• The Paris Agreement – was negotiated on the basis of 5th Assessment Report

Special Reports:

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 • Special Reports:
- SR on Emissions scenarios - SRES
- SR on Renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation- SRREN
- SR on Managing the risk of extreme events and disasters to advance climate
change adaptation- SREX
- SR on Global Warming of 1.5degree celcius (SR1.5)
- SR on Climate change and land - SRCCL
- SR on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate - SROCC

Major Emitters of CO2: China : 27%, USA- 15%, EU- 10%, India - 7%

World Trade 1995 Geneva, SZ • 1944 – GATT (General Agreement on Trade & Tariff), WB & IMF were
Organisation (WTO) established at Bretton Woods Conference after WW-II
• 1995 – WTO superceded GATT via Marrakesh Agreement at Uruguay Round
of GATT (1987 – 94)
• Reason for replacing GATT
i) Need for institutional structure (not a treaty)
ii) IPRs & ‘Services’ trade were not covered
iii) GATT’s Dispute Settlement mechanism was weak

• Ministerial
Conferences
✓ Highestdecision-making body
✓ Meets biennially

• General Council:
- Implements decisions of Ministerial conference
- Bodies under GC:
• Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB) - To undertake trade policy reviews of
Members
• Dispute Settlement Body (DSU)
• Appellate Body

Special safeguard Mechanism : Can be temporarily used by developing

countries to increase tarrifs during import surge or price fall, especially of
agricultural products to save farmers

Special products: In Doha round of Agricultural products: Developing

countries are to be given extra flexibility in market access for food livelihood
security and rural development

Peace Clause: Bali Summit

- Agri subsidies cannot be challenged until a permanent solution is in place

GATS - General agreement on trade in services:

- To extend multilateral tarding system to service sector

Agreement on Trade related investment measures TRIMS:

- Certain investment measures can restrict or distort trade
- WTO members to not apply any measures that discriminate against foreign
products.

SPS - Agreement on application of Sanitary and Photosanitary measures:

- Aimed at protection of animals, humans, plant life or health from certain risks.
- Closely linked to Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT, from the Tokyo Round -
ensuring non discrimination in the adoption and implementation of technical
regulations.
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 regulations.

WTO Trade facilitation agreement - Signed by India

- Directorate General of Trade remedies under MOCI is the apex national

authority for administering all trade remedial measures.
UNHCR - High Geneva - UN Convention on Refugee- Governs the function of UNHCR.
commissioner on - Works on principle of Non-Refoulment (Refugee cannot be forced to the
Refugee country of origin if such country has war/turmoil) - India not a signatory.
- Report- Global trend report on World Refugee Day 20th June
UN Peacekeepers 1948 • Integrates troops, police & civilians from around the world
• Biggest contributor (Jan 2022) – Bangladesh
• Initiative ‘Global Effort’ – launched by the ‘police division’ of UNPK to recruit
more female officers in UN Police operations
• Initiative ‘Action for Peacekeeping (A4P)’ – also promotes women
empowerment
UN Children’s Fund 1946 NYC, US • Originallycreated as International Children’s Emergency Fund (ICEF)
(UNICEF) • Established by – UN Relief Rehabilitation Administration
• Aim was to help children affected by WW II
• 1953 – UNICEF became a permanent part of the UN

Reports:
• Future of World Child : UNICEF and Lancet Journal
• State of World Children report : 1/7 children in India (15-24yo) feel depressed
• 46k adolescent die by suicide
UN International Law 1947 Geneva, SZ • Formed by – UN Charter, 1947
Commission (UNILC) • Composed of 34 experts/ individual
✓ Election by – UNGA

UNCTAD Conference of Geneva, SW - UN Investment Promotion Award

Trade and Development - By UNCTAD
- Given to- Invest India - Indian's national investment promotion and
facilitation Agency -> NPO under DPIIT, MOCI

- UNCTAD Reports
- Trade and development report
- World investment report
- Global investment trend monitor report
- Information and Economy report
- LDC report

• The International Jute Bangladesh • It is an intergovernmental organization that functions as the international
Study Group (IJSG) commodity board for jute, kenaf, and related fibres.
• Functions as a body of the UNCTAD
• Bangladesh, the European Union and India are signatories to the treaty that
established IJSG
UN Habitat Program 1978 Nairobi - ToDevelop well governed, well planned and efficient cities
Kenya - Water, sanitation, electricity
- Reports:
• The State of the world's cities
• Global report on Human settlements
• New Urban Agenda
• Sustainable Development Goals and Urban Local bodies- The Future we
want

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 want
UNCLOS 1982 • Also called ‘Law of the Sea Treaty’
• India – also a signatory

It divides waters into 5 zones

i) Internal Waters – on land - no rights of innocent passage
ii) Territorial Waters – 12 nautical miles - Universal Passage
iii) Contiguous Zone – Territorial Water + 12 nm : No air or space sovereignty but
state can enforce laws in areas of customs, taxation, immigration, and
pollution
iv) EEZ – Territorial Zone - 200 nm :Country cannot prohibit Overflight or
navigation, but can control all economic resources (Fishing, mining, Oil
resources)
v) High Seas – Farther than EEZ

• It has created 3 institutions

i) International Tribunal for Law of the Sea – an independent judicial body.
ii) International Seabed Authority – For regulating non living marine resources,
HQ - Jamaica
iii) Commission on Limits of Continental Shelf – It regulates UNCLOS w.r.t.
establishments beyond 200 nautical miles
UN Water Geneva, • Is an inter agency mechanism that coordinates the efforts of UN entities and
Switzerland international organisations working on water and sanitation issues.
• No Single UN agency dedicated exclusively to water use.
World Water Council • International multi stakeholder platform organization.
• Its members include organizations from the UN and intergovernmental
organizations, the private sector, governments, academic institutions, civil
society groups, etc.
• Its mission is to mobilize action on critical water issues at all levels, including
the highest decision-making level.
• Council focuses on the political dimensions of water security, adaptation and
sustainability.
International Water 1999 • Non-profit organization and knowledge hub for the water sector that works
Association IWA with an interdisciplinary network of water professionals and partners.
• IWA experts collaborate and combine their knowledge to spread practical
know-how throughout the entire water cycle to help us reduce, reuse, and
replenish water resources.
•
Stop TB Partnership: Secretarial - - UN Hosted organisation that takes bold and smart risks to serve the needs and

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Stop TB Partnership: Secretarial - - UN Hosted organisation that takes bold and smart risks to serve the needs and
Geneva, amplify the voices of the people, communities, and countries affected by TB.
Switzerland
IORA (Indian Ocean Rim 1997 Cyber City - • For – Mutually beneficial cooperation in Indian Ocean
Association) Ebene, • 23 members, 10 dialogue partners
Mauritius • Members
✓ India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,
✓ France, Australia,
✓ Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand
✓ Iran, UAE, Yemen, Oman
✓ Maldives, Mauritius, Madagascar, Syechelles, Comoros,
✓ Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa

International Criminal 2002 Hague, • Permanent judicial body

Court (ICC) Netherlands • Created by – Rome Statute, 1998
• Independent international organisation & NOT a part of UN
• 123 members
• USA, Russia, China, India – are NOT members
• Court of the last resort (that would otherwise go unpunished) for criminal
prosecutions
• Geneva Convention, 1949 – related to war crimes & covers soldiers, POWs &
civilians
International Chamber Paris, France • Its the world’s largest business organization
of Commerce (ICC) • Aim – To promote international trade and responsible business conduct
US Chamber of 1912 • Releases – International IPR Index
Commerce • World’s largest business federation
USCIRF - 1998 Washington • Independent commission of US Federal government
US Commission on DC • Established by USA via ‘International Religious Freedom Act’
International Religious • An advisory body to US Congress
Freedom • Uses international standards like Article 18 of ‘Universal Declaration of
Human Rights’ to monitor violations of religious freedom
• 2022 – It has designated India as ‘Country of Particular Concern (CPC)’ for the
3rd straight year– India DOES NOT agree
UNIDROIT 1926 Rome, Italy • International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT)
(Villa Aldo- • It is an independent intergovernmental organisation
brandini) • Purpose is to harmonize private & commercial laws between States
• India – also a member

World Organisation for Paris, France • It is an intergovernmental organisation

Animal Health (OIE) • Responsible for improving animal health worldwide
• 182 members (India – also a member)
• It releases Terrestrial Animal Health Code
• OIE standards are recognised by the World Trade Organization

Missile Technology 1987 • By – G7 nations

Control Regime (MTCR) • It is an informal and voluntary partnership among 35 countries
• Aim is to prevent the proliferation of missiles & UAV vehicles not more than
• 500 kg payload, &
• 300 kms distance
• No supply of such missiles to non-members
• Decision by Consensus
• It is not a legally-binding treaty
• Latest Member – India in 2016

Africa50 • Itis an infrastructure investment platform

• Aim – to bridge Africa’s infrastructure gap funding
Part of Africa’s Union Agenda 2063

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 • Part of Africa’s Union Agenda 2063
• Recent investment agreement by – POWERGRID
Commonwealth War 1917 Maidenhead, • CWGC is an intergovernmental organisation
Graves Commission UK Purpose –
✓ Ensure the people who died in the wars (WWs) will never be forgotten
✓ Lists war-cemeteries of violence & deaths
• 6 members – UK, India, Australia, NZ, Canada, S. Africa

Commonwealth Human New Delhi • Independent, Non Partisan International NGO

Rights Initiative CHRI • Report on Slavery : Commonwealth countries account for 40%

• India has not ratified ILO's 2011 Domestic Workers' Convention

Transparency 1993 Berlin, • An international NGO
International Germany • Major reports
✓ Global Corruption Barometer
✓ Corruption Perception Index

ASEAN 1967 Jakarta, • Motto – One Vision, One Identity, One Community
Indonesia • 8th August – ASEAN Day

•6 FTA partners – India, China, Japan, S. Korea, Australia, NZ

• Members – 10 nations of Southeast Asia
• 10 dialogue partners – US, Canada, Russia, China, EU, India, Australia, NZ,
Japan, S.Korea

• 2018 - Delhi Declaration : India ASEAN commemorative Summit 25th

Anniversary
• Treaty of Amity, 1976 – enumerates fundamental principles of ASEAN
• Chairman – by Annual rotation based on alphabetical names
• Decision taken by consensus & consultation

• ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) Plus

✓ Itsannual meeting of Defence Ministers
✓ For 10 ASEAN Nations + 8 dialogue partners (10 except EU & Canada)

• ASEAN Regional Forum

✓ Establishedin 1994
✓ Comprises of 27 members (10 ASEAN + 10 Dialogue Partners + 7 other nations)

• EastAsia Summit (EAS)

• Annual Dialogue
✓ Established in 2005
✓ Comprises of 18 members (same as ADMM plus)

Belt & Road Initiative 2013 • Includes building of roadways, railways, ports, power grids, gas pipeline, oil
(BRI) pipeline, & associated infrastructure
• Covers 2 parts
i) Silk Road economic belt – land route
ii) 21st Century Maritime Silk road – sea route
• Ancient Silk Route – widely used during Han dynasty rule in China from 2nd
Century BC – 14th Century AD
The International 1960 Bengaluru • Inter-governmental organization engaged in development of sericulture and
Sericultural (Earlier :- silk industry in world, registered with UN
Commission Lyon, France) • Member :- 21 Countries including India
• The ISC is a Global platform for exchange of ideas, knowledge, materials,
products and resources.

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Joint Comprehensive 2015 • Members – P5 (US,UK, France, Russia, China)+ Germany + Iran
Plan of Action (JCPOA)/ • Iran would limit its stores of
Iran Nuclear Deal • Enriched Uranium
• Centrifuges, &
• Heavy Water
• Iran would allow the inspectors from IAEA to access nuclear sites
• In return, US would partially lift the economic sanctions
• 2020 – After US assassinated the top Iranian General Qasim Soelimani, Iran
announced that it would NO longer limit it’s uranium enrichment
• Natanz – the only uranium enrichment plant in Central Iran
• INSTEX
✓ Its a barter system launched by some countries to transact with Iran outside
USA’s banking system
✓ But it covers only food & medicine
• Israel & Saudia Arabia – expressing strong security concerns

E-3 Countries • UK, France, Germany

General Bathymetric • The only inter-governmental oganisation to prepare ocean floor map, i.e,
Chart of Ocean seafloor imaging/ mapping
• Aim – locating ocean faults, study sediments transportation & ocean currents,
anticipate tsunami & cyclones, locating environmental conservation sites,
respond to oil spills, etc
QUAD • Quadilateral Security Dialogue
• Informal strategic forum
• India, US, Australia, Japan – 4 democracies
• Aim – free, open and prosperous Indo-Pacific, freedom of navigation, liberal
trading system
• 2007 – Idea 1st mooted by Shinzo Abe, Japan’s PM
• It has launched Global Action Plan to fight Covid-19

- Blue dot Network

Blue Dot Network (BDN) 2019 • Formally announced in Thailand to counter BRI
• Led by – USA, Japan, Australia
• Aim – global infrastructure with the help of governments, private sector, civil
society
• Blue dot certification: Sustainable and not exploitative

Organisation for Islamic 1969 Jeddah, Saudi • 2nd largest international organisation after UN with 57 members – collective
Cooperation (OIC) Arabia voice of Muslim world
• Established by – 1st Islamic Summit Conference held in Morocco
• Has permanent delegations to the UN and EU
• India NOT a member, but invited as Guest of Honour in 2019 Summit of OIC.

Amnesty International 1961 London - NGO, seeks to publicise violations by government and other entities of rights
recognised under Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Warsaw Pact 1955 • An alliance of socialist republics of Central & Eastern Europe
• Military alliance to counter NATO
• Signatories – Russia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, Romania
• 1991 – Pact was disbanded

Financial Action Task 1989 Paris, France • Inter-governmental body having

Force (FATF) (OECD’s H.Q) • Members – 37 countries (including India) & 2 organisations
• Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), &
• European Commission
• Established in G7 Summit in Paris, 2007
Aims – anti-money laundering, anti-terror financing, related issues

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 • Aims – anti-money laundering, anti-terror financing, related issues
• Decision making body – FATF Plenary which meets 3 times a year

• Grey List
✓ Countries that are safe heaven for terror funding
✓ Its a kind of warning

• Black List/ NCCTs

✓ Called as Non-Cooperative Countries & Territories (NCCTs)
✓ They support terror funding & money laundering
✓ Current members – N. Korea & Iran

OECD 1948 Paris ✓ 36 members NOT India- To govern Marshall Plan

✓ Very High HDI
✓ Economic development and cooperation
✓ Elimination of bribery
✓ Report:
- International Migration outlook
- Better Life Index
- Education at a Glance

PISA - Program for International Student Assessment:

(FATF and IAE have their HQ at OECD HQ)
Australia Group 1985 • An informal forum that control the exports of commodities, to ensure
restriction in the development of chemical weapons piles
• It has 43 members (including India & EU)
• Annual meeting held in – Paris, France
• Decisions taken on consensus

Organization for the 1997 Hague, • Established by – Chemical Weapons Convention

Prohibition of Chemical Netherlands • Also provides assistance to State parties to protect them from chemical
Weapons (OPCW) weapons threat
• 2001 – Relationship Agreement was signed between OPCW & UN which
provided that OPCW will report its inspection reports to UN
• 2013 – Noble Peace Prize

World Wide 1977 • For promulgating information on worldwide hazards w.r.t. navigation &
Navigational Warning international shipping
Service (WWNWS) • Notice to Mariners (NMs) – are follow up warnings issued by WWNWS

Arab League 1945 Cairo, Egypt • Also called ‘League of Arab States’
• Itsan intergovernmental organisation
• Voluntary association of Arabic speaking people of –
✓ African countries, &
✓ Middle east countries
• 22 Members

Three Seas Initiative • Itsan effort in Europe to expand cross-border energy, transportation, digital
(TSI) infrastructure, economic development
• Between 3 seas
1. Adriatic Seas
2. Baltic Sea
3. Black Sea
• 12 members

Estonia Czech Republic Romania Slovania

Lithuania Slovakia Poland Croatia
Latvia Hungary Bulgaria Austria
i.e., B9 + Slovania, Croatia, Austria
GS2 Page 219
 i.e., B9 + Slovania, Croatia, Austria
SAARC Kathmandu ✓ 8 countries: Pak, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, S.
Nepal Lanka
✓ Promote welfare through collective self reliance, collaboration, international
cooperation
✓ SAARC Bodies:
- Asian university
- Development Fund - Bhutan
- Arbitration council - Pak
✓ SAFTA - 2006 - India, S Lanka and Pak to reduce their tarrifs to zero for LDCs.
South Asia Subregional 2001 Mandaluyong, • Its a project based partnership to promote regional prosperity, bossting trade
Economic Cooperation Philippines & economic cooperaion
(SASEC) (ADB) • Having 6 members (SAARC - Pak and Afghan)

India Nepal Sri Lanka

Bangladesh Bhutan Maldives
• Secretariat = Asian Development Bank

Colombo Security 2011 • Itsa trilateral maritime security grouping

Conclave (CSC) • 4 members – India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius
• Observers – Bangladesh & Seychelles
• Aim – maritime security, counter terrorism, disaster relief

International IDEA • InternationalInstitute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

• Its
an intergovernmental organisation that works to support democratic
processes & institutions
Partners in Population Dhaka - South South cooperation in field of reproduction, health, population and
and Development development.
- 27 countries including India
- Launched at International conference on population and development
World Wildlife Fund 1961 Gland, SZ • Itsthe world’s leading conservation organisation
(WWF) for nature • Aim – nature & biodiversity conservation
• Major initiatives –
✓ TX2 Goal
✓ TRAFFIC
✓ Living Planet Report

Mekong Ganga 2000 • 6 members: India,Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam

Cooperation • Culture trade tourism cooperation
BIMSTEC 1997 Dhaka, • Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Bangladesh Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
• Formed via – Bangkok Declaration
• It has 7 members with roles decided in 7 pillars (country-wise)

Country Pillar
Bangladesh Trade & Investment
India Security
Myanmar Agriulture
Sri Lanka Science & Tech
Thailand Connectivity
Nepal People’s contact (Culture/ tourism)
Bhutan Environment & Climate Change
• 2 agreements among members:
- Free trade area framework agreement
- Coastal shipping agreements

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 - Coastal shipping agreements
• 2022 – The BIMSTEC Charter is signed at Columbo, SL at the 5th BIMSTEC
Summit
• Now its an international organisation with unique flag & emblem

International 1919 Paris, France • Aimis to promote astronomical research

Astronomical Union • It
the global authority for naming planetary features, giving definitions of day
(IAU) planets & other celestial objects, etc
Oxfam International 1995 Nairobi, • Oxford Committee for famine relief (OXFAM)
Kenya • Reports –
• Global Inequality Crisis Report
• Time to Care

INTERPOL Lyon, France • International Criminal Police Organization

• Intergovernmental organisation
• Comprises of police force of 194 nations
• Each member country has to host ‘INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB)
- For India– CBI
• Notices

Color Meaning Color Meaning

Red Wanted Yellow Missing person
Green Warning Black Unidentified body
Orange Threat Purple Modus Operandi
Blue Additional information Special UNSC Sanctions

Haechi II
• Operation by Interpol
• Against financial crisis & money laundering

IOSCO (International 1983 Madrid, • International organisation of world’s security market regulators
Organization of Spain • Covers 95% security markets of the world
Securities) • Sets global standards/ norms
• Works in close collaboration with –
1. G20
2. Financial Stability Board (FSB)
• Its an also the international body for the interpretation of IFRS (issued by
International Accounting Standards Board)
• IOSCO Asia Pacific Hub – located in Malaysia

World Federation of 1963 • Its

an international NPO
Haemophilia (WFH) • Recognized by – WHO
• Aim is to take care of people with inherited bleeding disorder

International Council for Cohen-

Exploration of Sea hagen,
(ICEOS) Denmark
SACEP • South Asian Cooperative for Environmental Protection
• Aim is to address environmental protection concerns in South Asia
• India – also a member

SIPRI 1966 Stockholm, • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Sweden • Independent international research institute
• Aim is to control armamation
• Published military expenditure report for countries

BIS (Bank of • Global Financial System Report

International
Settlement)

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Settlement)
International Council of • It’s
an NGO dedicated to museums
Museums (ICOM) • Formal relations with UNESCO
• Consultative status with ECOSOC

European Union Brussels, • Euro Zone – Created by signing Maastricht Treaty, 1992
Belgium ✓1 central bank, 1 currency (Euro)
✓ EU countries may/may not be a part of Euro Zone
✓ 19/ 28 EU countries are EuroZones
• 2020 – UK is the 1st member to leave EU (i.e, BREXIT)

Partners in the Blue • Informal – To SIDs in Pacific

Pacific • The PBP is a five-nation “informal mechanism” to support Pacific islands and to
boost diplomatic, economic ties in the region.
• US, UK, New Zealand, Japan, Australia

Others to counter China:

✓ Indo pacific Economic framework for prosperity : India is a member
✓ Partnership for global infrastructure and investment PGII – To counter
China’s BRI, $600bn
✓ Global gateway by EU
✓ Asia Africa Growth corridor – India +Japan led

Antarctic Treaty 1963 Buenos Aires, - Signed by 53 members

Argentina - India - Sagar Nidhi : Ice class vessel
Arctic Council 1996 • Inter-governmental body
• Ottawa Declaration
• Aim is the environmental protection & sustainable development of Arctic
Council
• Members – Scandinavian Nations + USA (Alaska) + Canada + Russia

Nordic Council 1952 Copenhagen • Facilitates inter-parliamentary cooperation between the Nordic nations
Denmark • Nordic region: Norway, Denmark (Faroe IsIand,Greenland), Finland (Aaland),
Sweden and Iceland
(Finland & Norway forms border with Russia , Sweden does not share border
with Russia)

• Scandinavian countries : Norway, Sweden, Denmark

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 • Scandinavian countries : Norway, Sweden, Denmark
• Baltic countries Includes : Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

Bandung Conference 1955 • Afro Asian conference

and NAM • Principles to be followed by newly independent countries
• 2020- 65th Aniversary resulted in adoption of the founding principles of NAM:
- Non interference
- Respect
- Non aggression
- Equality and mutual benefit
- Peaceful coexistence
NAM 1961 Jakarta, • 120 Members
Indonesia • Summit held every 3 years
• 1st summit- Belgrade, Yugoslavia
CICA - Conference on Nur Sultan, - Inter Governmental Forum
Interaction and Kazakhstan -
Confidence Building
Measures in Asia
Asia Pacific Economic 1989 Singapore 21 members
cooperation
Asia Pacific Kuala Lumpur • India :
Broadcasting Union Malaysia • Prasar Bharti: Statutory Autonomous
• 1997
• Public service broadcaster of the country: AIR, Doordarshan
International Voluntary membership. IFSCA obtained its membership
Association of Insurance
Supervisor
World Customs Brussels - HS Code: harmonised system: 6 digit ID Code by WCO - "Universal Economic
Organisation Belgium language"
- Intergovernmental Independent body - Not under UN
Gulf Cooperation 1981 Riyadh, Saudi • Regional,intergovernmental, political, and economic union of 6 middle
Council (GCC) Arabia eastern countries formed in 1981.
• 6 members – Saudia Arabia, Oman, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar

•3 constitutional monarchies: Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain

•2 absolute monarchies: Saudi Arabia and Oman
• 1 federal Monarchy : UAE (composed of 7 member states, each of which is an
absolute monarchy with its own emir)

• Structure
i) Supreme Council – highest authority
ii) Ministerial Council
iii) Secretariat General

GCC is currently India's largest trading partner bloc - with bilateral ties
valued over $154 billion (2021-22)
OPEC Vienna, OPEC: Permanent body
Austria To manage supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil in the world market
Members:
- SA- Venezuela, Ecuador
- Africa - Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Angola, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea
- Asia-Iran, Iraq, S. Arabia, UAE

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 OPEC+ = 14 OPEC + Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico,
Oman, S. Sudan, Sudan, Russia
Association of world 2013 Seoul, SK • Largest association of Election management bodies
election bodies A-WEB • To achieve sustainable democracy around the world
Nobel prize Stockholm, • Administered by Nobel Foundation
Sweden • From a fund that Alfred Nobel set aside in 1895
• Alfred Nobel's inventions - Blasting cap, dynamite, smokeless gunpowder
• Categories :
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Medicine/ Physiology
- Literature
- Peace
- Economics
International North • India, Iran, Afghanistan, Russia, Central Asia, Europe, Azerbaijan
South Transport
Corridor
Coalition for Epidemic Oslo, Norway - By India and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Preparedness - Network of labs of Translation Health Science and Tech Institute
Innovations CEPI
Coalition for Disaster - Lauched during the United Nations Climate Action Summit in New York(2019).
Resilient infrastructure - DRI Connect, a "network of networks" enabling stakeholder access to
knowledge resources and collaborative opportunities with their peers and
other actors.

- Infrastructure for Resilient Island States (IRIS) launched by the Prime

Ministers of India, UK, Australia, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mauritius.
- CDRI’s Global Flagship Report on Disaster and Climate Resilient Infrastructure
to engage and focus global attention on the critical and multi-faceted
challenges posed to disaster and climate-resilient infrastructure
Beyond Oil and Gas Denmark and - Govt and stakeholders working together to facilitate the managed phase out of
Alliance Costa Rica oil and gas production
- India is Not a part of it.
Civil Air Navigation Amsterdam - Goa hosted the three day CANSO Conference.Theme : “Think Global,
Services Organisation Airport, Collaborate Regional, Accomplish Local”
Netherlands. - Estd in 1996
- It is a representative body of companies that provide air traffic control.
- It represents the interests of Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs).
- Has observer status of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation)
5 eyes • Intelligence sharing between US, UK , Canada, Australia and N. Zealand.
International Paris
Commission on Large
Dams (ICOLD)
E9 - Education Ministers of:
1. Bangladesh
2. India
3. China
4. Pakistan
5. Indonesia
6. Egypt
7. Nigeria
8. Brazil
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 8. Brazil
9. Mexico
Middle East Quartet • USA, Russia, EU and UN
Cotton Four • Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali
Mineral Security ● US-led partnership of 11 countries to secure and strengthen supply chains of
partnership critical minerals such as Cobalt, Nickel, Lithium, and the 17 rare earth minerals.

● Members include US, Canada, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom, France,

Germany, Japan, Republic of Korea, Australia, and the European Commission.
● India did not find a place.
● It comes in the backdrop of recorded demand for critical minerals and
dominance of China in supply chain of these minerals particularly the processing
stage of production

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National Organisations

NAME YOE Ministry FACTS

Quality Council of 1997 MOCI, DPIIT • Autonomous NPO under Societies Registration Act, 1960
India • By Govt and FICCI+CII+ASSOCHAM
• National accreditation structure and promote quality through National Quality
Campaign
National Productivity DPIIT, MOCI • To promote productivity culture
Council • Autonomous, NPO
Nuclear Command • Responsible for command, control, and operational decisions regarding India's
authority nuclear weapons programme
- Executive council Chaired by NSA
- Political Council chaired by PM
Defence Research & 1958 MoD • Formed by combining 3 organisations-
Development 1. Technical
Development Establishment (TDEs)
Organisation (DRDO) 2. Directorate of Technical Development & Production (DTDP)
3. Defence Science Organisation (DSO)
• Responsible to implement – Integrated Guided Missile Development
Programme (IGMDP)
Defence Innovation • NPO under Section 8 of Companies Act, 2013
Organisation (DIO)
Defence Acquisition MoD • Highestdecision making body of MoD
Council (DAC) • Frames policies for acquisition for Army/Navy/Airforce/Coast guard
• Chairman of DAC – Defence Minister

iDEX 2018 • Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)

• Aim is to incorporate cutting edge technologies in the armed forces & modern
indigenization of defence industry
• It will also provide funding to MSMEs/ Startups/ Individual Innovators/ R&D
institutions
• Funded & managed by – Defence Innovation Organisation

• iDEX-Prime – will provide funding from 1.5 crore to 10 crores

• Launched during – DefConnect 2.0
✓ A 1 day event conducted in New Delhi
✓ To bring together defence startup companies, & boost innovation

National Aerospace 1959 • Itsthe only government aerospace R&D laboratory in the country’s civilian
Laboratories (NAL) sector
• Constituent of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

Council of Scientific 1942 MoS&T • Autonomous body registered under Societies Registration Act, 1860
and Industrial • Largest R&D organisation in India having pan-India presence
Research (CSIR) • Ex-officio President – Prime Minister
• Ex-officio Vice President – Minister of S&T
• Ranked 37th as per Scimago Institutions Ranking World Report 2021
(only Indian organisation in Top 100)
• 2022 – Will be amalgated with Consultancy Development Centre (CDC)

Consultancy 1986 MoS&T • Statutory society under Societies Registration Act, 1860
Development Centre (DSIR) • 2004 – Became an autonomous intitution
(CDC) • Aim is to develop the consultancy profession & services in India
• 2022 – Will be amalgated with Council for Scientific & Industrial Research
(CSIR)
National Institute of 1976 MoHUA Aim – Research, training & Information dissemination in urban development
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National Institute of 1976 MoHUA • Aim – Research, training & Information dissemination in urban development
Urban Affairs and management
(NIUA) • Autonomous body under Societies Registration Act

ICMR 1911 MoHFW • Apex body in India for biomedical research

• Earlier name (1911-49) – Indian Research Fund Association (IRFA)
Multi-agency Centre 2001 • Itis a common counter-terrorism gridfor sharing intelligence inputs
• Under – Intelligence Bureau
• Set-up following the Kargil War

National Credit 2014 MoF •A private company

Guarantee Trustee • Wholly-owned by Department of Financial Services, MoF
Company Ltd • Trustee company for various credit guarantee schemes

National Institute of Ministry of • Location – Kameng, Arunanchal Pradesh

Mountaineering and Defence • The institute offers training across land, air & water that allows civilians to
Allied Sports pursue a career in adventure sports
(NIMAS) • Provides structured training to defence personnel as well

Central Public Works 1854 MoHUA • Established by – Lord Dalhousie

Department of India • It deals with buildings, roads, bridges, flyovers, complicated structures like
(C-PWD) stadiums, auditoriums, laboratories, bunkers, border fencing, border roads
(hill roads), etc
BARC 2010 • Releases Television Rated Points (TRPs) for news channels
• Calculated using Bar-O-Meters installed in over 45k households
• Founded by bodies of
• Broadcasters
• Advertisers
• Advertising & Media agencies

All India Council for 1945 • Advisory body

Technical Education • Aim – to conduct survey on the facilities available for technical education,
(AICTE) frame norms & standards, certification, etc
• Powers under – National Policy of Education (1986)

National Gallery of 1954 MoC • Established by the VP – S. Radhakrishnan

Modern Art, (Culture) •A repository of the cultural ethos of the country
New Delhi • It showcases the art forms since 1857

C-DAC (Centre for MeiTY • To carry out R&D in IT

Development of • C-DAC built India’s 1st supercomputer – PARAM 800 in 1991
Advanced Computing)
ISRO 1969 • Replaced INCOSPAR (Indian National Committee for Space Research) –
formed in 1962
• ISRO’s founding fathers – JL Nehru & Vikram Sarabhai
• HQ -Bengaluru

Antrix Corporation 1992 • Privatecompany wholly owned by Government of India

Limited, Bengaluru • Commercial arm of ISRO
• To exploit technologies w.r.t Space products, technical consultancy, etc

IN-SPACe DoS • IndianNational Space Promotion & Authorization Centre

• Independent nodal agency
• Authorizes Space activities

NSIL (National Space • Commercial arm of ISRO

India Ltd.) • Aim is to explot global space market
IREDA – Indian 1987 MoNRE • Public Financial Institution under Companies Act, 1956
Renewable Energy • Registered as NBFC
Development Agency • Aim – financial assistance to renewable energy schemes/ projects
2015 – given the status of Mini-Ratna

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 • 2015 – given the status of Mini-Ratna
• India = 4th in RE installed capacity
• India’s renewable energy capacity in descending order –
Solar → Large Hydro → Wind → Biopower → Small Hydro
National Skill Was setup by • NPO under Section 25 Company
Ministry of
Development Finance • Based on PPP model
Corporation (NSDC) • 49% share – MoSD&E (Mo Skill Development & Entrepreneurship)
• Major inititative – Skill India Portal

National Council for MoSDE • Non-statutory regulatory body.

Vocational Education • Recognition and regulation of awarding bodies, assessment bodies and skill
and Training (NCVET) related information providers, Research and Grievance redressal
• Merger of the functions of National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) and
National Skill Development Agency (NSDA).

NIMHANS MoHFW • NationalInstitute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences

• Autonomous body
• Bengaluru, KT

National Health MoH&FW • Autonomous institution

Authority – NHA (Attached • Aim – to create a national-level digital health infrastructure
office) • Governing Board – chaired by Union Minister of H&FW
• IA for– Ayushman Bharat PMJAY

National Investment 2015 MoF • To provide long-term capital for country’s infrastructure sector
and Infrastructure • 49% stake – by CG
Fund (NIIF) • It is considered as India’s quasi-sovereign wealth fund
• It’s a ‘Category-II Alternate Investment Fund’
• It has 3 funds –
i) Master Fund
ii) Fund of Funds
iii) Strategic Opportunities Fund

National Bank for MoF • Itsthe principal development FI for infrastructure loans/ financing
financing • Aim is to provide LT finance where the risks are involved beyond the
Infrastructure & acceptable limits of commercial banks & other FIs
development (NaBFID) • CG has set a target of investing Rs. 1 trillion in NaBFID

NECTAR DoST, MoST • North East Center for Technology Application & Research
• Autonomous body

National Film 1975 MoI&B •A Public Sector Undertaking (PSU)

Development • Aim – integrated development of Indian film industry
Corporation (NFDC) • Head – Mr. Ravinder Bhakar
(also the CEO of Central Boad of Film Certification)
• 2022 – 4 film media units are merged in NFDC as per the recommendations of
Bimal Julka Committee (2020)
Unit Merged Remarks
Films Division • To produce news magazines & documentaries
• Keep cinematic records of history
• Oldest of all 4 merged units

Directorate of Film • Aim is to promote Indian films & cultural exchanges

Festivals
National Film • Aim is to preserve Indian cinematic heritage
Archives of India
Children’s Film • It
promotes films which provide healthy & wholesome
Society of India entertainment for children

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Film and Television 1960 MoI&B • Location - Prabhat Studio, Pune
Institute of India (FTII) • Autonomous body
Central Board of Film 1952 MOIB • Statutory body under Cinematograph Act, 1952
Certification (CBFC), • Consists of Chairman & non-official members – all appointed by CG
Mumbai • Certification mandatory for exhibiting films in cinema halls/ TV
• It does NOT provide censorship, but only provides the rating/ category
• 4 categories
i) U – Unrestricted Public Exhibition
ii) U/A – Unrestricted but an advisory that parental discretion is required for
Children below 12 years
iii) A – Adults
iv) S – Restricted to Special Class
• Article 19(2) – reasonable restrictions on Freedom of Speech

INCOIS 1999 MoES • Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
• Autonomous organisation
• Hyderabad, Telangana
• An unit of ESSO, New Delhi (Earth System Science Organisation)
• Role is to provide ocean information & advisory services
• It publishes – Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) maps for entire coast

National Accredition 1994 • Autonomous institution under UGC Commission

& Assessment • It evaluates higher educational institutions on various parameters
Council – NAAC • It gives grading to institutions from A++ to C
• ‘D’ means – that institution is NOT accredited
• As per new guidelines, for applying provisional accredition, the institution
must have completed at least 1 academic year
National Crime 1986 MoHA • An information repository on crime & criminals to assist investigators
Records Bureau • Maintains National Database of Sexual Offenders (NDSO)
(NCRB) • Central nodal agency for operating Cybercrime reporting portal
• Also implements Inter Operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS) – a national
platform for delivering criminal justice in the country
• Recommended by –
• National Police Commission – 1977
• MoHA Task Force – 1985
• Reports – Crime in India

Financial Stability & 2010 • Non Statutory

Development Council • On the recommendation of Raghuram Rajan Committee
(FSDC) • Financial stability & cooperation of financial market regulators
• Chairman – Finance Minister
• Sub committee is chaired by RBI Guv

• Headed by – Regulators (RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDA), Chief Economic Advisor, etc
Indian Council of 1929 MoA&FW • Autonomous organisation under Department of Agricultural
Agricultural Research Research and Education (DARE)
(ICAR) HQ- New Delhi
• Union Minister of MoAFW is the Ex-officio President of ICAR Society.
Cotton Related - Cotton Corporation of India: Under Ministry of Textiles
organisations To undertake price support operations, whenever the market prices of
cotton fall below the MSP.
- Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR)
Estd in 1976 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (ICARCIRCOT)
Estd in the year 1924 to assist cotton breeders in the development of new

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 Estd in the year 1924 to assist cotton breeders in the development of new
strains, and carrying out research on their spinning potential. HQ- Mumbai.
ICRISAT 1972 • International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics
• HQ- Hyderabad, Telangana
• Non-Profit & Non-political organisation
• Aim – agricultural research for developing the drylands, e.g Sahel belt
• It has 2 regional hubs located in –
i) Nairobi, Kenya &
ii) Bamako, Mali
• Branches – Niger, Nigeria, Malawi, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique
• Declared as Centre of Excellence by Min of Tribal Affairs.

Commission for MoA&FW • Recommendations – NOT binding

Agricultural Cost &
Prices (CACP)
National Agricultural 1958 • Purpose – marketing, processing & storage of agricultural, horticulture and
Cooperative (2nd forest produce
Marketing Federation Oct.) • It is an apex organisation of marketing cooperatives for agricultural produce
of India Ltd (NAFED) • Under – Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002
• One of the largest procurement & marketing agencies for agricultural
products.
National Ganga 2016 • Replaced National Ganga River Basin Authority – NGRBA
Council (NGC) • National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)– is the implementation wing of
NGC
National Interlinking of - Will replace National Water development agency NWDA
Rivers Authority NIRA - For planning, investigating, financing, and implementing
- Autonomous independent
- The idea was first mooted during the British Raj when Sir Arthur Cotton, a
British general and irrigation engineer suggested linking the Ganga and the
Cauvery for navigational purposes.
Central Ground water MOJS • It makes and monitors policies
Board • Entrusted with providing scientific inputs of management, monitoring,
assessment and regulation of GW resources.

Implements - National Aquifer mapping and management program (NAQUIM)

Central Ground Water MOJS - Statutory - Estd u/s 3 of EPA, 1986
authority - Development and Management of GW resources
- Can levy fines on industries using excessive GW
- Implements the policies made for ground water
- Permission required for extraction
NSE International 2016 • It’s
100% subsidiary of NSE
Exchange/ NSE IFSC • OffersIndian retail investors to trade in global stocks using the Liberalized
Remittance Scheme (LRS) route
• Under LRS, RBI allows resident individuals to remit upto USD 2.5 lakhs p.a for
any capital/ current account transaction
National Land 2022 MOF • Purpose – surplus land asset monetisation & trigger private investments in
Monetization Central PSU & other public agencies
Corporation (NLMC) • BODs – will be CG officers & undergo merit based appointment
• Professionals from private sector will also be appointed

International 2022 • India’s 1st IAMC will be set up in Hyderabad

Arbitration & • Will be an international Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) forum
Mediation Centre
Registrar General of MoHA Apart from Census, Birth/Death registration, he also gives estimates of fertility

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Registrar General of MoHA • Apart
from Census, Birth/Death registration, he also gives estimates of fertility
India & mortality using Sample Registration System (SRS)
National Statistical MOSPI - By Rangarajan Committee
Commission NSC - Part time Chair and 4 members
- Chief Statistician is the Secretary
Airport Economic MCA • Statutory Authority under The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority
regulatory authority (Aviation) of India Act, 2008 (AERA Act)
AERA • Regulates tariffs and other charges (development fee and passenger service
fee) for aeronautical services at major airports.
• Economic Survey : 713 fleet of airplanes
Directorate General of Attached - It is the regulatory body in the field of Civil Aviation primarily dealing with
Civil Aviation office of MCA safety issues.
- Regulation of air transport services to/from/within India and for enforcement
of civil air regulations

Bureau of Civil Aviation MCA - HQ - Delhi

Security (Aviation) - Regulatory authority for civil aviation security in India.
- Looks after Security of airports & airlines & sets the standards for security
- E- BCAS project
Airports Authority of 1995 MCA • Statutory body - Airports Authority of India Act, 1994
India (AAI) (Aviation) • Mini Ratna PSU
• Provides air traffic management ATM services
• It merged –
• National Airports Authority,
• International Airports Authority of India
• Aim is to develop & maintain civil aviation infrastructure

Aircraft accident MCA - Blackbox on Aircraft: Electronic flight data recorder, use solid state memory
investigation bureau (Aviation) boards
- Orange colored heavily protected recording device
- Flight data recorder FDR - Airspeed, altitude, vertical acceleration, fuel flow
- Cockpit voice recorder: Conversations
Indira Gandhi Governing • IGRUA is a flying training school.
Council under
Rashtriya Udan Ex- Officio • Autonomous body under Societies Registration Act
Akademi Chaimanship of • Fursatganj Airfield, Amethi (Uttar Pradesh).
Secretary, MoCA • Pilot training to candidates of Indian Airlines, BSF, Coast Guard candidates, IAF,
Navy
Federation of Indian 1927 • Itsthe oldest & largest apex organisation of Indian business & industry
Chambers of • Having nationwide membership – 500 chambers of commerce & 1500
Commerce and corporates
Industry (FICCI) • Organises events, exhibitions, conferences, seminars, etc for business
promotion
Reserve Bank 2022 • Inaugurated in Bengaluru
Innovation Hub • Section 8 company
(RBIH) • A 100% subsidiary of RBI
• Aim is to provide an ecosystem for promoting access to financial services &
products for the low income population
• Will facilitate the development of prototypes, patents, & innovation
infrastructure
• RBIH also hosted a campaign named ‘Swanari TechSprint’ – to promote
sustainable solutions for women owned enterprises via digital FI
National Innovation 2020 DoS&T, • Autonomous body
Foundation (NIF) MoST To strengthen grassroots technological innovations

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Foundation (NIF) MoST • To strengthen grassroots technological innovations
PM STIAC • Prime Minister Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council
• Assists the office of Principal Scientific Adviser & advises the PM
National Institute of 1976 MoF • Society
under Societies Registration Act, 1860
Public Finance & Policy • Chariman has a tenure of 4 years
(NIPFP)
National 1997 Deptt of • Independent regulator for pricing of drugs & ensure availability & affordability
Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical Pricing (DoP), MoC&F of medicines
Authority (NPPA) (Chemical & • Regulation of prices – under Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO)
Fertilizer)
India MoHFW • Sets drugs standards in the country
Pharmacopoeia • Setup according to Indian Drugs and cosmetic Act, 1940
Commission IPC • To publish documents for improving Quality of medicines by way of adding
new and updating existing monographs in form of IP.
COSCO – Central Drugs MoHFW • Statutory body under Drugs & Cosmetics Act
Standard Control • Under – Approves new drugs, conduct clinical trials, control import medicines
Organisation quality, etc
Narcotics Control 1986 MOHA • Stat body under Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances act, 1985
Bureau • Also authority under Prevention and Illicit trafficking of Narcotic drugs and
Psychotropic substances Act 1988
Central Bureau of CBEC, - Headed by Narcotics Commissioner
Narcotics Ministry of - Stop trade and issue license of legal production of synthetic drugs
Finance - Stop Opium Production for other than medicinal use
Directorate of 1957 under CBIC • Apex Anti smuggling agency including
Revenue Intelligence - Drug trafficking
- International trade in wildlife and environmentally sensitive items
• Lead agency for Anti Smuggling National Coordination Centre. SCORD

• Operation Molten Metal : to Nab Indians and Foreigners suspected to

smuggle Gold into India from Hong Kong using air cargo
Serious Fraud 2003 MoCA • Multi disciplinary organisations
Investigation Office (Corporate • Originally set up under an executive order
(SFIO) Affairs) • Accorded Statutory status under Companies Act, 2013
• For detecting/ prosecuting/ recommending white collar crimes
• Support provided by – Computer Forensic and Data Mining Laboratory
• Powers – as per CPC, 1908
• Investigation on company can be initiated on following grounds –
i) Public interest
ii) Request from CG/ SG
iii) SR passed by the company
iv) Report of Registrar/ Inspector

Central Tibetan Relief 1981 Home • A Non Profit Organisation (NPO)

Department/
Committee (CTRC), • Society under Societies Registration Act, 1860
Ministry of
Dharamshala Central Tibetan • Aim is to ensure welfare & socio-economic development of Tibetan refugees &
Administration preserve Tibetan culture
(CTA)
• 53 members from India, Nepal, Bhutan
• All activities of CTRC are approved by – Tibetan Parliament in Exile
• 2022 – India extended a scheme to provide Rs. 8 crores p.a to CTRC for
meeting administrative expenses
Council on Energy, • One of the Asia’s leading independent NPO
Environment and • Aim is to conduct policy research w.r.t environmental resources
Water (CEEW)

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Sangeet Natak 1952 Ministry of • India’s national academy for music, dance, drama
Akademi Culture • Created via resolution by – Ministry of Education
• Autonomous body
• It has established various institutions –

National School of Drama

Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy
National Institute of Kathak Dance / Kathak Kendra

Lalit Kala Academy 1954 New Delhi • Society under Societies Registration Act, 1860
• Established by – Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Education Minister
• Aim is to promote art & culture

Inter-Ministerial a high level commission towards India’s ‘Neighbourhood 1st policy’ &
• Its
Coordination Group develop better relations with neighbouring countries
(IMCG) • 2022 – 1st meeting at the secretary level

Naval Innovation & 2020 • Provides an interface for industry & academia for IPRs
Indigenisation • Purpose is to accelerate innovation in naval indigenisation
Organisation (NIIO)
PLEXCONCIL 1955 MoC&I • Plastic Export Promotion Council (PLEXCONCIL)
• NPO under Section 8 of Companies Act, 2013
• Apex body for plastic industry in India
• Aim is to double the plastics export by 2025 ($ 25 billion)

National Security 1998 • It is a 3 tier organisation that deals with political, social & economic security
Council (NSC) • Presided over by – National Security Advisor (Ajit Doval)
India Post Payments 2018 •A payment bank of the postal department
Bank (IPPB) • Governed by – RBI
• Aim – financial inclusion

Indian Institute of 1971 DoS&T • Autonomous R&D institute

Astrophysics (IIA), • Aim is to conduct research in astrophysics & astronomy
Bengaluru
iCreate Gujarat • Autonomous Centre of Excellence
Govt • Under–India’s largest institution for transforming tech startups into →
businesses
Department for MoC&I • Renamed in 2019
Promotion of Industry • 2018 – Matters w.r.t e commerce were transferred to DPIIT
and Internal Trade • Aim is to promote industrial development, FDI & technological support
(DPIIT)
Director General of MOCI - Administers ADD, CVD
Trade Remedies - Trade defence support to domestic industries
ARIES, Uttarakhand DoS&T of • Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
MoS&T • Autonomous institute
National Wastelands 1985 MoEFCC ---> • Aim is to increase tree/ green cover on wastelands
Development Board MoRD
(NWDB)
Banks Board Bureau MoF •A body of eminient professionals
(BBB) • Autonomous body
• Recommended by – PJ Nayak Committee on PSB reforms
• Aim is to suggest appointment of WTDs & Chairman (who will be non
executive) of public sector banks
• It has replaced the ‘Appointments Board’
Composition

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 • Composition
✓1 Chairman
✓ 3 officials
✓ 3 experts (of which 2 must be from banking sector

Telecom Equipment MOCI and • Caters to complete telecom ecosystem including H/w mfr, s/w and consultancy
& Services Export MoCommunic
Promotion Council ations

IRDAI, 1999 - 10 members

Hyderabad - Insurance penetration: Premium / GDP = 3.69%
- Insurance density : Premium / Population = $73
- 57% vehicles uninsured
- 1.5 lakh die because of road accidents

- Motor Annual Report 2018-2019

- By Insurance Info Bureau of India
- IIB - Promoted by IRDA as a single point platform for collection of data

Central Waqf Board 1964 Ministry of - Waqf Act 1954

Minority - Advisory body to the govt
affairs - Administration of Auqaf
- Chairperson: Union Minister in charge of waqf
- Not more than 20 members
BSF 1965 MoHA - One of the 7 CAPF
- Deployed on Indo Pak, Indo Bangladesh, LOC along with Indian Army and in
Anti Naxal operations.
- Search, siezure and arrest upto 50km from international borders of Assam,
WB, Punjab etc wrt
- Passport Act
- CrPC
- Passport (Entry into India) Act
NIMHANS • National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS)
• Aim – Mental Health & Neuro-science education in the country
• To develop Indian Brain Templates (IBT) & Brain Atlas
• Brain Template is a representation of various brain images to understand
brain functionality in diseased conditions
• Currently, India uses Montreal Neurological Index (MNI) template which is
based on Caucasian brains & NOT Asian brains
• IBT provides a scale that will measure an Indian brain
• Brain Atlas will be develop for 5 age-groups between 6-60 years

National Judicial • Proposed by CJI

Infrastructure • Could work as a central agency with each State having its own SJIA
Authority of India • To take control of the budgeting and infrastructure development of
(NJIAI) subordinate courts
• Should be placed under the SC (Unlike NALSA placed under MoLJ)

Air Sports Federation MoCA, • HQ at Lausanne, Switerland

of India (AFSI) Autonomou • Represents India at Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), which is
s the world governing body of air sports.
Atomic minerals Department • Hyderabad
Directorate for of Atomic • The principal mandate of the organization is to carry out geological exploration
Exploration and Energy , and discover mineral deposits required for nuclear power programme of India
Research (AMD) PMO
National Payments 2007 MoF Initiative of RBI & IBA (Indian Banks Association)

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National Payments 2007 MoF • Initiative of RBI & IBA (Indian Banks Association)
Corporation of India • NPO (Sec.8 company)
(NPCI) • Statutory body under ‘Payments & Settlements Act, 2007’
• It also links all the ATMs in India
- Rupay, IMPS, National Automated Clearing House, UPI, Bharat bill payment
system, National Electronic Toll Collection
Indian Coast Guard Ministry - Statutory body
of - Search and rescue and enforcement of maritime law
Defence - Marine environment protection

- 3 pollution control vessels:

Samudra Prahari, Pahredar, Pavak
- Sagar Kavach Coastal Security Exercise: By Navy and ICG half yearly
National Medical 2019 • Established as Medical Council of India under Indian Medical Council (IMC)
Commission – NMC Act, 1933
• 2019 – Reorganised & renamed under NMC Act, 2019

Functions
✓ Reforms in medical education, profession & medical institutions
✓ Top regulator of medical education
✓ Establish uniform standards of higher qualifications in medicine
✓ Recognition of medical qualifications in India & abroad
• Headed by Board of Governers in which chairman is a member from NITI
Aayog
National Commission 1993 MoSJE • Statutory body under NCSK Act, 1993
for Safai Karmcharis • However since 2004, it’s tenure has been extended as a non-statutory body
(NCSK) via resolutions
• Aim – recommend welfare programmes for Safai Karmcharis
• Monitors implementation of Prohibition of Employment as Manual
Scavengers & their Rehabilitation Act, 2013
Central Pollution 1974 • Statutory body under Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Control Board (CPCB) • Powers & Functions – Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• Technical support to MoEFCC under EPA, 1986
• Monitoring of AQI

BIS (Bureau of Indian 1986 MoCA • The National Standard Body of India
Standards) (Consumer • Statutory body under BIS Act, 1986
Affairs)
• Earlier – Indian Standards Institution (ISI)
• Gives recognition to outside laboratories under Laboratory Recognition
Scheme
KVIC 1956 MoMSME • Statutory body under KVIC Act, 1956

• Honey Mission - Bee Box, Colonies, provide awareness and training

• PM Employment Guarantee - Credit linked subsidy Programme
• SFURTI Scheme of Funds for regeneration of Traditional Industries - Develop
clusters and market support and technology
• Solar Charkha Mission - Clusters will have spinners, weavers, stitchers, skilled
artists - Employment generation
PCI – Press Council of 1966 MoIB • Statutory body under – PCI Act, 1978
India - QJ • Quasi Judicial
• Headed by convention by a Retd Judge of SC
• Aim – freedom of the press and maintaining and improving standards of press
in India.
Food Corporation of 1964 MoCA Statutory body under FCI Act, 1964
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Food Corporation of 1964 MoCA • Statutory body under FCI Act, 1964
India (FCI) (Consumer • Aim – price support operations, distribution of food grains (PDS), maintaining
Affairs, Food
& Public buffer stock
distribution) • Crops procured by FCI = Wheat & Paddy

National Commission 2007 MoWCD • Statutory body - Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005
for Protection of Child • Compliance of UN Convention on Rights of the Child
Rights (NCPCR) • Works on issues & complaints under –
1. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012
2. Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009
• 2022 – New Motto - ‘Protect the future (children)’
• Issued SOP 2.0 for protection & rehabilitation of CISS (Children In Street
Situation)
National Commission 1992 • Statutory body under NCW Act, 1990
for Women • Recommended by – Committee on Status of Women in India (CSWI)
• 1 Chairperson, 1 secretary & 5 members
• Chairperson – nominated by CG

Technology 1996 DoST, • Statutory body

Development Board MoST • Aim – commercialization & development of indigeneous technologies
• Also provides financial assistance/ loans to industrial concerns
• Gives – National Tech Excellence Awards

EXIM Bank of India 1981 MoF • Statutory body under EXIM Bank of India Act, 1981
• Aim – to extend Line of Credit (LOCs) to overseas FIs, governments, & entitites
• Enable the overseas entities/ governments to import infrastructural &
developmental projects from India
UIDAI 2016 MeiTY • Statutory body under Aadhar Act, 2016
• Initially set up in 2009 as an attached office under Planning Commission

SERB – Science & DST – • Statutory body

Engineering Research MoS&T • Aims to promote R&D in Science & Engineering & provide financial assistance
Board for the same

• Accelerate Vigyan Scheme - To encourage high end scientific research and

preparing scientific manpower
• POWER- Promoting Opportunities for Women in Exploratory Research

Archeological Survey 1861 Ministry • Statutory body under Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains
of India of Act, 1958
Culture • It also regulates Antiquities & Art Treasure Act, 1972
• 1871 – 1st Director General of ASI – Alexander Cunningham (He was India’s 1st
professional archaeologist)
Securities & Exchange 1992 • Statutory & autonomous body as per SEBI Act, 1992
Board of India (SEBI) • Has quasi judicial & quasi legislative body
• Regional offices – Delhi, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai
• Appeal against SEBI – in Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT)
• SAT has 1 Presiding officer & 2 members
• Powers as vested in Civil Court
• Appeal against SAT – Supreme Court
• As per Security Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014 – SEBI can also regulate any
money pooling scheme of Rs. 100 crore or more
• 2022 – 1st Woman Chairman – Madhabi Puri Buch

Pension Fund 2013 Department • Statutory authority

of Financial
Regulatory & Services -
• Aim is to promote NPS Scheme
Development It also administers Atal Pension Yojana

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 Services -
Development MoF • It also administers Atal Pension Yojana
Authority (PFRDA)
Life Insurance 1956 • Statutoryorganisation under LIC Act, 1956
Corporation (LIC) • Fully owned by GOI
• 20% FDI under automatic route – allowed just before its IPO

Inland Waterways • Statutory & autonomous organisation under IWAI Act, 1985
Authority of India • It regulates the Waterways which are notified under National Waterways Act,
(IWAI) 2016
Bhakra Beas • Origin – Indus Water Treaty, 1960 between India & Pakistan
Management Board • 1966 – Became statutory body under Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966
(BBMB) • It regulates water supply from Ravi, Beas, Sutlej into Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Himanchal, Delhi & Chandigarh
• It also regulate water & power supply from Bhakra Nangal & Beas Projects
(Pong Dam)
• 2022 – As per amendment in BBMB Rules, 1974 – members can be from all
over India, instead of Punjab & Haryana as earlier
Telecom Regulatory Mo Comm • Statutory body
Authority of India unication • Independent regulatory authority
(TRAI) • Also adjudicates disputes among SPs and consumer(s) via Telecom Dispute
Settlement & Apellate Tribunal
National Green 2010 • Statutory body under NGT Act, 2010
Tribunal (NGT) • Quasi judicial body
• Guided by principles of natural justice
• Disposal of application/ complain within 6 months
• Appeal against NGT → Supreme Court
• CG – can establish specific benches of tribunals
• It has 5 zones – E/W/N/S/NE

• India= 3rd nation to set up NGT, after Australia & NZ

• Composition
✓ 20 experts members, 20 judicial members
✓ Members choosen by Selection committee
✓ Headed by – SC Judge
✓ Judicial members – must be serving/ retired HC Judge

• Jurisdiction in 5 cases
i) Water Pollution Act, 1974
ii) Air Pollution Act, 1981
iii) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
iv) EPA, 1986
v) Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
vi) Biological diversity Act, 2002

Food Safety & MoHFW • Statutory body under FSS Act, 2006
Standards Authority • Autonomous
of India (FSSAI) • Composition
• 1 chairman (non executive & appointed by CG, not below Secretary)
• 20 members (at least 1/3rd members – women)
• Gives the Health Star Rating for packaged food items based on – salt, sugar &
fat content
• State food safety Index

• Eat Right Movement: Healthy, safe and sustainable food:

• Hygiene Rating

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 • Hygiene Rating
• Combat adulteration
• Food Fortification
• Eat Right school
• Reduce Sugar, Fat, Salt
• Jaivik Bharat - organic food

• RUCO - Repurposed Used cooking oil: Converting into biodiesel

• India - Reduce trans fat to 0 by 2022
(WHO - REPLACE - reduce trans fats to 0 by 2023 - ww)

• Heart attack Rewind campaign: mass media campaign to reduce use of TFA
National Cadet Corps 1948 MoD • Its a tri-service organisation
(NCC) • Statutory body under NCC Act, 1948
• On the recommendations of Kunzru Committee
• It is a voluntary participation by school/ college students
• Functions – drills of armed forces & community services
• Largest uniformed youth organisation in the world
• Headed by Director general of 3-star military rank
Central Adoption MoW&CD • Statutory body
Resource Authority • It regulates intra & inter country adoptions
(CARA)
National Financial Mo • Statutory company under Companies Act, 2013
Corporate
Reporting Authority • Aim is to regulate/ improve corporate financial reporting in India
Affairs
(NFRA) • Fall in the category of Public Interest Entities (PIEs)

Reserve Bank of India 1935 • Statutory body under RBI Act, 1934
(RBI) • 1949 – Nationalized & became fully government owned
• 2 main functions – notes printing & market borrowing (on GOI’s behalf)
• Printing of notes is based on minimum reserve system with a minimum value
of government held gold worth Rs. 200 crores
• Also responsible for maintining BOP
• Cannot lend money to customers directly

Insolvency & 2016 • Statutory body under IBC , 2016

Bankrupcy Board of • It is a 10 member board
India (IBBI) ✓ 1 Chairman
✓ 1 member – nominated by RBI
✓ 5 members – nominated by CG (of which 3 shall be whole time)
✓ 3 members – officers of CG (not below joint secretary)

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Index reports

INDEX GIVEN BY INDIA’s DESCRIPTION

RANK
Air Quality Index • Launched in 2015
• “Action Day” – for bad AQI combat
• SAFAR (System of Air Quality & Weather Forecasting & Research) –
Monitors AQI
• 6 categories –
Good, Satisfactory, Moderately Polluted, Poor, Very Poor, Severe

• Covers 8 pollutants
•6 Major – PM2, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, Ozone
• 2 Minor – Lead (Pb) & Ammonia (NH3)

Swachh MoHUA • World’slargest survey for urban sanitisation & cleanliness

Survekshan • Conducted under SBM (Urban)
Ranking/award • Conducted by – Quality Council of India

• Cleanest city (>1lakh population)= Indore > Surat

• Cleanest (<1lakh population) = Panchgani, Maharashtra
• Cleanest State for 100+ ULBs = MP
• Cleanest State for less than 100 ULBs = Tripura
• Cleanest Ganga City = Haridwar
• Fast Mover City Award: Shivamogga in Karnataka

PMI (Purchasing IHS Markit India • Covers manufacturing & services sector business activities
Manager’s Index) • Calculated for top 500 entities
• Above 50 = Expansion
Below 50 = Contraction
50 = No change
National Health NITI Aayog & • 4th
edition (result of 2020-21 survey)
Index, 2021 World Bank • Larger States = Kerala, Tamil Nadu
OR • Smaller states = Mizoram and Tripura
Healthy States • UTs = DH&DD and Chandigarh
Progressive India
Report, 2021 • Improvement: Uttar Pradesh> Assam
• Smaller states: Mizoram and Meghalaya
• UTs - Delhi > JnK

•3 indicators:
i) Health Outcomes
ii) Governance & Information
iii) Key inputs & processes

Export NITI Aayog • No. 1–

Preparedness ✓ Coastal States – Gujarat
Index, 2021 ✓ Landlocked – Haryana
✓ UT – Delhi
✓ Himalayan & NE – Uttarakhand
• Measures export facilitation framework
4 Pillars
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 •4 Pillars
i) Policy
ii) Business Ecosystem
iii) Export Ecosystem
iv) Export Performance – it is the only output-based parameter which
examines the reach of export footprints
National Multi- NITI Aayog • Reason – ‘Customized’ & globally aligned index (of UNDP & OPHDI)
dimensional to improve India’s ranking in Global MPI
Poverty Index, • 12 indicators & 3 Dimensions:
2021 i) Health
ii) Education
iii) Standard of Living
Total 12 pillars compared to 10 in Global Index
• ‘Baseline Report’ of India’s MPI is based on NFHS-4, 2015-16
• Highest Poverty – Bihar (State)
• Lowest Poverty – Kerala (State) & Puducherry (UT)

India - 25% of population is multidimensionally poor

Multidimensional UNDP, Oxfam 62 • Out of 107 countries
Poverty Index, Poverty & • Based on 10 indicators under 3 pillars:
2021 (Global) Human Dev.
Initiative

Human UNDP: Parent 132 • Out of 189 countries

Development org ECOSOC • No. 1 = Switzerland
Index/ Report, • Concept by – Dr. Mahbub Ul Haq (alongwith Dr. Amartya Sen)
2022 • Index was developed in 1990

•3 parameters –
i) Health
• Life expectancy at birth
ii) Education
1. Mean Years of Schooling – no. of years of schooling spent by a
25 year old person
2. Expected Years of Schooling – no. of years of schooling that a 5
year old child will spent
iii) Standard of Living: GNI per capita $ (PPP)

• Each dimension is given 1/3 weight

• HDI = harmonic mean
• 3 approaches to Human Development
iv) Income/ Traditonal Approach – better income = better HDI
v) Welfare Approach – HDI can be increased by welfare expenditure
Basic Needs Approach – HDI depends on 6 basic needs, i.e, food,

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 vi) Basic Needs Approach – HDI depends on 6 basic needs, i.e, food,
water, housing, sanitation, health, education
vii) Capability Approach – health + education + access to resources,
linked to Dr. Amartya Sen

• Inequality Adjusted HDI:

The loss of HDI due to inequality

• Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index: Level of

human development adjusted by carbon dioxide emissions per
person (production-based) and material footprint per person to
account for excessive human pressure on the planet.

Gender Under HDI = Female HDI / Male HDI

Development report <1 - Lot of inequality
Index
Gender Inequality Under HDI 122 • Health :
Index Report - MMR
By WHO - Adolescent birth rate
• Political Empowerment
- Share of seats in parliament
• Economic Empowerment
- Labor Force participation rate
- Secondary education rate
Global Gender WEF 135 • No. 1 – Iceland
Gap Index, 2022 • 4 parameters

Parameters/ Sub Index Rank 2022

Health & Survival 146
Economic Participation 143
Education 107
Political Empowerment 48
WASH report Wash institute - Drop in open defecation in India
- Universal access to water
- SDG-6 : Sanitation and hygiene
Human Capital World Bank 116th • #1 - Singapore
Index, 2022 • Human Capital = Knowledge + Skill + Health
Global Nutrition WHO • Released after N4G Initiative Summit of WHO in 2013
Report • Global Nutritional Targets – set up by the World Health Assembly:-
i) Reduce stunting by 40% by 2025 (in Children upto 5 years)
ii) Reduce Anemia by 50% by 2025 (in Women 19-49 years)
iii) Reduce Low-birth weight by 30% by 2025
iv) Increase breastfeeding rate to 50% by 2025
v) Maintain wasting upto less than 5% by 2025

World inequality World • India is one the most unequal countries

Report 2022 Inequality Lab • Poorest half of the world has just 2% of the wealth

India:
• Bottom half :13% wealth

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 • Bottom half :13% wealth
• Top 1% - 22% of the wealth
• Top 10% - 57% wealth
• Female income share is only 18% compared to avg 21% in Asia.
‘Inequality Kills’ Oxfam • Richest 1% emit more than 50% CO2
Report • World’s 10 richest men have doubled their wealth during pandemic
• In India, income of 84% household declined in 2021 but Indian
billionaires grew from 102 to → 142
Confronting Oxfam and • Rich people contribute more to climate crisis than poor
Carbon Inequality Stockholm • Indians emitted 1.97 tonne while Americans and Canadians emitted
Environmental well over 16 tonnes
Institute
Inequality virus Oxfam • Wealth of Indian billionaires has increased 35% during lockdown and
report by 90% since 2009
- India ranks 6th after USA, China, Germany, Russia France
India Inequality Oxfam - General category perform better than SC and STs
report International - Rural - Urban divide: on availability of health services
- Life expectancy: 65y - bottom 20% , 72y - top 10%
Commitment to Oxfam 129 • On the basis of :
reducing - Public services
Inequality Index - Taxation and
- Workers' Rights
#1- Norway > Denmark> Germany
Inequality • Lorenz Curve
Measures Income on Y axis, Population on X Axis

Gini Coefficient: distribution of income across population

0 = perfect equality
1 = perfect inequality

• Kuznets Curve: As the per capita income increase, initially inequality

increases then decrease.
• Kuznets environment curve : Economic growth causes degradation
initially but gradual decrease

• Philip curve: Inflation and unemployment have stable and inverse

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 • Philip curve: Inflation and unemployment have stable and inverse
relationship
• Laffer Curve: Tax rate increase causes increase in amount of revenue
only initially, then decrease in amount collected
• Palma Ratio: Measure of inequality: Ratio of GNI of richest 10% /
Poorest 40% share

Migration and World Bank • 2 times a year

development • India- Highest remittance - $87 Billion
brief Report
Global Migration International - 17.5million of Indians are migrants
Report Organisation of - $78 billion of remittance
Migration,
Switzerland
International OECD
Migration Report
Liberal remittance Scheme:
Introduced by RBI
All resident Individual, including minors, allowed to remit $250,000 per
financial year
(NA to corporations, HUF, Firm etc)
Atal Ranking of MoEd & • It ranks all the major higher educational institutions and universities
All India Council for
Institutions on Technical Education in India
Innovation (AICTE) • Toppers:
Achievements i) IIT, Madras – among ‘Institute of National Importance’ & Cental
(ARIIA) 2021 Universities
ii) Punjab University – among government/aided universities
iii) IGNOU – among ‘Institute of National Importance’ & Central
Universities (non-technical)
iv) Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India: General (Non-
Technical)
Best Tourism UN-WTO • Winner – Poochampally Village, Telangana
Village Initiative • Rural Tourism Policy – also drafted by Ministry of Tourism
Global Risk WEF • Annual
report by WEF
Report, 2021 • Examines
risk w.r.t 5 categories –
Economic, Environmental, Geopolitical, Societal, Technological (EE-
GST)
Henley Passport Henley & 83rd • No.1 – Japan & Singapore
Index 2022 Partners • Worst – Afghanistan & Iran
• Basis – number of destinations their holders can access without VISA
• India now has visa-free access to 60 destinations
• Data is taken from the International Air Transport Association (IATA)

‘Building IFC – International • By – IFC & supported by World Bank

Resilience’ Index Finance Corporation • It is a web-based hazard mapping framework w.r.t. buildings sectors
(BRI) • Aim – providing location-specific hazard information & building-
resilience
World ILO • In
2020, 30 million people pushed into extreme poverty due to
Employment & covid-19
Social Outlook Global unemployment projection for 2022 = 207 million

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Social Outlook • Global unemployment projection for 2022 = 207 million
Report, 2022
Global Hunger Concern 107 •4 indicators
Index, 2021 Worldwide,Welth 101 • For children below 5 years of age- Child Wasting, Child Stunting,
ungerhilfe Child Mortality
• Undernourishment
• Best Score – 0, Worst score – 100 (India’s score – 29.1 (Serious))

• Data Sources
✓ Undernourishment – FAO
✓ Child Mortality – UN Inter-agency group
✓ Wasting & Stunting – UNICEF, WHO & World Bank

Food Price Index UN FAO • Itis the measure of monthly change in the international prices of food
(FPI) commodities
• Base Period – 2014 – 16
• 5 commodities covered – Cereals, Oil Seeds, Sugar, Dairy, Meat
• 3 major global episodes of significant rise in prices – 1970s, 2007-08,
2010-14, 2022 (amid Ukraine war)
SOFO - State of UN FAO, IFAD, • World is moving away from goal of ending hunger (SDG2) in all forms
Food security and UNICEF, WFP, by 2030 (over 800 million were affected by hunger in 2021)
nutrition and WHO • Number of undernourished people in India has declined in last 15
years to 224.3 million in 2019-2021
STATE OF FOOD FAO - Annual
AND AGRI - Agriculture sector in high-income countries in North America, Europe
REPORT (SOFA) and Oceania is highly mechanised since 1960s than those regions
dominated by low and middle-income countries
- There is rising unemployment due to labour-saving technologies.
Recommendations :-
● Avoiding subsidisation of automation in regions where rural labour
is abundant and wages are low
● Providing social security for low-skilled workers who are likely to
lose their livelihood because of the automation.

Hunger Hotspots FAO and WFP - Over 205 million people across 45 countries are in dire need of
Outlook 2022 emergency food assistance to survive.
Global Report on Global Network • GNAFC was founded by EU, FAO and World Food Programme (WFP)
Food Crisis Against Food at 2016 World Humanitarian Summit.
Crises (GNAFC) • Nearly 193 million people were found food insecure in 2021 across 53
countries/territories, an increase of 40 million people from previous
year
• Three main drivers for food insecurity :- conflict, climate change and
economic crises
State food safety FSSAI •5 parameters
Index • Tamil Nadu topped the index followed by Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Mainstreaming FAO • Threats to Mainstreaming Biodiversity :- Deforestation, Illegal forest

biodiversity in activities, Weak Governance, etc
forestry report
2022

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Global status of FAO on World • Most of Black soil is suffering from nutrient imbalances, acidification
Black Soil Report Soil Day (5 Dec) and biodiversity loss.
2022 • Black soils are rapidly losing over 20%-50% of their original Soil
Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks.
Future of Food FAO • Analyses current and emerging drivers of agrifood systems and their
and Agriculture - possible future trends.
Drivers and • Four key “triggers of transformation” are recommended :-
triggers for ● Strong governance
transformation
● Critical and well-informed consumers
Report 2022
● Improved income and wealth distribution
● Innovative technologies and approaches

Food Outlook FAO • Biannual

report • Analyses food related events worldwide

Indigeneous FAO • It says traditional food gathering techniques of indigenous

People's Foods communities are under threat because of accelerated climate change
systems report and economic pressures right from Arctic to Amazon.
• Report studied food system of the following:
- Baka People of Cameroon
- Inari Sami people in Finland
- Khasi, Bhotia and Anwal peoples in India
- Melanesians people in Solomon Islands
- Kel Tamasheq people in Mali
- Tikuna, Cocama and Yagua peoples in Colombia
- Maya Ch’orti’ in Guatemala

Digital Payment RBI • For measuring penetration of digital payment services in India
Index – India • Calculated as per 5 parameters

1Parameter Weight
Payment Performance 45%
Payment Enablers 25%
Payment Infrastructure – Supply Side factors 15%
Payment Infrastructure – Demand Side factors 10%
Consumer Centricity 5%

‘Defence Exports: KPMG • Recommends setting up of defence export helpdesk in India

Untapped •A concentrated department for promotiong defence exports
Potential’
Coastal INCOIS • By – Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)
Vulnerability • Total 9 States and 4 UTs of India have a coast
Index
‘Crime in India’ NCRB • Crime against women & girls – 57.9% (tripled between 2011 to 2017)
Report • Kidnapping & abduction – rates tripled
• There is a negative correlation between Crime against women & girls
& FLFPR (Female Labour Force Participation Rate)
• Bihar – lowest FLFPR
Tripura – biggest decline in FLFPR
GS2 Page 245
 • Tripura – biggest decline in FLFPR
• SAFETY approach is required
✓ S – Services
✓ A – Attitude
✓ F – Focus on community
✓ E – Empowerment
✓ T – Transport infrastructure
✓ Y – Youth intervention

Trafficking in US State In India : Anti Trafficking nodal cell : Ministry of Home Affairs
persons report department

International US Chamber of 43rd • USA > UK > Germany > France > Japan
Intellectual Commerce Global • Evaluated on the basis of 50 indicators
Property Index, Innovation policy • Total 9 IPRs are covered
centre
2022 Patents Design Rights Enforcement
Copyrights Membership/ Ratification of System Efficiency
International Treaties
Trademarks Commercialisation of IP Assets Trade Secrets

Global WIPO (Geneva) 40 (46)

Innovation
Index,2022
India Innovation NITI Ayog + • Major states- Karnataka
Index Institute of • Hilly and NE states - Manipur
Competitiveness • UTs/ Small States - Chandigarh
• 66 indicators
• Karnataka’s success is attributed to its peak performance in attracting
FDI and a large number of venture capital deals)
Technology and UNCTAD - Examines the likelihood of frontier technologies widening existing
innovation report inequalities and creating new ones
- Frontier technologies : Potentially disruptive that can address large
scale challenges or opportunities. AI, IoT, Bigdata, 5G, 3D printing,
drone etc
Global Terrorism Institute of India 7th worst affected country
Index Economics and
Peace
State of India’s Centre for Science • Released annually
Environment & Environment
Report, 2022 (CSE) & Down to
Earth magazine
Environmental NSO, MoSPI • Heat waves increased by 82.6%
Statistics India
Report
Global SDG Index, Sustainable 121 • Topped by Finland
2022 Development 117 • Only Pakistan behind among neighbours
Solutions
Network
(UN- SDSN) +
Bertelsmann
Stiftung

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SDG India Index NITI Aayog • Developed in Collab with MoSPI, UN and Green Growth Institute
• Progress made by States in achieving SDGs
• 4 categories:
- Aspirants
- Performer
- Front Runner
- Achiever

• Indicators developed under the National Indicator Framework -

Developed by MoSPI
Freedom in the Freedom House, US • Categories – Free/ Partly Free/ Not free
Partly
World Report • India’sscore – 67/100
Free
2021 • Top – Finland, Norway & Sweden
• Bottom – Tibet & Syria

Autocratisation Varieties of Electoral • V-Dem – independent research organisation

Goes Viral Report Democracy Autocracy • Also releases Annual State of Democracy Report
(V-Dem) Institute, • Status – worse than Bangladesh & Nepal
Sweden
Democracy V-Dem 93, • Report title ‘Democracy Report 2022: Autocratisation Changing
Report, 2022 Institute, Nature?’
100,
Sweden • Countries divided into 4 Sub Indices
102 i) Liberal Democracy Index – It measures 3 components
• Egalitarian Component Index – equality
• Participatory Component Index – civil & minority rights
• Deliberative Component Index – public reasoning decision
ii) Electoral Democracy Index – Focuses on free & fair elections,
freedom of speech, etc
iii) Electoral Autocracy Index
iv) Closed Autocracy Index

• India’sRank –
• Liberal Democracy Index – 93rd
Electoral Democracy Index – 100th

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 • ElectoralDemocracy Index – 100th
• Deliberative Component Index - 102nd

• Top
Rank – Sweden
• Neighbour’s
performance –
✓ Bhutan – 65 th

✓ Nepal – 71st
✓ Sri Lanka – 88th
✓ Pakistan – 117th

Democracy Index Economic 46th 5 parameters

2021 Intelligence Top: Norway
Unit
Global State of International •
Democracy IDEA (Institute
Report, 2021 for Democracy &
Electoral
Assistance)
World Press Reporters 142 One of the worlds most dangerous countries for journalists.
Freedom Index without borders
World Happiness UN-SDSN 136th • 1stRank = Finland
Report, 2022 (Sustainable • Worst rank = Afghanistan
Development • Best improvement/ gain = Serbia
Solution • Happiness/ Life evaluation – measured via opinion surveys
Network) • Criteria
✓ GDP per capita PPP
✓ Social Support
✓ Healthy Life expectancy
✓ Freedom of choices & generosity
✓ Generosity
✓ Perception of corruption

Gross National • Its

a measure in Bhutan to measure country’s progress
Happiness/ • 1972 – 1st coined by the 4th King of Bhutan named King Jigme
National Wangchuck
Happiness Index
(NHI)
Composite water NITI Aayog • It provided actionable guidance to States on where they were doing
management well absolutely and relatively and what they needed to focus on to
index secure their water
• It has 29 indicators.
Dynamic Ground MoJS - Prepared by CGWB
Water Resource - India is the largest user of Groundwater (GW) ( accounting for 1/4th
Assessment 2022 of total withdrawal)
Report • 87% used for Irrigation
• 67% of GW units are safe (extraction< 70% of recharge), 14%
Overexploited and 4% at the Critical.

Falkenmark • It relates the total freshwater resources with the total population in a
Indicator or country
Water Stress • If the amount of renewable water per person is:
Index o <1,700 m3, the country is said to be experiencing water stress.

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Index o <1,700 m3, the country is said to be experiencing water stress.
o <1,000 m3 - water scarcity.
o <500 m3 - absolute water scarcity.

India Water • 7th edition organized at Dr. Ambedkar International Centre, New
Impact (IWI) Delhi
Summit, 2022 • Organized by National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and Center
for Ganga River Basin Management and Studies (cGanga).
• Theme: Restoration and Conservation of Small Rivers in a Large Basin
• Its emphasis on the select aspects of ‘Mapping and Convergence of
5Ps’ – People, Policy, Plan, Programme, and Project
One Water • Recognition that all water has value, regardless of its source.
Approach /
Integrated water Dublin Principles:
resources • Adopted at the International Conference on Water and the
management Environment in Dublin, Ireland, in 1992
(IWRM). - Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to
sustain life, development and the environment.
- Water development and management should be based on a
participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-
makers at all levels
- Women play a central part in the provision, management and
safeguarding of water
UN World Water UNESCO • Title‘Groundwater: Making the invisible visible’ for World Water
Development (on behalf of Day – 22nd March
Report, 2022 UN Water) • Groundwater = 99% of liquid freshwater
• Globally, water use is projected to grow by roughly 1% per year over
the next 30 years.
• 69% for agricultural sector > 22% for domestic uses > 9% for industrial
purposes.

• Largest groundwater user = India (2nd = China, 3rd = Pakistan)

• Largest area = Asia Pacific

World Water Stockholm • Last week of August

Week International • Theme – ‘Seeing the unseen: The Value of water’
Water Institute
(SIWI)
World Water World Water • World’s biggest water related event
Forum Council. • It is the biggest single gathering of policymakers, businesses and
NGOs involved in water management.
• To promote awareness, build political commitment and trigger action
on critical water issues.
• Takes place every three year.
• 9th World World Water • Theme- Water Security for Peace and Development
Water Forum Council (WWC) • At Dakar ,Senegal
and the • Will focus on four priorities:
Government of 1) water security and sanitation;
Senegal 2) cooperation;
3) water for rural development;
4) means and tools for implementation of reforms in water and

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 4) means and tools for implementation of reforms in water and
sanitation

World Water International • Global event for water professionals covering the full water cycle.
Congress and Water • 2022- Copenhagen, Denmark
Exhibition 2022 Association • It will report on the water sector progress on the SDG 6.
• MoJS and their Denmark counterpart launched a Whitepaper on
‘Urban Wastewater Scenario in India.

Global Water World • It is first report

Resources Meteorological • It assesses the effects of climate, environmental and societal change
Report Organization on the Earth’s water resources.
(WMO) • Aim - To support monitoring and management of global freshwater
resources in an era of growing demand and limited supplies
• Focus of the report:
- Streamflow: Volume of water flowing through a river channel at
any given time
- Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS): All water on the land surface
and in the subsurface
- Cryosphere (frozen water)

World Air Quality IQ Air • Measures concentration of PM 2.5 (size = 2.5 microns)
Report, 2021 (Swiss • Delhi – Most polluted capital city (then Dhaka, BD)
organisation) • Constituents of PM 2.5 are –

Sulphates Black Carbon

Nitrates Ammonia
• Most common sources of PM 2.5 – dust storms, sandstorms, wildfires
• In India, the economic cost of air pollution is around USD 150 billion
p.a
Air Quality WHO • 99%global population breathes air which exceeds WHO’s quality limits
Database, 2022 • WHO recommends air quality standards for 6 pollutants (2021 levels)

PM 2.5 NO2 O3
PM 10 SO2 CO

Frontier’s Report, UNEP • Titled

‘Frontiers Report, 2022 : Noise, Blazes & Mismatches’
2022 • Dhaka = most noise polluted city in the world (Moradabad = 2nd)

State of World UN Population • Title

– ‘Seeing the Unseen: Neglected crisis of unintended pregnancy”
Population Fund (UNFPA) • Unintended pregnancy – has increased during 2015 → 2019
Report, 2022
World Population UN • India to surpass Chinas population by 2023
prospect
‘Tree City of the FAO • 2021 winner – Mumbai & Hyderabad
World’ (TCW) tag & • Arbor Day Foundation – is an NPO in USA to protect urban forestry
Arbor Day • 5 parameters –
foundation i) Establish Responsibility
ii) Set the Rules
iii) Know what you have
Allocate the resources

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 iv) Allocate
the resources
v) Celebrate the achievements

South Asia World Bank • Its a binneal report

Economic Focus
Carbon Revenue World Bank • Report explores the option to implement carbon pricing in the
from shipping industry
International • Carbon pricing can be done in following manner –
Shipping ✓ Carbon levy
✓ Capping the GHG emissions
✓ Buy & trade of emission allowances
• It gives ways for alternative energy transition

Global economic World Bank Global Growth rate : 5.6% (2021-22)

prospect India : 8.3% (2021-22)

Recession: -ve real GDP growth for 2 quarters

Depression: Recession for 12 months, or decrease in GDP by 10%
International USCIRF – • Established as per International Religious Freedom Act, 1998 (USA)
Religious US Commission on • Enumerates 2 categories
International
Freedom Report, Religious Freedom i) Country of Particular Concern (CPC) by – US Secretary of State
2022 ii) Special Watch List (SWL)
- Although not fulfils criteria to be a ‘CPC’, but violations of religious
rights exist
• For violent non state actors, US State department can also designate
Entities of Particular Concern (EPCs) under International Review of
Financial Analysis (IRFA)

• 2022 – CPC countries – India, Pakistan, Russia, N. Korea, Iran, Saudi

Arabia
Report on SIPRI (Stockholm • In2021, Top 5 military spending countries –
Military International Peace USA → China → India → UK → Russia
Research Institute)
Expenditure, • US & China alone account for 52% expenditure
2022 • India’s military spending = 76.6 billion USD

World Economic International ✓ GDP forecast for India for 2022-23 = 8.2% (thus, fastest growing
Outlook Report, Monetary Fund economy of the world)
2022 (IMF) ✓ For China = 4.4%

Commodities World Bank • Increasein energy prices is the largest since 1973 crisis
Market Outlook • Priceincrease in foodstuffs & fertilizers is the largest since 2008 crisis
Report, 2022 • Expected till 2024 and will involve risk of stagflation

Environmental Yale University,

Performance Columbia
Index (EPI) University

Top: Denmark, UK, Finland, Malta

Global Ecological Global • Carbon Footprint = 61% of Ecological Footprint (& growing)
Footprint (GEF) Footprint • As per Earth Overshoot Report
Report Network Oakland, GEF of developed nations – 4 to 8

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Report Network Oakland, ✓ GEF of developed nations – 4 to 8
California ✓ For India – 0.9

• EarthOvershoot Day
✓ Will
be a date when human resource consumption will exceed the
Earth’s capacity to regenerate resources
Comprehensive CPCB & • Scores from 0 – 100 are given (Higher score = more pollution)
Environmental IIT, Delhi i) Above 70 = Critically Polluted
Pollution Index ii) 60 – 70 = Severely Polluted
(CEPI) iii) Below 60 = Normal
- 43 out of the 88 prominent industrial clusters identified, in 17 states
(with scores of 70 or higher) are Critically Polluted Areas (CPAs).
National E - DARPG, • Launched in 2018 based on Online sevice index of UNDESA
Governance MPPSandP • 6 Sectors – Finance, Lab and Employment, Education, Local Govt and
Services Delivery Uitlities, Social Welfare & Environment
Assessment, • Kerala tops
NESDA • State/UT portals : Group A – Kerala, Gr B – Odisha, NE States –
Nagaland, UTs- JnK
E-Government United Nations 105th • Since 2001 biennially.
Development Department of • EGDI is the weighted average of normalised scores on:
Index (EGDI) Economic and
Social Affairs - Online Service Index (OSI)
(UN DESA) - Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)
- Human Capital Index (HCI).

Global Real JLL India’s real estate market transparency is among the top ten most
Estate improved markets globally
Transparency
Index
Global Bribery TRACE - Anti 77 • In 194 countries
Risk matrix 2020 bribery std • Four Factors
setting org • #1- Denmark > Norway > Finland> Sweden > N Zealand
Corruption Transparency 86th • India’sscore = 40
Perception Index, International • Range – 0-100 (where 0 = most corrupt, 100 = clean)
2022 (Global • Average global score = 43
Corruption • Top – Denmark/ Finland/ NZ
Barometer, • Lowest rank – South Sudan (score = 11)
Global Corruption
• United Nations Convention against Corruption – Jakarta, 2012 – is the
Report)
only legally binding universal anti-corruption instrument /
India Justice Tata Trust , Analysed 18 large and mid sized states and 8 smaller states based on 4
Report 2020 CHRI, DAKSH, pillars:
TISS- Prayas, - Judiciary
Vidhi Centre for - Police
legal policy etc - Prison
- Legal Aid

#1- Maharashtra
#1- Tripura in small states

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Smart Policing Indian Policing • Indicators
Index, 2021 Foundation (IPF), i) Competence-based
Delhi ii) Values-based
iii) Trust
• Best– Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
• Worst – Bihar, UP
• 67% people – happy with Police as per survey

Ranking of Police MoHA • Parameters – Crime rate, Infrastructure, Cases disposal, Service, etc
Stations • Feedback from Citizens
• 2021 = Best Police Station = Sadar Bazar, Delhi

Data on Police Bureau of - 5.31 lakh posts vacant

organisation police research
development
BPRD, MOHA
Smuggling in India Directorate of • Other org for Smuggling:
Report 2019-2020 Revenue • FIU - Financial Intelligence Unit under MOF
Intelligence
(CBIT&C) Ministry
of Finance
• Economic intelligence Council - Headed by FM
World investment UNCTAD 9th • #1 FDI - Singapore > Mauritius
report largest • Services > Software & Hardware
recipient • Maharashtra> Karnataka
of FDI
FDI Confidence Kearny 16th - Effect of political, economic and regulatory changes in FDI
Index
Living Planet WWF (Earth - Logo of WWF - Panda (VU), Redpanda (EN)
Report hour) - Population of vertebrates has largely declined in past half century
Living planet - State of global diversity based on the population of vertebrates
index
Global WWF
Assessment of
forest diversity
Global forest FAO
resource
assesment
Report on RBI - 2019-20: NPA was decreasing from 9.2 to 8%
Progress of - KV Kamath committee: Restructuring of loans increasing due to covid
Banking in India
Nature in a IUCN
globalised world:
Conflict and
conservation
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conservation
Anaemia Mukta MoHFW+ #1- Haryana: target 2022
Bharat Index UNICEF 6X6X6:
6 targets
6 interventions
6 institutional mechanisms
Types:
- Iron deficiency: Microcytic
- Vitamin deficiency: Folic acid/ Vit B12: Macrocytic

Global Cushman and 2nd Top manufacturing destination- China

Manufacturing Wakefield
Risk Index
LEADS Index MOCI • Logistics Ease Across Different States
• Both national and international logistics
• 21 indicators (17 perceptions , 4 objectives)
Indian Rail - CAG • Operation ratio - 98.36%
Report • Capital output ratio increased in 2019-20
• Decline in internal resources, greater dependence on budgetary
support and Extra Budgetary Resources
• Deteriorating staff productivity - Decline in freight carried and
passenger originating

- Khanna committee, Kakodkar Committee - Railway safety

- Pitroda Committee - Modernisation
- Debroy Committee - Mobilisation of resources.

Global payments Worldpay FIS • India’s e-commerce market is projected to post impressive gains and
report grow at 18% pa through 2025.
Global FinTech EY • India took the lead with the fintech adoption rate of 87%,
Adoption Index. substantially higher than the world average of 64%

State of Leopards in India, 2018 report: MoEFCC

- 12,852
- MP > KnK > MH

Elephant Census, 2017

- 17k +
- KnK (6049) > Assam > Kerala

Tiger Census : NTCA +WII - MSTrIPES

- 2967
- MP (526) > KnK (524)

Lion Census 2020: WII , 5 years

- 523->674

Hangul Conservation Program - 2019

- 237 in number

14th Rhino Census - 2022

- 2613 Rhinos in Assam
1. Kaziranga
2. Jadapara, WB
3. Orang, Assam
4. Pobitora, Assam - Highest Density

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 Vulture Census - Carried out every 6 years by BNHS in 13 states (Haryana, PJ, UP, BH, Assam, HP, GJ, MP,
WB, Meghalaya, Arunachal, MH, Odisha)

Waterbird Status Survey - Odisha State Willife organisation, Chilika Development Authority, BNHS
Asian Waterbird Census - Wetlands INternational (India - WI South Asia and BNHS)

Fishing Cat Census in Chilika Lake by Chilika Development Authority, The FIshing Cat Project

Other Surveys:

1. Labour Bureau:
2. - Annual Labour Force Survey
3. - All India Survey on Migrant Workers
4. - All India Survey on Domestic Workers
5. - All India employment in Transport Sector
6. - All India employment generated by Professionals
7. - AQEES (All India Quarterly Establishment based Employment Survey )
8. Time release Study - Ministry of Finance
9. Time Use Survey - NSO, MOSPI
10. Periodic Labour Force Survey - NSO
11. Employment and Unemployment Survey - NSO
12. Annual Survey of Industries - NSO
13. All India Household Consumer Expenditure Survey - NSO - 5 years
14. Agricultural Indebtness - NSO
15. Situational Assessment Survey - NSO
16. Economic Census - NSO + CSC - 5 years
17. Sample Registration system - RGI and Census Commissioner
18. Caste Census - MoHA - RGI and Census Commissioner
19. Linguistic Survey of India - RGI
20. Consumer Pyramids Household Survey - Centre for monitoring the Indian Economy
21. NFHS - MoHFW - International institute of Population Sciences
22. National health Account Estimates - National Health system resources centre
23. Livestock census - MoFAHD - 5 years
24. Census in Rural India - MoRD
25. Census in Urban India - MoHUA
26. Geoscientific Surveys in EEZ - NCPOR, Goa under MOES

Reports/ Indices etc

1. World Population Prospects - Population Division of UNECOSOC

2. State of World Population Report - UN Population Fund
3. UN Population Award - UNGA
4. NAAQS - CPCB
5. AQI - Sameer App - CPCB + IIT-K
6. SAFAR - MOES (Developed by IITM)
7. ENFUSER - IMD + Finnish Meteorological Institute
8. SILAM (Atmospheric Composition) - IMD
9. Pollution Index - MOEFCC
10. Swachh Vayu Survekshan - MOEFCC
11. Advanced air pollution warning system - IITM, Pune
12. PUSA De.composer - IARI
13. Super Stubble Management System - Punjab Energy development Agency (PEDA)
14. Green Crackers - National Environmental Engineering Institute (NEERI), CSIR
15. Extended producer responsibility Portal - CPCB
16. India Plastic Pact - WWF India + CII
17. Waste Minimisation Circles - MOEFCC
18. Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency regulation CAFE - Ministry of Power
19. Ash Tracker (fly ash) - Ministry of Power
20. Geosphere Biosphere Programme - ISRO
21. Black Carbon Research Initiative - MoEFCC, MoES, ISRO, MoST and others
22. National Carbonaceous Aerosol Programme - MoEFCC
23. Seaweed Mission –TIFAC
24. OSMART - MOES
25. GEMINI Device - GAGAN Enabled Marine Instument Navigation and Information - MOES
26. Mausam App - MOES
27. Coral Bleaching Alert System - INCOIS
28. COMAPS - Coastal Ocean Monitoring and protection system - INCOIS
29. Tsunami EWS - INCOIS, MOES
30. Landslide EWS - GIS
31. BEAMS - Beach environment and Aesthetic management Service - MOES + Society for Integrated Coastal
Management
32. E Amrit Portal - NITI Aayog for EVs
33. Water innovation challenge - AIM + Innovation centre Denmark
34. Seismic Hazard Assessment Information system - CWC

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34. Seismic Hazard Assessment Information system - CWC

35. Global Green House Monitoring Infrastructure - WMO

36. Un-Plastic Collective - UNEP India +WWF India + CII
37. GloLitter Partnership - FAO + IMO
38. Global Plastic treaty - UNEP (Legally binding)
39. Zero Waste Cities - Waste Aid (UK)
40. Global E Waste Statistics Partnership - ITU + International Solid Waste Association + UN University -
Sustainable Cycles Programme (UNU)
41. R2 - Responsible recycling - Sustainable Electronics Recycling Industries
42. BIOFIN - Biodiversity Finance Initiative - MOEFCC +UNDP
43. Global Coral Reef RnD Accelerator platform - International Coral Reef Initiative
44. Blue Flag BEach - FEE - Jury: UNEP, UNWTO, FEE, IUCN
45. Global Water System Project - Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) + Global Environment Change
Programme
46. CEO Water Mandate - UN Global Compact
47. World Water development report - UNESCO

48. Global Burden of disease report - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
49. Global survey on digital and trade facilitation - UNESCAP

50. State of Global Air Report - Health Effects Institute

51. World Air Quality Report - IQ Air
52. Air Quality Database - WHO
53. Clean Air Initiative - UN, WHO, CCAC
54. Global Methane Assessment - CCAC + UNEP
55. Global Methane Climate and Clean Air Forum - CCAC + Global Methane Initiative
56. Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution LRTAP - European Monitoring and evaluation
program (EMEP), UN Economic Commission fro Europe (UNECE)
57. International Methane Emission Observatory - UNEP +EU
58. Global Carbon Project - Future Earth and World Climate Research Program (Global Carbon Budget
Report)
59. The Blue Nature Alliance:
- Conservation international
- Global environment facility
- Pew charitable trust
- Minderoo foundation
- Rob and Melani Walton foundation
60. Blue Carbon Initiative - CI + IUCN + Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO
61. Global Ocean Observing System - WMO + IOC-UNESCO
62. One Ocean Summit - France + WB + UN
63. 2nd World Ocean Assessment Report - UN

64. Equator Prize - UNDP (Equator initiative)

65. Biodiversity Finance Initiative - UNDP
66. Facility for low carbon technology deployment - BEE + UNIDO (Finance - WEF)
67. State of India's Environment Report - Centre for Science and Environment and Down to Earth
68. Land for Life Award - UNCCD
69. Behler Turtle Conservation Award - Turtle Survival alliance and others
70. Money Laundering and Illegal Wildlife Report - FATF
71. Global Assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services - IPBES (Intergovernmental Sciency
Policy Platform on Biodiversity)
72. Happy Planet Index - British New Economic Foundation
73. State of World Tree report -Botanic Gardens Conservation International (London)
74. Carbon border Adjustment Mechanism - EU
75. Cotton 2040 - Forum of the future
76. Earthshot prize - Prine William and Royal Foundation
77. Global Initiative on reducing land degradation - G20
78. State of World's Birds - Birdlife International
79. #dontbuytrouble - Wildlife Welfare Association WWA
80. Managing Forest fires in a changing climate - CEEW (Council on Energy, Environment and Water)
81. Climate Vulnerability Index - CEEW
82. Global Climate Risk Index - German Watch
83. Climate Change Performance Index - German Watch, New Climate Institute and Climate Action Network
84. Climate Adaptation Summit - Netherlands
85. State of Mangroves - Global Mangroves Alliance
86. Global Forest Watch - WRI
87. Global Forest Goals Report - ECOSOC
88. UN Forum on Forests - ECOSOC

89. Global Forest resource assessment - FAO

90. State of World's forests (SOFO) - FAO
91. Domestic animal diversity Information System (DAD-IS)- FAO
92. Agriculture Output : FAO +OECD
93. State of world's land and water resources for food

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 93. State of world's land and water resources for food
94. and agriculture - FAO
95. Transforming Food Systems for Rural Prosperity - IFAD
96. Global alliance for climate smart agriculture GACSA - FAO
97. Tree city of the World - FAO +Arbor day foundation
98. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) - FAO
99. Global Assessment of Forest Diversity - WWF
100. Climate Solver Programme - WWF

101. Climate Breakthrough Summit- WEF, Mission Possible partnership, UN Climate Champion and UK
102. Biodiversity by 2030 initiative - WEF and Humboldt Institute, Cambodia
103. One trillion tree initiative - WEF
104. Environment Performance Index - WEF + Columbia Yale University
105. First Movers Coalition - WEF, US
106. Mission 2070 - WEF

107. Climate Vulnerability Forum - By Maldives

108. State of Coral Reef Around the world - Global Coral reef monitoring network
109. Groundswell Report - World Bank
110. Climate Investment Fund - WB
111. State of Cities Climate Finance - WB + Cities Climate finance leadership alliance
112. Global program on sustainability - WB : Wealth Accounting and Ecosystem

113. Annual Frontiers Report - UNEP

114. One Billion tree campaign - UNEP
115. Champions of Earth Award - UNEP
116. Global Environment Outlook - UNEP
117. Dirty Dozen - UNEP (POPs)
118. Not All Animals migrate by Choice - UNEP and WCCB
119. Protected Planet Report - UNEP - WCMC, IUCN, Nat Geo Society
120. Nature based solutions - UNEP + WEF+ ELD by UNCCD
121. Ecosystem Restoration for People, Nature and Climate - UNEP + FAO
122. Wild for life Campaign - UNEP
123. State of World's forest - UNEP +FAO
124. Emissions Gap, Adaptation Gap report - UNEP
125. Global Climate Litigation Report - UNEP + columbia University
126. Global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution - UNEP
127. Impact of plastic pollution on freshwater etc - Bonn (CMS) + UNEP
128. Green Fins Hub - UNEP + Reef World Foundation, UK

129. World Heritage forests -Carbon sink under pressure - IUCN, WRI, UNESCO
130. Global Mangrove Alliance - IUCN +WWF + Wetlands International + Conservation International +The
Nature Conservancy
131. Conflict and conservation - IUCN
132. Nature in a globalised world - IUCN
133. Global Partnership on Forests and Landscape - IUCN
- Bonn challenge - IUCN and Germany
134. Green status of species - IUCN - Complements Red List
135. Key Biodiversity Areas - IUCN
136. Hope Spots - Mission Blue and IUCN
137. Green List of Protected and Conserved areas - IUCN (None in India)
138. Protected planet report - UNEP- WCMC (World Conservation and Monitoring centre), IUCN, Nat Geo
Society
139. TRAFFIC - IUCN +WWF
140. World Conservation Congress - IUCN
141. Global Invasive Species Program - GABI and IUCN, Nature Conservancy, South African Biodiversity
Institute
142. World Commission on Protected Areas - Admin by IUCN's Global Programme on Protected Areas
143. Mangroves for future - UNDP +IUCN
144. South Asian Task Force – set up for Vulture conservation by IUCN

145. State of Global Climate Report - WMO

146. State of Climate Services Report - WMO
147. Greenhouse Gas Bulletin - WMO
148. Global Annual to decadal climate update report - WMO
149. State of Climate in Asia - WMO + UN Agencies

150. Van Vigyan Kendras - Indian council of Forest Research and Education of MoEFCC
151. Forest Fire Alert System (FAST) - Forest Survey of India (under MoEFCC)
152. Strengthening forest fire management in India - WB and MoEFCC
153. National Afforestation programme - National Forest Eco Development board
154. Right to passage report - WTI (Elephants)
155. State of Rhino Report - International Rhino Foundation
156. State of Climate Report - IMD
157. National Climate vulnerability Assessment Report - DoST

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157. National Climate vulnerability Assessment Report - DoST
158. Climate resilient Information System and Planning (CRISP -M)- MoRD + MoPR
159. Forum for decarbonising Transport - NITI Aayog +WRI
160. Climate smart cities Assessment Framework - MoHUA
161. Climate Equity monitor - Independent Indian Researchers
162. IDDI - CEM

Energy:
163. GRIHA - TERI and MONRE
164. LEED - CII
165. Indian Green Building Council - IGBC -NZEb Rating - World Green Building Council and USAID
166. ANGAN - BEE +GIZ
167. UDIT - Urja Dakshta Information Tool - BEE + WRI
168. Sathee Portal - BEE
169. PAT Scheme - NMEEE
170. State Energy Efficiency Index SEEI - BEE and AEEE

171. Renewables Global Status Report - REN 21

172. Renewables Integration in India -IEA + NITI Aayog
173. State Energy & Climate Index (SECI) - NITI Aayog
174. Geospatial Energy Map of India - ISRO + NITI Aayog
175. Renewable energy country attractiveness Index - EnY
176. Composite waste Management index - NITI Aayog

ATLAS
177. Climate Hazard and Vulnerability Atlas - Climate Research and Services (CRS) under IMD
178. Wasteland Atlas - Deptt of Land Resources, MoRD + National Remote sensing Centre, DOS
179. National Wetland Decadal Change - SAC, ISRO
180. Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas - SAC, ISRO
181. Global Solar Atlas, Wind Atlas - World Bank
182. Water Atlas - NTCA
183. Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes - WMO
184. Marine Protection Atlas - Marine Conservation Institute
185. Language Atlas - RGI +Census Commissioner
RBI Reports, Indices:
186. Financial Stability report
187. Monetary policy report
188. Report on Forex
189. Consumer confidence report
190. Inflation Expectation survey of household
191. Industrial outlook survey
192. Trend and progress of banking in India
193. Digital payment Index
194. Payment Infrastructure Development Fund

WPA'72: Coastal Protected areas, Community reserves, Conservation reserves, Critical Tiger Habitat,
NTCA, Wildlife Advisory board, Central Zoo Authority, WCCB
(Elephant Reserves and corridors have no legal sanctity)
EPA'86- Eco-sensitive Zones, Central Wetland Regulatory Authority
Forest Rights Act 2006- Critical Wildlife Habitat
Mega diverse countries, Mega Biodiversity Wilderness regions, Biodiversity hotspots - Conservation
International

195. Project Elephant - Centrally Sponsored +WTI

196. Hathi Mere Sathi - MoEFCC +WTI
197. MIKE - CITES
198. Cheetah Reitroduction Plan - NTCA (WII +WTI)
199. Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Program - Bishkek Declaration
200. Secure Himalayas - MOEFCC +UNDP
201. TX2 - WWF and GTF
202. TX2 award - GTF, CATS, IUCN, UNDP, Wildlife conservation society, Flora and Fauna International
203. Global Tiger Initiative - WB + GEF + Smithsonian Initiative + Save the Tiger Fund + International Tiger
Initiative
204. Tiger economies / Butterfly economies - Singapore , S Korea, Taiwan and Honk Kong
205. Operation Kurma - WCCB
206. Sea turtle conservation project - MoEFCC +UNDP
207. Behler Turtle Conservation Award - Turtle Survival Alliance (TSA), IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle
Specialist Group, Turtle Conservancy, and Turtle Conservation Fund.
208. Vulture Conservation Breeding Platform: Central Zoo Authority and BNHS
209. Vulture breeding and care centres - Administered by BNHS
210. South Asian Task Force – set up for Vulture conservation by IUCN
211. SAVE - Saving Asia's Vultures from Extinction - BNHS also a partner
212. India has signed MoU with Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) under UNEP for –
• 1998 – Siberian Crane

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• 1998 – Siberian Crane
• 2007 – Marine Turtles
• 2008 – Dugongs
• 2016 – Raptors

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Summits, conventions

SUMMIT DESCRIPTION
Sydney Dialogue • World’s 1st summit on cyber technologies around the globe
• Will be conducted annually
• Convened by – Australian Strategic Policy Institute (independent think-tank)

World Congress on Disaster • Highlight – “India: As a First Responder in the Indian Ocean”
Management • Conducted in India
National Conference on e-Governance • Organized by – MoPPG&P, MeiTY, Telangana SG
• ‘Hyderabad Declaration’ on e-Governance was adopted
✓ to bring citizens and governments closer through digital platforms
✓ Example – Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, UMANG, e Sign
✓ Integrate State/ District portals with CPGRAMS (Central Public Grievance Redressal &
Monitoring System)
• Theme: “India’s Techade: Digital Governance in a Post Pandemic World”
• National e-Governance Awards 2021 – presented in the inaugural session

Davos Agenda, 2022 • WEF

•3 areas of concerns for 2022 –
✓ Climate Action
✓ Pandemic Recovery
✓ Industry Agendas

Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger • Organized by – Global Tiger Forum (GTF) and Malaysia
conservation • Aim – review the progress of Global Tiger Recovery Programme
• 2010 – Global Tiger Summit was finalized as per New Delhi Declaration

International Counter Terrorism • By – Global Counter Terrorism Council (GCTC)

Conference 2022 • 2021 – 13th BRICS Summit also adopted ‘Counter terrorism action plan’
Munich Security Conference • Annual conference on international security policy
• Heldin Munich, Germany in February
• World’s leading forum
• Motto – “Turning the tide. Unlearning Helplessness”

BIMSTEC Summit • The BIMSTEC Charter was signed

• Now BIMSTEC is an international personality with it’s unique emblem & a flag
• Members are now expected to meet once in 2 years
• A BIMSTEC Technology Transfer Facility (TTF) will be set up in – Columbo, Sri Lanka
• India will provide USD 1 million to BIMSTEC secretariat for operational budget

Inter-Ministerial Coordination Group • 2022 – 1st meeting at the secretary level

(IMCG) • Aim is to promote ‘Neighbourhood First Policy’ & develop better relations with
neighbouring countries
• Focus on border infrastructure, humanitarian assistance, essential supply, etc

National Conference on Cooperation • Conference was aimed at governance of cooperatives

Policy • Structured into 6 themes
✓ Present legal framework – for Ease of doing business
✓ Reforms for governance
✓ Multi Cooperative economic entities
✓ Training & Awareness building
✓ Promoting new cooperatives
✓ Promoting social cooperatives (dealing in social security)
• Vision – Sahkar Se Samaridhi

India- US 2+2 Dialogue, 2022 • 2+2 dialogue is the highest level institutional mechanism within 2 countries
• Between Defence + Foreign ministers/ secretaries
• India conducts 2+2 diaglogues with – US, Australia, Japan, Russia
Decisions

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 • Decisions
i) Spaceawareness agreement
ii) ArtificialIntelligence inaugural dialogue
iii) Military Supply Chain cooperation
iv) Ukraine crisis – agree to maintain consultation

Shangri La dialogue • Intergovernmental security forum

• Annually
• Countries from Indo pacific take part
Raisina Dialogue • Its a multilateral conference
• It is the flagship conference of India for discussing critical global issues & geopolitics
• Name derived from ‘Raisina Hill’ – The seat of the GOI
• Hosted by –
i) Observer Research Foundation (an independent think tank), &
ii) Ministry of External Affairs (MoEA)

Global Unicorn Summit – Shaping • Organized by –

1,000 Unicorns by 2030 i) CII (Confederation of Indian Industry)
ii) DPIIT (Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade)
• Gen-Next National Council – will be created as an advisory body to nurture young
entrepreneurial talents
• Leverage metaverse/ digital universe
• Corporate governance standards – to be set up for audit

Gyan Sangam 2015 •A conclave of Public Sector Banks & Financial Institutions
• Attended by PM, RBI Governor, all PSBs, FIs, etc
• Aim is to discuss reforms w.r.t public sector banking

UN Global Compact Initiative 2000 - Non Binding UN Pact to encourage businesses and firms worldwide to adopt sustainable
and socially responsible policies
- Human rights, Environment, Labour, anti-corruption
International Treaty on Plant Genetic • Recognize farmers contri to diversity, Access and benefit sharing, sustainability of plant
Resource for Food and Agriculture genetic resources.
• For compliance, India Passed: Protection of Plant varieties and Farmers Rights Act 2001.
Refugees & • United Nations Refugee Convention 1951
✓ Its a multilateral treaty of the UN
UN Refugee Convention, 1951
✓ It defines the refugee & sets guidelines
✓ Origin – Article 14 of UN Declaration on Human Rights, 1948
✓ War criminals – NOT considered as refugee
✓ Also provides for visa free travel for the holders of travel documents
✓ India – NOT signed the UN Refugee Convention, 1951
• No specific law in India
• Refugees are given rights under Article 14, 20 & 21
• As per Foreigners Act, 1946 – The CG has the power to deport any foreigner
• Article 21 also covers the Right of Non-refoulement – i.e. a person who has fleed from
prosecution from home country should NOT be forced to be deported back
Basis Refugee Asylum Seeker
Meaning Fled due to risk of human right Seeking protection from human rights
violations/ prosecutions violations/ prosecutions in home country
Recognition International protection Legal protection only when they are
recognized as ‘refugees’, but seeking
asylum is a human right
• As per Revised Model Law released by NHRC, there is need for a refugee legislation

Civil Nuclear Agreements of India 14 countries:

• US, UK, Japan, Canada, Argentina, France, Australia, Russia, Namibia, S Korea, Vietnam,
Czech Republic, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,

• (NOT with China, Iran, Iraq, neighbours, Germany )

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 • (NOT with China, Iran, Iraq, neighbours, Germany )
Conference on Interaction and - Every 4 years
Confidence building measures in Asia - Secreteriat - Nur Sultan, Kazakhstan
CICA
Ashgabat Agreement • Aim – establish a multimodal transport & transit corridor from Central Asia → Persian
Gulf & synchronize it with International North-South Transport Corridor
• Enforcement from 2016
• Current members – Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Iran, Oman, India, Pakistan

Leader's Summit on Climate - Hosted by USA

- The Earth Day 2023 Theme is Invest In Our Planet.
- On Earth Day - 22nd April
Chicago Convention • It was signed by 52 signatory states including India.
• It coordinates international air travel, establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration
and safety, security, and sustainability, and details the rights of the signatories in relation
to air travel.

BODY Convention/ Treaty Description

WIPO Vienna Convention International recognition of marks, logos, symbols, etc.
ICJ Vienna Convention For consular right (Kulbhushan Jadhav case) – Article
36
WTO Paris Convention GI tagging
Paris Declaration International Solar Alliance formed
UN Paris Convention Regulation of Aerial Navigation
UN International Convention on
Elimination of Racial
Discrimination CERD
NATO Washington Treaty Formation of NATO
WHO N4G Initiative Summit Release of “Global Nutrition Report”
N4G = Nutrition for Growth Initiative
UN World Conference on Women International plan of action for addressing challenges
/ Beijing Declaration to young women
UNHRC Refugee Convention International law for refugees
(India = NOT ratified)
CoE Budapest Convention “Council of Europe’s (CoE) Cybercrime Convention”
CSTO Tashkent Treaty Origin of – CSTO (Collective Security Treaty
Organisation)
UN Brettenwoods Conference Establishment of WB, IMF & GATT
UN Marrakesh Agreement, Establishment of WTO (replacing GATT)
(Uruguay Round of GATT)
ILO Employment Policy India conducted ‘Employment Survey’ in its compliance
Convention
NATO Rome Declaration Creation of ‘NATO-Russia Council’
MoCI Hyderabad Declaration For e-Governance services in India
Allied Treaty of Versailles League of Nations,
International Labour Organisation
UN New York Convention Arbitration
UNDP New York Declaration Halting Deforestation - Voluntary and Non Binding
GTF St. Peterberg’s Declaration For Tiger Conservation
Doubling population by 2022

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UNESCO Hague Convention Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in
the Event of Armed Conflict
UN Hague Conventions Multiple conventions establishing laws/customs of
wars,
UN Bunker Convention Damages due to Oil Spills
UN Sendai Framework Disaster Risk Reduction (Sendai, Japan)
UN Hyogo Framework Disaster Risk Reduction (Hyogo, S.Korea)
UN Jakarta Convention UN Convention against Corruption (legally binding)
ASEAN Bangkok Declaration Formation of ASEAN
ASEAN Treaty of Amity Fundamental principles of ASEAN
COP Stockholm Declaration Creation of UNEP
TRIPS Doha Declaration Compulsory liscensing for IPRs
UNESCO Yuela Proclamation For protecting linguistic diversity
UN Rome Statute Establishment of International Criminal Court
UN Montreax Convention Turkish straits control is held by Turkey
UN Geneva Convention War crimes/ ‘barbarity of war’, Humanitarian Corridors
Formation of UN IMO
(International Maritime Organisation)
UN Geneva Protocol Banned the use of ‘biological weapons’ in wars
G7 Paris Summit Formation of FATF
UN Alma Ata Declaration Healthcare
UN Talanoa Dialogue Global Climate Change
UN BBNJ Treaty Biological diversity in areas Beyond National
Jurisdiction (BBNJ)/ Treaty of the High Seas
UN Rescue Agreement Space weaponisation
UN Registration Convention Space weaponsation
BRICS Fortaleza Declaration Formation of New Development Bank
UN London Convention Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping Wastes
UN Manila Declaration Global Partnership on Marine Litter, i.e, plastic wastes
BIMSTEC Bangkok Declaration Formation of BIMSTEC
UN-IMO Hong Kong Convention International Convention for Safe & Sound Recycling of
Ships
UN-IMO MARPOL Convention International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships
(limits of Sulphur oxides – imposed)
UN-IMO SOLAS Convention International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
UN Wassenaar Arrangement For controlling exports for conventional arms & dual
use goods technologies
Pacific Boe Declaration Pacific members + Australia, for regional security
cooperation
UN Brasilia Declaration Road Safety
UN Cape Town Convention Convention on International Interests in Mobile
Equipment/ Protocols for aircrafts & aircraft
equipments
India Rasina Dialogue Annual flagship conference of India to discuss global
issues
WIPO Nice Agreement Protection of international IPR

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WIPO Nice Agreement Protection of international IPR
WTO Doha Negotiations Market Access issues of WTO
G20 Osaka declaration International rule making for digital economy
especially data flows and e-commerce - NOT signed by
India
Global Snow Bishkek Declaration Conserve Snow Leopard habitat by 2020
Leopard
Conservation
Forum
CMS COP - Gandhinagar Declaration Conservation of Migratory species of ecological
UNEP connectivity
IWC Intl Florianopolis Declaration Against commercial whaling
Whaling
Commission
UNEP Colombo Declaration Decreasing Nitrogen waste 50% by 2030
with the technical support of the International
Nitrogen Management System (INMS),
Mysuru Declaration, 2022 • Declaration given by universities to draw strategies
for the realization of SDG goals & share best practices
• SDGs – adopted by UN in 2015

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