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Automated attendance management systems: systematic literature review

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DOI: 10.1504/IJTEL.2022.120559

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Int. J. Technology Enhanced Learning, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2022 37

Automated attendance management systems:

systematic literature review

Nabeel Salih Ali* and

Ahmed Hazim Alhilali
Information Technology Research and
Development Centre, University of Kufa,
Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
*Corresponding author

Hasanein D. Rjeib
Faculty of Engineering,
University of Kufa,
Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

Haider Alsharqi and

Basheer Al-Sadawi
Information Technology Research and
Development Centre, University of Kufa,
Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Attendance systems have been rated as amongst the critical issues
that reflect domain achievements, and their performances have contributed
better to organisations, industries and universities compared with traditional
methods that are time-consuming and inefficient. Different automatic
identification technologies have become trends, and extensive research
conducted and many applications produced to maximise technology features.
To address issues related to attendance system technologies, including the
advantages, schemes and methods and obstacles, we present a structured
review of attendance management systems, with high potential for managing,
recording and tracking the presence of users in different domains. Additionally,
this study introduces a detailed literature survey schema for article
categorisation. Out of the 204 identified papers, 90 were found relevant in the
context of this review. The selected articles are comprehensively reviewed,
criticised and assessed in accordance with Kitchenham’s guidelines for
systematic literature review. Lastly, we highlight the significant direction
required for future research.

Keywords: AMS; attendance management system; attendance systems;

automated registration; automatic; RFID; barcode; biometric; magnetic stripe.

Copyright © 2022 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

38 N.S. Ali et al.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Ali, N.S., Alhilali, A.H.,
Rjeib, H.D., Alsharqi, H. and Al-Sadawi, B. (2022) ‘Automated attendance
management systems: systematic literature review’, Int. J. Technology
Enhanced Learning, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.37–65.

Biographical notes: Nabeel Salih Ali received his BS degree in Computer

Science (Information Systems) from the University of Technology (UoT),
Baghdad, Iraq in 2003 and the MCS degree in Computer Science
(Internetworking Technology) from the University Technical Malaysia Melaka
(UTeM), Malaysia in July 2015. He has been working in Information
Technology Research and Development Centre, University of Kufa from 2007
and now as a Lecturer in the Department of Electronics and Communications,
Faculty of Engineering. His research work in web applications and security,
with emphasis on techniques that can be applied to improve the security and
survivability of computer systems and applications.

Ahmed Hazim Alhilali received his BSc in Computer Science from the Imam
Jaafar Al-Sadiq University in 2009 and Master’s in Information Technology
from the University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia in 2016. His
project research focuses on the cloud computing pricing models to provide a
comparative study that helps the educational institutions to choose the suitable
one depending on a group of factors. His other research interests are healthcare
monitoring systems, internet of things (IoT) and attendance monitoring systems.

Hasanein D. Rjeib received his BSc degree in Computer Engineering from the
University of Technology (UoT), Baghdad, Iraq in 2007 and MSc degree in
Electronic (Computer Engineering) from the University Technical Malaysia
Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia in 2014. He is a Lecturer in the Department
of Electronics and Communication, College of Engineering, University of Kufa
in 2014.

Haider Alsharqi received BSc degree in Computer Science from University of

Technology, Baghdad, Iraq in September 2009, and has been working as a
Member at Information Technology Research and Development Centre (ITRDC),
University of Kufa, Iraq. Research works in big data and data mining techniques,
as well, attendance management systems (AMS) and computer networks.

Basheer Al-Sadawi received BSc degree in Computer Science from

Mustansiriyah University Baghdad in September 2009 and has been working as
a Member at Information Technology Research and Development Centre
(ITRDC), University of Kufa, Iraq. Research works in natural language
processing (NLP), image processing techniques, as well, attendance
management systems (AMS).

1 Introduction

Information Technology (IT) systems have become one of the primary tools for many
organisations to support, sustain and increase their businesses (Zakaria et al., 2018).
Universally, IT represents an essential tool that helps countries enhance their respective
economies in the educational and industrial sectors (Yuru et al., 2013; Sunehra and
Goud, 2016; Oliveira and Martins, 2011; Alathari et al., 2019). Therefore, an Attendance
Management System (AMS) is a critical standard that measures organisations’ efficiency.
 Automated attendance management systems 39

AMS enables these organisations to keep track of attendance; assess their employees,
university staff and students and promote consistent attendance (Sayanekar et al., 2016;
Noor et al., 2015; Shoewu and Idowu, 2012). In academic institutions, managing student
attendance can encourage on-time presence, improve learning outcomes and boost
education levels (Kohalli et al., 2016; Kurniali, 2014; Alhilali et al., 2019). From the
industrial sector perspective, attendance systems can be used to analyse human resources,
control daily attendance, monitor leaves and absence records and transfer overtime
information to payroll systems (Jacob et al., 2015; Shakil and Nandi, 2013). In the digital
era, several automatic attendance systems have been proposed to reduce the use of
traditional attendance methods, which have numerous disadvantages, such as being time-
consuming, lost attendance sheets and unauthorised people possibly signing for others
(Agrawal and Bansal, 2013; Verma and Gupta, 2013; Ali and Alyasseri, 2017). These
systems use different technologies, such as Biometrics, Radio-Frequency Identification
(RFID), magnetic stripe and barcode, which are characterised as having high-level data
accuracy, speed, security and extensive usage (Walia and Jain, 2016; Patel and Priya,
2014; Arif et al., 2018). However, the biometric purchase and operating cost are higher
than those of other technologies (Rjeib et al., 2018). Figure 1 shows the organisation of
this paper, particularly the research protocol consisting of five sections.

Figure 1 Research Protocol

2
Research Includes research questions
Methodology and search process.

3
Describe how they works, Discuss Automated
their schemes, and features. Systems

4
Technology Presents technology used trends,
Trends methods of the attendance
systems, and environment
application.

5
Conducts a critical review which Critical
based on Boosting Education Level Review
parameters, and main findings.

6
Research Focus and highlights of a vital and
Statistics significant lines that need further
investigation based on results and
discuss their limitations.
40 N.S. Ali et al.

2 Research methodology

This study follows the guidelines of the systematic literature review of Barbara
Kitchenham (2004). Particularly, the current research aims to provide a systematic
literature review of automated attendance-based system and their corresponding research
technologies. This study will also focus on the related techniques and scheme-based
approaches.

2.1 Research questions

This study answers the following Research Questions (RQs):
1 What are the currently available automated systems used to register, track and
monitor attendance?
2 What are recent technology trends that have produced and used attendance systems
and their classification?
3 Which techniques and domain fields use an attendance system?
4 What are the main findings and limitations of the proposed attendance system in
diverse domains and settings in the literature?
5 What type of information is required to identify and focus on the critical line of
existing technology? How could such an information assist future research?
To address RQ1, we conducted a search process and filtering of several scientific
databases, such as Science Direct, IEEE Xplore and web of Science. The details of these
search process and screening are presented in the next subsection (Sub-section 2.2). To
answer RQ2, we developed a list of criteria, such as system-based, technology used and
scheme to focus and classify each attendance system (see Section 4). To process RQ3
and RQ4, we produced a comprehensive information table in Section 5 to clarify and
categorise techniques and domain application, thereby boosting education level
parameters and main findings of the systems. Lastly, RQ5 is answered in Section 6,
which identifies and highlights the critical and vital direction of previous research for the
benefit of further studies.

2.2 Searching methods and filtering iterations

This study used data collection methods based on multiple sources. The first attempt
aimed to find all synonyms of attendance systems and use them as a searching standard
(Ali, 2018). The selected primary keywords related to the research scopes are ‘attendance
systems’ and years from 2012 to 2017. Search methods were performed on reliable
databases, such as web of Science (ISI), Science Direct (Scopus) and IEEE Xplore
(IEEE), covering the period 2012–2017, as shown in Figure 2.
 Automated attendance management systems 41

Figure 2 Search methods and filtering iterations

The methods used for data collection was based on multiple sources and four iterations of
filtering, as shown in Figure 2. The first iteration aimed to find all the attendance criteria.
In this iteration, the selected keywords, which include ‘attendance systems’ and ‘years
(2012–2017)’, was related to the study scope. Searches on reliable databases, such as
web of Science (ISI), Science Direct (Scopus) and IEEE Xplore (IEEE) from 2012 to
2017, were undertaken. After applying the main keywords filters, the search engines
derived 56 papers from Science Direct (Scopus), 55 articles from IEEE Xplore (IEEE)
and 93 studies from web of Science (ISI). Hence, the result of the first iteration and
filtering was 204 studies. The second filtering or iteration was based on ‘publication
types’ with time duration (2004–2017). The search engines derived 34 research from
Science Direct (Scopus) after filtered results focused on ‘original research’ as an article
type, and 55 papers from IEEE Xplore (IEEE), although filtered search results were
42 N.S. Ali et al.

based on ‘conferences, journals and magazines’ as publication types. Subsequently, the

results for the second iteration and filtering were 182 studies. The third iteration and
filtering was on ‘publication title’ as metadata and found 20 research from Science Direct
(Scopus), 47 papers from IEEE Xplore (IEEE) and 42 studies from Web of Science. The
third filtering result is 109 papers. Excluded were 19 studies after reading their abstracts,
thereby leading to the fourth filtering result of 90. Hence, 90 articles are included in this
study as the basis of conducting a critical review and evaluation.

3 Automated attendance systems

3.1 RFID
RFID technology is a wireless sensor technology that depends on electromagnetic signals
detection (Domdouzis et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2016). An RFID system typically
includes three main components: RFID reader with antenna, RFID tags and a database to
store the records (Younis et al., 2013). RFID attendance systems can be used for
identifying and tracking the attendance of workers in any workplace. For example, each
person can have an ID card integrated with an RFID tag that has a unique number
(Patel et al., 2012). These ID cards should pass near an RFID reader that covers up to at
least 100 feet to register the attendance records.

3.2 Biometric
Various biometric technologies can be used to implement automated attendance systems
(Rjeib et al., 2018). These technologies are used to verify and recognise living persons’
identities based on two characteristics, namely, behavioural and physiological (Walia and
Jain, 2016). Behavioural symptoms include fingerprints, facial images and iris prints. The
other attributes, such as voice and signature recognition, represent the physiological
attributes (Chiagozie and Nwaji, 2012). The fingerprint is one of the most used biometric
technology for AMS because each person has a unique fingerprint, whilst security and
cost efficiency make the attendance systems that use fingerprints environment-friendly
(Walia and Jain, 2016). Fingerprint-based AMS use particular devices that have the
ability to record attendance and store fingerprints in a database. Individuals will place
their respective thumbs on a fingerprint device, in which the captured fingerprint will be
compared with a pre-registered list of users stored in a database. When a match is found,
the particular person will be marked present (Shoewu and Idowu, 2012).

3.3 Barcode attendance system

Barcode technology is commonly used to implement attendance systems because of
the efficiency of individual tracking provided by this technology; in a barcode-based
attendance system, every individual will receive a badge or card that has an integrated
barcode; a barcode scanner device integrated with a configurable time clock can be used
to check in or out of the organisation by swiping the badge or card on it. Accordingly, the
system administrator will be able to update and maintain all the attendance data captured
by the device’s internal storage (Chiagozie and Nwaji, 2012).
 Automated attendance management systems 43

3.4 Magnetic stripe-based attendance system

A magnetic stripe-based attendance system has two main components: a card with a
magnetic stripe containing the encoded data of a person, and a time clock reader that stores
the check in and out records bypass the card through it (Chiagozie and Nwaji, 2012).

4 Research investigation on the trends of the technology used

for attendance systems

This section provides the details of previous studies on attendance studies that have been
conducted. These systems record, manage, track and monitor attendance in the academe
and organisations. Diverse research has been conducted on a wide range of systems.
Systems developed to improve the performance of the education sector, including
schools, colleges and universities; and enterprises and corporations aim to replace
traditional methods of attendance registration and management using such developed
technologies as biometrics, RFID, smartphone, Bluetooth, QR code and barcode. Therefore,
we present a detailed research on the technology used, trends and aspects of existing
AMS introduced from 2012 to 2017. The current research identifies and focuses on AMS,
the relevant technology used and application environments by categories of previous
studies based on several aspects, such as year of proposal, technology used, trends and
plans, AMS types and application environments. Figure 3 presents a comparative
analysis and classification of the state of the art (Literature) for AMS research
categorisation related to the types of AMS, technology used and application environments.
Several studies have been conducted to implement developed technologies for
attendance systems from 2012 to 2017. These studies are useful for the education sector
and organisations because they improve performance through the ubiquitous monitoring,
tracking, managing, attendance recording and positioning of their students and
employees, respectively. The use of such technologies will reduce human resource effort,
saves time, secure, affordable, protected from data manipulation and user-friendly.
Figure 3 shows that numerous studies have been conducted from 2012 to 2017 based on
biometrics attendance systems, which deal with the physiological and behavioural
characteristics of the human body. These biometrics technologies include fingerprint
(Basheer and Raghu, 2012; Benyo et al., 2012; Peter et al., 2013; Zainal et al., 2014;
Huang et al., 2014; Soewito et al., 2015; Kamaraju and Kumar, 2015; Ahamed and
Rasedujjaman, 2015; Cruz et al., 2015; Mittal et al., 2015; Srinidhi and Roy, 2015;
Soewito et al., 2016); facial recognition (Chintalapati and Raghunadh, 2013; Park et al.,
2013; Siswanto et al., 2014; Kainz et al., 2014; Cruz et al., 2015; Cao and Li, 2015;
Wagh et al., 2015; Varadharajan at al., 2016; Kumar and Kumar, 2016; Lukas et al.,
2016; Veer and Momin, 2016; Malik et al., 2016; Jayant and Borra, 2016; Pss and
Bhaskar, 2016; Rekha and Ramaprasad, 2017; Arsenovic et al., 2017); speech
recognition (Dey et al., 2014; Soewito et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2016; Tunbunheng,
2017); facial recognition (Sajid et al., 2014; Rathod et al., 2017); 3D fingerprint (Huang
et al., 2014) and iris recognition (Khatun et al., 2015). Mobile-based technologies were
proposed in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 with different technologies, such as NFC
(Benyo et al., 2012; Subpratatsavee et al., 2014; Zhi et al., 2014; Jacob et al., 2015;
Mohandes, 2017; Baykara et al., 2017); GPS-SMS (Venugopalan et al., 2012); Android
camera sensor (Noor et al., 2015); smart WiFi (Choi et al., 2015; Lodha et al., 2015),
Bluetooth (Akram and Rustagi, 2015; Lodha et al., 2015; Noguchi et al., 2015) and web
application. Moreover, web-based attendance systems involve several trends and
44 N.S. Ali et al.

methods, such as RFID (Arbain et al., 2014; Kurniali, 2014; Abas et al., 2014; Srinidhi
and Roy, 2015); and Google forms and sheets in 2012, 2015 and 2017. Automated AMS,
such as RFID, were used in several systems with various schemes. These systems include
ARM (Yuru et al., 2013), GSM (Krisha et al., 2013), GPRS (Nagothu and Anitha, 2016),
RF (Azasoo et al., 2014), Arduino (Arbain et al., 2014), ASP.NET web-based setting
(Nagothu and Anitha, 2014), Java-based (Kuriakose and Vermaak, 2015), web-based
applications (Kohana and Okamoto, 2015), facial verification (Pss and Bhaskar, 2016),
IoT (Sharma and Aarthy, 2016), GSM with Li-FI (Arulmozhi et al., 2016), WSN (Ling-
ling et al., 2017) and WSN in mobile (Park et al., 2013) in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
and 2017. Bluetooth and barcode were also produced in 2013, 2014 and 2015.

Figure 3 Research categories of the technology trends used of previous AMS

 Automated attendance management systems 45

5 Critical review of previous automated AMS

This section presents a critical review of previous studies in detail and highlights their
main findings, techniques and sectors involved, apart from boosting education level
metrics that include encouraging people to be present on time and enhance learning
outcomes. Additionally, this section conceptually provides insights into previous and
existing standards. These studies, which were conducted from 2012 to 2017, aimed to
determine and eliminate the lack of traditional methods and techniques related to AMS.
Table 1 presents a critical review of the proposed system in AMS with several
technologies, and highlights their main findings, technologies and domains implemented.
Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Basheer and N/A N/A Designed fingerprint-based attendance system and data
Raghu (2012) management that has several advantages, such as
automated management of attendance, prevents fake
attendance registered and no time wasted when taking
the attendance and absence of students.
Kassim et al. N/A N/A RFID-based attendance system was proposed for
(2012) academic field. This system aims to track students
through their lecturers anywhere and anytime via
accessible online system, improves teaching quality
and monitors students’ performance.
Benyo et al.  N/A Introduced and developed an autonomous student
(2012) attendance system through the NFC technology.
Venugopalan N/A N/A Introduced an effective automatic monitoring system
et al. (2012) (i.e. SickleSAM). This system monitors students’
activities and attendance records daily, as well as the
activities of adolescents with sickle cell disease to
remove human bias and inaccuracies.
Othman et al. N/A N/A Discussed the development of online attendance
(2012) systems based on the concept of a web-based system
architecture for higher academic institutions.
Peter et al. (2013) N/A  Conducted a biometric fingerprint student attendance
system. The automated system provides attendance
monitoring records for staff and students in tertiary
institutions in developing countries. The integrated
proposed system minimised time and effort in
attendance checkmating during lectures and other
activities for students and lecturers.
46 N.S. Ali et al.

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Chintalapati and N/A N/A Biometric facial recognition system was proposed to
Raghunadh detect students in classrooms and automatically mark
(2013) their attendance. This system is based on facial
detection and recognition algorithms, as well as time-
saving, secured and identifies unknown persons.
Additionally, it has better recognition and low false
positive rates, which are advantageous for facial
recognition techniques in real-time scenario LBPH.
This system has also been proven to be a better
classifier via the use of SVM and Bayesian.
Yuru et al. (2013)   Designed a class attendance checking system based on
embedded ARM and RFID technology.
Younis et al. N/A N/A Researchers designed and implemented a completely
(2013) automated attendance system based on scalable RFID
technology. This system (i.e. IAAS) is an intelligent
scheduling technique, and provides various advantages,
such as auto scheduling technique and load balancing,
thereby saving effort, time and costs.
Krisha et al. N/A N/A Introduced a prototype development to record and track
(2013) student attendance based on RFID technology with
GSM module. This system can be implemented for
several purposes, such as vehicle and personnel
identification, building security and access control.
Itoh et al. (2013) N/A N/A Recording data and grade data in the past was proposed
to forecast students’ future academic records with
improved forecasting accuracy. The developed system
uses smart card time to record data and grades based on
the Bayesian network model.
Vázquez et al. Virtual - This study presented a virtual attendance system based
(2013) Attendance on the concept of ubiquity and virtual reality via video
conferencing services. This Audio-Visual over Internet
Protocol (AVIP) system was implemented and analysed
at the Spanish Open University (UNED) in Spain. The
analysis results showed a high value for both sectors in
improving the mentoring process of distance learning.
Park et al. (2013) N/A N/A The authors presented a system that can check student
attendance and human tracking via the use of multiple
Kinects in a smart class. Sensor fusion mechanisms are
deployed seamlessly and involves consistent human
monitoring amongst Kinects.
Avireddy et al. N/A N/A Wireless technology is used to track and efficiently
(2013) store student attendance. These technologies involve
Bluetooth and EyeOS cloud computing to achieve
automation and scalability characteristics, respectively.
 Automated attendance management systems 47

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Lv et al. (2013) N/A N/A Implemented a campus smart card-based attendance
system to track and monitor individual student
attendance record. The presented management system
reduces workload and provides absence monitoring
efficiently and accurately.
Sajid et al. (2014) N/A N/A Facial recognition-based automated attendance system
was proposed via a conceptual model to enhance model
reliability using an integral validation process.
Siswanto et al. N/A N/A Provided a best facial recognition algorithm for
(2014) attendance system in the academic sector. The proposed
algorithm includes Eigen face and Fisher face, which
achieved better results and 90% similarity for genuine
facial images.
Dey et al. (2014) N/A N/A A speech biometric-based attendance system was
developed and implemented for students. This method
used the system for mobile phone calls. A group of 110
students was deployed by the system and resulted in a
94.2% recognition rate.
Zainal et al. N/A N/A Presented a security and portability attendance system
(2014) by design and developed attendance monitoring and
management system using biometric fingerprint
technology and Arduino microcontroller.
Huang et al. N/A N/A Fingerprint biometrics technique was used with the
(2014) principle of 3D fingerprint acquisition to obtain specific
features of 3D data of the finger and the corresponding
colour texture information. The presented system is
based on fringe projection technique.
Subpratatsavee N/A N/A Proposed a flexible, reliable results and secured
et al. (2014) important data using NFC technology, as well as built a
system reliant on it to provide an efficient student
attendance system.
Yadav and N/A N/A An automatic AMS presented for students and teachers,
Nainan (2014) as well as using GSM to send notifications to parents.
Arbain et al. N/A N/A Proposed an attendance system to record and manage
(2014) student attendance automatically in the lab by using the
RFID-ARDUINO approach in web-based laboratory
settings.
Kurniali (2014) N/A N/A Developed a web-based attendance system based on
RFID technology in higher education institutions. The
system process was more efficient and time-saving.
Additionally, workload requirements, paper
consumption and system failure decreased.
48 N.S. Ali et al.

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Tiwari et al. N/A N/A Built a GPRS-based student attendance system, which
(2014) can be easily accessed by lecturers via the web to check
and monitor student attendance.
Azasoo et al. N/A N/A A student attendant management and information
(2014) system was presented and implemented. The prototype
was based on RF and RFID technology. The
mechanism provides an accurate, secure and rapid
process to address the inefficiencies involved in the
manual processes of collecting, storing and processing
student attendance information.
Abas et al. (2014)  N/A The author discussed an AMS system to enable
lecturers to monitor students in class. The proposed tool
is rapid and portable based on RFID technology and
implemented via an ASP.net programming
environment.
Kumar et al. N/A N/A A monitored and tracking attendance system was
(2014) presented for the educational and industry sectors using
GPS-denied environment by using self-contained and
autonomous inertial navigation system to reduce
multipath, fading issues and the unavailability of
satellite signals of GPS.
Nidhyananthan N/A N/A Presented a student attendance system with the noisy
and Kumari environment by using RASTA-MFCC characteristics to
(2014) efficiently identify speakers.
Sulaiman et al.   Presented an efficient AMS in a university environment
(2014) based on the barcode technique. This system is useful
because it is time-saving, easy to use and access,
reduces student cheating and produces for students and
administration staff. This system likewise reduces the
workload of the administration staff.
Zhi et al. (2014) N/A N/A The authors proposed a secure attendance-tracking
method based on the MD5 hashing algorithm. This
system uses cryptology algorithm to address the issue of
signature forgery and secret codes. Additionally, this
system is efficient and effective.
Kainz et al. N/A N/A This system presents the monitoring of student
(2014) attendance via object tracking methods in a university
environment. The attendance mechanism determines
the actual identification of persons (students) based on
facial detection and recognition algorithms.
Additionally, this system monitors and evaluates
attendance automatically.
 Automated attendance management systems 49

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Singh et al. N/A N/A The developed system is simple and efficient owing to
(2015) several functions, such as low cost, small size and low
power consumption. The proposed system is also an
embedded attendance system deployed for managing
attendance in schools and colleges.
Soewito et al. N/A N/A The introduced system is a fingerprint-based attendance
(2015) system with GPS via the use of smartphone integrated
with a payment system. This system addresses several
attendance issues, such as reduced attendance cheating,
avoidance of long queue attendance, and integrated
human resources application to prevent increasing the
workforce to calculate overtime salary and payroll.
Lastly, this system can use GPS to record the
attendance of those who work outside.
Kamaraju and N/A N/A Proposed a real-time AMS for easy and time-saving
Kumar (2015) employees attendance in any organisation using ZigBee
and fingerprints-based attendance.
Ahamed and N/A N/A An intelligent system proposed based on fingerprint
Rasedujjaman technology, which can be acquired, stored and
(2015) crosscheck fingerprints of individuals using a portable
microcontroller that is handy, affordable and reliable.
Additionally, the proposed attendance system is
efficient, secure, fast and reliable.
Cruz et al. (2015) N/A N/A Implemented automatic and accurate detection and
recognition biometric techniques for managing faculty
staff attendance system. The Viola-Jones Face
Detection Method was used to provide facial
recognition technique and principal component analysis
(PCA) integrated with fingerprint technology based on
Arduino microcontroller.
Cao and N/A N/A This efficient attendance system is based on facial
Li (2015) detection and recognition algorithms in a classroom.
The system is capable of high performance because it is
highly accurate, easy to apply and simple.
Wagh et al. N/A N/A An automated and smart attendance system was
(2015) proposed for classroom attendance based on facial
recognition using Eigen face and PCA algorithms.
Khatun et al.   Adopted and implemented an iris recognition-based
(2015) attendance system to record and manage student
attendance. This system sends a report to a predefined
e-mail address in a MATLAB programming
environment.
50 N.S. Ali et al.

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Alotaibi (2015) Virtual - Proposed a new prototype system for student attendance
Attendance based on the Internet of things for supporting blended
learning services in a secure and efficient manner.
Kuriakose and   Proposed an automated attendance registration system
Vermaak (2015) using Java-based RFID technology to monitor and
manage student attendance in the Central University of
Technology, South Africa.
Mittal et al. N/A N/A The authors proposed a fingerprinting biometric
(2015) attendance system in a classroom environment. The
system deployed is based on access control system and
classroom AMS, and provides a scalable solution for
identification and authentication. It likewise generates
an online report on a website. Amongst the advantages
of the presented attendance system is better security,
reliability and accuracy.
Kohana and N/A N/A The proposed system confirms the attendance at work
Okamoto (2015) via the presentation of information on absence and
presence in a room. Furthermore, this system provides
information on the schedule of classes, meetings and
official trips beforehand.
Noor et al. N/A N/A The proposed Android-based application uses a sensor
(2015) by camera device to record and manage student
attendance.
Jacob et al. N/A N/A Introduced AMS for university students by using an
(2015) NFC mobile-based attendance system.
Akram and N/A N/A Presented an active system and minimal time cost for
Rustagi (2015) students and staff attendance management records by
using Bluetooth technology and Android application,
thereby ensuring student presence and marking student
attendance, respectively. The system provides privacy
preservation and collision detection attendance.
Choi et al. (2015) N/A N/A Presented a smartphone attendance system based on
WiFi technology to check the presentation of users or
students. This system results in enhanced scalability
with numerous users.
Anwar and N/A N/A A smartphone attendance-based system designed for
Gangodkar student attendance. The marker application is deployed
(2015) on an Android platform. The app provides usability
advantages for attendance marking.
Khan and Ram N/A N/A A checking and tracking attendance system was
(2015) developed for an organisation’s staff. This method uses
an Android-based portable application for login
attendance registration. This system is easy to use, user-
friendly and time-saving.
 Automated attendance management systems 51

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Sari et al. (2015) N/A N/A A low-cost system was developed for the personal
attendance of Binus University lecturers. The proposed
scheme uses a social media platform, such as Facebook,
to monitor attendance status by using status messages
with a microcontroller (i.e. Raspberry Pi).
Lodha et al. N/A N/A Implemented a wireless technology (i.e. Bluetooth
(2015) smart attendance system) to facilitate automatic
wireless identification. This system improves
attendance time taking, prevents human errors and
provides bases for administrators’ future managerial
decisions.
Srinidhi and N/A N/A Researchers developed a web-based system with
Roy (2015) automated technology (i.e. RFID). This system can
maintain records of lecturers and students and detect the
current location of students. The system results in a safe
and secure process and data.
Fan et al. (2015) N/A N/A The authors described high-efficiency and low-cost
university attendance system with only a few hardware
requirements.
Lámer et al. N/A N/A A live video stream in a classroom and student optical
(2015) marker (Aruco marker) were used to provide a student
attendance system. Particular students are identified and
detected by marker IDs. The system is easy to use and
has a high detection rate.
Kim et al. (2015) N/A N/A Presented a novel digital attendance system that can
immediately facilitate interactions between students and
teachers for sensibility monitoring and counsel
assistance. This system specifically uses a remote site
and database server to analyse the gathered attendance
information.
Noguchi et al. N/A N/A Bluetooth low energy technology was developed to
(2015) present a student AMS. The proposed method reduces
incidents of student cheating and decreases long queue
time when scanning students’ cards.
Sunehra and N/A N/A Conducted a recording and consolidation system for
Goud (2016) student attendance based on Arduino and Raspberry Pi
microcontroller boards. This system is secure,
affordable and user-friendly.
Varadharajan N/A N/A Presented automatic attendance management which is
et al. (2016) biometric facial detection technique with camera
capture. This system prevents human intervention, is
easy to maintain and presents less time cost. Facial
recognition is done via using Eigen faces. When a
students are absent, the system will send a message to
their parents.
52 N.S. Ali et al.

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Kumar et al. N/A N/A Facial recognition and LabVIEW are proposed to
(2016) present an automatic attendance system that reduces
time consumption and standard errors of the attendance
procedure.
Lukas et al. N/A N/A Automated attendance system proposed in the
(2016) classroom by using a facial recognition hybrid scheme.
The methodology of the proposed method includes
combining discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and
discrete cosine transform (DCT) to extract the features
of students’ faces, as well as applies radial basis
function (RBF) to classify facial objects. The success
rate of this system is approximately 82%.
Veer and Momin N/A N/A Developed an automated attendance system for students
(2016) in classrooms by using video surveillance camera
individually. The result of the facial detection rate was
100%.
Malik et al. N/A N/A Facial recognition with camera-based attendance
(2016) system was designed and developed for attendance
purpose from a theoretical perspective. Additionally,
this system can be used for authentication in online
examination. Hence, the proposed attendance system is
efficient and accurate.
Gadhave and N/A N/A Built a fully automated portable attendance system
Kore (2016) based on fingerprint scanner biometric technology and
Raspberry Pi. This system can be implemented
successfully in educational institutions, and achieved
low cost and worked precisely to decrease human
resource requirements.
Soewito et al. N/A N/A The system presented can record employee attendance
(2016) even outside buildings and easily account salaries,
including overtime. Fingerprint and voice recognition
biometrics technology with a smartphone is used in this
system. The false positive of verification fingerprint is
95%, whilst voice recognition false negative is 5.88%.
Adeniji et al. N/A N/A The authors presented a class attendance register system
(2016) based on fingerprint biometric technology and web-
based hybrid scheme. This system is efficient and
effective in tracking student attendance and preventing
student attendance cheating. Accuracy and usability are
the two results when this system was implemented in
the University of Fort Hare Alice, South Africa.
 Automated attendance management systems 53

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Jayant and N/A N/A A biometric AMS was proposed to automatically detect
Borra (2016) and recognise student faces lectures or classrooms. This
system uses two algorithms to perform the face
detection and recognition: Viola-Jones and alignment-
free partial face recognition algorithms. Amongst the
advantages of this system are improved teaching time
performance via less time system cos, prevents
workload, and automatically tracks student attendance
and efficient and secure system.
Pss and N/A N/A RFID and face verification were presented for reliable
Bhaskar (2016) classroom attendance system. This system has a 98%
facial verification rate and 73.28% efficient rate in the
front face.
Sharma and N/A N/A RFID and IoT applications are used to propose an
Aarthy (2016) attendance monitoring system with the cloud as back-
end storage. This system provides better proficiency
and flexibility because it can be accessed anywhere and
anytime.
Konatham et al. N/A N/A This system is a reliable and time-saving automatic
(2016) attendance system. The model used RFID and GSM
technologies to automate student attendance marking
and parent alerts. Attendance registration is
automatically performed through the attached
microcontroller in a classroom door with RFID tag.
Arulmozhi et al. N/A N/A A highly accurate attendance system is explained with
(2016) local and remote cloud-based data processing. The
system has several enhanced features, such as system
availability, scalability and controllability. The results
registered accurately throughout because we
investigated data transmission using the Li-Fi system
with RFID to realise heightened cloud performance.
Yang et al. (2016) N/A N/A Real-time location and voiceprint are two techniques
used to develop an automated tracking system for
student attendance in the classroom. Students use
smartphones to indicate their presence in parallel. The
presented system shows high efficiency and usability in
a real world environment, as well as provides protection
for the privacy-sensitive biometric data.
Kohana and N/A N/A A location-based Social Networking Services (SNS)
Okamoto (2016) was proposed to present a location registration scheme
and location-based schedule registration. This system
uses IP address and GPS information to check the
origin of access.
54 N.S. Ali et al.

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Iio (2016) N/A N/A The author presented a study that provides an
attendance management framework for students in a
classroom. The system is based on a mobile device and
a web application hybrid scheme. Attendance
registration can be recorded via students’ selfie or
signature. The system is easy to use (usability) and
efficient based on the testing results.
Saparkhojayev N/A N/A An Android platform was used based on a smartphone
et al. (2016) system and checks the attendance records of students in
universities. The system is flexible, portable and
efficient.
Nagothu and N/A N/A GPS and GPRS technologies were proposed to monitor,
Anitha (2016) track and register people in institutions or organisations.
These persons should wear their IDs for monitoring.
MEMS GPS and GPRS are integrated with an ARM
microcontroller.
Rekha and N/A N/A Integrated facial recognition technology was used using
Ramaprasad the Eigen face database and PCA algorithm via a
(2017) Matlab platform environment programming software to
produce an automated AMS.
Dhanalakshmi N/A N/A The authors proposed an automatic biometric
et al. (2017) attendance system for educational institutions by using
GSM-based Wireless Fingerprint Terminals (WFTs).
This system can record, monitor and maintain student
attendance without any human intervention. Efficiency
and transparency in management are two advantages of
the system designed and can be improved to achieve
academic excellence.
Poornima et al. N/A N/A Proposed saved time and effort system to automatically
(2017) check student attendance in a classroom. The developed
system captures in real-time the faces of students in
class.
Rathod et al. N/A N/A Proposed a reliable, secure and easy to use method for
(2017) conducting an automated attendance registration
system. The presented system uses facial recognition
biometric technology to mark student attendance.
Arsenovic et al. N/A N/A Facial recognition biometric attendance system was
(2017) proposed, which achieved high accuracy (i.e. 95.02%)
in the testing.
 Automated attendance management systems 55

Table 1 Critical review of the proposed AMS (continued)

Boosting
education level
Author(s) and
Encourage Enhance Main findings
references
presence learning
on time outcomes
Fu et al. (2017) N/A N/A Developed an automatic attendance registration
biometrics system in the university classroom. The
automated system uses two integrating algorithms that
are MTCNN facial detection and centre-face facial
recognition in deep learning. Hence, the attendance
system can be recorded and identified, and the accurate
facial recognition has a 98.87% accuracy rate.
Tunbunheng N/A N/A Developed an automatic system for taking attendance
(2017) time of student by using Google forms and sheets.
Additionally, the proposed attendance system can be
registered students who came late to the class by using
speech recognition technology based on Droid Script.
Mohandes   NFC mobile application was developed to monitor
(2017) student attendance in the educational sector. The
proposed prototype uses a class AMS. Increased faculty
performance, time-saving and provision of positive
feedback were the results following an evaluation in
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.
Ling et al. N/A N/A Conducted a wireless attendance system hybrid scheme
(2017) to solve several issues of the attendance system, such as
wiring, an error-prone information collection with the
current systems. This system was designed and
proposed based on the RFID and WSN technologies,
thereby achieving enhanced performance and functional
requirements.
Nguyen and N/A N/A The authors developed an automated attendance system
Chew (2017) to record, track and manage attendance registration.
This system uses RFID with mobile wireless
communication. The mechanism provides collecting,
recording and processing data on participants in
professional gatherings.
Baykara et al. N/A N/A Developed an intelligent attendance system with using
(2017) NFC technology to reduce the error rate. The digital
system provides attendance records and signature
reposts and can be applied in educational institutions.
Liang et al. N/A N/A An integrated electronic attendance system applied city
(2017) government and its subordinate organisations. The
designed electronic system integrates several business
characteristics, such as reliability, practicality and
possess integrity.
56 N.S. Ali et al.

Table 1 shows that the majority of the existing studies have been implemented in an
academic sector, although some of the systems have been deployed in public areas, such
as industries (Huang et al., 2014; Soewito et al., 2016; Arsenovic et al., 2017; Ling-ling
et al., 2017); organisations (Zainal et al., 2014; Nagothu et al., 2014; Soewito et al., 2015;
Kohana and Okamoto, 2015; Choi et al., 2015; Khan and Ram, 2015; Nagothu and
Anitha, 2016; Arulogun et al., 2013; Liang et al., 2017) or enterprises (Kamaraju and
Kumar, 2015). The majority of the presented attendance systems use biometrics
characteristics and technologies. Moreover, mobile- and web-based techniques were used
for such purposes (see Figure 3). Automated AMS, such as RFID system, is crucial in
several previous attendance studies, including those involving barcodes and smartcards.

6 Results and discussions

This section investigates and summarises the statistical findings derived from the survey
of 90 domain articles. All papers were summarised using the structured search process
specified in Sub-section 2.2. Meanwhile, the statistical findings are categorised into three
criteria, namely, application domains, attendance system-based and technology trends
based on publication years (see Figures 4, 5 and 6, respectively). Figure 4(a) presents the
number of attendance systems papers in different domains, whilst Figure 4(b) shows the
statistical findings of the 90 domain articles with respect to publication year. Figure 5
presents the general categories of the proposed attendance systems based on years.
Figure 6 highlights the recent technology used trends that are significantly used from
2012 to 2017.
Based on graphical results presented in Figure 4, the majority of the proposed
attendance systems were conducted in the academic field (79 articles), 9 studies for the
organisation category, four papers for the industry domain and only one article for the
enterprise sector (see Figure 4(a)). Various technologies were used in the academic area
from 2012 to 2017, whilst the enterprise field one had one proposed system in 2015.
Moreover, 2012 and 2013 did not have any proposed system in the organisation category
(see Figure 4(b)).
Biometrics and RFID are two attendance systems that were used each year during the
survey period (2012–2017). Mobile attendance-based system were utilised in 2012, 2015,
2016 and 2017. Several systems technology emerged in a single year, such as PSN,
WSN, Iris, GPRS, GSM, ARM, video conference, Bluetooth and eye OS, barcode, secret
code, Internet of Things (IoT), social media-based, multi-module, location-based, voice
and print location, Google forms and sheets, Arduino and RassperiPi (see Figure 5 and
Table 1).
 Automated attendance management systems 57

Figure 4 (a) Domain focus (b) Publication years

(a)

(b)
58 N.S. Ali et al.

Figure 5 Categories of the proposed attendance systems

Based on statistical results shown in Figure 6, fingerprint technologies are excellent

attendance system used in previous papers from 2012 to 2017. Additionally, facial
recognition and NFC are the most used technology attendance during the survey period.
Several technologies were proposed for a single year, such as SNS, facial verification,
GPRS, RF and ARM (see Figure 6).

Figure 6 Technology used in previous AMS

 Automated attendance management systems 59

7 Conclusions and future directions

Developed and emerged technologies could change the future of science that will affect
the daily lives of people, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This research
presented a structured review of AMS in different domains, introduced a comprehensive
literature survey scheme based on a highly granular model for article categorisation
(see Figure 1). Out of 204 identified papers, 90 were found to be relevant in the context
of this review study. This research also offered a general summary of recent technology
trends and their schemes, as well conducted a critical review of previous attendance
systems based on several metrics. Accordingly, we provided a unified view of the
proposed studies as a future reference, and highlighted the need for further studies on the
efficient and effective techniques or approaches. Several main findings of the proposed
attendance systems are summarised in a statistical manner (see Section 6). For future
research, we intend to conduct a comprehensive critical analysis that includes multi-
criteria focus on attendance systems, such as system performance, functionality,
throughput and other related issues.

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