Chapter 4

Internet of
Things(IoTs)

Global Network of Smart physical Things

 Chapter 4: Objectives
• At the end of this chapters students should
understand:
– Overview and History of IoT
– Advantages of IoT
– Challenges of IoT
– How IoT works ( Architectures, IoT Trends, Devices and
Networks, Examples of IoT Applications, Management
Platform for the Internet of Things)
– IoT Across Application Domains(Homes, Cities,
healthcare, energy, Agriculture, transport …etc.)
– IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms
• IoT Tools
• IoT Platforms

2
 Overview of IoT
• The Internet of Things, IoT, refers to the set of devices and
systems that interconnect real-world sensors and actuators to
the Internet.
• IoT includes many different systems, including
– Internet-connected cars
– Wearable devices
• health and fitness monitoring devices, watches, and
even human implanted devices;
– Home automation systems and lighting controls;
– Smartphones that measure the world around them; and
– Wireless sensor networks that measure weather, flood
defenses, tides and more
3
 Overview of IoT
• But what is IoT Exactly?
– Different definations from different groups
• Definitions:
– Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB): The networking of
smart objects, meaning a huge number of devices
intelligently communicating in the presence of internet
protocol that cannot be directly operated by human
beings but exist as components in buildings, vehicles or
the environment
– Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): The networking of
smart objects in which smart objects have some
constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and
processing capability for achieving interoperability among
4

smart objects
 Overview of IoT

• Definitions from….
– IEEE Communications: A framework of all things that
have a representation in the presence of the internet
in such a way that new applications and services
enable the interaction in the physical and virtual
world in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication in the cloud

– Oxford dictionary: The interaction of everyday

object’s computing devices through the Internet that
enables the sending and receiving of useful data
5
 Overview of IoT

• What is common in all these definations?

– Smart objects
– Objects-to-object(M2M) interaction without
human
– Internet/protocol to enable communicaton

6
 Overview of IoT

• IoT can also expressed as formula like:

– IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
• A thing in the internet of things can be
– a person with a heart monitor implant,
– a farm animal with a biochip transponder,
– an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the
driver when tire pressure is low or
– any other natural or man-made object that can be
assigned an IP address and is able to transfer data over
a network

7
 Overview of IoT

• According to the Gartner report, by 2020

connected devices across all technologies will
reach 20.6 billion.
– And by 2025, we will have 41.6 billion
connected IoT devices
• The number of IoT devices surpassed the
global human population in 2010.

8
 IoT - Key technological enablers

• The IoT four key technological enablers are: -

– RFID technology used for tagging the things.
– Sensor technology used for sensing the things.
– Smart technology used for thinking the things.
– Nanotechnology used for shrinking the things.

9
 How to Think about IoT

• There are four main components of an IoT

system
– The Thing itself (that is, the device)
– The local network (this can include a gateway,
which translates proprietary communication
protocols to Internet Protocol).
– The Internet ( the Global Network)
– Back-end services (enterprise data systems, or
PCs and mobile devices).

10
 The Internet of Things from an embedded
systems point of view

The two key aspects to the IoT: There is often a third-category gateway b/n the
• The devices themselves and devices and Internet that performs:
• The server-side architecture • aggregation,
that supports them. • event processing,
• bridging, etc. 11
 Types of Devices(Things)
• There are three types of devices in IoT:
– The smallest devices that have embedded 8-bit System-On-Chip (SOC)
controllers.
• Example: Arduinos
• have no operating system
– Devices based up on 32 bit Atheros and ARM chips
• Example: Small home routers and derivatives of those devices.
• Commonly, these run a cut-down or embedded OS, such as OpenWRT
• In some cases, they may not use an OS. E.g the Arduino Zero
– The most capable IoT platforms that are full 32-bit or 64-bit
computing platforms
• May run a full Linux OS or Android.
• Raspberry Pi or the BeagleBone
• In many cases, these are either mobile phones or based on mobile-
phone technology. 12
 IoT Communication Mechanisms

• Communication between devices and the

Internet or to a gateway includes many different
models
– Direct Ethernet or Wi-Fi connectivity using TCP or
UDP (we will look at protocols for this later)
– Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)
– Near Field Communication (NFC)
– Zigbee or other mesh radio networks
– UART or serial lines
– SPI or I2C wired buses
13
The two major modes of connectivity
( Communication)

14
 Review questions
1. What best describes IoT?
A. Machine to Machine communication
B. System that interconnect realworld sensors and
actuators to the Internet
C. Searching for insights from huge data
2. What are four main components of an IoT system
A. Thing, LAN, Internet,Back-end services
B. Device, Internet, gateway, Data
C. RFID, Sensors, processors, Nano-Technology

15
 History of IoT

• The term “The Internet of Things” (IoT) was

coined by Kevin Ashton in a presentation
to Proctor & Gamble in 1999.
– Ashton is a co-founder of MIT’s Auto-ID Lab.
– He pioneered RFID (used in bar code detector) for
the supply-chain management domain.
• However, the idea of connected devices has
been around since the 1970s

16
 History of IoT Cont’d…

• The first internet appliance was a Coke

vending machine at Carnegie Mellon
University in the early 1980s.
– Using the web, programmers could check the
status of the machine and determine whether
there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should
they decide to make the trip to the machine.

17
 History of IoT Cont’d…
• IoT has evolved from the convergence of
– wireless technologies,
– microelectromechanical systems (MEMS),
– microservices and
– the Internet.
• The convergence has helped tear down the silos
between operational technology (OT) and
information technology (IT).
– This convergence enabled unstructured machine-
generated data to be analyzed for insights to drive
improvements. 18
 History of IoT Cont’d…
• IoT evolved from machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication
– i.e., machines connecting to each other via a network
without human interaction.
• Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network
of billions of smart devices that connect people,
systems and other applications to collect and share
data.
• As its foundation, M2M offers the connectivity that
enables IoT

19
 History of IoT Cont’d…

• IoT is also considered as natural extension of SCADA

(supervisory control and data acquisition)
– Used by Gas and water treatment centers for Pipeline
monitoring and control.
– The system has both hardware and software components.
• The hardware gather and feed data
• Software process and present in timely manner
• The concept of the IoT ecosystem gets much
attention after china makes it part of its strateigc
plan in the mid of 2010
20
 Why is IoT important?
• Touches every industry, including healthcare, finance,
retail, and manufacturing
– Helps people live and work smarter
• Smart homes, smart cities, smart kitchen…
– Smart cities help citizens reduce waste and energy consumption
– Provides businesses with a real-time look into how their
companies’ systems really work
• Delivering insights into everything
– from the performance of machines to supply chain and
logistics operations
• Connected sensors are even used in farming to help
monitor crop and cattle yields and predict growth patterns
21
 Why is IoT important? Cont’d…

• Touches every industry….Cont’d…

– Enables companies to automate processes and
reduce labor costs
– Cuts down on waste and improves service delivery
• Less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods as
well as offering transparency into customer
transactions

22
 Why is IoT important? Cont’d…
• Touches every industry, including healthcare, finance,
retail, and manufacturing
– smart home, smart agriculture, etc
• Generally IoT enable organizations to:
– Monitor their overall business processes;
– Improve the customer experience;
– Save time and money;
– Enhance employee productivity;
– Integrate and adapt business models;
– Make better business decisions; and
– Generate more revenue
23
Example of an IoT System

24
 Pros and cons of IoT

• Advantage
– Improved(active) customer Engagement
• helps to avoid blind-spots, flaws and passive customer
engagment
– Technology Optimization
• it can also help improve devices and technology
– Reduced Waste
• leading to the more effective management of resources
– Enhanced Data Collection(sensors do that)
• It allows an accurate picture of everything

25
 Pros and cons of IoT

• Disadvantages
– Increased Security Concern( more devices and
more info created and shared)
– Big Data Management issue( handling huge
numbers)
– The higher chance of system corruption (if there
is a bug in any part of the system)
– Device Interoperability( multiple, different device
vendors with no accepted standard)

26
 Review Questions
1. Why IoT is that important?
A. Touches every industry and buisness
B. Helps people live and work smarter
C. It is just a hype
2. Which one contributed for the birth of IoT
A. SCADA
B. M2M
C. Convergence of OT and IT
3. Which one of the following is disadvantages of IoT?
A. Security volnurablities
B. Bugs in one or few devices may corrupt others
27
C. Interoperablity Concerns
 Key IoT Challenges

• Challenges and implications that need to be

addressed before the mass adoption of IoT can
occur that include:
1. Privacy and Security ( refer to the security issues at
different Layers of IOT)
– Trust and quality of-information in shared
information models
– Secure exchange of data between IoT devices and
consumers of their information
– Protection mechanisms for vulnerable devices

28
 Key IoT Challenges – Cont’d…

Challenges Cont’d…
2. Cost versus Usability – reduction in cost of
devices and mechanism to use devices is expected
3. Interoperability
– With numerous sources of data and heterogeneous
devices, the use of standard interfaces between these
diverse entities becomes important
4. Data Management
– the volume of the generated data and the processes
involved in the handling of those data become critical

29
 Key IoT Challenges – Cont’d…

• Challenges Cont’d…
5. Device Energy Consumption Level
– How to interconnect “things” in an interoperable
way while taking into account the energy
constraints
• Communication between devices takes the most
energy

30
 How IoT Works

• An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled

smart devices that use
– embedded processors
– sensors and
– communication hardware
to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments.

31
 How IoT Works

• Remember that;
– IoT is the technology that builds systems
capable of autonomously sensing and
responding to stimuli from the real world
without human intervention
• However, people can interact with the devices
to:
– to set them up,
– give them instructions or access the data
32
 How IoT Works Cont’d…

• IoT devices share the sensor data they collect

by connecting to
– an IoT gateway or
– another edge device
where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed
or analyzed locally.
• Sometimes, these devices communicate with
other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another
33
 How IoT Works Cont’d…

Wireless sensor network installed in a factory,

connected to the Internet via a gateway
34
 How IoT Works

• Remember that;
– IoT is the technology that builds systems capable
of autonomously sensing and responding to
stimuli from the real world without human
intervention
• We, therefore, need to develop a process flow
for a definite framework over which an IoT
solution is built.
– The IoT Architecture (to be discussed shortly) is
generally comprised of 4 stages
35
IoT Architecture
 IoT Architecture
The simplest and conventional architecture of IoT considered as
three layers:

37
 IoT Architecture
• Perception Layer ( recognition layer/Bottom layer)
– Main responsibility is to collect useful information/data from things or the
environment
• Network Layer
– It is the brain of conventional IoT architecture.
– Main responsibility is secure data transmission between the application and
perception layer of IoT architecture.
• Application Layer (top layer)
– link the gap between users and applications.

• Some other latest variants, as included in IoT’s latest architecture, add

a support layer that lies between the application layer and network
layer
– Support layer consists fog computing and cloud computing

38
 IoT IoT Architecture
• According to the latest researchers’ opinions about IoT
architecture, there are five layers as shown in the Figure below
Application layer is splited into
three sub-layers
• Service Mgt: facilitates
information processing, decision-
making etc..
• Application lr: provides smart
high-quality facilities according
to the pre-request of the
customers.
• Buisness layer: Repreents the
business model and data
recieved from application layer

Object and Object Abstraction layers are much like perception and network layer
of the convention IoT architecture
• Objects: collect data from d/t sources and digitize it
• Object Abstraction:acts as a mediating layer between service management and39
the object layer.
 IoT Architecture
• Hence, IOT architecture consists of different layers of
technologies supporting IOT.
• It serves to illustrate how various technologies relate
to each other and to communicate the scalability,
modularity and configuration of IOT deployments in
different scenarios.
• The latest agreed upon IoT Architecture is composed
of
– Smart device / sensor layer ( Perception)
– Gateways and Networks Layer
– Management Service Layer
– Application Layer

40
IoT Detailed Architecture

41
 Detailed IoT Architecture - descriptions

• Smart device / sensor layer

– Lowest layer, made up of smart objects integrated
with sensors,
– The sensors enable the interconnection of the
physical and digital worlds allowing real-time
information to be collected and processed
– Various types of sensors for different purposes
• sensors have the capacity to take measurements such
as temperature, air quality, speed, humidity, pressure,
flow, movement and electricity etc.

42
 IoT- Architecture : Smart device / sensor layer

Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT:

• accelerometers • acoustic sensors

• temperature sensors • light sensors
• magnetometers • pressure sensors
• proximity sensors • gas RFID sensors
• gyroscopes • humidity sensors
• image sensors • microflow sensors

43
 IoT- Architecture : Smart device / sensor layer cont’d…

• Most sensors require connectivity to the sensor gateways.

• This can be in the form of a Local Area Network (LAN)
such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi connections or Personal Area
Network (PAN) such as ZigBee, Bluetooth and Ultra
Wideband (UWB).
• For sensors that do not require connectivity to sensor
aggregators, their connectivity to backend
servers/applications can be provided using Wide Area
Network (WAN) such as
– GSM, GPRS and LTE.
• Sensors that use low power and low data rate
connectivity typically form networks commonly known as
wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

44
 IoT- Architecture : Gateways and Networks Layer

• Massive volume of data will be produced by these tiny

sensors and this requires a robust and high performance
wired or wireless network infrastructure as a transport
medium.
• Current networks(IP based), often tied with very different
protocols, have been used to support machine-to-
machine (M2M) networks and their applications.
• With demand needed to serve a wider range of IOT
services and applications such as
– high speed transactional services,
– context-aware applications
, multiple networks with various technologies and access
protocols are needed to work with each other in a heterogeneous
configuration.

45
 IoT- Architecture : Gateways and Networks Layer

• Any protocol that carries IP packets has an

advantage over all others.
• The connectivity requirements for IoT devices are
so diverse that a single technology cannot meet
all the range, power, size and cost requirements.
• The importance of IP to the Internet of Things
does not automatically mean that non-IP
networks are useless.
– It just means that non-IP networks require a
gateway to reach the Internet.
46
 IoT- Architecture : Gateways and Networks Cont’d…

• These networks can be in the form of a private,

public or hybrid models and are built to
support the communication requirements for
latency, bandwidth or security.
• Various gateways (microcontroller,
microprocessor...) & gateway networks (WI-FI,
GSM, GPRS…)

47
 IoT- Architecture : Gateways and Networks Cont’d…

• A smart IoT gateway is implemented to

provide data processing, local web server, and
cloud connection.
• After the gateway receives the data from
wearable sensors, it will forward the data to
an IoT cloud for further data storage,
processing and visualization.

48
 IoT- Architecture : Gateways and Networks Cont’d…

• This layer also ensures unique addressing and routing

abilities to the unified integration of uncountable devices in
a single cooperative network.
• Various types of technologies have contributed to this
phenomenon such as wired, wireless and satellite
technologies.
• The implementation of 6LoWPAN(Low Power Personal Area
Network over IP version 6) protocol towards IPV6 for unique
addressing of devices was also important development.
• IPv6 is Key for IoT
– IPv6’s addressing scheme provides more addresses than there are
grains of sand on earth

49
 IoT- Architecture : Management Service Layer

• The management service renders the processing

of information possible through
– Analytics,
– Security controls,
– Process modeling and
– Management of devices
• Services may include application and support
services
– Often provided by cloud/ fog computing technologies

50
 IoT- Architecture : Management Service Cont’d…

• Management Service Layer- Features

– Business and process rule engines
• Support the formulation of decision logic and trigger interactive
and automated processes to enable a more responsive IOT
system
– Analytics
• Various analytics tools are used to extract relevant information
from a massive amount of raw data and to be processed at a
much faster rate
– Two types
» In-memory analytics: allows large volumes of data to be
cached in random access memory (RAM) rather than
stored in physical disks
» Streaming analytics: allows analysis of data, considered
as data-in-motion, is required to be carried out in real-time
so that decisions can be made in a matter of seconds

51
 IoT- Architecture : Management Service Cont’d…

• Management Service Features

– Data management is ability to manage data
information flow
• With data management in the management service layer,
information can be accessed, integrated and controlled.
• Data filtering techniques such as
– data anonymization,
– data integration, and
– data synchronization,
are used to hide the details of the information while providing only
essential information that is usable for the relevant applications

52
 IoT- Architecture : Management Service Cont’d…

• Management Service Features

– Security
• Must be enforced across the whole dimension of the
IoT architecture right from the smart object layer all the
way to the application layer.
• Security of the system prevents system hacking and
compromises by unauthorized personnel, thus reducing
the possibility of risks.

53
 IoT- Architecture : Application Layer
Application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such
as:

• Transportation, • Factory,
• Supply chain,
• Building,
• Emergency,
• City,
• Healthcare,
• Lifestyle, • User interaction,
• Retail, • Culture and tourism,
• Agriculture, • Environment and Energy.

54
IoT Trends
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks
• IoT Trends: Since 2010, industry leaders have been
predicting an explosion in the number of connected
devices.
– Different estimates of IoT devices to be connected to the
Internet
• By 2020, Gartner 20.6 billion , CISCO 50 Billion….
• By 2025 41.6 Billion etc.…
– A wide range of fields that have been adopting IoT
infrastructures includes connected and smart cities,
manufacturing, energy and utilities, transport, logistics and even
agriculture
• i.e. IoT is being adopted in many areas of applications
– IoT has no practical limit as to the number of devices deployed
• IPv6…
– However, the number of IoT devices is only limited by the scope
of the applications themselves
56
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks Cont’d…

• IoT Devices
– A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of distributed
sensors that monitor physical or environmental conditions, such
as temperature, sound, and pressure.
– Data from each sensor passes through the network, node-to-
node
– WSN Nodes - are low-cost devices, so they can be deployed in
high volume.
• They also operate at low power so that they can run on battery, or
even use energy harvesting.
• A WSN node is an embedded system that typically performs a single
function (such as measuring temperature or pressure or turning on a
light or a motor).
• Energy harvesting is a new technology that derives energy from
external sources (for example, solar power, thermal energy, wind
energy, electromagnetic radiation, kinetic energy, and more).

57
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks Cont’d…

• IoT Devices Cont’d…

– WSN Edge Nodes
• A WSN edge node is a WSN node that includes Internet
Protocol connectivity.
• It acts as a gateway between the WSN and the IP
network
• It offers local processing, provide local storage, and
feature a user interface

58
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks Cont’d…

• IoT Devices Cont’d….

– The battle over the preferred networking protocol
is far from over. There are multiple candidates
• Wi-Fi
• IEEE 802.15.4
• 6LoWPAN
• Bluetooth

59
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks-Cont’d…

Wireless radio technologies comparison

Standard IEE 802.15.4 Bluetooth Wi-Fi

Frequency 868/915 MHZ, 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4, 5.8 GHz

Data rate 250 Kpbs 723 Kpbs 11 to 105 Mpbs

Data rate 250 Kpbs 723 Kpbs 11 to 105 Mpbs

Power Very Low Low High

B a t t e r y Alkaline (months to R e c h a r g e a b l e R e c h a r g e a b l e
Operation years) (days to weeks) (hours)

60
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks Cont’d…

• IoT Networks
– As the amount of IoT devices grows, the underlying
telecommunications networks that support and serve
them must also adapt.
– Telecommunication infrastructures must be designed to
accommodate the traffic they carry.
– Voice, video, and data have particular characteristics
and requirements for successful transmission over the
network.
– IoT traffic differs significantly in its nature and thus has
unique network requirements that must be taken into
account when designing the network that will carry
them
61
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks Cont’d…

• IoT Networks Cont’d…

– An IoT network typically includes a number of devices
with constrained resources (power, processing, memory,
among others)
– Some of those devices may be massively deployed over
large areas like smart cities, industrial plants,
– Whereas others may be deployed in hard-to-reach areas
like pipelines hazardous zones, or even in hostile
environments like war zones.
– Therefore, the efficient management of IoT networks
requires considering both the constraints of low power
IoT devices and the deployment complexity of the
underlying communication infrastructure.
62
 IoT- Trend, Devices and Networks Cont’d…

• IoT network requirements

– The ability to connect large numbers of heterogeneous IoT
elements
– High reliability
– Real-time awareness with low latency
– Ability to secure all traffic flows
– Programmability for application customization
– Traffic monitoring and management at the device level
– Low-cost connectivity for a large number of
devices/sensors

63
 Networks and Devices Management Platform for the
Internet of Things

• To ensure the correct functioning of those

connected devices, they must be remotely
accessed to configure, monitoring their status,
and so forth.
• Traditional management solutions cannot be
used for low power devices networks given
their resources limitation and scalability issues.
• Therefore, efficient and autonomic
management of IoT networks is needed
64
Illustration of an IoT scenario

• A simplified representation of an IoT

network. It encompasses end devices,
ga t e w ay s , c o m m u n i c a t i o n l i n k s , I o T
applications, and services.
• A typical scenario involving those entities
include end devices collecting data from an
environment (e.g., temperature, luminosity,
movement) and reporting it to a supervision
entity (hosted by an IoT platform and
service provider) via different
communication technologies and gateways.
• Must have a means to device provisioning,
administration, monitoring, and diagnostics
important for trouble replication and
corrective measures.
• An Ideal solution will provide a means for
managing all devices from one dashboard.

65
IoT Across Application Domains

66
 IoT Across Application Domains

• There are numerous real-world applications of

the internet of things, ranging from:
– Consumer IoT and Enterprise IoT to
– Manufacturing and Industrial IoT (IIoT).

67
Consumer IoT, Industrial IoT, Commercial IoT and Enterprise IoT

68
IoT Across Application Domains -13 application domains have
taken up IOT

69
 IoT Applications - Smart Homes
• For consumers, the connectivity provided by the IoT
could enhance their quality of life in multiple ways,
such as, but not limited to, energy efficiency and
security at home and in the city.
• Connected smart devices will enable a reduction in
utility bills and outages, while also improving home
security via remote home monitoring.
• Smart Home has become a reality where all devices
are integrated and interconnected via the wireless
network.
• These “smart” devices have the potential to share information
with each other.

70
 IoT Applications - Smart Homes
• Smart Home Appliances:
– Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to
avoid accidents and save energy
– Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food that’s about to expire,
ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available on a
smartphone app.
– Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry remotely, and.
– Kitchen ranges with interface to a Smartphone app allowing remotely
adjustable temperature control and monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning
feature,
– Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe
in their daily life at home,
– Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and
violations to prevent intruders
– Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature,
pressure, wind speed and rain levels with ability to transmit data over long
distances
– Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to
obtain advice on how to save cost and resources

71
 IoT Across Application - Smart Energy
Applications

• Energy Applications
– IoT provides a way to not only monitor the energy
usage at the appliance-level but also at the house-
level, grid level or could be at the distribution
level.
– Smart Meters & Smart Grid are used to monitor
energy consumption.

72
 IoT Across Application - Smart Energy
Applications

• With smart grids

energy distribution
can be optimized.
• These grids also keep
collecting real-time
data which helps in
distributing
electricity efficiently
and also to reduce
the outages.

73
 IoT Across Application - Smart City
Applications
• Lighting : intelligent and weather adaptive lighting
in street lights.
• Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with
warning messages and diversions according to
climate conditions and unexpected events like
accidents or traffic jams
• Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking
spaces availability in the city making residents able
to identify and reserve the closest available spaces
• Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in
containers to optimize the trash collection routes.
– Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the
sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out
74
 IoT Across Application - Smart City Applications

• In Smart Cities, the development of smart

grids, data analytics, and autonomous vehicles
will provide an intelligent platform to deliver
innovations in
– Energy management,
– Traffic management, and
– Security,
by sharing the benefits of this technology
throughout society

75
 IoT- in Agriculture – Smart Agriculture
• Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality,
• Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa,
hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial
contaminants,
• Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals
grazing in open pastures or location in big stables, Study of
ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful
gases from excrements,
• Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in
animal farms to ensure its survival and health,
• Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better
monitoring, accurate ongoing data obtaining, and management
of the agriculture fields, including better control of fertilizing,
electricity and watering

76
 IoT-in Agriculture – Smart Agriculture

• The task of irrigation

can be automated
with the help of IoT.
• A set of sensors such
as light, humidity,
temperature can be
used to continuously
monitor the field
conditions

77
 IoT Application- Smart Healthcare Application

• Smartwatches and fitness devices have changed the

frequency of health monitoring.
• People can monitor their own health at regular intervals.
• Not only this, now if a patient is coming to the hospital
by ambulance, by the time he or she reaches the hospital
his health report is diagnosed by doctors and the hospital
quickly starts the treatment.
• The data gathered from multiple healthcare applications
are now collected and used to analyze different disease
and find its cure.
• Hospitals often use IoT systems to complete tasks such as
inventory management, for both pharmaceuticals and
medical instruments

78
Example IoT health applications

79
 IoT Application- Smart Healthcare Application Cont’d…

• Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on

the head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.
• Current smart wearable devices include:
– Head – Helmets, glasses
– Neck – Jewelry, collars
– Arm – Watches, wristbands, rings
– Torso – Clothing, backpacks
– Feet – Socks, shoes
• Wearable devices are also used for public safety
– Improving first responders' response times during
emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or
by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at
life-threatening sites

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IoT Application- Smart Healthcare Application Cont’d…

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 IoT Application- Smart Education Application

• IoT provides education aids which help in

filling the gaps in the education industry.
• It not only improves the quality of
education but also optimizes the cost and
improves the management by taking into
consideration students response and
performance.

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 IoT Application- Air and Water Pollution, Hazards etc.

• Through various sensors, we can detect the

pollution in the air and water by frequent
sampling.
– This helps in preventing substantial contamination and
related disasters
• The Internet of Things platform can be used to
accumulate data related to a specific geographic
location using remote monitoring tools and
perform analytics so that early warnings of a
disaster can be found out.
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IoT Application- Air and Water Pollution, Hazards

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 IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

• IoT Platform:
– IoT platform is an essential component of a huge
IoT ecosystem that supports and connects all
components within the system.
– It helps to facilitate device management, handle
hardware/software communication protocols,
collect/analyze data, enhance data flow and
functionality of smart applications

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 IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

• The overall IoT system includes

– Hardware (devices and sensors)
– Connectivity through a router, gateway, wi-fi,
satellite, Ethernet, etc.
– Software
– User interface

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 IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

• Cloud hosting has become a wide-spread and

generally appreciated method of developing and
running various technology solutions,
• IoT, directly depending on Internet, definitely
benefits from all the advantages of cloud
computing
• Special cloud-based IoT platforms support the
Internet-based functions of the application –
running, maintenance, analytics, data storage,
and security measures.
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 IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

• Below are some Cloud IoT platforms

– Google Cloud IoT
– Microsoft Azure IoT Suite
– SAP
– Salesforce IoT
– Oracle Internet of Things
– Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
– Bosch IoT Suite
– IBM Watson Internet of Things
– ThingWorx IoT Platform
– Huawei Cloud Core

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 IoT Tools and Application Development Platforms

• IoT Development Platforms

– Top-class IoT development tools that can be employed
by both developers and for all those who wish to pursue
IoT include
• Tessel 2
• Eclipse IoT
• Arduino
• PlatformIO
• Kimono Create
• IBM Watson
• Raspbian (Raspberry Pi)
• OpenSCADA
• Node-RED
• Device Hive

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IoT hardware platforms - So many IoT Chips

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 Chapter 4 - Summary

• In this chapter we have learnt

– What IoT is and how it emerged as a Technology
– How IoT works
– The architectures for IoT( Devices, Network,
Communications etc.)
– The common application areas of IoT in real-life
– The IoT development and Deployment Platforms

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 Next Time!
Chapter 5: Augmented Reality (AR)