A Journey of Tim1

ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL i
A JOURNEY OF TIME: SIGNIFICANCE OF JEEPNEY ON THE CULTURE

AND EXPERIENCES OF JEEPNEY DRIVERS IN VIGAN CITY
____________________
A Qualitative Research
Presented to
The Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
Ilocos Sur National High School
Senior High School
Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
____________________
In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 1
____________________
by:
FRYNZES ZYRA COLARINA

ALICIA MAE CUBANGBANG
ALEXIS ANGELIQUE LOZANO
VON MATTHEW GASPAY
JOHN MICKY QUITORIANO
ARNOEL JOHAMCE RETRETA
JUSTINE CARL TABAG
TRISTAN AERON TALAÑA
2023
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………… i
Certification………….…………………………………………………………….. ii
Approval Sheet…..….…………………………………………………….…….…. iii
Acknowledgment……….….….……………………………………………….….. iv
Dedication……..……………………………………………………………….….. vi
Abstract……..……………………………………………………………………...vii
Table of Contents……….…………………………………………….…………….ix
Chapter I: THE PROBLEM
Introduction..….….….….…………………….…………………………………
Research Questions……....………………….…………………………….…….
Significance of the Study.………………….……………………………………
Scope and Limitations….….….. …………………….…………………………
Operational Definition of Terms………………...…………………..………….
Review of Related Literature………………………………….………………..
Conceptual Framework……………………………………………….. ………
Methods..……………………………..………………………………………..
Research Design…..………………………………………………………...…
Study Locale and Informants… ………...…………………………………......
Data Gathering Procedures……………………………………………. ..….....
Data Gathering Tools…… .…………..………………………………… .… ..
Ethical Considerations..…………....….…………………………….……..….
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL iii
Chapter II: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND DISCUSSION
Chapter III: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary..……………………..………….…………………………….…..
Conclusion….……………….………….………..……………..………. …
Recommendation…..…..………………………………….…..…………..
Appendices..…………………………………………………………………….…..
Bibliography………………………………………………………..….…………...
Curriculum Vitae…………….……………………………………….…..…….……
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
INTRODUCTION
Many centuries had gone by, Jeepneys served as a transportation for the
Philippines. The transition of Conveyance in the Philippines evolved from Calesas,
in 1700s, by the Spanish to this country's current vehicle, the jeepneys. Today,
Jeepneys are still widely used in the Philippines as an affordable and convenient way
to get around. They can be found in most major cities and towns, and their routes are
often indicated by signs painted on the sides of the vehicles. Despite the popularity
of other forms of transportation such as buses and taxis, Jeepneys continue to be a
beloved and important part of Philippine culture.
Jeepneys were originally created from the abandoned military jeep left by the
America troops after the World War II. Filipinos repurposed and modified these
jeeps to serve as a public transformation, providing a cheap and convenient way for
people to get around. Aside from their practical function, jeepneys have become a
cultural icon in the Philippines. The colorful designs, a very Filipino driver who
communicates with their passengers that reflects the creativity and artistic sensibility
of the Filipino people. These vehicles were altered and made into a unique mode of
transportation that was more affordable and easier to operate than traditional buses.
Jeepneys have also played a significant role in Filipino history. During the
Marcos regime in the 1970s and 1980s, jeepneys became a symbol of resistance
against the authoritarian government. Many jeepney drivers and operators joined
protests and strikes, using their vehicles to transport activists and supplies. Jeepneys
were also used to transport people during the EDSA People Power Revolution in
1986, a historic event that saw millions of Filipinos peacefully overthrowing the
Marcos dictatorship.
Jeepneys are a distinct and colorful form of public transportation in the
Philippines, widely recognized for their intricate designs and creative decorations
that reflect the drivers' and owners' individuality. These vehicles are highly
significant to the country's transportation system and have played a vital role in the
post-World War II era in providing affordable transport.
Jeepneys quickly gained popularity among Filipinos and became a crucial
part of the country's transportation system. They are now an integral part of the
Philippines' identity, and their distinctive appearance has made them a symbol of
Filipino culture and history.
Although they are widely accepted and celebrated, jeepneys have been met
with concerns regarding safety, environmental impact, and traffic congestion. Some
people have raised safety concerns because many jeepneys are old and have not been
adequately maintained, while others have questioned their environmental impact
since they are powered by diesel engines that release high levels of pollutants.
To address these challenges, initiatives have been introduced to modernize
and improve the country's public transportation system. One of these initiatives is the
introduction of electric jeepneys, which are powered by clean energy and produce
zero emissions.
Jeepneys have played an essential role in the Philippines' economy, creating
jobs in the transportation industry and supporting small businesses that provide
maintenance and repair services. They have also become a beloved cultural symbol
that signifies Filipino resilience and resourcefulness, making them a significant part
of the country's history and culture.
In conclusion, jeepneys are an integral part of the Philippines' transportation
system, culture, and history. They are a unique and vibrant aspect of the country's
identity, providing affordable transportation while reflecting the individuality of their
owners and drivers. Though they face some challenges, jeepneys remain a beloved
cultural symbol and a testament to the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the Filipino
people.
However, these vehicles has it's disadvantages — regarding health and safety
matters. The jeepney is a notorious polluter because petrol from jeepney makes a
huge contribution to pollution. Besides, some assume that jeepneys on the road are
one of the causes of heavy traffic congestion. The problem of pollution and traffic
jams as well as provide more convenient and safer services for commuters, the
Philippines government has brought in the jeepney modernization program.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study sought to have insight on the impact, and feedback from random
participants about The Significance of Jeepney on the Culture and History of
Philippines.
Specifically, this seeks to find answers to these questions:

1. What makes the Jeepney as a Filipino symbol?
2. What is the significance of Jeepney on The Jeepney Drivers in terms of the
following:
a. Transportation
b. Affordability
c. Culture
3. What are your thoughts about The Jeepney's History?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The researchers made to provide crucial information and knowledge
regarding the chosen topic from the respondents and related sites needed for the
expected importance to the individuals as follows.
Students. This study may serve as a reference for all students on how to remember
the jeepney culture and history in the Philippines.
Passengers. This study may serve as a reference for the passengers understanding.
Future Researchers. This research will be a useful reference for researchers who
would plan to make any related study.
Drivers. This study aims to recognize the widespread use of these vehicles, and the
Philippine government began to regulate their use.
In particular, the study in an overall sense, the significance of this study is
Jeepney's history in the Philippines, and How it is The Filipino National Symbol.
Provide an understanding of the jeepney linguistic system through the lens of the
jeepney drivers and owners. The study revealed that most of the Jeepney
manufacturing firms were born out of the Army's need for a vehicle that could
replace both the horse and the motorcycle as a general-purpose transportation device,
and revolutionary design and its multitude of standard safety equipment.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study focused on the discussion of the Significance of Jeepney on the
Culture and Experiences of Jeepney drivers in Vigan City.
The researchers are focused on the Culture, and Experiences of Jeepney
drivers in Vigan City.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains conducted solid evidences, and events that occur
historically, until recently. The technical terminology, topics, and research used are
through explored from its origins, and the comparison from the vehicle past form to
the present modern frame through the analysis gathered.
The main objective of developing this structure was to provide a base, or
solid basis for researchers to construct valuable study that was appropriate to provide
it's historical background, location, its origins, and it's fall for researchers to provide
a reliable background for potential researchers to use as a guide.
The Story of Jeepneys
One study by VBJ (2015) reveals, The streets of the Philippines are
dominated by brazenly colored, heavily ornamented, black exhaust smoke belching,

military jeep inspired vehicles. They are called jeepneys, which is either a
portmanteau of the words “jeep” and “jitney” or “jeep” and “knee,” because when
you ride in these things you are wedged in knee to knee with other passengers. But
one thing that’s for sure is that they are the staple form of public transportation here.
The jeepney is an icon of the Philippines — in the same league as the red
double decker bus in London, the yellow taxi in New York, the moto taxi in Peru,
and the little beetle-like auto-rickshaw in India. A specimen of a jeepney was even
exhibited in the Philippines pavilion at the 1964 New York World’s Fair as the prime
symbol to represent the country. When Pope John Paul II visited Manila in 1981 he
apparently left his “pope mobile” at the Vatican and instead opted to ride in, yes, a
jeepney.
This seemingly simple public transport vehicle is deeply intertwined with
contemporary Filipino society and history, and in many ways can also be used as a
lens to see the culture itself. It’s not only something that Filipinos can ride in, but
something they can identify with as well.
Jeepneys first appeared on the streets of the Philippines in the 1950s, soon
after the U.S. military began pulling out in droves. WWII had left the public
transportation networks of the Philippines in shambles, and the U.S. military left
behind hundreds of old Willys and Ford jeeps they no longer had any use for. It was
a set of circumstances that match perfectly.
A factory to the south of Metro Manila. The company was started with ₱700
in 1953 by Leonardo Sarao, who at the time was a driver of a horse-drawn cart, and
eventually became a multi-million dollar operation. At the company’s peak in the
70s and 80s, the plant had 400 workers who kicked out 18 to 20 jeepneys per day —
all of which sported the brand’s metal horse statues on the roof. At one point, Sarao
jeepneys outnumber all others in Manila by a margin of 7 to 1.
Today, there are over 50,000 jeepneys on the streets of Manila, and untold
thousands more around the country.
Jeepneys generally follow set routes. They gather together at designated
starting points and line up one after another. A barker keeps track of them all and
tells each driver when it’s his turn to go. The driver then does his route, collecting
passengers, dropping them off, all the way to the end of the line, where he then turns
around and does the same thing in the opposite direction.
This means that getting a ride in a jeepney is simply a matter of standing on
the side of the road in the direction you want to go and flagging one down that has
your destination painted on it. All jeepneys have their routes written below their
windshields and on their sides
The prices for rides were listed on a sheet of paper that was attached to the
back of the front seats so all of the passengers could see it. The cost was based on
how far along the route you wanted to go. Though with the highest price hardly
breaching 40 cents U.S. it seemed a little moot. Traveling by jeepney is cheap, and
this is one of the reasons why they are still so popular.
Some jeepneys have conductors who take care of things on the passenger
end, but they must be paid and fed lunch, so many drivers don’t find it worth it to
carry them along. The loss of a few passengers taking a free ride does not equate to
the cost of a guy whose job it is to prevent this. While conductors were not
necessarily rare in Baguio, most drivers seemed to do without them. The passengers
just paid on their own at a convenient point along their way, passing money down
the bench to the person sitting nearest the driver, who would hand it over when the
opportunity allowed.
Jeepneys can carry around 18 passengers on their parallel benches — and
many more hanging on outside or sitting on the roof if need be. This makes them
rather crowded, though social places. Like so, there is an unwritten code of conduct
for riding. Pushing and shoving, talking loudly, and making a scene is generally
considered rude. Old people are offered seats if there are none available. To prevent
bothering others, loquaciousness is generally not encouraged, and most ride without
saying a word other than yelling out “para” when they want to be let off. Though
banging the ceiling or rapping a coin against something metal also works.
Jeepneys are essentially art on wheels, their exteriors are usually plastered
with wild paint jobs, decals, colored lights, horns, statues, and lots and lots of
chrome. As the drivers generally decide on the designs, the art becomes an exposé of
their interests, history, family, faith, worldviews, and, to put it simply, what they
think look cools. Religious slogans are common, as are horoscope signs, the names
and portraits of family members, cartoon characters, animals, scantly clad women,
and iconography
The Philippines’ Mass-Transit Solution

According to Jens Meiner (2016): The History of the Jeepney, the
Philippines’ Mass-Transit Solution. Jeepneys are the Philippines’ most popular form
of public transportation, and they are a pure anachronism. They got their start as
Willys Jeeps left behind when American GIs departed the Philippines at the end of
World War II. Filipinos then began recycling them as buses with bodies made from
galvanized or stainless steel, fabric covers instead of side windows, and
longitudinally mounted benches with room for 20 (or more) passengers. Those
beginnings are still apparent, despite the cheeky Mercedes-Benz stars affixed to the
front of many modern Jeepneys.
Always colorful and adorned with pious symbols, the Jeepneys don’t just
dominate Manila, they also serve specific routes all over the country. In theory,
Jeepney drivers have to stick to designated stops. But theory and reality don’t always
agree, and a Jeepney therefore will often stop anywhere it’s being flagged down or
wherever someone would like to disembark. If their Jeepneys are not filled to
capacity, drivers tend to reduce their speeds to a minimum. After all, there might be
someone nearby looking for a ride. But while Jeepneys often serve as rolling
roadblocks, they are driven rather aggressively at other times.
The constant stopping doesn’t help traffic flow through Manila’s notoriously
clogged roads, but it’s hard to blame the drivers. Maintaining a large population of
passengers is crucial, as a ride is remarkably cheap, beginning at just 15 cents, with
each extra kilometer (0.6 mile) adding another two cents. Hopping onto a Jeepney is
much less expensive than taking a cab, the train, or even one of the many three-
wheeled cycles that carry one to two passengers. The Jeepneys are so cheap and
simple that politicians reliably balk at any proposal to change the system, especially
since the vehicles are de facto cultural icons.
Ed S. Sarao wholeheartedly agrees with this description. His factory builds
about 40 Jeepneys annually, fully by hand. “In the past, we have built 200 to 300 per
year,” he says, referring to the Marcos era of the 1970s and ’80s, a “golden time” for
his company. Today, Sarao doesn’t really need to continue the business, as the
family has invested in real estate, and building Jeepneys is “kind of a hobby.” He
also restores American and Japanese classics, both for customers and his own
collection, and his most treasured possession is a 1962 Pontiac that his father bought
nearly new from a friend.
The Jeepney as a Filipino National Symbol
According to Kastina Escelona (2017) reveals, Down the chaotic Manila
streets, alongside large buses, private cars, and taxi cabs, an eye-catching,
anachronistic vehicle carelessly makes its way through. It’s painted with bright
colors and adorned with gaudy accessories. This is the Philippine jeepney, a post-
World War II innovation, a cultural symbol, and the undisputed “King of the Road”.
Jeepneys are stretched long enough to accommodate around 15 to 25
passengers, have open ventilation through windows all along their side and an open
backdoor for easy passenger embarkation and disembarkation. Jeepneys are
famously characterized by their vibrant, multicolored paint jobs and flashy decor, so
much so that through the years, they have become a symbol of the country and its
culture.
The history of the iconic jeepney bears a resemblance to that of the equally
iconic Filipino dish, sisig (sizzling chopped parts of the pig’s head): both were
products of ingenious innovation. Just as sisig was created by making the most of
cheap throw-away cuts of pigs from the US Air Base in Pampanga, the jeepney was
up-cycled from leftover U.S. Willy Jeeps used during World War II.
Down the chaotic Manila streets, alongside large buses, private cars, and taxi
cabs, an eye-catching, anachronistic vehicle carelessly makes its way through. It’s
painted with bright colors and adorned with gaudy accessories. This is the Philippine
jeepney, a post-World War II innovation, a cultural symbol, and the undisputed
“King of the Road”.
The Influence of Filipino Jeepneys
As indicated by the University of Hawaii - Center for Southeast Asian
Studies (2006), after World War 2, U.S officers left a great many unserviceable
jeeps. So then, Leonardo Sarao, an entrepreneurial Caviteno saw a business
opportunity for mass transport. The jeep was then remodeled to increase its
functionality by extending the body to accommodate at least twice the number of
passengers and by putting some railings at the back and top for extra passengers to
cling to, and still have some room for cargoes. In creating the jeepney, the Filipinos
adopted and modified it to suit their own-needs. And even if it faces competition
from other innovations (like FX taxis)it remains popular in urban areas as well as in
rural areas where it can handle muddy track with ease. It is known to be the poor
man’s transport, versatile, durable and colorful reflecting a uniquely Asian country.
At present, its engine is imported mostly from Japan, as “surplus” (or second-hand)
butits body or chassis is designed by artistic Filipino auto builders who adorn it with
variegated images. An average jeepney can normally sit 20 adult passengers.
However, in remote rural areas where transport is scarce, it is typically overloaded.
The Jeepney's Disadvantages
According to Ma. Carmella Coz et. al. The Philippine Jeepney is one of the
most popular, the most accessible and cheapest medium of public transportation in
the country. During their driving period, an average of 10 hours a day, the Filipino
jeepney drivers are exposed to sustained awkward postures. This research aims to
evaluate the drivers’ workspace and driving conditions in relation to their
anthropometric measurements and their workspace dimensions in order to determine
the sources of awkward postures. A comprehensive survey among jeepney drivers
inside the UP Diliman campus was conducted to identify the discomforts
experienced by the drivers. In addition, a workspace evaluation in comparison with
the drivers’ anthropometric measurement was also administered to seek out
discrepancies that accounts for the discomforts felt. Results reveal that jeepney
drivers’ working conditions pose danger to their health and safety. For instance,
there is an insufficient distance between the steering wheel and driver's seat causing
restraint to the drivers’ mobility. The limited height of the windshield also blocks the
driver's line of sight keeping the drivers leaning forward when looking for traffic
signs. Recommendations were made to improve the working conditions of the
Filipino jeepney drivers. (2015)

Jeepney Traffic Management
According to the Article 2, Section 5 of states: "The maintenance of peace
and order, the protection of life, liberty, and property, and promotion of the general
welfare are essential for the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of
democracy."
Introduced by Late Senate Miriam Defensor Santiago,
Developed after World War 2, jeepneys were created primarily as a mode of
transportation. However, throughout the years they have become a cultural icon in
the Philippines. Nonetheless, jeepneys are considered both a boon and a bane by
commuters. Pejoratively known as the "king of the road," jeepneys, or their drivers,
are usually blamed by commuters as one of the causes for frequent traffic jams in
cities. Given the weak and inadequate government-funded public transportation
system in the country, it is undeniable that jeepneys are still an indispensible form of
transportation. Jeepney terminals and stop-overs are usually determined and
established by local government units. Commuters have expressed frustration that
even with designated areas for the loading, and unloading of passengers, the loading
and offloading at these points are not strictly enforced. In some cases, jeepney
drivers are even forced to offload passengers at non-designated stop areas because
these passengers would suddenly try to alight from the vehicle. To curb the
worsening traffic situation in the country, the government should establish proper
jeepney stops and terminals to strengthen connectivity and improve public

transportation logistics. This bill therefore seeks to mandate the proper government
agencies to coordinate with local government units in designating jeepneys stops and
terminals. This bill also aims to penalize erring jeepneys drivers, operators, and even
passengers, in order to instill discipline in the commuting public.
The Upcoming Jeepney Evolvement
According to the article World Electric Vehicle Journal 10 (3), 51, 2019
The Philippines is moving towards a more sustainable public transport
system by introducing a public utility vehicle (PUV) modernization program with
electric jeepneys (e-jeepneys) and modernized diesel jeepneys. Despite its potential
to address problems related to air pollution, traffic congestion, dependence on fuel
imports, and carbon emissions, transport groups show resistance to the adoption of
the government program.
According to Mar Valbuena, who heads Manibela, a transportation union in
the Philippines, called for the strike this week in Manila. Its aim was to show the
government that sunsetting the jeepneys could paralyze the city’s transportation
network. Two days into the work stoppage, however, it hadn’t, though the strike did
force the government to listen to the union’s grievances.
According to the article of C Dominik Güss, Ma Teresa G Tuason Cross-
cultural psychological studies mostly focus on differences between countries. This
study uniquely focuses on intracultural variations of values based on descriptors of
artifact data, jeepneys (public transportation vehicles), and on interviews with
jeepney drivers. The sample consisted of 200 jeepneys and their drivers in Manila
and Davao, northern and southern regions of the Philippines, respectively. Results
indicated that Manila jeepneys featured more decorations and accessories concerned
with religion, identity, and Western commercialism, while Davao jeepneys featured
more political and civic themes. In interviews about their problems and wishes,
Manila drivers expressed more financial and road-related problems and wishes that
centered on family and happiness, whereas Davao drivers expressed more family and
other people-related problems and wishes dealing with finances and work. Results
are discussed focusing on inter-and intracultural variation.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A field of research on the impact, and feedback regarding The Jeepney's
Culture and History. It is sorely focused on history, and culture, and its
discontinuation of the vehicle The Jeepney that served as transportations for
individuals.
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
As shown on this chart, two related factors are constituted on the significance
of Jeepney on the Culture and Experiences of the Jeepney Drivers which include the
following:
A. Significance of Jeepney on the Culture. It involves understanding the
value and impact that experiences have on individuals and their lives. Significance
can vary depending on personal, cultural, and contextual factors. Some experiences
may be considered significant due to their transformative nature, while others may
hold significance due to their emotional or social implications.
B. Experiences of Jeepney Drivers in the Vigan City. Encompass a wide
range of events, interactions, and situations that individuals encounter throughout
their lives. They can be positive, negative, or neutral and can occur in various
domains such as personal relationships, work, education, travel, and leisure.
Experiences can be brief or extended, singular or repeated, and can vary in intensity
and complexity.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
For clearer and better understanding to the study, the following words were
defined in the context of study.
Jeepney – In this study, this refers to a mode of transportation in the Philippines
characterized by vibrant designs and decorations, usually made from recycled
materials, that reflect the Filipino culture and heritage.
Kasama - In this study, this refers to the conductor or the person who collects the
fare and assists passengers in boarding and alighting from the jeepney.
Pasabay - In this study, this refers to a common practice in jeepney culture where
passengers share a ride with others going in the same direction, often resulting in
overcrowding and awkward seating arrangements.
Sakay - In this study, this refers to a passenger boarding the jeepney.
Bayad - In this study, this refers to the fare paid by passengers for their ride, usually
collected by the kasama.
Barya-barya - In this study, this refers to describe the practice of collecting small
denomination coins as fare, which can be inconvenient for both passengers and
kasamas.
Driver - In this study, this refers to the person who operates the jeepney and is
responsible for driving passengers to their destination safely.
Conductor - In this study, this refers to the person who assists the driver in
collecting fares from passengers and ensuring that passengers are seated
comfortably.
Route - In this study, this refers to the specific path that the jeepney follows to get
from one destination to another.
Fare - In this study, this refers to the amount of money paid by a passenger to ride
the jeepney, which varies depending on the distance traveled.
Para - In this study, this refers to a designated location along the jeepney's route
where passengers can board from the vehicle.

Capacity - In this study, this refers to the maximum number of passengers that a
jeepney can accommodate.
Overloading - In this study, this refers to the act of carrying more passengers than
the designated capacity of the jeepney, which is illegal and can result in penalties.
Maintenance - In this study, this refers to the regular upkeep and repair of the
jeepney to ensure that it remains safe and in good working condition.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For this chapter, introduction with a considerate finite of methodologies was
exploited in coordinating this study. Which are: The research methods, the
participants, and the procedure that will be made use of.
This study made use of a Phenomenological-Narrative Approach. According
to Hugh Good (2023), that Phenomenology is a type of research that seeks to explain
the nature of things through the way people experience them. It translates literally as
the “study of phenomena.” While according to (Susanne Friese & Roehl Sybing)
Narrative research is part of human sciences and describes the process of collecting
and analyzing stories people are telling about their experiences. Moreover, this
qualitative analysis helps to interpret the collected narrative data.
In this study, Jeepney drivers were served in taking the role as the
participants. In locating jeepney drivers, from stations that they usually work from
will benefit as a strategy to gain participants to interview.

For this study, in a form of Interview Questions was chosen as a
methodology in gaining data and information. With questions related to Experience
and Significance of The Jeepneys.
Research Design
This study is a phenomenological-narrative research of ‘Journey of Time: The Significance
of Jeepneys on The Culture and Experiences of Jeepney Drivers in Vigan City’. The study
focused on the experiences and competence of the jeepney drivers, here in Vigan City,
Ilocos Sur. The Drivers who served as primary informats, live in Ilocos Sur. The Method
employed by the researchers in sampling the informats wasn’t statistical, the researchers
took informats who were convenient and willing to participate for the study with consult and
agreements.
Study Locale and Informats
The study was restricted by only two (2) Jeepney Drivers of Vigan City.
The distribution of the informats is presented in Table 1:
Informats
Jeepney Driver A
Jeepney Driver B
Table 1: The Profile of The Informats
The profile of the informats of the two (2) informats include themselves as Jepney Drivers
in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur.
The data was gathered through a one-on-one interview, specifically a interview questionares
with open-ended questions. The drivers were given time to process and give a flow of
response during the data gathering.
The informats were selected for this study with the following consideration:
1. Should be a Jeepney Driver.
2. Should be a Jeepney Driver in Vigan City.
Data Gathering Tools
The primary data gathering method was through Face to Face Interview to collect the
needed data for this study. Furthermore, the researchers used interview questionnaires to
gather information using survey in a form of interview about the significance of Jeepney ont
the culture and experiences.
The researchers used a interview questionnaires guide with a list of questions that the
researchers hope to discover. The data was gathered through face to face interview. Students
were given flexibility for them to have a secure flow of thought to express the information
accurately.
Ethical Considerations
In order to ensure that the findings of the study be valid and trustworthy, the ethical
principles are observed by the researchers. They are as follows: a.)Voluntary participation;
b.)Informed consent; c.) Confidentiality to protect the information of the informant; and d.)
Openness of the informant regarding this topic.
To ensure the truthfulness of the recording, the informants validated the note taking done.
After which, the informants signed the informed consent to show that they affirmed to be
correctness of the recorded information of the researchers.

Chapter II
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the discussion of the research questions along with points of
the experience and the jeepney’s significance by the jeepney drivers in Vigan City to
give clarity addressing further knowledge of their lives related to their occupation in
terms of transportation.
The Jeepney Drivers’ Experience

Individually, the informants indicated their experiences as jeepney drivers in
Vigan City from their own comprehension, their biggest challenges, and themselves
being a part of the legacy of the jeepney.
Experience
1. What does being a jeepney driver mean to you in terms of representing
Filipino Culture?
When asked on their own understanding on being a jeepney drivers,
Significant Theme Category Meaning
Statement
Mangitulong ti Personal Safety and The Jeepney The jeepney
pasahero nga mapan Destination. Drivers’ drivers, are those
trabaho wenno Experience. who help
skwela ken passengers get to
maitulod isuda ti their destinations
naannad ti papan safely, from going
nga destinasyon da. home to the
location that they
need or desired to
go to.
Theme 1:
In their own words, they highlighted on assisting citizens to their destination.
Commonly those who go to work and school, while also reassuring the safety of their
passengers until they arrive at their own stop.
2. What are some of the biggest challenges you face while transporting passengers
in a jeepney?

Statement
‘Ti kuwa mi a ket Safety and Safe The Jeepney The safety and the
ediay latta, keh Driving. Drivers’ stops of their
diay pannaka Experience passengers are
safety da ken their big concerns
kuwa nga itulod in terms of being
mi idiay ayanti their problem.
papanan da ken
pagawidan da
kasdiay.’
Theme 2:
According to a driver, that a passenger’s safety is their biggest challenge.
Since they are held responsible for driving them to their stops, they make sure to
drive safely in order for them to arrive in good condition.
3. How do you manage your daily life with the income you get as a jeepney
driver?
Statement
‘Panag Sufficiency and The Jeepney The driver can
manehan?... ediay Manageable. Drivers’ manage their
kasla kuma… ehh Experience. income just fine or
diay sufficiently,
masapsapolan specially if they
kuma kasdiay?... assisted a good
keh umanay lang amount of
mut nga adda passengers.
pana.. paggatang Furthermore, They
mi ti sidaen can buy their
inaldaw-aldaw, needs like food,
pag allowance bills, and the
dagitay ubbing allowance of their
nga mapan ag children.
basa ken
panagbayad mut
ah ti kur-kuryinti
diay kuwa.’
Theme 3:
In terms of how they can manage from their income as jeepney drivers, they
expressed that when there are a good amount of passengers to send off, what they earned
is sufficient enough to pay the bills, buy their needs, and the allowance for their child.
4. How does your culture affect your occupation as a jeepney driver?

Statement
‘Naragsakak ah... Filipino Culture The Jeepney Nothing affects
nga agbalin a and Pinoy. Drivers’ their culture in
jeepney driver ta Experience. terms of being a
syempre keh parte driver. Since the
etoy yenti kultura jeepney is already
tayon... Awan met a part of The
gapo na nga Filipino’s culture
makapaapektar as the country’s
kuma etoy... ta vehicle.
syempre daytoy
jeepney tayo keh
mesa a kultura
etoy...’
Theme 4:
From their statement, they addressed that the Jeepney doesn’t affect their culture.
Since this pinoy creation vehicle is considered to be the Filipino’s culture itself in terms of
transportation.
5. How do you feel about being part of the ongoing legacy of the jeepney, which
has become an iconic symbol of Philippine transportation and culture?
Statement
Mayat kano iti Service and The Jeepney To the drivers, they
maging parte itti Assistance. Drivers’ Experience. expressed being
legacy na itti grateful of being a

jeepney, ta haan part of the industry
laeng nga of transportation in
makatulong suda, the country. Due to
ket agiti makasapol the fact that through
ti nadaras nga this occupation, they
maitulod mapan ken were able to bring
gawid ti destinasyon service and help
na makalugan ken towards citizens and
makapan suda sigud others in who are in
papanan da. needs of
transportation.
Theme 5:
In their own perspective, they take pride on their role or job as drivers in helping
people, the service in order for their passengers to get to their harbor faster and safely.
The Significance of The Jeepneys

Taken individually, the informats addressed their own significance behind the
vehicle, its affordability, it’s purpose of being a transportation and its origins.
On Significance
1. Why does jeepney play an important role in terms of transportation in Vigan
City?
Statement
Haan laeng nga Tourism and Guide. The Significance of The jeepneys serves
depende gapu ta The Jeepneys as a guide and to
atuy iti pinagpasado bring passengers,
nga maala nga especially visitors to
trabaho da ngem ti tourist spots and
Jeepney iti mabalin places that they
nga luganan agiti desire and can
makasapol ti lugan possibly go to. Also,
mapan ti mayat nga this job is very
pwesto tuy Vigan helpful for those
mismo ken mapan who have limited
sabsabali nga balin options in finding an
papanan. occupation, that due
to others being a
driver brought huge
help to those who

are in need of
providing for their
families.
Theme 1:
In their own perspective, The Jeepney serves as a transportations for visitors and
locals to ride in order to guide or take them to tourist attractions within Vigan City.
However, it also takes an important role for those depending on those who have their
jobs as drivers as their only way to provide for their families.
2. How do you perceive the significance of transportation in the daily lives of

people in your community?
Statement
‘Keh... iti kwa’k Commute and The Significance In commuting, it
mut.. iti panag Efficiency of The Jeepneys can save time and
komyut iti tattao.. can take the
maka.. save da iti passengers to their
oras kasdiay ken destinations on a
maka kuwa da iti faster pace. In
safety nga.. panag order to not waste
kuwa da.. panag any more time, to
lugan da kasdiay.. save one’s energy,
ken maka relax da and to not get late.
iti panag-
byabyahe da.’
Theme 2:
They perceived that transportation for people in the community, gives
importance of getting to their destination without consuming too much time by
foot. Arriving late for their classes or work, and can possibly relax and rest for a
short while during the ride, reassuring the passengers that they will arrive in time
at their stop.
3. How important do you believe affordability is when it comes to transportation,

especially for the passengers who rely on jeepneys as a primary mode of
transportation?

Statement
‘para kenyak Regularly and The Significance The driver
gamin ket.. no ti Transport of The Jeepneys expressed, that the
jeep ti luganan jeepney is most
manmanu lang likely chosen due
gamin ti bayaden to its budjet-
da nga friendly fee and
pamasahe.. no that the more it’s
nalaka la bayadan cheaper, the better.
na … maymayat
diba?’
Theme 3:
From their statement, Jeepneys are known to be a budjet-friendly fee in
transportation. They also said that the cheaper the fee is, the better, because unlike
a few commuting vehicle, the jeepney drivers don’t charge high fee but a good
considerate affordability.
4. What makes Jeepney as a culture important in Vigan City?

Statement
‘Iti pateg na ti Adherency The Significance The vehicle has
jeepney.. tuy vigan of The Jeepneys become a part of
keh.. kasla maysa people in getting
sunan nga kuwa towards their
nga.. ahh… wen destinations every
parte ti day and it has
panagbiyag’n become a part of
ken.. parte ti the driver’s lives
panagbiyag’n ken of helping others
pang sapulan ti but also providing
maysa nga driver.. themselves along
Ikuwa na mutten a with their own
nga kuwan nga
mangi kuwan ti families.

tattao dituy vigan’
tricy
Theme 4:
In the everyday lives of the people of the community, once one matter is
consistently done on a daily basis it becomes a part as a routine or a part of your
life to get through life. Which is why the jeepney has become a culture to Filipinos
from not only it being a Pinoy Creation, but a part of their daily lives as a way to
get through in Vigan City.
5. How can the history of the jeepney be a significance to you as drivers of the
jeepneys?

Statement
Iti importansiya History and The Significance Due to the jeepney
para kenyada ti Beneficence. of The Jeepneys and being a driver
damdamo iti of the vehicle
Jeepney ket gapu itself, they were
ken atuy lugan nga able to provide for
tatta ken maususar their families in
latta hangang tatta, what they need,
atuy nga trabaho and what they
da nga jeepney want while also
driver iti continuously
mangpabiyag ti living well.
pamilya da.
Theme 5:
From their statements, the jeepney itself and their job as jeepney drivers
gave a huge benefit for their family. Without the job, their family might have it
difficult to get by which is why they work consistently and drive a good amount of
people to their destinations in exchange for a sufficient amount for their
themselves and their families.
Chapter III
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION.
This portion represents the summary of the responses, the conclusions made from the
outcome of the study and the recommendations about The Jeepney Drivers’ Experiences and
The Vehicle’s Significance in Vigan City. Drawing out the findings from the drivers’ own
views, experiences, challenges, culture, and reasons being a part in the Industry of
Transportation.
Summary
This study aimed to unveil The Significance of The Jeepney in terms of Experience
and Culture of The Jeepney Drivers of Vigan City and looking into the drivers’ perspective
and reasons of being a part of the Transportation industry.
The study focused on the jeepney drivers’ experiences as drivers in Vigan City in
their comprehension, their challenges, themselves being a part of the legacy of the vehicle
itself, and their significance of the jeepney, its affordability, and its purpose as a
transportation and its origins.
On the experiences and perspectives of the drivers regarding their understanding,
challenges, and being a part of the legacy as jeepney drivers. The drivers expressed their
own experiences regarding on what they understood, that being a driver meant a huge help to
those who are in need of commuting, especially students and workers. For their challenges,
they highlighted the safety and the destinations of their passengers. They expressed being
grateful and felt a sense of honor, in taking pride of being a part of The Jeepney’s legacy.
Contributing service to the city for its purpose of transportation and helping others in getting
to their destination.
On the significance of the jeepney, it’s affordability and it’s purpose of transportation
and its origins. The drivers stated that the importance of the jeepney, is Its service to
passengers as a transportation. In Vigan City, not only do the students, workers, and locals
who exists as passengers come around using the jeepney as a way to commute, but the
visitors or tourists that come and go in the city in order to visit popular tourist spots in Ilocos
Sur also takes a part in its significance. However, they also conveyed that there are also
drivers who took part of taking this job, due to having it as an only option to live and earn
money. Regarding its affordability, the drivers charge an appropriate and agreeable fee for
passengers to pay. Lastly, the jeepney serves more than just a transportation as it’s purpose,
but it has become a part of the country as a culture, a pinoy creation of its origins.
Furthermore, it does not only help the passengers daily in getting to their destination, rather
the drivers drive as a purpose to get to your stop faster, being more efficient with time,
getting to their school or workplace on time, but it also benefits the drivers. They work to
make a living by sending passengers to places and sending them home every day, in order to
provide their families in what need and want.
Conclusion
As a result, the researchers concluded that this study served as expansion of further
information of the significance of the jeepney’s culture and experiences of the jeepney
drivers. Our drivers expressed their feelings and comprehension regarding the jeepney
through their own personal experiences, thoughts, and reasons that matched up with the
same responses on unveiling its importance.
Therefore, It was commended that this study provided solid insights such as:
1. The Jeepney has earned its title as a Filipino symbol due to its own origins and
its huge service to the country.
2. In terms of importance of transportation, it not only helped many people get by

to get around but it also helped the informats live as they are as drivers. For
affordability, its significance is the budjet-friendly fare that most people want to
pay for unlike transports that charge higher. Lastly for Culture, the vehicle
already earned a place in the community’s day-to-day lives therefore it’s already
important as a whole.
3. The only thoughts that the drivers had about The Jeepney’s History was that
they were engulfed in gratitude and honor for being a part of the legacy, because
due to being a jeepney driver they got to support themselves and their families
while life went on as it always does.
Recommendation
Displays of kindness and the hard work that the jeepney drivers done rose and
considering that the research demonstrated behind their job as the drivers of the vehicle, they
took it to themselves that the importance of the jeepney was more about how it has become a
part in people’s lives along with the drivers. Considering on helping people get by to their
schools, workplace, or places they want or need to go to, It helped the drivers provide for
their family as life went on.
Their perspective, comprehensions, and reasons studies examining the significance of

the jeepney of their experience and its culture through their lense assessed positive features
on these matters. The following recommendations that the researches suggested:
1. For health concerns, the jeepneys should be given improvement as a vehicle.

It’s structure was made from cheap materials which is why it made
problems of air pollution, so as a recommendable solution is to give it more
improvement of it’s engine and parts.
2. For financial matters for the jeepney’s improvements as a vehicle, asking for
financial support from the government will be the only solutions and to
achieve that is to alarm the state institution and give them awareness of the
situation.
3. For the driver’s case in the situation in sustaining the maintenance of the
vehicles, this should be taken care of by the government too in order to help
the drivers carry on as drivers without using their own funds.
LITERATURE CITED
LITERATURE CITED
VBJ (2015), “The Story of Jeepneys in the Philippines”. Vagabond Journey.

https://www.vagabondjourney.com/jeepneys-in-the-philippines/
Meiner, Jens (2016) “The History of the Jeepney the Philippines’ Mass-Transit Solution”
https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15344340/the-history-of-the-jeepney-the-philippines-
mass-transit-solution/
Escalona, Katrina (2017) “How the Jeepney Became a Filipino National Symbol”
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/how-the-jeepney-became-a-filipino-
national-symbol/
The University of Hawaii - Center for Southeast Asian Studies (2006) “Remarkable
Philippine Jeepneys”. http://www.hawaii.edu/cps/jeepney.html
Ma. Carmella Coz et. al. “An Ergonomic Study on the UP-Diliman Jeepney Driver's
Workspace and Driving Conditions”, (2015).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978915005855
Article 2, Section 5 of states: "The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life,
liberty, and property, and promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment
by all the people of the blessings of democracy."
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-
the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-ii/
Article, World Electric Vehicle Journal 10 (3), 51, (2019) “Diesel or Electric Jeepney? A
Case Study of Transport Investment in the Philippines Using the Real Options Approach”
https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/10/3/51
Güss D. & Ma Teresa G. T. (2008) “Jeepneys: Values in the Streets”

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354067X08088559?icid=int.sj-abstract.citing-
articles.286
APPENDICES
Appendix A
LETTER OF APPROVAL
Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region I
Schools Division Office - Vigan City
ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Gomez St., Brgy. VII, Vigan City 2700
Telefax No. (077) 722-2205
May 15, 2023
MRS. EDITHA C. BAGCAL

Principal IV
Ilocos Sur National High School
Vigan City
Dear Ma'am.
We, the students of the Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) Strand of the Senior High School (SHS) of Ilocos
Sur National High School, are currently conducting a study entitled: "A Journey Of Time: Significance of Jeepney on The
Culture and Experiences of Jeepney Drivers in Vigan City." in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical
Research L, Second Semester. School Year 2022-2023.
In connection with this, we would like to ask permission from your office to conduct a face-to-face survey with our
informants. Rest assured that the data gathered will be treated with utmost respect and confidentiality
The favorable action that you will extend to this request will be of great help in the realization
and completion of our research work in due time.
We hope for your approval on this humble-matter. Thank you.
Sincerely Yours,
ALEXIS ANGELIQUE LOZANO ALICIA MAE CUBANGBANG
FRYNZES ZYRA COLARINA VON MATTHEW GASPAY
MICKY QUITORIANO ARNOEL JOHANCE RETRETA
JUSTINE CARL TABAG THRISTAN AERON TALANA
Noted:
BERNADETTE S. PAISTE DR. JANICE ALONZO JANICEVAL

Research Adviser Subject Group Head HUMSS/GAS
ROMMEL R. RABO
Asst. Secondary School Principal II-Academics
Approved by:
EDITAX C. BAGCAL
Principal IV
Appendix B
INFORMED CONSENT
Appendix C
INTERVIEW QUESTIONARE
Experience
1. What does being a jeepney driver mean to you in terms of representing Filipino Culture?
2. What are some of the biggest challenges you face while transporting passengers in a
jeepney?
3. How do you manage your daily life with the income you get as a jeepney driver?
4. How does your culture affect your occupation as a jeepney driver?
5. How do you feel about being part of the ongoing legacy of the jeepney, which has become
an iconic symbol of Philippine transportation and culture?
Significance
1. Why does jeepney play an important role in terms of transportation in Vigan City?
2. How do you perceive the significance of transportation in the daily lives of people in your
community?
3. How important do you believe affordability is when it comes to transportation, especially

for the passengers who rely on jeepneys as a primary mode of transportation?
4. What makes Jeepney as a culture important in Vigan City?
5. How can the history of the jeepney be a significance to you as drivers of the jeepneys?
DOCUMENTARY
Appendix A
DOCUMENTARY
CURRICULUM VITAE
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Profile
Name : ALEXIS ANGELIQUE C. LOZANO
Permanent Address : Encarnation Compound, Bayubay Sur, San Vicente Ilocos Sur
Date of Birth : June 3, 2005
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Parents : Tristan Farinas Lozano
Marie Grace Cortez
Educational Background
Elementary : St. Thomas Aquinas Learning Center of Vigan City
Secondary
Junior Highschool : Ilocos Sur National High School
Senior Highschool : Ilocos Sur National High School

Personal Profile
Name : FRYNZES ZYRA COLARINA
Permanent Address : Zone 4, Bantay, Ilocos Sur
Date of Birth : November 1, 2005
Parents : Flormarie Villegas Colarina
Kristoffer Aaron Colarina
Elementary : Bantay West Integrated School
Secondary

Personal Profile
Name : ALICIA MAE CUBANGBANG
Permanent Address : San Sebastian, San Vicente, ILocos Sur
Date of Birth : December 19, 2005
Parents : Bismark Cubangbang
Maricar Cubangbang
Elementary : San Sebastian elementary School
Secondary
Junior Highschool : San Sebastian National High School

Personal Profile
Name : JUSTINE CARL TABAG
Permanent Address : Sitio Baliw, Bantay, San Vicente
Date of Birth : December 21, 2005
Parents : Pablo Tabag Jr.
Perlita Rabena
Elementary : Pudoc Elementary School
Secondary

Personal Profile
Name : VON MATTHEW V. GASPAY
Permanent Address : Lubong, San Vicente
Date of Birth : November 7, 2005
Parents : Joselito Gaspay
Angelita Reclusado
Elementary : San Vicente Intergrated School
Secondary

Personal Profile
Name : ARNOEL JOHANCE R. RETRETA
Permanent Address : Natupakan, San Vicente
Date of Birth : January 11, 2006
Parents : Arnold Retreta
Elementary : Nagtupakan Elementary School
Secondary

Personal Profile
Name : JOHN MICKY A. QUITARIANO
Permanent Address : Pudoc Norte, San Vicente, Ilocos Sur
Date of Birth : October 14, 2006
Religion : Iglesia ni Cristo
Parents : Frederick Quitoriano
Michelle Abalos
Elementary : Cabaroan Cabalangegan Elementary School
Secondary

Personal Profile
Name : TRISTAN AERON TALANA
Permanent Address : San Sebastian, San Vicente Ilocos Sur
Date of Birth : February 03,2006
Parents : Noriel Talaña
Maribeth Talaña
Elementary : San Sebastian Elementary School
Secondary

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ILOCOS SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL i

A JOURNEY OF TIME: SIGNIFICANCE OF JEEPNEY ON THE CULTURE

In Partial Fulfilment of the

FRYNZES ZYRA COLARINA

Approval Sheet…..….…………………………………………………….…….…. iii

Chapter I: THE PROBLEM

Significance of the Study.………………….……………………………………

Scope and Limitations….….….. …………………….…………………………

Operational Definition of Terms………………...…………………..………….

Review of Related Literature………………………………….………………..

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………….. ………

Study Locale and Informants… ………...…………………………………......

Data Gathering Procedures……………………………………………. ..….....

Data Gathering Tools…… .…………..………………………………… .… ..

Chapter II: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND DISCUSSION

Chapter III: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Philippines. The transition of Conveyance in the Philippines evolved from Calesas,

of other forms of transportation such as buses and taxis, Jeepneys continue to be a

beloved and important part of Philippine culture.

Jeepneys are a distinct and colorful form of public transportation in the

post-World War II era in providing affordable transport.

Jeepneys quickly gained popularity among Filipinos and became a crucial

Filipino culture and history.

adequately maintained, while others have questioned their environmental impact

To address these challenges, initiatives have been introduced to modernize

Jeepneys have played an essential role in the Philippines' economy, creating

of the country's history and culture.

In conclusion, jeepneys are an integral part of the Philippines' transportation

identity, providing affordable transportation while reflecting the individuality of their

Philippines government has brought in the jeepney modernization program.

participants about The Significance of Jeepney on the Culture and History of

Specifically, this seeks to find answers to these questions:

1. What makes the Jeepney as a Filipino symbol?

2. What is the significance of Jeepney on The Jeepney Drivers in terms of the

3. What are your thoughts about The Jeepney's History?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers made to provide crucial information and knowledge

expected importance to the individuals as follows.

the jeepney culture and history in the Philippines.

would plan to make any related study.

Philippine government began to regulate their use.

In particular, the study in an overall sense, the significance of this study is

and revolutionary design and its multitude of standard safety equipment.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focused on the discussion of the Significance of Jeepney on the

Culture and Experiences of Jeepney drivers in Vigan City.

The researchers are focused on the Culture, and Experiences of Jeepney

drivers in Vigan City.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

the present modern frame through the analysis gathered.

The main objective of developing this structure was to provide a base, or

a reliable background for potential researchers to use as a guide.

The Story of Jeepneys

dominated by brazenly colored, heavily ornamented, black exhaust smoke belching,

This seemingly simple public transport vehicle is deeply intertwined with

something they can identify with as well.

a set of circumstances that match perfectly.

eventually became a multi-million dollar operation. At the company’s peak in the

jeepneys outnumber all others in Manila by a margin of 7 to 1.

thousands more around the country.