History of Civil Engineering sustainable infrastructure, climate change

adaptation, and smart cities.

Civil engineering is a discipline that has played  They continue to push the boundaries of
a pivotal role in shaping the built environment technology, incorporating innovations like
throughout history. This report explores the 3D printing, artificial intelligence, and
evolution and key milestones in the history of sustainable materials into their projects.
civil engineering, from ancient civilizations to  Challenges and Future Directions Conclusion
the modern. The history of civil engineering is a
I. Ancient Civilizations (3000 BCE - 476 CE) testament to human ingenuity and
innovation.
Civil engineering has its roots in ancient From ancient wonders to the cutting-edge
civilizations, with notable achievements such as projects of today, civil engineers have
the construction of played a vital role in improving the quality
of life and shaping the world we live in. As
 Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, the
the world evolves, so too will the field of
 Roman aqueducts, and the
civil engineering, addressing the challenges
 Great Wall of China.
of tomorrow’s environment.
These early engineers laid the foundation for
techniques in structural engineering, water CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY AND
management, and transportation. OTHER PROFESSION
II. Medieval and Renaissance Period (476 CE - I. IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN
1700 CE) SHAPING THE WORLD?
 Civil engineers were necessary to build
During the Middle Ages, civil engineering every part of our transportation
knowledge was preserved by monasteries and infrastructure, from roads and bridges to
passed down through generations. docks, train stations, and airports.
Renaissance period  It provides solutions to the problems we
face in our daily lives.
saw a resurgence in engineering, with  Engineers use their knowledge, skills, and
advancements in architectural design, bridge creativity to design, build, and maintain
construction, and the study of materials. systems, structures, and technologies that
 St. Peter's Basilica improve our quality of life.
 Industrial Revolution
II. ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY
III. Industrial Revolution (18th - 19th Century)
 Civil engineers develop and improve the
- The 18th to 19th centuries brought
services and facilities we use every day:
significant changes to civil engineering.
from supplying energy and clean water to
Innovations like the steam engine and
homes to processing and recycling waste to
iron and steel production revolutionized
finding solutions to problems like pollution.
construction. Engineers like:
 Civil engineers design and build bridges,
Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Gustave Eiffel roads, railways, and tunnels.
designed iconic structures such as bridges and
the Eiffel Tower. III. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND OTHER PROFESSION
Civil Engineers collaborate with other
IV. 20th Century and Beyond
professions to plan, design, and execute
The 20th century witnessed rapid construction projects efficiently, ensuring safety,
advancements in civil engineering, including the efficiency, and compliance with regulations and
construction of massive infrastructure projects requirements.
like the o ARCHITECTS
o CONSTRUCTION
 Hoover Dam and the
o WORKERS
 Golden Gate Bridge
o SURVEYORS
 Modern civil engineering has broadened its
scope to include environmental Collaboration with other professions ensures
engineering, transportation engineering, successful and sustainable civil engineering
and earthquake-resistant building design. projects, considering environmental, safety,
 Challenges and Future Directions: Civil regulatory, and community factors in addition to
engineers today face challenges related to design and construction.
 Civil engineers face challenges in the 21st II. Sustainable design principles
century to build sustainable, resilient, and
Sustainable design principles aim to minimize
efficient infrastructure, requiring innovative
environmental impact and meet societal needs
solutions to ensure resilience to natural
by using renewable resources, reducing waste,
disasters.
and incorporating natural elements into
SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE functional and eco-friendly infrastructure.

The foremost challenge in civil engineering III. Green infrastructure

today is the imperative to construct sustainable
Green infrastructure, a sustainable urban
infrastructure.
planning approach, uses natural systems to
This involves designing and building structures manage stormwater, reduce heat island effects,
that minimize their environmental impact, and improve air quality, as seen in Chicago's
maximize energy efficiency, and endure the Green Alley Program and New York's High Line
effects of climate change. Park.

Civil engineers must integrate green IV. Challenges to Sustainability in Civil

technologies and eco-friendly materials into engineering
their projects, while also reducing resource
Cost and lack of awareness in civil engineering
consumption and waste generation.
hinder sustainable practices, despite long-term
RESILIENCE TO NATURAL DISASTERS benefits. Increased education and outreach
efforts are needed to promote sustainable
The increasing frequency and intensity of
practices.
natural disasters, including hurricanes, floods,
wildfires, and earthquakes, pose a significant V. The future of civil engineering and
challenge to civil engineers. sustainability

Building resilient infrastructure that can Civil engineering and sustainability will become
withstand these extreme events and recover intertwined, with renewable energy sources and
quickly is imperative. green infrastructure becoming increasingly
popular in projects due to climate change and
The study delves into the profound impact
resource depletion concerns.
of civil engineering on society, highlighting
its role in infrastructure construction, urban
planning, and global quality of life
By applying sustainable design principles
improvement.
and embracing green infrastructure, we can
Civil Engineering, Sustainability, and the create more efficient and environmentally
Future friendly structures.
However, there are challenges that must be
I. The Intersection of Civil Engineering and addressed, such as the cost of implementing
Sustainability sustainable practices and the lack of
awareness among professionals and the
Civil engineering has traditionally focused on
public.
building structures that meet human needs,
As civil engineers, it is our responsibility to
while sustainability is concerned with
design and build structures that are not only
preserving natural resources for future
functional but also sustainable.
generations.

By incorporating sustainable principles into civil WHAT DOES A CIVIL ENGINEERING DO?
engineering projects, we can create structures Civil engineers
that are not only functional but also
environmentally responsible. - design, create and connect the world
around us. They help make our villages,
This means using materials and techniques that towns and cities work for the people
minimize waste and reduce energy that live there.
consumption, as well as designing structures - responsible for the design and
that are resilient in the face of natural disasters construction of society’s infrastructure,
and other disruptions. such as buildings, highways, bridges,
mass transit systems, dams and locks,
and municipal water and sewage
treatment systems.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING c) Air pollution management

- They work to improve recycling, waste Scientists have created air pollution distribution
disposal, public health, and water and models to assess pollutant concentration and
air pollution control. impact on air quality from vehicle exhaust and
- They also address global issues, such as industrial flue gas stack emissions.
unsafe drinking water, climate change,
d) Environmental impact assessment and
and environmental sustainability.
mitigation
DUTIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
Environmental engineers use scientific
- conduct hazardous-waste management principles to assess potential adverse impacts
studies in which they evaluate the on water, air, habitat, agricultural capacity,
significance of a hazard and advise on traffic, ecology, and noise.
treating and containing it.
- to prevent mishaps. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
- Obtain, update, and maintain plans, - branch of civil engineering that is
permits, and standard operating concerned with the structural design of
procedures. man-made structures.
- to ensure compliance with - designing the 'bones and muscles' of
environmental regulations. structures.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL - responsible for making sure that that
ENGINEERING structure won't collapse or fall over.
- a structure must be able to handle the
- protect human health. forces or loads that it's likely to
- Protect nature’s beneficial ecosystem. experience.
- Improve environmental-related
enhancement of the quality of human Structural Engineer: Duties and
life. Responsibilities

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER’s DEVICE a. Analyze Maps, Blueprints, and Charts

SOLUTION FOR: - SE regularly analyze detailed charts and
schematics to determine the optimal
- Water and air pollution control.
approach for building new projects and
- Recycling
repairing existing infrastructure
- Waste disposal
systems.
- Public health
b. Design Project Plan
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JOBS - SE develop new design plans for new
infrastructure systems and create plants
a) Water supply and treatment
for repairing existing buildings, bridges,
Environmental engineers assess water balance and other structures.
in a watershed, determining supply, demand, c. Write Reports and Estimates
and seasonal cycles, and developing storage, - SE create detailed project reports and
treatment, and covey systems for various uses. cost estimates for proposed building
and repair projects, detailing
b) Wastewater treatment
timetables, material, and construction
There are numerous wastewater treatment data.
technologies. A wastewater treatment train can d. Oversee Construction Sites
consist of a - The structural engineer is responsible
for hiring and managing construction
o primary clarifier system to remove solid
staff, which requires frequent check-ins
and floating materials. at building project sites.
o a secondary treatment system consisting
of an aeration basin followed by
flocculation and sedimentation or an
activated sludge system and a secondary
clarifier.
o a tertiary biological nitrogen removal
system; and a final disinfection process.
Difference between… 4 COMMON CEM CAREER PATHS
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER - Civil Engineer
- Construction Engineer
- responsible for making sure that the - Construction Manager
structures we use in our daily lives, - Building Services Engineer
like bridges and tall buildings, are
POSSIBLE PROJECTS
safe, and stable and don’t collapse
under applied loads. - Building Construction
- Bridge construction
CIVIL ENGINEER - Tunnel construction
- conceive, design, build, supervise, - Offshore construction
operate, construct, and maintain REQUIREMENTS
infrastructure projects and systems
- Professional Regulation Commission
in the public and private sectors.
(PRC).
ARCHITECT - Knowledge in Engineering Mathematics,
Mechanics structural analysis etc.
- create designs for new construction - Problem-solving analytical skills ability
projects, alterations, and to work independently.
redevelopments.
Structural Engineering Includes:
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
o Bridge Design
- Study of the behavior of soils under the
o Site Inspection
influence of loading forces and soil-
o Home Improvements water interactions.
o Foundation Development - Applied to the design of foundations,
o Skyscraper Design retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners,
and geosynthetics for waste
Common Industries that Structural
containment.
Engineers can work in: - As a geotechnical engineer, you will
o Airports assess the physical, mechanical, and
chemical properties of soil and rock to
o Coastal and Marine Structures
design foundations, retaining structures
o Buildings
and earthworks.
o Bridges - Your assessment will enable you to
o Railways determine the feasibility of a
o Tunnels construction engineering plan.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND SOIL BEHAVIOR

MANAGEMENT RESPONSE OF SOIL TO External loads, changes in
moisture Content, and other environmental
- a subfield of civil engineering that
factors. The behavior of soil is complex and
focuses on the planning, scheduling,
Depends on several factors, such as soil Type,
and management of construction structure, compaction, moisture Content, and
projects. load history.
- The importance of CEM is that it
ensures that infrastructures are built GEOSYNTHETICS
to the highest standards. - Man-made materials used to improve
soil conditions.
RESPONSIBILITIES TO ENSURE SAFETY AND
EFFICIENCY GEO = EARTH OR SOIL

1. Planning and designing construction SYNTHETICS = MAN-MADE

projects
- Typically made from petrochemical-
2. Managing construction projects
based polymers (“plastics”) that are
3. Inspecting construction projects
biologically inert and will not
4. Managing construction risks
decompose from bacterial or fungal
action.
BRANCHES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Branches of Water Resources Engineering

 Soil Mechanics i. HYDROLOGY

- Soil mechanics is a scientific field of the - study of the water cycle and its components
civil engineering discipline that studies ii. HYDRAULICS
the mechanical behaviours of soil. - study of properties and behavior of water
 Rock Mechanics during movement
- a branch of mechanics that studies the iii. GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING
mechanical behaviors of rocks and their - study of how water moves between
masses, focusing on their response to groundwater and surface water.
their physical environment's force fields. iv. HYDRO POWER ENGINEERING
 Foundation Engineering - study of how water is used to generate
- a subfield of geotechnical engineering electricity.
that utilizes soil mechanics, structural v. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
engineering, and project serviceability ENGINEERING
to design and construct foundations for - study of how water resources are protected
various structures. and conserved.
vi. COASTAL ENGINEERING
MOST COMMON PROBLEMS
- study of how coastal areas are. protected
- Unexpected soil conditions and developed from flooding, erosion, and
- design changes other hazards.
- environmental factors vii. WATER QUALITY ENGINEERING
- human errors - study of the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of water to maintain its
Karl von Terzaghi - father of geotechnical quality.
engineering viii. WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEER MANAGEMENT
- studying how water resources can be
Water Resources manage in a sustainable manner.
- origin of water that are essentially Water Resources Engineering Project
required by human.
- Construction of artificial reservoirs
- water is basically used for…
- Groundwater recharge
o Agriculture
- Drip irrigation systems
o Industry
- Desalination plants
o Domestic Purposes
- Flood control system
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
- removing water when humans are finished
using it.  branch of civil engineering that involves
- developing infrastructure for water in towns the planning, design, operation, and
and cities maintenance of transportation systems to
- develop methods of avoiding damage from help build smart, safe, and livable
excess water (floods) communities.
 design networking systems that
Water Resources Engineering deals with: individuals use for travelling purposes,
including railroads, subways, airways, and
- Irrigation network
seaways.
- River engineering
 responsible for designing, planning, and
- Hydraulic structures
maintaining various aspects of
- Sewer systems for storms and wastewater
transportation systems, including:
Water Resources Engineering deals with: o Road and Highway Design
o Traffic Control Systems
- Seepage control
o Public Transit Systems
- Hydrology
o Railway Engineering
- Floods, flow of mud and debris
- Wave analysis o Airport Design
o Port and Harbor Engineering
o Traffic Analysis
o Modeling Environmental Impact
Assessment
 Transportation engineering tackles common HOW TO BECOME AN ENERGY ENGINEER
issues in transportation systems for safer,
1. Earn an undergraduate engineering degree
faster, and more efficient options,
addressing concerns. Many energy engineers begin their careers by
 This involves managing road maintenance, obtaining a bachelor’s degree in engineering.
traffic flow, preventing accidents, selecting
appropriate materials, facilitating efficient 2. Gain work experience After graduating, it can
trade routes, determining fastest transport be helpful to gain a few years of professional
methods, providing safe pedestrian options, work experience as a junior-level engineer
and assessing environmental impacts. before applying for a full-time energy engineer
 Types of transportation engineering jobs position
- Highway engineers 3. Obtain an engineering license Many states
- Safety engineers require an engineering license for those working
- Traffic engineers in high-level engineering positions.
HOW TO BECOME A TRANSPORTATION 4. Complete further education While some
ENGINEER aspiring energy engineers choose to only pursue
Transportation engineers have a strong an undergraduate degree, many others
educational background and proven on-the-job complete further education
experience to qualify as professional engineers. 5. Apply for energy engineering positions
- Get a bachelor’s degree in engineering.
- Pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)
exam. Solar panels
- Complete an internship. - collect energy from the Sun in the form of
- Meet your state’s requirements for sunlight and convert it into electricity that
licensure. can be used to power homes or businesses.
- Pass the Principles and Practice of These panels can be used to supplement a
Engineering (PE) exam. building’s electricity or provide power at
remote locations.

Wind turbines
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
- can turn the power of wind into the
- a professional discipline that integrates
electricity we all use to power our homes
various scientific topics to develop solutions
and businesses.
that protect and enhance the health of
living organisms and the environment.
- typically require a bachelor's degree in
environmental engineering or related fields
- create solutions for wastewater
management, pollution control, recycling,
and public health, while studying
technological advancements to address
environmental issues like acid rain, global
warming, and ozone depletion.

Energy Engineering

- involves extracting and converting resources

into energy, focusing on efficiency, power
generation, facility management,
Note: STUDY THE PREVIOUS
environmental compliance, sustainable
energy, and renewable energy. EXAMmmm