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Competency - Based Learning Materials
CAREGIVING NC II
Date Developed: Document No.
CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

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environment Developed by: Issued by: Page 1
Sector: Health, Social, and Other Community Development Sector
Qualification Title: Caregiving NC II
Unit of Competency: MAINTAIN A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT
Module Title: MAINTAINING A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT
Table Of Contents
Title Page
How to use this CBLM 3

Learning Outcome 4
Introduction 5
Module Content 5-9
Definition of Terms 10-11
Learning Experiences/Activity 12
Information Sheet 7.1-1 13-16
Self Check 7.1-1 17
Answer Key 7.1- 18
Self Check 7.1-2 24

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Answer Key 7.1-2 25
Self Check 7.1-3 28
Answer Key 7.1-3 29
Self Check 7.1-4 32
Answer Key 7.1-4 33
Self Check 7.1-5 37
Answer Key 7.1-5 38
Self Check 7.1-6 44
Answer Key 7.1-6 45
Self Check 7.1-7 48
Answer Key 7.1-7 49
Self Check 7.1-8 57
Answer key 7.1-8 58
How to use this CBLM
Welcome to the Module Maintaining a healthy and safe

environment. This module contains training materials and activities for you
to complete.
The unit of competency “ Maintain a healthy and safe
environment”. This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes
required to maintain various aspects in home maintenance taking into
consideration health and safety environment.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in

order to compete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each
learning outcome there are information sheets, information sheets and
activity sheets. Do this activity on your own and answer the Self
Check at the end of each learning activity.
If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask your teacher for


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assistance. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You have already some basic knowledge and skills covered in this
module. If you can demonstrate competence to you teacher in a particular
skill, talk to him/her so you did not have to undergo the same training
again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from
previous trainings show it to him/her. If the skills you required are
consistent with and relevant to this module, they become part of the
evidence. You can present these RPL. If you are not sure about your
competence skills, discuss this with your teacher.

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After completing this module, ask your teacher to assess
your competence. Result of your assessment will be recorded in your
competency profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to
complete at your own pace.
In this module, you will find the activities for you to accomplish
and relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each
learning outcome may have more than one learning activity.
This module is prepared to help you achieve the required

competency in receiving and relaying information. This will be the source
of information that will enable you to acquire the knowledge and skills in
Caregiving NC II independently at your own pace with minimum
supervision from your trainer.

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Program / Course : Caregiving NC II
Unit of Competency : Maintain a healthy and safe environment
Module Title : Maintaining a healthy and safe environment
INTRODUCTION:
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to

maintain various aspects in home maintenance taking into consideration
health and safety environment.
This module consists of five (3) learning outcomes. Each learning

outcome contains learning activities supported by instruction sheets. Before
you perform the instruction, read the information sheets and answer the
self check and activities provided to ascertain to yourself and your teacher
that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill
portion of the particular learning outcome.
Upon completing this module, report to your teacher for

assessment to check your achievement of knowledge and skills
requirements of this module. If you pass the assessment, you will be given a
certificate of completion.

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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : MAINTAIN A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT
MODULE TITLE : MAINTAINING A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT
MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in
providing support and assistance to maintain quality care for people
with special needs to be able to enhance their abilities to communicate
and be independent; responding to the physical, medical, health and
safety, personal care and home maintenance requirements of people
with disabilities.
NOMINAL DURATION : 30 hours
CERTIFICATE LEVEL : NC II
PREREQUISITE : NONE
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the module the students shall be able to:
LO1. Maintain a clean and hygienic environment
LO2. Provide a safe environment
LO3. Supervise the safety of clients
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Cleaning occurs as an ongoing process as per regulations.
 Appropriate cleaning agents, tools and equipment are used in accordance with
established procedures.
 Infection control procedures are followed according to established procedures.
 Ventilation, lighting and heating/cooling are adequately maintained.

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 Personal hygiene/health procedures are adhered to at all times.
 Beds and beddings are cleaned to conform to health, hygiene and safety requirements as
relevant.
 Organizational policies and procedures on safety are implemented as required.
 Environment protection policy is implemented.
 Tools, equipment, toys and games are appropriate to the age of the child.
 Equipment is selected, checked and maintained to ensure safety.
 The environment is set up to ensure safety of the client.
 Area is checked for hazards and risk reduction strategies are implemented.
 Fire exits are kept obstructed
 Disposal of waste materials is conducted in a safe and hygienic way
 Cleaning materials are stored safely
 Clients are supervised in accordance with legal requirements and regulations.
 Rules for safe play are explained, modeled and implemented.
 Direct contact with individual/group is maintained.
 Potential risk are identified and acted upon to prevent/minimize risks.
 Hazards and potential hazards in the environment are identified and clients are informed
accordingly.
 Emergencies and evacuation procedures are discussed and practiced with clients.
 Supervision is used as an opportunity to interact with clients.

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Learning Outcome No. 2 Maintain a clean and hygienic
environment
Contents:
 Regulations on safety, health and hygiene
 Identifying hazards and risk reduction strategies
 Observe personal hygiene/health procedures
 Implement environmental protection policy
 Prevent the spread of infectious disease and cross infection
 Organizational standards, policies, and procedures
 Disinfect nappy changes area
 Techniques in washing floors and disinfecting toilet areas
Assessment Criteria:
1. Cleaning occurs as an on going process as per regulation.
2. Used suitable cleaning agents, tools, and equipment in accordance to
established procedures.
3. Followed infection control procedures according to established procedures.
4. Maintained adequate ventilation, lighting, and heating/cooling.
5. Adhered to personal hygiene/health procedures at all times.
6. Cleaned beds and beddings to conform to health hygiene and safety
requirements as relevant.
Conditions:
 Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

 Cleaning materials (detergent soap, brushes, brooms, mops, rags, glass wiper
or squeegee)
 Legal requirements and regulation regarding supervision
 Vacuum cleaner
 Disinfectants
 Beds / hospital beds
 Beddings (blankets, draw sheets or disposable draw sheets, cotton draw
sheets, pillow and pillow cases)
Training materials:
Learning packages

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Bond papers
Ball pen and markers
Manuals/handouts
References
Assessment Methods:
Hands-On
Direct observation
Practical Demonstration

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Definition Of Terms
.
Safety - Freedom from exposure to danger and protection from the occurrence or

risk of injury or loss. It suggests optimal precautions in the Workplace, on the street,
in the home, etc., and includes personal safety as well as the safety of property.
Health - The state of the organism when it functions optimally without evidence of
disease.
Hygiene-The Science dealing with the establishment and Maintenance of Health in
the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive
to Health.
Regulations- A process of the promulgation, monitoring, and enforcement of rules,

established by primary and/or delegated legislation.
Hazards - is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or

environment. Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of
harm; however, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create an emergency
situation. A hazardous situation that has come to pass is called an incident. Hazard
and vulnerability interact together to create risk.
Risk - is the potential that a chosen action or activity (including the choice of inaction)
will lead to a loss (an undesirable outcome). The notion implies that a choice having
an influence on the outcome sometimes exists (or existed). Potential losses
themselves may also be called "risks". Any human endeavor carries some risk, but
some are much more risky than others.

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Infectious disease -also known as transmissible diseases or communicable
diseases, comprise clinically evident illness (i.e., characteristic medical signs and/or
symptoms of disease) resulting from the infection, presence and growth of
pathogenic biological agents in an individual host organism. In certain cases,
infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a
given host. In the latter case, the disease may only be defined as a "disease" (which
by definition means an illness) in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with
an asymptomatic carrier. An infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease,
as some infections do not cause illness in a host.
Cross infection - an infection spread from one organism to another
Policies -is a principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A
policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol.
Procedures - is a document written to support a "Policy Directive". A Procedure is

designed to describe Who, What, Where, When, and Why by means of establishing
corporate accountability in support of the implementation of a "policy".

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Learning Experiences/Activities:
Learning Outcome 1. Maintain a clean and hygienic

environment
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Read Information Sheet 7.1-1

about Assistive devices
• Do not write anything on the
2. Answer Self- Check 7.1-1 module
• Prepare a separate sheet of paper
for self
-Check and activity
• Strictly no erasures, alterations,
nor
superimposition
3. Read Information sheet 7.1-2
about Wheelchair transfer and
mobility
4. Answer Self- Check 7.1-2 Compare your answer to the answer

key
5. Perform Activity sheet 7.1-2 Evaluate your own work using the
about wheelchair transfer and performance criteria
mobility Keep a copy of your work for the
next activities
6. Read Information sheet 7.1-3
Rights and support services to
people with special needs

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7. Answer Self-check 7.1-3 Compare your answer to the answer
key
Information Sheet 7.1-1
Regulations on Safety, Health and Hygiene
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the different safety regulations to control the spread of infection.

2. Understand the role of health regulations among individual,families,
professionals and health care provider in the community.
3. Identify practices to prevent or minimize the spread of infection in hospital
based setting.
SAFETY REGULATIONS
1. Control infection spread – Wash and sanitizes hands before

coming into direct contact with each patient.

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2. Identify patients correctly – Rely on at least two pieces of
information, such as name and date of birth. This helps ensure that
patients receive the medicine or other treatment intended for them.
Also, check for the appropriate blood type before a transfusion.
3. Use medicines safely – Label all drugs, including those in

syringes, cups and basins. Take extra precautions with patients on
blood thinners.
4. Avoid surgical errors – “Universal Protocol” to prevent wrong-site

or wrong-person surgery and performing the wrong procedure.
5. Prevent venous thromboembolism
6. Customize hospital discharges – Create an easy-to-follow plan

for each patient. It should include a medication routine, a record of all
upcoming medical visits, and names and numbers of whom to call if
problems arise.
7. Use good hospital design principles -- Prevent patient falls with

evidence-based design of patient rooms and bathrooms as well as
decentralized nurses’ stations.
8. Assemble better teams and rapid response systems –

Encourage everyone on the team, including junior members, to
speak up.
9. Share data for quality improvement
10. Foster an open-communication culture – Minimize mistakes

due to lack of communication between doctors, nurses and other
health professionals.
HEALTH REGULATIONS

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1. Care for the community’s health.
2. Expand access to effective care.
3. Provide evidence-based, clinically competent contemporary care.
4. Understand the role and emphasize primary care.
5. Development of outcomes-based measures to assure the continuity of care,

active management of patients, accountability, cost effectiveness, etc.
6. Ensure care that balances individual, professional, system and social needs.
7. Involve patients and families in the decision making process.
8. Promote healthy lifestyles.
9. Assess and use communications and technology effectively and

appropriately.
10. Improve the healthcare systems operations and accountability.
11. Understand the role of the physical environment.
12. Exhibit ethical behaviors in all professional activities.
13. Manage information.
14. Accommodate expanded accountability.
15. Participate in a racially and culturally diverse society.


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16. Continue to learn and help others to learn.
MEDICAL HYGIENE REGULATIONS
Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the

administration of medicine, and medical care, that prevents or
minimizes disease and the spreading of disease.
1. Isolation or quarantine of infectious persons or materials to

prevent spread of infection.
2. Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures.
3. Use of protective clothing and barriers, such

as masks, gowns, caps, eyewear and gloves.
4.Proper bandaging and dressing of injuries.

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5.Safe disposal of medical waste.
6.Disinfection of reusables (i.e. linen, pads, uniforms)
7.Scrubbing up, hand-washing, especially in an operating room, but in more

general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted .
Self Check 7.1-1
Name of Trainee: _________________________ Date:_______________
A. Write T if the statement is True and F if False.
_________1.With regards to rapid response system, only the leader of the

team can speak regarding the issues on safety regulations.
_________2.Hand washing is the universal safety regulation among individual

and health care provider.
__________3.Individuals and families must involved in decision making with

regards to health regulation in the community.
__________4.Doctors, nurses and other health professionals must work

individually to minimize mistakes.
___________5.Reusable items such as linens, pads and uniforms does”nt

need disinfection.
B. Matching type
________1.Sterilization, isolation and scrubbing

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________2.Good hospital design principles A. Safety Regulations
________3.Identify patients correctly B. Health Regulations
________4.Use of mask, gown and gloves C. Medical Hygiene
________5.Promote healthy lifestyle Regulation
Answer Key 7.1-1
A.
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
B. MATCHING TYPE
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. C

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5. B
HAZARDS AND RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES
Learning Objectives
1.Identify the different hazards and risk reduction strategiesin workplace.

2. Understand as a health care provider how to handle the hazard and risk in the
medical and other profession.
HAZARDS AND RISK REDUCTION STRATEGIES
1. Use biohazard bags to dispose of contaminated materials, such as used

gloves and bandages. Place all soiled clothing in marked plastic bags for
disposal or cleaning. Biohazard warning labels are required on any container
holding contaminated materials.
2. Use sharps disposal containers to place sharps items, such as needles.
3. Clean and disinfect all equipment and work surfaces soiled by blood or body
fluids.{ Use a fresh disinfectant solution of approximately 1½ cups of liquid
chlorine bleach to 1 gallon of water (1 part bleach per 9 parts water, or about
a 10% solution) and allow it to stand for at least 10 minutes.{ Scrub soiled

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boots, leather shoes and other leather goods, such as belts, with soap, a
brush and hot water. If worn, wash and dry uniforms according to the
manufacturer’s instructions.
IF YOU ARE EXPOSED, TAKE THE FOLLOWING STEPS IMMEDIATELY:
 Wash needlestick injuries, cuts and exposed skin thoroughly with soap and
water.
 If splashed with blood or potentially infectious material around the mouth or

nose, flush the area with water. If splashed in or around the eyes, irrigate with
clean water, saline or sterile irrigants for 20 minutes.
 Report the incident to the appropriate person identified in your employer’s

exposure control plan immediately. Additionally, report the incident to
emergency medical services (EMS) personnel who take over care.
 Record the incident by writing down what happened. Include the date, time and
circumstances of the exposure; any actions taken after the exposure; and any
other information required by your employer.
 Seek immediate follow-up care as identified in your employer’s exposure control

plan.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations require

employers to have an exposure control plan, a written program outlining the
protective measures the employer will take to eliminate or minimize employee
exposure incidents. The exposure control plan guidelines should be made
available to employees and should specifically explain what they need to do to
prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Additionally, OSHA requires that a

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hepatitis B vaccination series be made available to all employees who have
occupational exposure within 10 working days of initial assignment, after
appropriate training has been completed. However, employees may decide not to
have the vaccination. The employer must make the vaccination available if an
employee later decides to accept the vaccination. Check out OSHA’s website
(www.osha.gov) or refer to your employer’s exposure control officer for more
information on OSHA’s Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR part
1910.1030)
HAZARDS AND RISK IN NURSING WORK PLACE
1. Communicable (or Contagious) Diseases:

- Blood borne pathogenic exposures (HIV, HCV, HBV, etc) - due to
percutaneous needle stick injuries (NSIs). As mentioned above,
between 600,000 and 800,000
- Airborne exposure from various diseases such as SARS, Tuberculosis
(TB),
2. Musculoskeletal injury exposures:
- Patient movement and handling
- Other work-related musculoskeletal disorders
3. Chemical – related to patient treatment and maintenance of a proper
environment
4. Workplace violence exposures
5. Unmanaged stress
HAZARDS AND RISK REDUCTION IN NURSING WORKPLACE
A. Dealing with Aggression
1. Remain calm – be polite and do not raise your voice.

2. Call for assistance – contact another staff member to assist.

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3. Keep out of reach – it is important to keep your distance (two arms length
at minimum)
4. Do not antagonise – never abuse or ridicule. Also, let the aggressor leave
and do not attempt to detain the person.
5. And finally, report the incident to both your supervisor in the workplace
B. Manual Handling
1. Ensure that you have had appropriate training in manual handling and that
this is updated on a regular basis. If you require training, contact a Nursing
Australia representative
2. Use equipment provided including hoists, slide boards and ensure that you
report any faulty equipment to your supervisor immediately.
3.Be aware of the client’s safe work procedures in relation to manual handling.
These provide step by step instructions on how to perform a task safely.
4. Always check a patient’s care plan, mobility assessments or any other patient
specific manual handling plans prior to the transfer to ensure that you are using
the correct transfer method.
5.Do not lift outside your capacity and do not be afraid to ask for help.
C. Infection Control
1.Ensure that you follow Standard Precautions.
2.Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) appropriate to the task (e.g.

gloves, aprons, masks).
3.Ensure appropriate handling and disposal of sharps and other clinical waste.
Also, never re-sheath needles.
4.Wash your hands frequently.
5.Ensure contaminated waste is disposed of in line with the client’s waste

disposal procedure.

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D. Managing Fatigue
1.Ensure that you have had adequate sleep (7-9 hours daily is recommended
for adults).
2.Manage your shifts and workload to ensure that you are not overworked that
you have adequate breaks to allow for rest.
3.Take at least a 30 minutes break after 6 hours of work.
4.It is recommended that rostered hours not exceed 48 hours per week.
5.Maintain your health and fitness at a good level.
6.Take care when driving home after a night shift. Consider alternate transport
methods.
E. Chemical Safety
It is important that care be taken when handling chemicals in the workplace as

these may trigger physical reactions such as skin or respiratory tract irritation.
When using chemicals in the workplace, it is important to follow the safety

instructions provided.

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Self Check 7.1-2
Matching Type
Match column A with Column B, letters only
A B
1.Take at least a 30 minutes break a.Infection Control

after 6 hours of work.
2.Trigger physical reactions such as b. Manual Handling

skin or respiratory tract irritation.
3. Remain calm c. Managing Fatigue
4.Do not lift outside your capacity and d. Dealing with Aggression

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do not be afraid to ask for help.
5.Wash your hands frequently e. Chemical Safety
Answer Key 7.1-2
1. C
2. E
3. D
4. B
5. A

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PERSONAL HYGIENE/HEALTH PROCEDURES
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the different personal hygiene /health procedures

2. Understand the importance of personal hygiene/health procedure in our daily
activities.
Hand Washing
Washing your hands and keeping them clean is your first line of defense in
protecting yourself from illnesses spread by other people through personal
contact or contaminated surfaces. Wash your hands frequently including after
using a public or home bathroom, when making or eating food and after you
touch your own nose or mouth. Wash your hands by wetting your hands, then

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soaping your fingers, the back of your hands, around your nails and palms. The
CDC recommends washing your hands for 20 seconds. In a public restroom, turn
off the faucet with a towel or your elbow. If you meet with the public, and are
unable to wash using soap and water, use a 60 percent alcohol-based sanitizer.
Hair Cleansing
Whether your hair is long or short, keeping your hair clean makes it shine
and gives the appearance of being in good health. Being outdoors in the wind,
sun and rain damages your hair and causes it to dry out. Wash your hair with a
shampoo designated for your hair type, whether dry, fine, coarse or normal.
Wash your hair every day if your hair tends to be oily, or less frequently if you
have dry hair. Wet your hair thoroughly, pour a quarter to half-dollar size dollop of
shampoo in your palm and work the shampoo through your hair. Gently massage
your scalp. Rinse thoroughly and apply a light conditioner.
Dental Care
Having healthy teeth can help you avoid expensive dental work, cavities,
gum disease such as gingivitis, periodontal disease or even bad breath. The
National Institutes of Health reports that other problems such as preterm labor
and heart disease may be aggravated by unhealthy teeth. Brush a minimum of
two times a day using a fluoride toothpaste and a soft-bristled toothbrush to avoid
damaging your gums. Gently floss your teeth once a day, using the technique
recommended by your dentist. Brushing your tongue helps remove bacteria and
freshens your breath.
Body Hygiene
Keeping your body clean and smelling fresh through proper body hygiene
washes off visible and microscopic dirt and bacteria. Your skin covers your body
and protects your organs from harm. Wash your entire body, from forehead to
toes with soap. Use an antibacterial soap for your body and a gentle facial soap
for your face and neck. Use a clean washcloth to distribute the soap evenly over
your body and rinse with clean water. Shower daily, or more often if you are

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exposed to chemicals or dirt. Wash under your arms and scrub your feet. Apply
deodorant under your arms after you dry off.
Self Check 7.1-3
_________1. Shower daily, or more often if you are exposed to chemicals or dirt.
_________2. Brushing a minimum of four times a day prevent dental problem.
_________3.Keeping your hair clean makes it shine and gives the appearance
of being in good health.
_________4.Wash your hands at least two times a day including after using a

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public or home bathroom, when making or eating food and after you
touch your own nose or mouth.
_________5.Wash your entire body, from shoulder to toes with soap
Answer Key 7.1-3
1.True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. False

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICY
Learning Objectives
1.Identify how to provide a safe and secure physical environment

2. Understand the importance of proper waste segregation

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Environmental Safety:
The Nursing Service Department actively participates in the planning,

implementation and evaluation of hospital- wide programs to provide a safe and secure
physical environment.
 Safety & Security- There is an existing provision for the identification of patients and
their families, visitors, staff and others.
 Monitoring mechanism of all risk areas is place and kept secure to patient from
unauthorized access of use, tampering, destruction or loss. (e.g. Medication, room
 Hazardous Materials and Waste- Proper handling, labelling, storage, inventory an

disposal of hazardous materials and waste.
 Proper segregation of waste such as sharps (needles & surgical blade), dry, wet &
pathological waste materials.
 Medical Equipment- Monitoring of equipment functionality and utilization is in place.
 Utilities- potable water, electrical power and medical gases are available 24 hours a
day, seven days a week.
 Fire Safety- Fire safety program of the institution is in place.
 Infection Control- Policies, procedures and guidelines on infection control are being
implemented.

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Self Check 7.1-4
________1.Fire safety program of the institution is in place.
________2.Needles & surgical blades are not included in proper waste

segregation.

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________3.Potable water, electrical power and medical gases are available 24
hours a day, seven days a week.
________4.There is an existing provision for the identification of patients and their

families, visitors, staff and others.
________5.Policies, procedures and guidelines on infection control are being

implemented.
Answer Key 7.1-4
1. True
2. False
3. True

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4. True
5. True
PREVENT THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CROSS INFECTION
Learning Objectives
1.Identify how to prevent spread of infectious disease .

2. Understand the importance or ways of transmitting the disease

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3. Identify practices to prevent or minimize the spread of infection in hospital
based setting
PREVENTION OF THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND CROSS

INFECTION
It may seem a daunting task to keep yourself and your loved ones free of
infections. Beyond the obvious—steering clear of runny noses and hacking
coughs—you may be wondering about some other practical ways of staying
infection-free. Your skin acts as a natural barrier against harmful microbes that
cause infections, but smart “bugs” have found alternative routes to get into your
body and cause infection. By making a few simple behavioral changes (which
ultimately reduce their access into your body), you can easily prevent the spread
of many infectious diseases.
1. Wash your hands frequently. Did you know that microbes can live on inert
surfaces anywhere from a few minutes to several months? Imagine these
disease-causing microbes living on your computer keyboard, your light-
switch, or even on the pedestrian-crossing button next to the crosswalk!
Surprisingly, most people don’t know the best way to effectively wash their
hands. The CDC recommends washing thoroughly and vigorously with soap
and water for at least 20 seconds, followed by hand-drying with a paper towel.
In the absence of running water, an alcohol-based hand gel or wipe will
suffice, although nothing beats good ol’ soap and water. This takes about as
long as it does to sing "Happy Birthday", so some hospitals recommend
washing your hands for the duration of this simple tune!
2. Don't share personal items. Toothbrushes, towels, razors,

handkerchiefs, and nail clippers can all be sources of infectious agents
(bacteria, viruses, and fungi). In kindergarten, you were taught to share
your toys, but keep your hands to yourself. Now try to remember to keep
personal items to yourself as well!
3. Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze. In a similar vein, good
personal hygiene includes not only personal cleanliness, but also the age-
old practice of covering your mouth when you cough or sneeze. Why is
this important if you aren’t sick? For most infections, the disease-causing

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microbe has already started growing and dividing long before any
symptoms begin to show. Coughing or sneezing can spread these germs
through microscopic droplets in the air. The current recommendation is to
cover your mouth with your arm, sleeve, or crook of the elbow, rather than
using your hands.
4. Get vaccinated. Your immune system is designed to have a “memory” of

previous infections. When your body encounters a microbe that has
previously caused an infection, it enhances its production of white blood
cells and antibodies to prevent infection a second time. However, by
getting vaccinated, you “trick” your body into thinking that it has been
infected by a particular microbe, hence enhancing its own defenses
against subsequent infection.
5. Use safe cooking practices. Food-borne illnesses frequently arise from

poor food preparation and dining habits. Microbes thrive on virtually all
food items, and more so on foods left at room temperature. Refrigeration
slows or stops the growth of most microbes. Promptly refrigerate foods
within 2 hours of preparation. Use separate cutting boards for raw meats
and vegetables, keep clean countertops, and wash all fruits and
vegetables well prior to eating.
6. Be a smart traveler. Infectious diseases can easily be picked up while

traveling, particularly when traveling to underdeveloped countries. If your
travel destination is one where water is questionable, make sure to use a
safe water source such as bottled water for drinking and brushing your
teeth. Eat foods that have been cooked, and avoid raw vegetables and
fruits. Finally, be sure to update all immunizations that are advised or
required for your travel destination.
7. Practice safe sex. Sexually-transmitted diseases are probably the most

easily preventable infectious disease. By being smart about safe sex
(using condoms), transfer of infectious bacteria or viruses from one person
to another can be prevented.
8. Don’t pick your nose (or your mouth or eyes either). Not only is it a
social taboo, but it also leads to the spread of a number of infections. Look

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around, and you’ll notice how many people have their hands next to their
faces. Many microbes prefer the warm, moist environment inside your
nose, as well as other mucous-covered surfaces such as your eyes and
mouth. Infections can be easily prevented by avoiding touching of these
areas.
9. Exercise caution with animals. Infections that can spread from animals

to people are called “zoonotic diseases” and are more common than most
people realize. If you have pets, make sure they get regular check-ups
and that their vaccinations are up-to-date. Clean litter boxes frequently
(unless you’re pregnant—stay away!), and keep small children away from
animal feces. Different types of wild animals can carry diseases such as
rabies or bird flu or fleas and ticks that spread plague and Lyme disease.
Make the area around your home unfriendly to rodents and other
mammals by eliminating areas where they could hide or build nests, using
rodent-proof trash cans that contain food waste, and sealing up holes that
offer easy and attractive access to animals. And teach small children in
your household to be cautious when encountering wild animals.
10. Watch the news. A good understanding of current events can help you to
make wise decisions about traveling or other recreational activities. For
example, a bird flu outbreak in Asia may make you think twice about a trip
you were planning. Recent reports of West Nile Virus spread by
mosquitoes? You may want to bring some insect repellent on your
camping trip after all! Salmonella in tomatoes? Don’t eat tomatoes. You
get the idea.
Self – Check 7.1-5
________1.Sexually-transmitted diseases are probably the most easily

preventable infectious disease.
________2. Refrigerating the food slows or stops the growth of most

microbes.

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________3.If your travel destination is one where water is questionable,
make sure to use a safe water source such as bottled water for drinking and
brushing your teeth.
________4.Coughing or sneezing can spread the germs through microscopic

droplets in the air.
________5.Toothbrushes, towels, razors, handkerchiefs, and nail clippers can

all be sources of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, and fungi).
B. Enumerate ways how to prevent spread of infectious diseases
Answer Key 7.1-5
A.
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. T

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10. T
B.
1. Wash your hands frequently.
2. Don't share personal items
3. Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze.
4. Get vaccinated
5. Use safe cooking practices
6. Be a smart traveler
7. Practice safe sex.
8.Don’t pick your nose (or your mouth or eyes either).
9.Exercise caution with animals
10.Watch the news
ORGANIZATION STANDARDS,POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
Learning Objectives
1. To ensure the safe appreciation of modern technology and procedures


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2. To ensure that patients enjoy the right to health with quality health services
3. To continuously improve the standards of Quality Health Services
POLICY
The Hospital Management completed by its employees is engaged in
Quality Improvement Program and implement policies formulated by Quality
Assurance Committee to provide the best medical Care thru the introduction of
modern medical infrastructure, facilities and state of the art equipment managed
by efficient, competent, and reliable staff.
RATIONALE
 Health Professionals have ethical and moral obligations to provide the best
medical services to patients
 Costs of medical care are minimized and patients get the value for their money
 Consumers are better educated on the benefits of medical care
 Globalization of the industry in health care demands continuing growth and

development to remain competitive are providing quality medical services is an
effective way to address it
 To minimize procedure variations in medical care followed by various hospitals
 To prevent waste of resources
 To minimize errors resulting from complexity of medical procedures/services
BENEFITS
 Greater satisfaction to patients, physicians and other costumers
 Increase profits by reducing costs and increasing market share
 Motivation and satisfaction of employees by participating in Quality

Improvements program with provisions for incentives

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 Harness intellectual capacity, imagination and innovation talents of the staff,
especially the health professionals
 Rank and file is highly motivated resulting into reduced administrative burden on
superiors
 The interdepartments Quality Assurance teams created to solve problems that

cross departmental lines promote coordination and linkages between various
units in the complex organization
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES ON PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND

IMPROVEMENT
 Formulate the Quality Assurance Committee program for hospital services
 Review and coordinate the activities in each service or department of the hospital
 Train appropriate hospital and medical personnel in QA methodology and activities
 Monitor and evaluate the results of activities and project of each service and
department
 Formulate recommendations on policies, procedures, assignment etc., that would

enhance the quality of hospital services
 Render reports to the Medical Director and appropriate heads of

services/department regarding QA program and activities in the hospital
 Hospital policies shall at all times take precedence over department policies.
Department can institute policies stricter than but contrary to hospital policies.
 In case of policy conflicts between departments, the Medical Director under his
auspices: Hospital Administrator shall resolve the issue; and if necessary, shall
elevate the problem to the Executive Council and/ or Board of Directors if conflicts
is beyond their jurisdiction.
Procurement Code of Ethics

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Any employee charged with the duty to purchase medicine, medical supplies,
office supplies and equipment or involved in the purchasing process shall be bound by
this code and shall:
 Avoid the appearance of unethical or suspicious practices manifested in actions or

communications
 Demonstrate diligence by abiding lawful instructions, using sound judgment and

reasonable care, in the performance of duty.
 Conduct activities in accordance with laws
 Refrain for doing acts that can create sense of conflict
 Never solicit or accept money, loans, credit, gifts, entertainment, favour or services
from present or potential suppliers
 Enhance the proficiency and stature of the purchasing profession by adhering to

the highest standards of ethical behavior
POLICY AND PROCEDURE
Intended Use
Procurement shall be supported by written justification. The justification shall be
approved in writing by the Hospital Administrator.
Cost Benefits
Cost analysis shall be done in all procurement actions, including contract
modification to determine price reasonableness.
Infection Control
a. Disinfection of equipment in accordance with infection policies must be done
every time after use.
b. Storage of equipment and supplies in a clean, convenient and orderly manner
must be exercised.
c. All packages and containers must be appropriately labelled. If processed by
sterilizing, the label must remain legible to contain expiration date.

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Safety
Patient safety is a priority for health care, organizations. Safety should be a
major fact in medical supplies and hospital equipment procurement. Clear
understanding of situations can likely avoid high rates of medication errors.
Procurement staff should be familiar with tools that identify potential risks of
products. A system of staff training, incentives, supervision and monitoring is
necessary to ensure that these and other procurement duties adhered to.
Disposal
a. When disposing discardable assets and equipment, the highest resale value
must be determined.
b. Analysis of fair market value takes into accounts the usability and marketability
of the assets.
c. A written record of disposition shall be made and kept
d. When appropriate, Hospital shall advertise the disposition of assets or
equipment to attract highest bid proposals.
Storage
Provide estimates of existing storage space with allowance for additional
procurements.
Emergency Procurement
On emergency, competitive procurement method may be set
aside.Procurement can be done from a source or sources as dictated by
circumstances surrounding emergency.
Emergency procurement may be resorted to when the following elements
are present:
1. Functioning of the hospital and services may be hampered or jeopardized
2. Preservation or protection of property
3. Health or safety of person is at stake
Emergency procurement does not apply when:

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1. Emergency occurs by reason of failure to plan ahead
2. End of grant/contract procurement
Demonstration or Sample Agreement
Equipment delivered on trial, loan, demonstration or evaluation are not to be
considered a binding commitment to purchase
Price Cost Analysis
When there is only one bidder or intended supplier, the purchasing officer
must ensure that the quoted price is fair and reasonably within the market range.
If price is found not to be fair and reasonable, the purchasing officer shall:
 Locate other supplier or
 Negotiate for lower price with the sole bidder/offeror

Suspension or Blacklisting
Upon complaint emanating from hospital department a supplier may be
immediately suspended from doing business with the hospital pending
investigation to determine wheather there is reasonable cause to warrant
blacklisting
Blacklisting A vendor may be blacklisted for any of the following causes:
a. Commission of offenses in relation to breach of contract or in the performance of
contract
b .Conviction for theft, forgery, bribery or falsification
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of your choice
on the answer sheet.
1. Disinfection of equipment in accordance with infection policies must be done every time

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after use belong to the policy and procedures of:
a. Cost Benefits b. Safety
c. Infection Control d. Disposal
2. Greater satisfaction to patients, physicians and other costumers belong to:
a. Policy
b. Benefits
3. Conviction for theft, forgery, bribery or falsification belong to:

a. Suspension or Blacklisting b. Price Cost Analysis
c. Emergency Procurement d. Demonstration or Sample Agreement
4. Negotiate for lower price with the sole bidder/offeror

a. Emergency Procurement b.Storage
c. Benefits d. Price Cost Analysis
5. Procurement shall be supported by written justification it belong to the policy of:
a. Intended Use b.Cost Benefits
b. Safety d. Infection Control
Answer Key 7.1-6
1. C
2. B

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3. A
4. D
5. A
DISINFECTION OF NAPPY CHANGES AREA

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Learning Objectives
1.Identify the step by step procedure in disinfecting nappy changes area.

2. Understand as a health care provider how to prevent cross contamination.
DISINFECTION OF NAPPY CHANGES AREA

Procedure
1. A safe clean area will be provided for changing nappies away from play
equipment and food or drink.
2. Staff is to observe hygiene rules by washing their hands before and after
nappy changing.
3. Staff must wear disposable latex gloves which are discarded after changing
each child.
4. Staff will clean and dry the nappy changing surface using disinfectant and
disposable paper towels before laying the child onto the changing mat.
5. Staff will remove the child’s nappy, and use a wet wipe to clean affected
areas (downward wipe for female), and dispose of it in a designated nappy bin.
6. Staff will use cream as directed on non-prescribed permission form and
supplied by parents.
7. When taking off the gloves, staff member will fold the glove around the nappy
and put it in the bin. This will reduce smell leakage.
8. Staff will clean and dry the changing mat at the completion of every nappy
change, using disinfectant and paper towels.
9. If the area becomes contaminated (diarrhea etc) staff will immediately wash
the area with detergent and hot water, then disinfect using bleach based
disinfectant.
10. Staff will wash their hands again.
11. Staff will then record time of changing on the daily changing list and type of
change.
12. While the mechanics of this process are to be completed staff will engage
with the children, sing songs or play games to ensure the child feels safe and at
ease with the process.

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13. Staff members tone and voice will express kindness and caring at all time
during the procedure.
14. Parents are requested to supply the nursery with nappies, wipes and cream.
15. Regular substitute teachers will receive a training demonstration of
procedure.
16. The procedure will be displayed above the nappy changing area.
17. Each night the cleaner will disinfect the nappy changing area.
Multiple Choice: Choose the correct letter that best describe the
Statement.
Encircle the letter of your chosen answer

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1.Stroke in cleaning the affected area of the child
a. upward wipe b. downward wipe
c. back and fort
2. In changing nappy handwashing must be done:
a. before b. after
c. before and after
3. If the area becomes contaminated (diarrheaetc) staff will immediately

clean the area with:
a. detergent and hot water b. wipes
c. paper towel d. wash with water
4. When taking off the gloves, staff member will fold the glove around the
nappy and put it in the bin. The rationale of doing this is to:
a. This is a standard procedure
b. This will reduce smell leakage.
c. This will reduce contamination
5. Staff will clean and dry the changing mat at the completion of every
nappy change by using:
a. disinfectant and paper towels.
b. wet wipes
c. bleach
Answer Key 7.1-7


healthy and safe
TEST I
1. B
2.C
3.A
4.B
5.A
TECHNIQUES IN WASHING FLOORS AND DISINFECTING TOILET AREAS


healthy and safe
Learning Objectives
1.Identify the procedure in washing floors and disinfecting toilet areas

2. Know the rationale of doing the step by step procedure
TECHNIQUES IN WASHING FLOORS
Steps
Clear the area. Remove whatever tables, chairs, throw rugs and other obstacles are on
the floor.
If you're cleaning any of those things, too, clean them first. That way, if any debris falls
on the floor, it'll fall before you clean.
If you'll be cleaning counters, tabletops, or other surfaces, clean those first.
Send anyone likely to walk over the floor out of the area. That includes children,
spouses, housemates, pets, and guests.
Sweep the floor or vacuum the floor first. It may seem redundant to clean something
you're about to clean, but mops generally do a terrible job of picking up crumbs, dust,
hair, and other solid debris. If you mop an unswept floor, you'll just end up pushing this

healthy and safe
stuff around. Moreover, dust and dirt can leave scratches on the floor if not removed
first.
Place the cleaner of your choice into the bucket and fill with enough warm water
to cover the head of the mop completely. Leave enough of the bucket empty to allow
yourself to add the mop and to keep the wringer up out of the water, if it is built into the
bucket.
Use the cleaner according to the instructions on the package or bottle. Usually, that
means just enough to make it suds up a bit. Don't use more cleaner than you need. It
will not add much benefit and it could leave a residue or damage the floor.
It is possible to use ordinary dish-washing detergent. Just a squirt added to the water is
adequate.
Dip the mop in the cleaning solution and let it absorb the cleaner thoroughly.
Sometimes a stiff, dried-out mop will need to soak for a little while to loosen up.
Wring the excess solution out of the mop. You want it damp, not soggy.

healthy and safe
Start in one corner of the room. Move the mop around over the area you want
cleaned with some pressure to pick up the dirt. When you have covered a small area, or
when the mop looks dirty, dip and wring the mop again and move on to the next area.
For polyurethaned hardwood floors, run the mop with the grain of the wood. [1]
For textured floors, move the mop in small figure eight circles. [2]
For persistent dirt, you may want to visit an area twice. The first time, leave the mop
a bit wetter than usual and use it to dampen the area thoroughly. Let that sit for a few
moments while you dampen the next area. The extra time gives the cleaning solution
time to dissolve the soil. Then, dip the mop again and wring it out more thoroughly. Go
back over the area to pick up the water and loosen any especially stubborn dirt.
Continue across the whole floor in this fashion.

healthy and safe
Work back towards a door and avoid stepping on the areas you have just
cleaned. Any fine dust clinging to the bottoms of your shoes will stick to the floor and
become mud. If you do step on an area that is wet, run the mop back over it to clean up
these tracks.
Let the mopped area dry thoroughly. Opening up doors or windows for circulation will
speed the process. It's generally not necessary to dry a floor manually unless the
surface shows streaks badly. Just let the air do the job.
Replace any furnishings you removed from the area.

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Hang the mop up to dry out when you are finished. If you leave in the bucket, it will
rot and start to smell bad. Hang it with the wet end down and hang it somewhere where
a bit of water underneath won't hurt.
Dispose of dirty mop water in a toilet. It's a better place to put something that might
have solid sediments, and you won't have any dirty sinks.
While not strictly necessary, it's a good idea to rinse your mop and wring it thoroughly
once more before hanging it up, so that the residues of dirt and cleaners don't sit in the
mop all the time.

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Techniques in Disinfecting toilet Areas
1) Prepping the Restroom

Gather all of the necessary cleaning supplies and load them onto your janitorial cart. All
mops and rags used in this area should be properly marked to avoid being used in other
areas. Make sure the restroom is empty and then post the appropriate caution/safety
sign, like a rest rooms closed sign, or a hanging closed for cleaning sign. Move your
janitorial cart into the restroom, or for smaller areas, leave it blocking the entrance to the
restroom. Leave the door propped open, so potential users can see that you are in there
cleaning.
The following instructions are based on the assumption that each restroom will get
some sort of care daily. For those restrooms that do not need that kind of upkeep, you
can adjust the schedule accordingly.
2) Daily Cleaning Procedures

A.) Visually check the appearance of the restroom. Pick up any debris on the floor,
around the sink or toilet/urinal areas.
B.) Check garbage cans and recycling bins. If they are full or nearly full, remove the
trash can liner and replace with a new one.
C.) Check soap, toilet paper, and paper towel dispensers to make sure they are
properly stocked.
3) Weekly Cleaning Procedures

A.) Clean and scrub all interior surfaces of toilets/urinals with a toilet bowl cleaner. Wipe
down all exterior surfaces, including toilet seats, with a disinfectant. Follow
our disinfecting toilet & urinal procedures for complete instructions on how to disinfect
these surfaces.
B.) Wipe down and disinfect all surfaces, including door handles, light switches,
countertops, partitions and dispensers.
C.) Clean all mirrors with a glass cleaner to remove any fingerprints and marks.
D.) Use a germicidal/acidic surface cleanser to wipe down the sinks and faucets and
handles.

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E.) Dust mop, sweep and wet mop the floors, taking care to keep the mops, mop
buckets, and solutions used as bathroom only items. Avoid cross-contamination with
other areas of the facility at all costs.
4) Monthly Cleaning Procedures

A.) Dust all out of the way areas, including the tops of doors, shelves, partitions,
dispensers, hand dryers and air vents.
B.) Replace all metered aerosol deodorizers and air fresheners.
C.) Replace the urinal blocks as necessary, if there are PeePod urinal cleaning
blocks in place, replace these. The PeePod is the ultimate restroom cleaners friend. Not
only will it deodorize the restroom, as it continuously cleans the urinal walls, but it also
helps to unclog pipes and make sure they can adequately drain at all times.
D.) Check to make sure all drains are properly draining. If not use a drain cleaner to
remove all clogs.
5) Clean Up
Remove all trash bags and place in the dumpster. Do not remove the
caution/restroom closed signs until all work is finished and all surfaces, including
the floors are completely dry. Rinse out and clean the mop buckets, mops, and
rags that were used.

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A. Write T if the statement is True and F if False
________1.Remove whatever tables, chairs, throw rugs and other obstacles

are on the floor.
________2.Send anyone likely to walk over the floor out of the area. That
includes children, spouses, housemates, pets, and guests.
________3.Start washing the floor in the center of the room.
________4. For persistent dirt, you may want to visit an area as much as you
want.
________5.Let the mopped area dry thoroughly.
________6.Make sure the restroom is empty and then post the appropriate
caution/safety sign.
________7.If garbage can is nearly full, do not remove the trash can liner.
________8. Wipe up and disinfect all surfaces, including door handles, light
switches, countertops, partitions and dispensers
________9.Clean all mirrors with a glass cleaner to remove any fingerprints

and marks.
_______10.Rinse out and clean the mop buckets, mops, and rags that were
used.

healthy and safe
Answer Key 7.1-8
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. False
9. True
10.True

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Competency - Based Learning Materials

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Unit of Competency: MAINTAIN A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT

Module Title: MAINTAINING A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT

How to use this CBLM 3

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

How to use this CBLM

Welcome to the Module Maintaining a healthy and safe

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in

If you have questions, do not hesitate to ask your teacher for

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

This module is prepared to help you achieve the required

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to

This module consists of five (3) learning outcomes. Each learning

Upon completing this module, report to your teacher for

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : MAINTAIN A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT

MODULE TITLE : MAINTAINING A HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT

NOMINAL DURATION : 30 hours

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module the students shall be able to:

LO1. Maintain a clean and hygienic environment

LO2. Provide a safe environment

LO3. Supervise the safety of clients

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

 Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Safety - Freedom from exposure to danger and protection from the occurrence or

Hygiene-The Science dealing with the establishment and Maintenance of Health in

Regulations- A process of the promulgation, monitoring, and enforcement of rules,

Hazards - is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Cross infection - an infection spread from one organism to another

Procedures - is a document written to support a "Policy Directive". A Procedure is

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Learning Outcome 1. Maintain a clean and hygienic

Learning Activities Special Instructions

1. Read Information Sheet 7.1-1

4. Answer Self- Check 7.1-2 Compare your answer to the answer

Date Developed: Document No.

CBLM on Maintaining a March 2013

Information Sheet 7.1-1

Regulations on Safety, Health and Hygiene

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:

1. Identify the different safety regulations to control the spread of infection.

Name of Trainee: ___________ Date:_