Matter and

chemical
change
What is Matter: Anything that takes up space, has mass

What are pure substances: Anything that is made up of one type of atom, they split into two
groups.

What are Elements: A pure substance made up of one type of particle. This particle cannot be
broken down into simpler substances

What are Compounds: A pure substance that are made up of two or more elements bonded
together. Can be broken down into elements again.

What is a Mixture : Anything that is made up of 2 or more elements. mixtures fall into 2 groups

What is a Solution: Pure Mixture, one type of molecule. Meaning a homogenous mixture. Is
when the chemicals are evenly scattered. (Homogenous Mixture). It is the same throughout.
Solutions are usually Transparent (Clear)
What is a mechanical mixture: You can see the different parts of it (Heterogenous), and they
stay mixed. They don’t settle or move. Components of the mixture can be separated by
mechanical means. Each substance in the mixture is visible
Ex) Raisin Bran, Granite, Wood (Usually solid)

What are suspensions: the particles can be seen by the naked eye, or with a microscope. If
left undisturbed, they will settle or separate. The smaller the particle, the longer they remain a
mixture. Heterogenous mixture in which particles settle slowly after mixing
Ex) Milk of Magnesia, paint, Flour in water, blood (Blood cells in plasma)

What are Colloids: Are heterogenous, but it looks homogenous. In a colloid, the particles are
so small that they will stay suspended.
Ex) Jelly: it is a solid and a liquid mixed up

Draw a diagram explaining each matter:

Explain Chemical Change:

Ex) Mixing baking soda and vinegar – makes foam
How a substance reacts with another substance.
Anything that is observed through a chemical reaction
. A chemical change always results in the formation of a different substance or substances.

A chemical change occurs when two or more materials react and create new materials. The new
materials have completely different properties from the original substances.
 Evidence of Chemical Change Example

Change in colour When bleach is added to the dye on a denim jacket,

a noticeable colour change occurs.

Change in odour When a match is struck, the substances in the match

head react and give off a distinctive odour.

Formation of a solid or gas When vinegar (a liquid) is added to baking soda

a solid), carbon dioxide gas is formed.

Release or absorption of heat energyWhen gasoline burns in a car engine, heat is released.

Explain physical Change: No new chemical is formed. Properties may change, but it is the
same chemical. Anything that can be observed without making a chemical reaction. There are
two types, quantitative: can measure it with a number, qualitiative: must be described in words .

A variety of physical properties can be used to identify matter. When a substance undergoes a
physical change, such as melting, its appearance or state may be altered, but its composition
stays the same.

Melting pointThe melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a
solid to a liquid.
For example: The melting point of ice is 0°C. At this temperature, it changes into
water.

Boling point The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which its liquid phase
changes to the gas phase.

For example: Table salt boils at 1413°C, and propane boils at !42°C.

hardness Hardness is a substance’s ability to resist being scratched.

Malleability A substance that can be pounded or rolled into sheets is said to be malleable.

Ductility Any solid that can be stretched into a long wire is said to be ductile.

Crystal The shape of a substance’s crystals can help identify it.

shape

Solubility Solubility is the ability of a substance to be dissolved in another.

Density Density is the amount of mass in a given volume of a substance.

Conductivity Conductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat. A

substance that conducts
electricity or heat is called a conductor. A substance with little or no conductivity is
an insulator.
What are atoms?
Elements are substances that only contain one type of atom. Each element has a unique atom.
And each atom is built with neutrons, protons and electrons. But the difference lies in the amount
and order in which they lie.

How do subatomuc particles and atoms relate?

A hydrogen atom is different than a helium atom because of the number of their subatomic
particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Each element has a unique set of properties and
characteristics. If we change the arrangement, we change the properties.

Protons are positivley charged

Nuetrons are neutral charged
Electrons are negaivley charged

What is an ion?
Atoms are neutureal. n atom of an element doesn’t have a charge, but we know the pieces that
build up an atom do have charges. Since protons are positive and electrons are negative. There
must be an equal number of them in order to achieve this neutral charge

When this changes it is an ion.

In the center is the nucleus. In the center of the nucleus. There are protons and neurons.
To measure the mass of an atom we measure the nucleus where the atoms are clustered
together. The size of THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IS MUCH GREATER MUCH GREATER
THAN THE ELECTRONS

When an atom has the same number of protons and electrons, it is neutral
● Ex) Li atom: 3 Proton, 3 electrons, charge = 0
When an atom gains or loses electrons, it gets a charge, and is called an ion
● Ex) Li ion: 3 Protons 2 electrons, charge = +1
● Ex) Bromine Ion: 35 Protons, 36 electrons, charge = -1
Ionic bonds form when opposite charges attract

State the history of the atom's model:

First atomic theory: Everything in the world was made up of atoms.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Dalton that common substance always broke down into the same elements. He
was the first to show what compound was. That different compounds were combinations of species
elements. He stated that

1. All matter consists of tiny particles (atoms).

2. Matter cannot be destroyed or destroyed into smaller sections
3. All atoms have the same mass ·
4. When elements combine, it is made into a perfect value ratio

These possible rules or Dalton's assumption of choice made it possible for us to predict how chemicals
combine, date formulas to match those guesses, and look for similarities among groups of chemicals.

Periodic Table of Elements: let to the periodic table that held all elements. He was often found leaving
empty spaces on the table for elements not yet found. He predicted their chemical and physical properties
without the overall atom structure.

Discovery of the Electron (Thomson): Discovery of electrons. Electrons were discovered through the
means of cathode rays. These rays were more than 100 times lighter than a hydrogen atom. The mass of
the atom was always the same no matter what kind of atom, from this he decided that the rays were
negatively charged particles which we call deflectors today. Part of the atom does have a charge. It has a
negative charge, but has positive charge sprinkled through.

Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment: He explored the atom and the plum pudding model by applying a gold
foil with fast moving particles. He found that some particles did travel through the gold foil, but 1 of 8000
bounced away from the foil. This only led to the conclusion that the atom is mostly open space but with a
dense positively charged core (the nucleus) that also repels positively charged alpha particles.

The Bohr Model of the Atom: He proposes that these electrons can jump from one. However, it can jump
discreetly to the next orbit. Electrons orbit at a specific distance from the nucleus and that each orbit has a
different level of energy. An electron jumps to a higher energy level, when an atom absorbs that energy.
Later, the atom releases the energy back in the form of a photon. The atoms don't just randomly absorb
and emit energy, but they emit energy in certain discrete amounts known as quanta.

The Nucleus: After the discovery that the conductor is positively charged of protons and neutrons, Henry
began exploring the nucleus a bit more. To test his understanding, he shot a stream of electrons in atoms
of different elements. What he found was that each atom gives off a different x-ray signature that
determines their position in the periodic table. He determined a whole different number, Z, called the
atomic number, known as the number of protons in the nucleus.

What are groups: Vertical columns are called Groups. There are 18 groups on the table
What are periods: The horizontal rows are called Period. There are 7 periods.

Describe the pattern in peodci table: In the above model, the Bohr models makes the first 18
elements because the number of valence electrons in each group are the same and it makes a
pattern.

Atomic Number and Atomic Mass

Explain atomic number and atomic mass: Every element is different because it has a different
number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. To find the number of subatomic particles, we use
the Atomic Number and the Atomic Mass

Atomic Number: always a whole number. It tells us the Number of Protons in an atom.
In a normal atom, there are an equal amount of protons and electrons
Atomic Number = # Protons, # Electrons

Atomic Mass: Tells us the total weight of the atom. Electrons are so small they don’t have
mass
Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons
To find the Number of Neutrons = Atomic Mass – Atomic Number

Describe the patterns in the periodic table:

The atomic number (number of protons) of an element increases from left to right.
The atomic mass also increases as you move from left to right (with the odd exception).

2. On your table, there should be a Staircase

● Everything to the left of the staircase are “metals”

● Everything to the right of the staircase are “Non-metals”
● Every element that is touching the staircase, except aluminum and pottasium is a
Metalloid.

Metals Non-Metals
 ● ●
Are solid, except for mercury Mostly gases and liquid
● Conduct Electricity ● Don’t Conduct Electricity
● Conduct heat ● Don’t conduct heat
● Usually shiny ● Dull
● Are Malleable ● Are not malleable
● Are Ductile ● Are not Ductile
Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals
Malleable: Can be molded into different shapes.
Ductile: Can be drawn out into wires

3. The 18 columns on the periodic table are known as groups or sometimes “families”.
They are called this because each one contains elements that share certain
chemical characteristics.

Groups- the elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital.
Those outer electrons are called valence electrons. They are electrons involved in chemical
bonds with other elements.

4. Each period on the table can have a different number of elements

yet follows the same pattern. In a period we move from left to right, when we do the elements
change from solids to gases.

Period - all of the elements (minus the transition metals) in a period have the same number of
atomic orbitals

5.This pattern is based on reactivity and because each element in a specific group has similar
reactivity, we give the groups special names. We have the alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals,
halogens, and noble gases. Please take a moment to colour each group and define them below.

Alkali Metals - Extremely reactive. Each alkali metal has an unpaired electron meaning they
want to pair it up and form a compound. They are all extremely soft and shiny.
The most Reactive family of metals is Alkali Metals, because they are so close to reaching 0 VE.
Alkaline-Earth Metals - Likely have a pH of greater than 7 (basic). Each of them have two
electrons in their outer shell. They are slightly soft, shiny, silvery-white and slightly reactive.
React with water (minus Beryllium)

Halogens - very reactive. They have seven electrons and to fill the orbital they want to have 8.
They produce salts when reacted with metals and produce acids when reacted with hydrogen.

They are all fairly toxic.

The most reactive family of Non-metals is Halogen, because it is 1 electron away from a stable
set.

Noble Gases - Known as the “happy” elements or inert. Their electron shells are full and do not
tend to react very well. They are colorless and odorless.

6.Elements have different characteristics at room temperature.

Name the two types of compounds:

Ionic Molecular

are made from a metal and a non-metal!!! are made from a combination of non-metals!!!

Solids at room temperature Solid liquid or gas at room temperature

High melting point low melting point and boiling point
Good at conducting electricity Poor at conducting electricity
Unique crystal shapes weak bonds holding the compound together
What are ionic Compounds?
Elements in an ionic compound gain or lose electrons when they bond.

A postivley charge ion is called a cation.

A negativley charge ion is called a anion.

When both these ions attract, it forms an ionic compound and it is when one atom gives
electrons to another atom. Metals always give, Non Metals always take.

Define the charges of Ionic Bonds

•When an atom gains or loses electrons it becomes an ion.

If an element loses an electron, what will be its charge?

-When a negatively charged electron leaves an atom it results in a positively charged

atom called a cation. This is because the atom was neutral with the positive protons and
the negative electrons balancing but it lost balance when an electron left.

•When an atom gains or loses electrons it becomes an ion.

If an element gains an electron, what will be its charge?
-When a negatively charged electron is added to an atom it results in a negatively
charged atom. called an anion This is because the atom was neutral with the positive
protons and the negative electrons balancing but it lost balance when an electron
arrived..

The ionic charge is determined by the number of electrons that the element gains or loses. This
is determined by the number of electrons in the valence shell.
How do we name Ions
When naming, we Always put the metal first, and the non-metal second
Salt is always NaCl, not ClNa
Naming is always done with the positive charge first, then negative charge.
Ex: Lithium and Flourine = LiF

what is Moleculur compound?

When atoms combine to make new matter. Since electrons are being shared between atoms.
There are many different combining ratios possible between two elements. For example water
(aka dihydrogen monoxide) (H20) and hydrogen peroxide (aka dihydrogen dioxide) (H202) are
both molecular compounds that are made from hydrogen and oxygen. They are sharing different
numbers of electrons in the different compounds.

A molecular compound consists of molecules whose formula represents the actual number of
atoms bonded together in the molecule. The atoms are joined to give a definite shape which is
defined by the angles between the bonds and by the bond lengths.

When we have the formula and we want the name

1.The first element in the compound uses the element name
2.The second element in the compound has a ending of “ide” (like ionic compounds)
3.When more than one atom is in the formula, we use a prefix which specifies how many
atoms there are.
*Rule 3 can be broken if the number of atoms in the first element is 1, we would not say mono
as a prefix

What is a chemical reaction?

A chemical reaction is hen two or more elements or compounds react to form something NEW!
reactants → products
Reactants: the starting materials in a reaction.
Products: the new materials formed in a reaction.

There are two different forms of representing a chemical reaction:

1)Word equation:
Uses element/compound names in the equation

2) Chemical Equation:
Uses chemical formulas in the equation.
Shows the number of each atom present.
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
Mg + O → MgO

Different types of chemical reactions:

All chemical reactions involve changes in energy. Energy is either produced or
absorbed during a chemical reaction.

Combustion reactions
Oxygen reacts with a substance to form a new substance and give off energy. Fire is a common
example of a combustion reaction. In burning, wood reacts with oxygen to give off heat and light
and produce carbon dioxide and water

Corrosion reactions
Corrosion is the slow chemical change that occurs when oxygen in the air reacts with a metal. A
common example of corrosion is rusting.

What are endothermic and exothermic

There are two ways to describe a reactions energy:

Endothermic:
 ● Energy is absorbed during the reaction because the energy is being used to break
bonds and NOT speed up particles.
● Temperature of the system drops

Exothermic:
● Energy is produced during the reaction because new bonds are forming and
increasing the pace of particles.
● Temperature of the system rises

What are reaction rates: how fast a chemical reaction occurs. They all occur because of
molecules colliding in the same ways. Two reactants must come together in order to happen
and there needs to be collisons.

Only if there is
● Correct orientation
● Sufficient energy

Concentration
● The greater the concentration of the reactants, the faster the
reaction
● More concentration means there are more atoms to react with.

Temperature
The more heat that is added the faster the reaction occurs
Added heat causes the atoms to move faster causing a greater chance for
them to collide.

Surface Area
● Increasing the surface area of the reactants will increase the rate of
the reaction
● The bigger the area to react the more reactions can take place

Pressure
● When you increase the pressure, the molecules have less space in which they
can move so they hit each other as often and the rate of reaction increases.
Catalyst
● A substance added to increase speed of the reaction
● Present in the reaction from the start but is not used up in the reaction
● Can be thought of as a little helper/guide

What is Conservation of mass?

It is a law that states that the amount of mass that exists in our universe is fixed, it doesn’t
change. The form of the mass might change. The identity of the compound might change. But
the amount will always be constant.

Laws of conservation of mass

During a chemical reaction, the total mass and number of atoms of the reactants equals the
total mass and number of atoms of the products.

Mass of reactants=mass of product

However sometimes it may seem like the conservation of mass isn't being followed, but its
usulaly because there is a gas produced in this reaction that escaped therefore its mass wasn’t
measured.
Closed system: When you want to container reaction and keep all of the product we use a
closed system. It gives us the total mass measured

Open system: When you're working towards something where the gas is not measured due to
gas leaving the system.

How to count atoms?

The symbol of an elements represents one atom of the element.
If there is a subscript it indicates the number of atoms of that element.

If there are more than one atoms of the element in the molecule,
then a subscript is used to indicate the number of atoms.
○N2= 2 atoms of nitrogen
○CO2 = 1 atom of carbon & 2 atoms of Oxygen

A subscript outside a bracket multiplies all the elements inside the

bracket
Ba3(PO4)2
■3 atoms of barium
■1 x 2 atoms of phosphorus = 2
■4 x 2 atoms of oxygen = 8
■TOTAL atoms = 13

A coefficient is a number written in front of a chemical formula and indicates the number of
molecules of that compound.
2H2
O = 2 molecules of water
○ So H2O + H2O = 4 hydrogen atoms & 2
oxygen atoms