2nd National Conference on Computing, Electrical, Electronics and Sustainable Energy Systems (NCCEESES-2017), 6-7 July 2017

Organized by Department by EEE, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajahmundry

An High Step-up Interleaved DC-DC Boost

Converter fed with PV
K. Eswar Rao B.V.R.S. Bhanu Seshu
PG Scholar, Department of EEE Assistant Professor, Department of EEE
GIET (A) GIET (A)
Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract— The high-voltage step-up dc–dc converters are the switches by the doublevoltage technique with the help of
required as an interface between the available low voltage the double-voltage capacitor. This topology has a
sources and the output loads, which are operated at much characteristic that the operational analysis is not equivalent in
higher voltages. Examples of such applications are as D>50% and D<50%. A soft-switching bridgeless power factor
follows. Different distributed energy storage components correction circuit is shown in [11]. It is not the aforementioned
such as batteries, fuel cells, and ultra capacitors are used in interleaved boost converter, but it is two conventional boost
the power trains of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), electric converters working in the ac input source. Its two main
vehicles (EV), and fuel cell vehicles (FCV). Telecom and the circuits use the common resonant circuit, so it has less
computer industry utilize the standard batteries, with low resonant elements. This topology has lighter weight and costs
voltage levels, as back-up power source .The automotive less. And this circuit reduces the switching losses and
headlamps, using the high-intensity discharge lamp ballasts. improves the efficiency by ZVS technique, but it does not
improve the turn-OFF switching losses by a ZCS technique.
Keywords— DC–DC converter, dual coupled inductors, high gain, This paper proposes a novel interleaved boost converter with
input-parallel output-series. both characteristics of zero-voltage turn-ON and zero-current
turn-OFF for the main switches to improve the efficiency with
I. INTRODUCTION a wide range of load. The voltage stresses of the main
An Interleaved boost converter usually combines more switches and auxiliary switch are equal to the output voltage
than two conventional topologies, and the current in the and the duty cycle of the proposed topology can be increased
element of the interleaved boost converter is half of the to more than 50%. The proposed converter is the parallel of
conventional topology in the same power condition. Besides, two boost converters and their driving signals stagger 180 ◦ and
the input current ripple and output voltage ripple of the this makes the operation assumed symmetrical. Moreover, by
interleaved boost converter are lower than those of the establishing the common soft-switching module, the soft-
conventional topologies. The single boost converter can use switching interleaved converter can further reduce the size and
the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and/or zero-current cost.
switching (ZCS) to reduce the switching loss of the high-
frequency switching [1]–[4], [13]–[16], [18]. However, they II. LITERATURE SURVEY
are considered for the single topology. Many soft-switching 2.1 DC-DC converters
techniques are then introduced to the interleaved boost
converters. The interleaved boost converters with ZCS or ZVS DC-DC converters are an important component as power
are proposed in [5]–[8], [17]. These topologies have higher electronics interfaces for photovoltaic generators and other
efficiency than the conventional boost converter because the renewable energy sources. Most renewable power sources,
proposed circuits have decreased the switching losses of the such as photovoltaic power systems and fuel cells, have quite
main switches with ZCS or ZVS. Nevertheless, these circuits low-voltage output and require series connection or a voltage
can just achieve the junction of ZVS or ZCS singly or need booster to provide enough voltage output. Boost converters are
more auxiliary circuits to reach the soft switching. In [9], the popularly employed in equipments for different applications,
soft-switching circuit for the interleaved boost converter is as pre regulators or even integrated with the latter-stage
proposed. However, its main switches are zero-current turn- circuits or rectifiers into single-stage circuits. Interleaved
ON and zero-voltage turn-OFF and the converter works in the method used to improve power converter performance in
discontinuous mode. The maximum duty cycle of the terms of efficiency, size, conducted electromagnetic emission,
converter is also limited. In [10], it does not reduce the and transient response.
switching losses of the interleaved boost converter by the soft
switching techniques, but it decreases the voltage stresses of

Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN: 2456-5660), Volume 2, Special Issue 1, July 2017 1
 2nd National Conference on Computing, Electrical, Electronics and Sustainable Energy Systems (NCCEESES-2017), 6-7 July 2017
Organized by Department by EEE, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajahmundry

The benefits of interleaving include high power capability, 2.4 Circuit analysis
modularity, and improved reliability. However, an interleaved
1) 2.4.1 Operating principle
topology improves converter performance at the cost of
additional inductors, power switching devices, and output The key principle that drives the boost converter is the
rectifiers. The power loss in a magnetic component decreases tendency of an inductor to resist changes in current. In a boost
when the size of the inductor increases though both the low converter, the output voltage is always higher than the input
power loss and small volume are required. This means that voltage. A schematic of a boost power stage is shown in
there is a trade-off relationship between the power loss and the Figure 2.2. When the switch is closed, current flows through
magnetic component size. Therefore, the design of magnetic the inductor, which stores energy from the current in a
components in converters is one of the important challenging magnetic field. During this time, the switch acts like a short
problems. There are several well-known strategies for circuit in parallel with the diode and the load, so no current
selecting a core for the design of magnetic components, for flows to the right hand side of the circuit.
example, the area product (Ap) method and the core geometry
(Kg) method. The Ap method is widely used for designing the When the switch is opened, the short circuit is removed and
inductors and transformers for dc-dc power converters the load is back in play in the circuit. This represents a sudden
operating in CCM and DCM. On the other hand, the concept increase in the impedance of the circuit, which, by Ohm's
of the Kg approach is to select a proper core satisfying the law will demand either a decrease in current, or an increase in
electromagnetic conditions, the restriction of the core window voltage. The inductor will tend to resist such a sudden change
area, and the restriction of the winding loss, simultaneously. in the current, which it does by acting as a voltage source in
This method is useful to design inductors and transformers series with the input source, thus increasing the total voltage
with low core and ac winding losses. seen by the right hand side of the circuit and thereby
preserving (for a brief moment) the current level that was seen
2.2 Types of DC-DC converters when the switch was closed. This is done using the energy
stored by the inductor. Over time, the energy stored in the
o Buck Converter inductor will discharge into the right hand side of the circuit,
o Boost Converter bringing the net voltage back down.
o Buck-Boost Converter
o Cuk Converter If the switch is cycled fast enough, the inductor will not
o Charge-pump Converter discharge fully in between charging stages, and the load will
always see a voltage greater than that of the input source alone
when the switch is opened. Also while the switch is opened,
2.3 Boost Converter the capacitor in parallel with the load is charged to this
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power combined voltage. When the switch is then closed and the
converter with an output voltage greater than its input voltage. right hand side is shorted out from the left hand side, the
It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) capacitor is therefore able to provide the voltage and energy to
containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and the load. During this time, the blocking diode prevents the
a transistor) and at least one energy storage element, capacitor from discharging through the switch. The switch
a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. Filters made must of course be opened again fast enough to prevent the
of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are capacitor from discharging too much.
normally added to the output of the converter to reduce output
voltage ripple. The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct
states:

 in the On-state, the switch S (see figure 2.2) is closed,

resulting in an increase in the inductor current.
 in the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path
offered to inductor current is through the fly back
Fig: 2.1 The basic schematic of a boost converter
diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This result in
transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state
Power for the boost converter can come from any suitable into the capacitor.
DC sources, such as batteries, solar panels, rectifiers and DC  The input current is the same as the inductor current
generators. A process that changes one DC voltage to a is not discontinuous as in the buck converter and the
different DC voltage is called DC to DC conversion. A boost requirements on the input filter are relaxed compared to a
converter is a DC to DC converterwith an output voltage buck converter
greater than the source voltage. A boost converter is
sometimes called a step-up converter since it “steps up” the
source voltage. Since power ( ) must be conserved,
the output current is lower than the source current.

Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN: 2456-5660), Volume 2, Special Issue 1, July 2017 2
 2nd National Conference on Computing, Electrical, Electronics and Sustainable Energy Systems (NCCEESES-2017), 6-7 July 2017
Organized by Department by EEE, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajahmundry

frequency switching [1]–[4], [13]–[16], [18]. However, they

are considered for the single topology. Many soft-switching
techniques are then introduced to the interleaved boost
converters. The interleaved boost converters with ZCS or ZVS
are proposed in [5]–[8], [17]. These topologies have higher
efficiency than the conventional boost converter because the
proposed circuits have decreased the switching losses of the
main switches with ZCS or ZVS. Nevertheless, these circuits
can just achieve the junction of ZVS or ZCS singly or need
more auxiliary circuits to reach the soft switching. In [9], the
soft-switching circuit for the interleaved boost converter is
Fig 2.2 schematic diagram of Boost converter proposed. However, its main switches are zero-current turn-
ON and zero-voltage turn-OFF and the converter works in the
2.4.2 Continuous mode discontinuous mode. The maximum duty cycle of the
converter is also limited. In [10], it does not reduce the
When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the switching losses of the interleaved boost converter by the soft
current through the inductor ( ) never falls to zero. The switching techniques, but it decreases the voltage stresses of
output voltage can be calculated as follows, in the case of an the switches by the doublevoltage technique with the help of
ideal converter (i.e. using components with an ideal behavior) the double-voltage capacitor. This topology has a
operating in steady conditions. characteristic that the operational analysis is not equivalent in
D>50% and D<50%. A soft-switching bridgeless power factor
correction circuit is shown in [11]. It is not the aforementioned
interleaved boost converter, but it is two conventional boost
converters working in the ac input source. Its two main
circuits use the common resonant circuit, so it has less
resonant elements. This topology has lighter weight and costs
less. And this circuit reduces the switching losses and
improves the efficiency by ZVS technique, but it does not
improve the turn-OFF switching losses by a ZCS technique.
This paper proposes a novel interleaved boost converter with
both characteristics of zero-voltage turn-ON and zero-current
Fig. 2.3 : Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in turn-OFF for the main switches to improve the efficiency with
continuous mode a wide range of load. The voltage stresses of the main
switches and auxiliary switch are equal to the output voltage
2.4.3 Discontinuous mode and the duty cycle of the proposed topology can be increased
to more than 50%. The proposed converter is the parallel of
two boost converters and their driving signals stagger 180 ◦ and
this makes the operation assumed symmetrical. Moreover, by
establishing the common soft-switching module, the soft-
switching interleaved converter can further reduce the size and
cost.

3.2 Analysis of Operation

Fig. 3.1 shows the proposed circuit. It uses the interleaved
boost topology and applies the common soft-switching circuit.
Fig. 2.4: Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in The resonant circuit consists of the resonant inductorLr,
discontinuous mode. resonant capacitor Cr, parasitic capacitors CSa and CSb, and
auxiliary Switch Sr to become a resonant way to reach ZVS
and ZCS functions. Fig. 3.2 shows the two operating modes of
III. INTERLEAVED BOOST OPERATION this circuit, depending on whether the duty cycle of the main
switch is more than 50% or not.
3.1 Introduction
An Interleaved boost converter usually combines more 3.2.1 Operational Analysis of D<50% Mode
than two conventional topologies, and the current in the The operating principle of the proposed topology is described
element of the interleaved boost converter is half of the in this section. There are 24 operational modes in the complete
conventional topology in the same power condition. Besides, cycle. Only the 12 modes related to the main switch Sa are
the input current ripple and output voltage ripple of the analyzed, because the interleaved topology is symmetrical.
interleaved boost converter are lower than those of the Fig. 3.3 shows the related waveforms when the duty cycle of
conventional topologies. The single boost converter can use the main
the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and/or zero-current
switching (ZCS) to reduce the switching loss of the high-

Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN: 2456-5660), Volume 2, Special Issue 1, July 2017 3
 2nd National Conference on Computing, Electrical, Electronics and Sustainable Energy Systems (NCCEESES-2017), 6-7 July 2017
Organized by Department by EEE, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajahmundry

4) The duty cycles of the main switches are

equal;D1=D2.

Mode 1 [t0–t1]:Fig. 4(a) shows the equivalent circuit. In this

mode, the main switches Sa and Sb are turned OFF, the
auxiliary switch Sr and the rectifier diodes Da and Db are
turned ON, and the clamped diode Dr is turned OFF. The
voltages across the parasitic capacitors CSa and CSb of the
main switches and the resonant capacitor Cr are all equal to
the output voltage; i.e.,VSa=VSb=VSr=Vo in the previous mode.
The resonant inductor current ILr linearly ramps up until it
Fig. 3.1 A novel interleaved boost converter with characteristics of zero- reaches Iin at t= t1. When the resonant inductor current ILris
voltage switching and zero-current switching equal to Iin,the mode 1 will end. Then, the rectifier diodes are
turned OFF.
The interval time t01 is

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

Pulses
Cr VD3
m
a
k
Scope2
D3
Pulses1
VDr

Fig. 3.2 Switching waveforms of the main switches Sa and Sb and auxiliary Subsystem

k
m
2
Dr

Switch Sr.(a)D<50% mode. (b)D>50% mode.

a
1
C3
m VD1 Vs1
a k
Discrete, D1 Vs2
Lm1 Llk1
Ts = 0.0001 s.

i +
powergui I VD1
C1

-
VD2
2

V0

In + v VD3
-
Lm2 Llk2 load R0 v
+ -i

Scope
I1
v +
- VDr
Scope3 v1
D

D
g

g
M1 M2 C2 Scope1
18-36V
m

m
S

S
5
Vs2
Vs1 Multimeter Scope4
D2
VD2 m
a
k 5

Multimeter1 Scope5

Fig:4.1 Conventional Simulation Circuit

Fig:4.2 Conventional Circuit Voltage and Curent

Fig. 3.3 Related waveforms (D<50%)

switch is less than 50%. There are some assumptions to
simplify the circuit analysis.
1) All power switches and diodes are ideal.
2) The input inductor and output capacitor are ideal.
3) The two inductors are equal; Boost_L1=Boost_L2.

Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN: 2456-5660), Volume 2, Special Issue 1, July 2017 4
 2nd National Conference on Computing, Electrical, Electronics and Sustainable Energy Systems (NCCEESES-2017), 6-7 July 2017
Organized by Department by EEE, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajahmundry

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Journal of Science and Technology (ISSN: 2456-5660), Volume 2, Special Issue 1, July 2017 5