Intermediate Accounting Vol 1 4th Edition Lo Test Bank

Intermediate Accounting Vol 1 4th
Edition Lo Test Bank

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Intermediate Accounting Vol 1 4th Edition Lo Test Bank
Intermediate Accounting, Vol 1, 4e (Lo/Fisher)

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Financial Accounting Theory
Learning Objective 1
1) Which statement is NOT correct?

A) Financial accounting is the process of providing information to external parties.
B) Accounting is about the communication of financial information.
C) Accounting is the production of information about an enterprise and the transmission of that
information to those who need the information.
D) Financial accounting is the process of providing information to internal parties.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.1 Explain the sources of demand and supply of accounting information.
2) How does an accountant decide on the appropriate method of accounting for a business transaction?
A) Evaluating if the particular method is consistent with the conceptual framework.
B) Ensuring that the accounting method agrees with that selected by other companies.
C) Evaluating whether the selected method differs from the underlying economics.
D) Testing the selected method for numerical accuracy and consistency.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
3) Which statement is correct?

A) Financial reporting is the process of preparing information for internal parties.
B) Financial reporting involves issuing financial statements to external parties.
C) Financial reporting provides the same information as management accounting.
D) Financial reporting is based on rules issued by the CPA or IASB.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
4) Which is NOT a question that financial accounting theory can answer?

A) Why do companies provide financial information to external parties?
B) Why do all companies use the same accounting policies?
C) Why is certain disclosure mandatory in financial reporting?
D) What is the role of financial accounting and reporting?
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
1
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5) Why is financial information required?
Answer:
• Governmental bodies issue proclamations requiring companies to provide financial information.
• Quasi-governmental organizations issue proclamations requiring companies to provide financial
information.
• Accounting organizations such as the CPA or IASB issue proclamations requiring companies to
provide financial information.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
6) Explain the meaning of financial accounting, managerial accounting and tax accounting. How are these
accounting activities related to each other?
Answer: Financial reporting is the process by which enterprises provide information to external parties.
Managerial accounting, on the other hand, involves reporting within the enterprise.
Tax accounting is the reporting of taxable amounts to the government revenue authorities.
What ties all the branches of accounting together is the idea that some people have information that
others need.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
7) Discuss three reasons why it is important to understand accounting theory.

Answer:
• In order to make the best decisions possible, external investors as well as internal managers need to
interpret financial and accounting information about the state of the business.
• There is a misunderstanding that accounting standards are simply proclamations issued by
government or quasi-governmental regulatory agencies such as the International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB) that have no economic benefit to society.
• Rather, financial reporting is an economic good and is therefore subject to the laws of supply and
demand. Accounting standards reflect and respond to, although imperfectly, the demand for financial
information and the ability of enterprises to supply that information. Financial accounting theory helps
us to understand the complexities in the production and consumption (use) of accounting information.
Viewed in this way, financial information can be, and is, a subject of rigorous economic analysis.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
8) Explain the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

Answer: GAAP refers to broad principles and conventions of general application as well as rules and
procedures that determine accepted accounting practices.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
2
9) Explain the process an accountant uses to determine the appropriate accounting method for a business
transaction.
Answer: As GAAP refers to broad principles, not specific rules, accounting involves exercising
professional judgment to determine the appropriate accounting. Judgment is exercised by:
• considering the range of possible methods of accounting;
• evaluating whether and how the particular method of accounting is consistent with the conceptual
framework underlying GAAP;
• appreciation for the underlying economic forces at work and ensuring that the accounting
appropriately reflects the substance of the transaction.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
10) Explain what accounting is and why financial reporting exists.

Answer: Accounting is the production of information about an enterprise and the transmission of that
information from those who have it to those who need it. In other words, accounting is communicating
information about business transactions and activities about business entities to interested external
parties.
Financial reporting is the process by which enterprises provide information to external parties. Financial
reporting is an economic good that is subject to the laws of supply and demand. Financial reporting exists
because interested parties require information about the business entity to make their investment, credit
or other decisions. The demand for information arises from people's need to make decisions under
uncertainty about the future. In many contexts, there are asymmetric distributions of information
amongst people. Those who have more information are the potential suppliers of information to those
who have less.
People making decisions under uncertainty demand information to alleviate that uncertainty; an
asymmetric distribution of information allows some individuals to supply information to others.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
3
1) Which statement best explains "information asymmetry"?

A) Information asymmetry means that there is uncertainty about the future.
B) Information asymmetry means that some people have more information than others.
C) Information asymmetry means that external parties need financial information.
D) Information asymmetry means information is material to a decision maker.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.2 Apply concepts of information asymmetry, adverse selection, and moral hazard to a variety of
accounting, management, and related situations.
2) Which statement best explains "moral hazard"?

A) The term refers to a situation where one party has an information advantage over another.
B) The term refers to the need external parties have for financial information.
C) The term refers to the fact that some people have more information than others.
D) The term refers to a situation where one party cannot observe the actions of another party.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
3) Which statement best explains "adverse selection"?

A) The term refers to a situation where one party has an information advantage over another.
B) The term refers to the need external parties have for financial information.
C) The term refers to the fact that some people have more information than others.
D) The term refers to a situation where one party cannot observe the actions of another party.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
4) Explain the meaning of information and information asymmetry. Give an example of each
Answer: Information: Evidence that can potentially affect an individual's decisions. Example: details
about the format of the final exam; details about the career placement opportunities for a university's
programs; etc.
Information asymmetry: A condition in which some people have more information than others.
Example: professor has more information about the final exam than the students; management has more
information about the financial results than the shareholders; etc.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
4
5) Explain the meaning of adverse selection and moral hazard. Give an example of each.
Answer: Adverse selection: A type of information asymmetry whereby one party to a contract has an
information advantage over another party. Examples: buying a resale home; buying a used car; buying
shares in a company, etc.
Moral hazard: A type of information asymmetry whereby one party to a contract cannot observe some
actions relating to the fulfillment of the contractual terms by the other party. Examples: renting an
apartment to a tenant; car insurance; hiring an executive - separation of ownership and management or
the principal-agent problem; lending money to a company, etc.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
6) Explain the difference between moral hazard and adverse selection.

Answer:
• Moral hazard involves information about one party's actions that is not available to the other party.
For this reason, moral hazard is succinctly summed up as hidden actions. As actions are involved, moral
hazard involves information about what happens in the future.
• Adverse selection concerns no actions other than whether the parties choose to reveal information that
they possess. Consequently, adverse selection involves hidden information from the past and present
(although such information could have ramifications for the future).
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
7) Discuss two ways in which a bank can mitigate the problem of moral hazard when lending money to a
company.
Answer: The lender can request certain covenants that must be satisfied as a condition of granting the
loan; for example, a requirement to have a certain debt-to-equity ratio so that the company does not get
over-leveraged. Also, the bank can request an audit report be prepared.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
8) Discuss two ways in which a shareholder can mitigate the problem of moral hazard when investing in
a company.
Answer: To mitigate this moral hazard problem, audit reports can be used to provide information to
owners about the firm's performance as an indirect indicator of management performance.
Compensation can be linked to performance measures such as net income or earnings per share.
Ask management to take partial ownership of the company through stock purchase and stock option
programs. The thought being that if managers share in the rewards of their efforts, they will thus be more
motivated to create value for the company's owners.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
5
9) Having an audit performed on the company's financial statements BEST illustrates which of the
following?
A) Cheap talk.
B) Signalling.
C) Moral hazard.
D) Information.
Answer: B
Explanation: A) Cheap talk refers to communication of unverifiable information by means that are
virtually costless.
B) The company needs to use a "signal" (costly signal) to overcome the problem of unverifiable
disclosures about the company's financial position and economic performance.
C) Moral hazard represents an asymmetry where one party cannot observe the actions of another.
D) Information asymmetry refers to a situation where one party has more information than another
party.
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
1) Which of the following statements is correct about financial information?

A) All users require the same kind of information.
B) Forward looking information is useful for evaluating management stewardship.
C) Trade offs are necessary in accounting.
D) Historical cost information is useful for pricing the value of a company's shares.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.3 Describe the qualitative characteristics of accounting information that help to alleviate adverse
selection and moral hazard.
2) How does accounting information help alleviate adverse selection and moral hazard?
Answer:
• The presence of adverse selection reduces outsiders' perception of the value of an enterprise, creating a
demand for full disclosure of information that is relevant to the value of the enterprise, and that will help
assist them to forecast future cash flows.
• Moral hazard causes outsiders to be suspicious of information supplied by management regarding its
actions, creating a demand for information that is reliable and verifiable.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
6
3) Explain how adverse selection and moral hazard affect the qualitative characteristics of accounting
information.
Answer: Adverse selection means that users will demand information that is RELEVANT to their
decisions.
Moral hazard means that users will demand information that is VERIFIABLE (representationally
faithful/reliable) and not prone to manipulation by the preparers.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
7
1) For the situations described below, explain whether managers would be motivated to manage
earnings, assets, and equity upward and liabilities downward, or alternatively, managers may be
motivated to manage earnings, assets, and equity downward and liabilities upward.
Management motivation
Situation (Upward / Downward)
To influence investors to pay more for the firm's
shares.
To reduce the likelihood of additional taxes or
regulations.
To take a "big bath" in a bad year by recording
more expenses than usual so that future years
are more likely to show higher and rising
profitability, resulting in higher future
compensation or stock price.
To reduce riskiness of its cash flows and obtain
funds from the bank at a lower interest rate.
To obtain a stronger bargaining position in
merger negotiations.
Answer:
To influence investors to pay more for the firm's
shares. Upward
To reduce the likelihood of additional taxes or
regulations. Downward
To take a "big bath" in a bad year by recording
more expenses than usual so that future years
are more likely to show higher and rising
profitability, resulting in higher future
compensation or stock price. Downward
To reduce riskiness of its cash flows and obtain
funds from the bank at a lower interest rate. Upward
To obtain a stronger bargaining position in
merger negotiations. Upward
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.4 Evaluate whether and what type of earnings management is more likely in a particular circumstance.
8
2) For the situations described below, explain whether managers would be motivated to manage
earnings, assets, and equity upward and liabilities downward, or alternatively, managers may be
motivated to manage earnings, assets, and equity downward and liabilities upward.
To obtain higher bonuses.
To increase the likelihood of receiving
government subsidies and trade protection.
To improve bargaining position relative to
employee unions.
To meet covenants based on net income.
To meet regulatory requirements.
Answer:
To obtain higher bonuses. Upward
To increase the likelihood of receiving
government subsidies and trade protection. Downward
To improve bargaining position relative to
employee unions. Downward
To meet covenants based on net income. Upward
To meet regulatory requirements. Upward
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
3) Explain how earnings management may arise.

Answer: Insiders have many incentives to manage earnings: to influence share price, to lower the cost of
financing, to meet contractual and regulatory requirements, to increase management compensation, to
lower political costs, to gain regulatory protection. Most often, the incentives lead to an upward bias in
earnings and net assets, but sometimes the incentives lead to a downward bias.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
9
4) Management motivation to increase the likelihood that the company will receive a $50,000 government
rebate BEST illustrates which of the following?
A) Earnings management.
B) Positive accounting theory.
C) Information asymmetry.
D) Efficient securities market.
Answer: A
Explanation: A) Manager's efforts to bias reported accounting information in one way or another is
earnings management
B) This is a theory for understanding manager's motivations, accounting choices and reactions to
accounting standards
C) Refers to a situation where one party has more information than another party
D) This is a market in which the prices of securities traded in the market at all times properly reflect all
information that is publicly known
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
1) Which statement appropriately explains the meaning of "publicly accountable enterprise"?

A) Firms without equity, debt or other securities traded in public markets.
B) Firms with equity, debt or other securities traded in public markets.
C) Firms with assets and liabilities that provide goods and services in public markets.
D) New firms entering the public markets to provide goods and services.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: 1.5 Explain how accounting information interacts with security markets.
2) Which statement best explains the semi-strong form of the efficient securities market hypothesis?
A) A market in which the prices of securities traded in that market at all times properly reflect all
information that is publicly known about those securities.
B) A market in which the prices of securities traded in that market reflect all information, whether
publicly or privately known.
C) A market in which the prices of debt securities traded in that market reflect all information that is
privately known about those securities.
D) A market in which the prices of equity securities traded in that market reflect all information that is
privately known about those securities.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
10
3) Which statement best explains the relationship between the efficient securities market hypothesis and
accounting?
A) Security prices adjust slowly when accounting reports are publicly released.
B) The timeliness of accounting information is irrelevant to securities markets.
C) Accounting information competes with other sources of information.
D) Security prices are unaffected when accounting reports are publicly released.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
4) Why is the efficient securities market hypothesis important for accounting?

A) When providing financial information, management need only consider the specifically identifiable
users who they know will rely on the information.
B) Accounting standards can assume that the majority of market participants have a reasonable level of
sophistication.
C) Individuals with information that is not publicly available cannot make significant profits.
D) Accounting information is the only source of financial information that markets use.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC
Skill: Conceptual
5) Explain the meaning of publicly accountable enterprises, efficient securities market (semi-strong form),
and efficient securities market (strong form).
Answer:
• Publicly accountable enterprises: Firms with equity, debt, or other securities traded in public markets.
• Efficient securities market (semi-strong form): A market in which the prices of securities traded in that
market at all times properly reflect all information that is publicly known about those securities.
• A market that is strong form efficient has prices that reflect all information, whether publicly or
privately known.
Diff: 1 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
11
6) Explain how accounting information helps security markets?
Answer: Accounting is an important source of information for security markets, and information from
security markets is also useful for accounting. The theory of efficient security markets has important
implications for the practice of accounting, particularly with regard to the timely provision of
information, the need to protect outside investors from insider trading, and the level of sophistication
expected of financial statement users.
Efficient market theory has several implications for accounting:
• Security prices react quickly to accounting information – when accounting reports are publicly
released, security prices adjust to that information very rapidly.
• Accounting information competes with other sources of information - Because market participants
demand all information that is relevant to the pricing of securities, they seek out and use many sources of
information in addition to accounting reports. As a result, the demand for accounting reports depends on
the ability of these reports to convey information useful for security pricing purposes, incremental to any
other information available and in a timely fashion.
• It is important to distinguish new information from what has already been reflected in prices - what
may appear to be good news could already have been reflected in a higher share price, so that the stock
no longer represents a good buying opportunity.
• Using only publicly available information, it is difficult to earn abnormal profits (i.e. an amount
exceeding the expected rate of return given the risk of the investment).
• It is possible to earn abnormal profits using information that is NOT publicly available – individuals
who are privy to information that is not publicly available can buy or sell securities at significant profits.
• Accounting reports and standards can assume that users have a reasonable level of sophistication - If
publicly traded securities are efficiently priced, it is not necessary for accounting information and
accounting standards to be understandable to all potential users. Rather, it is sufficient to ensure that a
substantial portion of the market participants are able to process the information for prices to properly
reflect that information. The less sophisticated users who have difficulty interpreting accounting (and
other) information can rely on market prices.
• Efficient market theory influences legal doctrine - investors need not show direct reliance on
information provided by companies in order for them to have a claim against companies and their
management for misrepresentation; they merely needed to have relied on the prevailing security price.
Thus, management's provision of financial or other information needs to consider not only specifically
identifiable users who will rely on that information, but also the overall impact on the security prices and
anyone who relies on those prices.
Diff: 2 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
12
Intermediate Accounting Vol 1 4th Edition Lo Test Bank
7) Explain the accounting implications of the following concepts about efficient securities markets:
a) Accounting information competes with other sources of information.
b) Accounting reports and standards can assume that users have a reasonable level of sophistication.
Answer:
a) The demand for accounting reports depends on the ability of those reports to convey decision-useful
information for security pricing purposes, incremental to any other information available and in a timely
manner. Timeliness is important as evident in the issuance of quarterly financial statements.
b) If publicly traded securities are efficiently priced, it is not necessary for accounting information and
accounting standards to be understandable to all potential users. Rather, it is sufficient that they are
understandable to a substantial portion of the market participants.
Diff: 3 Type: ES
Skill: Conceptual
13
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Intermediate Accounting Vol 1 4th

Edition Lo Test Bank

Intermediate Accounting, Vol 1, 4e (Lo/Fisher)

1) Which statement is NOT correct?

3) Which statement is correct?

4) Which is NOT a question that financial accounting theory can answer?

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7) Discuss three reasons why it is important to understand accounting theory.

8) Explain the meaning of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

10) Explain what accounting is and why financial reporting exists.

1) Which statement best explains "information asymmetry"?

2) Which statement best explains "moral hazard"?

3) Which statement best explains "adverse selection"?

6) Explain the difference between moral hazard and adverse selection.

1) Which of the following statements is correct about financial information?

3) Explain how earnings management may arise.

1) Which statement appropriately explains the meaning of "publicly accountable enterprise"?

4) Why is the efficient securities market hypothesis important for accounting?

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