GECCOM M1, L1--3 NOTES M1 L3.

Intercultural Communication – Interacting with cultures

other than your own.
M1 L1 . Communication – communicative, continuous exchange
between all parties. Forms of Intercultural Communication
- is not linear, it is two-way, a transaction. 1. Interracial Communication - between different races.
- the goal is to understand each other, the message being sent. 2. Interethnic Communication - different ethnic origins.
- may be written, oral, or visual. 3. International Communication - different nations.
4. Intracultural Communication - same racial or ethnic groups.
Principles for Communication
1. Communication is a transaction. Communication Styles
2. The goal of communication is shared meaning. 1. High-context Communication - Usually Asian countries. -
They get context from their surroundings.
Communication Process -When there is a disagreement, everything is taken
personally.
RECIEVE
2. Low-context Communication – Mostly Western countries.
SEND MESSAGE
- They communicate in a straight forward manner.
- Whenever there are disagreements, none is taken
SENDER RECIEVER personally because they do not care.
SEND Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication
MESSAGE
RECIEVE 1. Cultural Identity – membership on a large cultural group.
2. Gender Role – standards held by male and female.
Barriers to Communication 3. Age Identity – how people think and feel is their age.
1. Physiological Barrier - limitation of the human body. 4. Social Class – rank assigned by society.
2. Psychological Barrier - limitation of the human emotions. 5. Religious Identity – membership to a religious group.
3. External Noise - outside disruption.
M2 L1. Communication with Purpose Varieties and Registers of
9 Principles of Communication (Michael Osborn) Spoken and Written Language
1. Clarity 6. Creativity
Examples of the Varieties of World Englishes
2. Concreteness 7. Conciseness
3. Courtesy 8. Cultural Sensitivity 1. American English (AmE) - mainly in the United States.
4. Correctness 9. Captivating - 2/3 of the world’s English speakers.
5. Consideration 2. British English (BrE) - in the United Kingdom.
- one of the main variants taught in English as a second language
3. Australian English (AuE) – in Australia.
Communication Ethics – behaviour of a group or individual that is
- spelling corresponds to British English spelling.
governed by morals.
- is similar to New Zealand English and bears resemblance to certain
Types of Ethics
dialects of Southeast England.
1. Absolute Ethics – same behaviour in all situations.
4. New Zealand English (NZE) –by most people in New Zealand.
2. Situational Ethics – do behaviour in certain situations. - most similar to Australian English in pronunciation.
3. Culturally Relative Ethics – culture dictates what is 5. Black English /African American Vernacular English – broad
right or wrong. term used to refer to American English and British English as spoken
by the black communities.
M1 L2. Globalization - Opening of communication channels around 2 Major Sub Varieties
the world through technology. 1. African American Vernacular
2. British Black English.
Communication competence - Knowing how to communicate,
6. Singapore English/Singlish – most popular medium of
through different situations and contexts. Verbal or non-verbal.
communication in the academe.
2 Main Forms
Cultural Barriers
1. Standard Singapore English - resembles British English
Recognize and be aware of barriers to prevent
- used in more formal contexts.
communications
2. Singapore colloquial English or Singlish - from the
1. Language Barriers – not knowing the language can
Chinese language.
result to miscommunication.
- low prestige, is not used in formal communication.
2. Hostile Stereotypes – can result to discrimination.
7. Philippine English – second language of the Philippines.
3. Behavior Differences – different cultures have different
gestures. - related to American English in terms of spelling and grammar.
4. Emotional Display – display of inner emotions. - Non-native pronunciations abound in the spoken language, and
grammatical flaws are oftentimes inevitable.
Tips in Improving Communication Competence
1. Speak a little slower, enunciate but do not shout.
2. Adapt the pronunciation or the accent of the place.
3. Avoid using jargon or slang. Avoid abbreviation. Varieties of English Vocabulary
 This is a type of English variety at the lexical level, which
means that the difference lies on the vocabulary or words. However, some of these American English will keep the
same spelling for both noun and verb.
American British English Australian English American English British English
English licence licence
drug store chemist’s chemist/ pharmacy practice practice
afternoon afternoon arvo 4. Most American spellings use -ize at the end of words while British
apartment flat apartment/ flat spellings use -ise.
attorney barrister, solicitor lawyer American English British English
billboard hoarding billboard criticize criticise
candy sweets lollies organize organise
corn maize corn realize realise
kerosene paraffin kerosene centralize centralise
liquor store off-licence bottle shop operationalize operationalise
mail post mail conceptualize conceptualise
analyze analyse
American British English apologize apologise
English 5. This variant: -ogue/-og occurs in a number of words of Greek
automobile car origin.
cab taxi American English British English
expressway motorway catalogue catalog
gas petrol analogue analog
highway main road dialogue dialog
hood bonnet monologue monolog
intersection crossroads 6. A number of verbs which make their participle with -ed in
motor engine American English use -t in British English.
patrolman traffic/ policemen American English British English
elevator lift dreamed dreamt
leaped leapt
Varieties of English Spelling spelled spelt
In terms of spelling, British English and American English learned learnt
have a few rules which cover the majority of spelling differences in
terms of usage. Writers, however, must observe consistency whenever Forms of Language Register
they write. If American English is used, American English spelling Language register is the level and style of your writing, and
should be observed. it should be appropriate to the situation you are in. It determines the
vocabulary, structure, and grammar of your writing.
1. Most American English words ending in -or change to -our in
British English. 1. Formal Register - most appropriate in professional and business
American English British English writing.
favor favour - seems to be the most difficult type of writing.
behavior behaviour Formal writing includes:
labor labour business letters some essays
humor humour business reports official speeches
honor honour announcements professional emails
neighbor neighbour
Rules of Formal Language Register
savior saviour
harbor harbour  Do not use contractions.
color colour  Spell out numbers less than 10.
favorite favourite  Write in the third-person point of view.
2. Many American words ending in -er change to -re in British  Avoid using too much passive voice.
English.  Avoid using slangs, idioms, exaggeration, and clichés.
American English British English  Avoid abbreviations and acronyms.
center centre  Do not begin a sentence with word like and, so, but, also.
theater theatre  Always write in complete sentences.
meter metre  Observe economy in writing. Longer and complex
caliber calibre sentences are acceptable as long as they do not become
fiber fibre wordy. Write using simple but substantial and meaningful
sepulcher sepulchre
sentences.
luster lustre
maneuver maneuvre 2. Informal Language Register - written in the way we talk to our
saber sabre friends and family.
liter litre - used when writing to someone you know very well.
3. There are pairs of words which are nouns and verbs. Informal writing includes:
American English British English personal emails phone texts
advice advise short notes friendly letters
defense defence most blogs diaries and journals
offense offence There Are No Rules In Informal Writing
pretense pretence
 Slangs and clichés
  Figurative language Legal jargon
 Symbols and abbreviations affiant civil procedure ex parte
 Acronyms affidavit complaint final judgment
 Incomplete sentences alternate dispute contempt grounds
resolution
 Short sentences
appeal counterclaim hearing
 First person, second person, and third person
arbitration court costs indigent
 Paragraphs or no paragraphs bar decision legal custody
 Jokes bench decree marital property
 Personal opinions biological father default judgment plaintiff
 Extra punctuations custody defendant statues
 Emoticons and other symbols civil case equitable distribution summons
 Passive and active voice
3. Neutral Register. Some writings are written in neutral language, Engineering and technical jargon
which means that they are not specifically formal or informal, positive beam footing kip
or negative. The neutral language register is used beam-column foundation live load
with non-emotional topics and information. cantilever g-type joist girder load
Neutral writing includes: collateral load gable pitch
reviews articles column gage scaffolding
some letters some essays continuity girder seismic load
technical writing some reports damping grade shear
dead load header span
Jargons in the Workplace - technical or specialized terms within a deflection hip roof strut
field. dynamic load joist stud
Study the following familiar words that denote another
meaning in various fields: Information Technology jargon
Word Field Meaning adobe acrobat broadband domain
mouse agriculture a small rodent reader
information technology a hand-held pointing device analogue browser encryption
plate engineering/architecture a vertical component used in
building construction.
attachment cache ethernet
hotel and restaurant dishware back-end chip firewall
management backward cloud computing gateway
science any of the rigid layers of the compatible
earth’s lithosphere bandwidth compression intranet
photography a separately-printed page bit cookie malware
used to carry one or more bookmark cybercrime spam
images
medicine flat bones or flat structures
boolean operators cybersecurity viral
aviation a chart used by a pilot to bounce back device driver zip
perform a landing on a
runway Medical jargon
driving a sign attached to the vehicle aspiration clinical trial malignant
in order to identify it allogenic dyspnea on exertion mammogram
sports a flat, heavy object used in
analgesic epididymis metastasis
weightlifting
motion law the request made by either bandemia fractions oocyte
side to the court requesting benign graft palliative care
the court rule to take action bilateral hysterectomy pap test
on their behalf bipsy infusion platelets
science a change in position of an bypass intravenous prognosis
object carcinoma laparoscopy radiotherapy
media a visual media
catheter lymph nodes subcutaneous
operation law enforcement a highly organized activity or
mission
business the action of functioning or Education jargon
in effect adaptive learning differentiated interim
medicine an act of surgery performed instruction
on a patient backwards design edulink increment
engineering mathematical symbols for basic literacy flipped classroom pedagogy
computations
blended program funding framework probationary
program information technology a series of instructions that
can be put into computer in buzzword gamification realia
order to perform an charter school generative rubric
operation governance
education a plan of action to community grandfather scaffolding
accomplish a specified end learning hubs
media a show aired on a television count date graphic organizer statutory assessment
or radio station/ network to
cumulative record higher-order virtual classroom
the viewing or listening
audience thinking
card skills summons
The given examples show that no matter how familiar a word is, it daily log impasse webquest
would mislead one’s understanding because of the variations of meanings from
one field to another. Psychology jargon
aggression cutaneous senses job burnout
baltruism date rape libido
biofeedback debriefing lucid dreaming
bulimia nervosa dissociative disorder manic episode
catharsis dream work menarche
centration echoic memory mnemonics
chinking egocentrism narcolepsy
cognitive map hallucinations possible selves
collective hypnosis stereotypes
unconscious
consistency paradox iconic memory superego

Business and marketing jargon

800-pound gorilla human capital raise the bar
aha moment key takeaways resonate
bandwidth laser focus roadmap
wastebasket leverage robust
deliverable luddite seamless
disambiguate magic bullet synergy
epic offline touchbase
evangelist preso traction
frictionless price point win-win
game changer radio silent world class

Linguistics jargon
allomorph idiolect presupposition
conjugation langue rhetoric
corpus lexicon semantic field
creole lingua franca speech act
critical period neologism suprasegmental
diachronic onomatopoeia syntagmatic
discourse parataxis syntax
dialect parole transcription
etymology phone typology
fossilization pidgin unmarked