Introduction to New Products

in System Operation
Ancillary services (RRAS/FRAS)
AGC

Tushar Ranjan Mohapatra

POSOCO
Dimensions
 Evolution : One Nation-One Grid-One frequency
 Fast pace growth in Size and complexity of Indian Grid.
 Installed capacity more than 250 GW.
 Initially State Grid were combined to form 5 Regional Grids.
 Northern, North Eastern, Eastern, Western and Southern Grid.

Dec 2013:
All India Synchronized
Grid

August 2006:
Addition of large 500
North synchronized
October 1991: March 2003: with Central Grid MW & above gen. units
East and Northeast West Grid synchronized forming NEW Grid and 765 kV
synchronized with East & Northeast Transmission Lines,
Pre 1991: Grid Ultra Mega Power
Five Regional Merging of Markets,
Electricity Act, 2003, Projects
Grids - Five Merchant Power Power Exchanges
Frequencies
Open Access
 What does Ancillary Services mean?
• The literal meaning of the word ancillary is providing support or help.

• NERC defines Ancillary Services as

“An Interconnected operation services necessary to effect transfer of electricity
between purchasing and selling entities, and which a transmission provider must include
in an open access transmission tariff.”
4 Pillars of Market Design

As per IEGC, 2010

“Ancillary services in power system (or grid) operation
means services necessary to support the power system
(or grid) operation in maintaining power quality,
reliability and security of the grid, e.g active power
support for load following, reactive power support,
black start etc”

Sally Hunt – ‘ Making Competition Work in Electricity’

Need for Ancillary Services
Power system operation are became very much complex and challenging because of
• Large interconnected power grid
• Retirement/displacement of conventional generation
• Increase in penetration of Renewable Generation (VER) (Highly Intermittent & weather sensitive)
• Rapid penetration of Inverter based resources and FACTS devices and electronic-coupled loads
• Obligation to supply of Quality Power
• Essential Reliability Services
• Inertia
• Frequency Response
• Voltage Support
• Ramping and flexibility
• New load characteristics
• System controls and protection coordination
• Modeling and simulation constraints
Load Generation
• Increasing interface with distribution‐centric resources
Schedule Schedule
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Different kind of Ancillary Services
NCAS
FCAS Ancillary Services Network Control
Frequency control Ancillary Services
Ancillary Services

FCAS NCAS
Under pipeline
Primary FC
Already VCAS
under
operation Secondary FC
Primary VC VCAS
Tertiary FC Voltage control
Secondary VC Ancillary Services

Tertiary VC

SRAS SRAS PFCAS

PFCAS Power flow control
System Restart
Ancillary Services
Ancillary Services
Different Methods for Procurement of Ancillary Services
 Frequency Response Characteristics After any Disturbance

Secondary
Response
Primary
Response

Inertia c. Quasi steady state

Response frequency

b. Nadir Frequency

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Frequency Control Continuum in India and Services Implemented
through Ancillary

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 RRAS
Reserve Regulatory Ancillary Service
Slow Tertiary

Implementation w.e.f 12th April 2016

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Spatial Distribution of Variable Cost of Generators (RRAS/SCED)

Paisa/kWh

Installed Capacity (MW)

200<=MW<300
300<=MW<500

500<=MW<800

800<=MW<1500

1500<=MW<2500

2500<=MW<4500

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 Generator Data
Who are blockwise Regulation Up Regulation Down
eligible? Schedule, Pmax, Pmin, Increase in Generation Decrease in Generation
Ramp, Technical Min

Regulation Down Stack For Regulation

Stack For Regulation up
Regulation Up Margin Margin Down
Ascending order as per
DC - Schedule Schedule – Minimum Descending order as per
Variable Cost
Operation Level Variable Cost

Incentive to
Why Ancillary Quantum Ancillary Dispatch Quantum Generator
Frequency Control Trend of Load Forecast Factoring ramp
Congestion Trend of Freq. Forecast up/down,
No change in Utility
Management Weather Forecast Time Response Schedule
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Key to Ancillary Services(RRAS) - Undespatched Surplus in ISGS

DC Schedule URS
(MW) (MW) (MW)
URS ~ (A) (B) A-B
12,000
MW 1000 900 100

Margin for Up
regulation

SCH Technical Margin for

URS ~ (MW) min generation
2,000 (A) (MW) reduction(MW)
MW (B) A-B
900 550 350
 Cues for System Operator
• Weather Forecast
• Load Forecast
• Outages of Transmission
Lines / Generating units
• Anticipated Congestion
• Availability of Reserves
• SCADA Visualization in
Real Time
• Monitoring of
Renewables
• Monitoring of Area
Control Error (ACE)

NLDC 17
RRAS Information Process Overview
Plant scheduling details(DC, Pmax, Pmin, Ramp Up/Down)
R
Plants Variable cost through R
Plant scheduling details
RPC A
S

R Trigger RRAS up quantum Generator wise

P
L N R
D L O
C D V
Trigger RRAS Down quantum Generator wise C I
D
E
R
Incorporate RRAS details in schedule and Informed to Generator
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Case Study: Handling Low Probability High Impact Events

Ramp Management

Facilitating integration of renewable energy

• Improved frequency profile: Low DSM rate

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Key Learnings from Indian Experience
• Layer of Centralized Ancillary Despatch over Decentralized Layer of
Scheduling Process
• Improved Frequency Profile.
• Ramp Management - Evening Peak / Morning Peak
• Real Time Congestion Management
• Grid Resilience – Handling Low Probability High Impact Events
• Availability of Variable charges for first time in public domain
• Better Despatch Decisions
• Changing Merit Order month on month
• Handling impact of extreme weather conditions on the grid
• Reliability Support
• Benefits to stakeholders – Generators & State Utilities
• Freedom and Choice available to states
NLDCretained 28
 FRAS
Fast Regulatory Ancillary Service
Fast Tertiary (Pilot Project)

Implementation w.e.f 26th November, 2018

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 Triggering Criteria
• Hour Boundary Frequency Variations • Grid Contingency
• Sudden Variations in Demand • RE Variation
• Ramp Management

FRAS Despatch for Every Discrete 5-min Time Block

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Fast Response Ancillary Services(FRAS)
8600 MW+ 26th November, 2018
generation capacity pilot project start date

20 Nos.
1000 + hydro plants
instructions
~ 75 Nos.
generating units
637 MW
max. FRAS Up
₹ 10 Lakhs
1275 MW regulation Up Incentive
max. FRAS Down

13 plants ₹ 44 Lakhs
Despatched in regulation Down Incentive
Single Instruction 31
 Heat Map of All India Hydro (01st April’18 to March’19

Peak Hydro Season

Mid June - September

Peak Hydro Gen

During Morning
and Evening Peak
Hour
00:00 Hrs 24:00 Hrs

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 Operationalization of FRAS
Sample Hydro Station Data
All constraints declared
by the hydro stations
shall be honoured
Ramp Rate Up/Down:25 MW/min

Total energy delivered

over the day shall be
maintained as declared
by the hydro station.

The total energy

dispatched under FRAS
shall be squared off by
the end of the day

The schedules of the

beneficiaries shall not
be disturbed in the
despatch of FRAS
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FRAS Information Process Overview
Plant scheduling details
F
Plant scheduling details Plants technical data R
A
S
Trigger-FRAS, File send through email, Trigger-FRAS, File send through email,
R Intimation: SMS Intimation: SMS P
L N R
D L O
C D V
Trigger-counter FRAS, File send through email, C Trigger- counter FRAS, File send
I
Intimation: SMS through email, Intimation: SMS
D
E
R
Incorporate FRAS details in final schedule of FRAS Provider Schedule
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 RRAS FRAS
Thermal and Gas Hydro with Reservoir or Pondage

15 minute block despatch 5 minute block despatch

Despatch based on merit Despatch based on left over energy in a

order(Variable cost) block

Ramp Constraint Storage Energy Constraint

No need to square off Need to square off

State schedule not change State schedule not change

Payment based on the Despatch Payment as per the Mileage

Fixed cost need to be paid back to No paid back to Beneficiaries

Original Beneficiaries
MW FRAS Software

FRAS FRAS Applied

MW

Available

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 Case Study…
FRAS ~400 MW: Frequency Improvement .05Hz FRAS ~(-)1275MW:Frequency Improvement 0.13 Hz

FRAS ~(-)1200 MW: Frequency Improvement 0.12 Hz

FRAS ~(-)900 MW: Frequency Improvement .09Hz

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Key Learnings from Indian Experience
• Introduction of fast tertiary response in India
• Layer of Centralized Fast Response Ancillary Despatch (from regional to national
level) over Decentralized Layer of Scheduling Process
• First time 5-minute scheduling, despatch, accounting and settlement
• Customised FRAS software solution developed In-house.
• Optimization of Hydro generation
• Improved Handling of Frequency Spikes
• Benefits to stakeholders – Hydro Generators & State Utilities
• Freedom and Choice available to states retained
• Cost of Implementation low
• All constraints honoured in FRAS despatch
• Information Dissemination
• Communication between FRAS Providers and
NLDCNLDC 39
 Challenges

Inadequacy/Uncertainty
Flexibility Constraint Performance monitoring Compliance
of Reserve Availability
during high demand (Ramp or Energy limited (Field testing of Tech to Schedule Despatch
period recourses) Min/Ramp) amount

Way Forward

Participation of more Quality of Services

Mandatory reserve Generators
Quick Despatch (MW/Min Resource
requirement
(Intra State/IPP) availability)

Market based Separate Procurement Reserve period

mechanism for Reserve estimation
procurement of Ancillary (Primary/ (Inst/5 mnt/15 mnt/30
Services. Secondary/Tertiary) mnt)

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 AGC
Secondary Frequency Control
(Pilot Project)

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India…Catching up with Best in the World

S.No Description Values for

CE India
1 Standard Deviation (Hz) 0.019 0.042
2 Frequency Variation Index (FVI) in Hz 0.0036 0.020
3 Instantaneous maximum frequency (Hz) 50.060 50.154
4 Instantaneous minimum frequency (Hz) 49.916 49.885
5 15-minute maximum average frequency (Hz) 50.033 50.065
6 15-minute minimum average frequency (Hz) 49.965 49.952
7 % of time frequency within 49.90-50.05 Hz 99.61 81.08
8 % of time frequency below 49.90 Hz 0.00 0.06 42
9 % of time frequency above 50.05 Hz 0.39 18.86
 Region considered as an Area for secondary control
ACE = (Ia - Is) + 10 * Bf * (Fa - 50)
NORTHERN
REGION
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION

Eastern ❖ Ia = Actual net interchange, negative for ER

WESTERN
REGION
REGION meaning import by ER
❖ EASTER
Is= Scheduled net interchange, negative for ER
N
meaning import by ER
REGION
❖ Bf = Frequency Bias Coefficient in MW/0.1 Hz,
positive value
SOUTHERN
REGION
❖ Fa = Actual System Frequency
❖ ACE positive means ER is surplus and ER internal
generation has to back down
❖ ACE negative means ER is deficit and ER internal
generation has to increase
• Tie line bias mode and Frequency bias only mode both possible
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 Data Flow in AGC Project
AGC console at
Plant
AGC Local/Remote
AGC On/OFF Unit Load Set Point Factor
AGC Set point Actual Generation
Scaled ACE Circuit Breaker Status
NLDC AGC System at AGC RTU
ICCP IEC 104 Protocol
SCADA NLDC at Plant
NR-IR Schedule AGC Set point
NR-IR Actual
Frequency AGC Local/Remote
Unit Load Set Point DeltaP
Actual Generation
Circuit Breaker Status

Latest signal list

https://posoco.in/download/communication-to- Plant DCS
power-plants-regarding-agc/?wpdmdl=24784 44
Architecture of the Project
Existing New

New

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Variation of AGC regulation signal over a typical day

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AGC Implementation:
Region Plant Pilot Implemented
During
North Dadri-II Jan - 2018
South Simhadri Nov - 2018
West Mouda March - 2019
East Barh Aug - 2019
North-East Bongaigaon Oct - 2019

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 CERC Order 319/ on AGC implementation
• To be installed at stations whose tariff is determined or adopted by
commission
• Thermal ISGS stations (200 MW and above)
• Hydro stations (25 MW excluding the Run-of-River Hydro Projects)

• Central Transmission Utility (CTU) is directed to have facilitate

communication availability from NLDC/ RLDCs to the nearest wide
band node/ switchyard for the generating stations.

• Generator to install equipment at unit control room.

• All new power plants shall be AGC enabled.

• States also need to identify suitable plants for AGC participation 48

 Commercial Settlement RRAS/FRAS/AGC on weekly basis by RPC

Payment to and fro from DSM Pool account

FRAS
RRAS Up RRAS Down Incentive on mileage AGC Up AGC Down
basis at the rate of 10
paisa/kWh both for
Fixed Cost (paid
back to 75% of Variable “up” and “down”
Beneficiaries) charge (retain
25% as incentive) Variable Cost
Variable Cost
Variable Cost
Incentive (on
Mileage Up+Down)
Mark Up (50 Paise/Kwhr)
(Incentive)
(50 Paise/KWhr)

NLDC 50
Email: [email protected]

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