HVE CIA-1 Answers

1. What are the causes of over voltage?
The main cause of these voltage surges in power system are due to lightning
impulses and switching impulses of the system. But over voltage in the power
system may also be caused by, insulation failure, arcing ground and resonance etc.
2. What are the effects of over voltage?
Over voltage caused by surges can result in spark over and flash over between
phase and ground at the weakest point in the network, breakdown of
gaseous/solid/ liquid insulation, failure of transformers and rotating machines
3. What are the characteristics of lightning strokes?
The parameters and Characteristics of Lightning Strokes include the amplitude of
the currents, the rate of rise, the probability distribution of the above, and the
waveshapes of the lightning voltages and currents
4. What are the gases used for insulation?
Dry air, Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) etc are the examples of gaseous dielectric
materials
5. What are the desirable properties of dielectric material?
The energy gap in the dielectric materials is very large, The temperature coefficient
of resistance is negative and the insulation resistance is high, The dielectric
materials have high resistivity.
6. What is primary ionization?
The primary ionization occurs when we remove the first electron from an atom or
molecules. Generally the primary ionization is lower than the secondary ionization
because the size of the atom decreases, and therefore it requires more energy to
remove the electron.
7. List the application of high voltage engineering.
High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to
generate X-rays and particle beams, to produce electrical arcs, for ignition, in
photomultiplier tubes, and in high-power amplifier vacuum tubes, as well as other
industrial, military and scientific applications.
8. Define dielectric strength.
Dielectric strength is defined as the electrical strength of an insulting material. In a
sufficiently strong electric field the insulating properties of an insulator breaks
down allowing flow of charge.
9. What are the classifications of dielectric?
There are two types of dielectrics – Non-polar dielectric and polar dielectric.
1.Discuss in detail about lightning mechanism.
An electric discharge between cloud and earth, between clouds or between the
charge centres of the same cloud is known as lightning.
Lightning is a huge spark and takes place when clouds are charged to such a high
potential (+ ve or – ve) with respect to earth or a neighbouring cloud that the
dielectric strength of neighbouring medium (air) is destroyed. There are several
theories which exist to explain how the cloud to be charge. The most accepted one is
that during the uprush of warm moist air from earth between the air and the tiny
particles of water causes the building up of charges. When drops of water are formed,
the larger drops become positively charged and the smaller drops become negatively
charged.
Mechanism of Lightning Discharge:
Let us now discuss the manner in which a lightning discharge occurs. When a charged
cloud passes over the earth, it induces equal and opposite charge on the earth below.
Fig. 24.4 shows a negatively charged cloud inducing a positive charge on the earth
below it. As the charge acquired by the cloud increases, the potential between cloud
and earth increases and, therefore, gradient in the air increases. When the potential
gradient is sufficient (5 kV/cm to 10 kV/cm) to break down the surrounding air, the
lightning stroke starts. The stroke mechanism is as under :
i) As soon as the air near the cloud breaks down, a streamer called leader streamer or
pilot streamer starts from the cloud towards the earth and carries charge with it as
shown in Fig. 24.4 (i). The leader streamer will continue its journey towards earth as
long as the cloud, from which it originates feeds enough charge to it to maintain
gradient at the tip of leader streamer above the strength of air. If this gradient is not
maintained, the leader streamer stops and the charge is dissipated without the
formation of a complete stroke.
In other words, the leader streamer will not reach the earth. Fig. 24.4 (i) shows the
leader streamer being unable to reach the earth as gradient at its end cloud not be
maintained above the strength of air. It may be noted that current in the leader
streamer is low (<100 A) and its velocity of propagation is about 0.05% that of velocity
of light. Moreover, the luminosity of leader is also very low.
(ii) The path of leader streamer is a path of ionisation and, therefore, of complete
breakdown of insulation. As the leader streamer reaches near the earth, a return
streamer shoots up from the earth [See Fig. 24.4 (iii)] to the cloud, following the same
path as the main channel of the downward leader.
The following points may be noted about lightning discharge :
• A lightning discharge which usually appears to the eye as a single flash is

in reality made up of a number of separate strokes that travel down the
same path. The interval between them varies from 0.0005 to 0.5 second.
Each separate stroke starts as a downward leader from the cloud.
• If has been found that 87% of all lightning strokes result from negatively
charged clouds and only 13% originate from positively charged clouds,
• It has been estimated that throughout the world, there occur about 100
lightning strokes per
• Lightning discharge may have currents in the range of 10 kA to 90 kA.
2. Explain in detail with corona discharge
Definition: The phenomenon of ionisation of surrounding air around the conductor due
to which luminous glow with hissing noise is rise is known as the corona effect .Corona
Discharge (also known as the Corona Effect) is an electrical discharge caused by the
ionization of a fluid such as air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged. The
corona effect will occur in high voltage systems unless sufficient care is taken to limit
the strength of the surrounding electric field. Corona discharge can cause an audible
hissing or cracking noise as it ionizes the air around the conductors. This is common in
high voltage electric power transmission lines. The corona effect can also produce a
violet glow, production of ozone gas around the conductor, radio interference, and
electrical power loss
Two factors are important for corona discharge to occur:
i. Alternating electrical potential difference must be supplied across the line.
ii. The spacing of the conductors, must be large enough compared to the line
diameter.
When an alternating current is made to flow across two conductors of a transmission

line whose spacing is large compared to their diameters, the air surrounding the
conductors (composed of ions) is subjected to dielectric stress.
At low values of the supply voltage, nothing occurs as the stress is too small to ionize
the air outside. But when the potential difference increases beyond some threshold
value (known as the critical disruptive voltage), the field strength becomes strong
enough for the air surrounding the conductors to dissociated
Factors Affecting Corona Loss
The line voltage of the conductor is the main determining factor for corona discharge
in transmission lines. At low values of voltage (lesser than the critical disruptive
voltage) the stress on the air is not high enough to cause dielectric breakdown – and
hence no electrical discharge occurs. With increasing voltage, the corona effect in a
transmission line occurs due to the ionization of atmospheric air surrounding the
conductors – it is mainly affected by the conditions of the cable as well as the physical
state of the atmosphere. The main factors affecting corona discharge are:
i. Atmospheric Conditions
ii. Condition of Conductors
iii. Spacing Between Conductors
Atmospheric Conditions:
We have proved that the voltage gradient for dielectric breakdown of air is directly
proportional to the density of air. Hence in a stormy day, due to continuous air flow,
the number of ions present surrounding the conductor is far more than normal, and
hence it‟s more likely to have electrical discharge in transmission lines on such a day,
compared to a day with the fairly clear weather. The system has to be designed
considering those extreme situations.
Condition of Conductors:
This particular phenomenon depends highly on the conductors and its physical
condition. It has an inverse proportionality relationship with the diameter of the
conductors. i.e., with the increase in diameter, the effect of corona on power system
reduces considerably. Also, the presence of dirt or roughness of the conductor
reduces the critical breakdown voltage, making the conductors more prone to corona
losses. Hence in most cities and industrial areas having high pollution, this factor is of
reasonable importance to counter the ill effects it has on the system.
Spacing Between Conductors:
As already mentioned, for corona to occur in the spacing between the lines effectively
should be much higher compared to its diameter, but if the length gets increased
beyond a certain limit, the dielectric stress on the air reduces, and consequently, the
effect of corona reduces as well. If the spacing is made too large, then corona for that
region of the transmission line might not occur at all.
Reducing Corona Discharge:
Corona discharge always results in power loss. Energy is lost in the form of light, sound,
heat, and chemical reactions. Although these losses are individually small, over time
they can add up to significant power loss in high voltage networks.
Disadvantages of corona discharge:
i) The undesirable effects of the corona are:
ii) The glow appear across the conductor which shows the power loss occur on it. .
iii) The vibration of conductor occurs because of corona effect.

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1. What are the causes of over voltage?

The following points may be noted about lightning discharge :

• A lightning discharge which usually appears to the eye as a single flash is

When an alternating current is made to flow across two conductors of a transmission

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