Child Development 7th Edition Feldman Test Bank Download

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Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy
TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied
QUICK QUIZ 1 Multiple Choice 1, 7, 9-10 2-3, 5 4, 6, 8
LO1: How does the Multiple Choice 1-8, 10, 12-13, 16 9, 11, 14 15
human body True/False 81, 84 82-83
develop? Short Answer 96
Essay
LO2: How do the Multiple Choice 17-37
nervous system and True/False 85, 87 88 86, 89
brain develop? Short Answer 97-98
Essay 105-107
LO3: How would Multiple Choice 38-39, 41, 44-47, 48-49 40, 42-43
you describe the 50-51
processes by which a True/False 91 90
baby’s bodily Short Answer
systems are Essay 108
integrated?
LO4: What is SIDS, Multiple Choice 52-53

and how can it be True/False 92
prevented? Short Answer 99
Essay
LO5: What are Multiple Choice 54 60 55-59
reflexes, and how do True/False 93-94
they contribute to Short Answer 100-101
motor development? Essay
LO6: How would Multiple Choice 61-62, 65 63
Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
you discuss the True/False 95
development and Short Answer
coordination of Essay 110
infants’ motor skills?
LO7: How are Multiple Choice 66 64

developmental True/False
norms used and Short Answer
interpreted? Essay 109, 111
LO8: How would Multiple Choice 67-68, 70-71 72 69

you explain the True/False
relationship between Short Answer 102
nutrition and Essay
physical
development?
LO9: What visual Multiple Choice 73-76
perception skills do True/False
infants have? Short Answer 103
Essay 112
LO10: What Multiple Choice 77-78
auditory perception True/False
skills do infants Short Answer
have? Essay
LO11: How would Multiple Choice 79-80
you describe infants’ True/False
abilities to smell, Short Answer
taste, and feel? Essay
LO12: How would Multiple Choice
you explain True/False
multimodal Short Answer 104
perception? Essay
Quick Quiz
1. All of the following are principles of development that can be recognized during infancy
EXCEPT the
a. cephalocaudal principle. c. principle of hierarchical integration.
b. proximodistal principle. d. principle of interdependent cooperation.
2. When considering the development of the brain, one biological function that demonstrates the
importance of environmental interaction is
a. neural transmission. c. synaptic pruning.
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b. synaptic gap. d. neural axons.
3. Infants raised in severely restricted environments show structural brain differences. At least
some of these differences, in particular facets of development, may be linked to a specific but
limited time period. These time periods are known as ___________.
a. critical periods c. brief periods
b. sensitive periods d. imprinting periods
4. Gabriel’s parents were impressed with his repertoire of responses that helped him to adapt to
his environment as an infant. These unlearned and involuntary responses are known as
a. rhythms. c. reflexes.
b. dream experiences. d. cultural responses.
5. An infant’s crawling is really a gross motor skill that is interconnected with many other skills,
including other motor skills and sensory capabilities. This idea that motor development is
coordinated and interconnected supports the ___________ theory.
a. dynamic systems c. modeling
b. imprinting d. social learning
6. Marcus’s mother was proud of the fact that her baby crawled early, walked early, and was
able to negotiate the stairs early. Marcus’s mother had been studying
a. Brazelton assessments. c. Apgar scores.
b. childhood standards. d. developmental norms.
7. Which of the following are advantages to breastfeeding?
a. mother’s reduced risk of cervical cancer
b. infant’s reduced risk of leukemia
c. mother’s reduced risk of ovarian cancer
d. mother’s reduced risk of leukemia
8. Martin thought his infant was watching the toy train all the way in the back of the store.
Assuming that Martin’s son is under 6 months, it is unlikely that he was watching the distant
toy train due to his inadequate
a. depth perception. c. distance vision.
b. binocular vision. d. monocular vision.
9. Newborns have a taste preference for
a. sweet. c. sour.
b. bitter. d. spicy.
10. The most highly developed sensory system in a newborn is the sense of
a. sight. c. smell.
b. touch. d. taste.
Quick Quiz Answers
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1. Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d Page(s): 117-118 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The textbook explains four principles of development that are demonstrated
during infancy. The cephalocaudal principle states that growth follows a pattern that begins
with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body. The
principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward is known as the
proximodistal principle. The principle of hierarchical integration states that the simple skills
typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into skills that are more
complex. The last principle is the principle of the independence of systems, which states that
different body systems grow at different rates. In this question, this last principle is not listed
and the principle of interdependent cooperation is listed instead.
Answer: c Page(s): 119 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Synaptic pruning is the process in which connections between unused neurons are
eliminated. It is the baby’s experiences within the environment that stimulate certain nerve
connections, or in the case of a deprived environment, do not stimulate the connections, which
are then eliminated during synaptic pruning.
Answer: b Page(s): 121 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Sensitive periods are specific but limited times; usually early in an organism’s
life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating
to some particular facet of development.
4. Chapter Section: Motor Development
Answer: c Page(s): 125 Type: Applied Diff: Easy
Rationale: Reflexes are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically
in the presence of certain stimuli. Newborns enter the world with a variety of reflexes that
help them adapt to their new surroundings and also protect them.
Answer: a Page(s): 128 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Dynamic systems theory is a theory of how motor skills develop and are
connected.
Answer: d Page(s): 128-129 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Developmental norms represent the average performance of a large sample of
children of a given age. Marcus’s mother was comparing his achievement of motor skills with
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the developmental norms for those specific skills to determine that Marcus’s achievement was
early.
Answer: c Page(s): 130 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: Breastfeeding may be advantageous to mother’s health. For instance, research
suggests that women who breastfeed may have lower rates of ovarian and breast cancer prior
to menopause.
8. Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Answer: c Page(s): 134 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Prior to 6 months, infants’ distance vision is one-tenth to one-third that of the
average adult’s. While Martin’s son may have been attracted to the sound of the train, it is
unlikely that he was clearly able to distinguish it at the back of the store.
Answer: a Page(s): 138 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: Newborns have a sweet tooth and show a definite preference for sweet tastes.
Answer: b Page(s): 138-139 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: The sense of touch is the most highly developed sensory system at birth. It is also
one of the first to develop.
Chapter 5
Physical Development in Infancy

Multiple Choice Questions
5.1 At birth, the average baby weighs approximately ___________ pounds.

a. 2 c. 5
b. 4 d. 7
Chapter Section: Growth and Stability
Answer: d Page(s): 117 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: The average newborn weighs just over 7 pounds.
LO1: How does the human body develop?
5.2 At birth, the average baby length is approximately ___________ inches.
a. 20 c. 30
b. 10 d. 15
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Rationale: At birth, the average newborn is approximately 20 inches.
5.3 At the first birthday, you should expect that an infant’s birthweight has ___________.
a. increased by 50% c. doubled
b. tripled d. increased by 150%
Answer: b Page(s): 117 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: By the end of the first year, the average infant’s birthweight has tripled.
5.4 By their second birthday, children average a height of ___________ feet.
a. 2 c. 4
b. 3 d. 5
Rationale: By the second birthday, children average a height of 3 feet.
5.5 At birth, the head of the infant accounts for ___________ of the newborn’s entire body size.
a. one-fifth c. one-half
b. one-fourth d. one-third
Rationale: At birth, the head represents one-fourth of the neonate’s body.
5.6 By the age of 2, the baby’s head is only __________ of its body length.
a. one-fifth c. one-half
Rationale: By the age of 2, the head represents one-fifth of the child’s body.
5.7 By adulthood, the head is only ___________ of the body length.
a. one-fifth c. one-eighth
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Answer: c Page(s): 117-118 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: By adulthood, the head is only one-eighth the size of the body.
5.8 The ___________ principle is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with
the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
a. hierarchical integration c. cephalocaudal
b. proximodistal d. independence of systems
Answer: c Page(s): 117-118 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The cephalocaudal principle is the principle that growth follows a pattern that
begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
5.9 When Georgiana saw her first newborn, she said, "His head is so big!" The fact that a
newborn’s head is about one-fourth of his body demonstrates the ___________ principle.
Answer: c Page(s): 117-118 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The cephalocaudal principle is the principle that growth follows a pattern that
begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
5.10 The ___________ principle is the principle that development proceeds from the center of
the body outward.
Answer: b Page(s): 118 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The proximodistal principle is the principle that development proceeds from the
center of the body outward.
5.11 The fact that an infant is able to control her arms before she can effectively utilize her fingers
demonstrates the ___________ principle.
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Answer: b Page(s): 118 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: The proximodistal principle is the principle that development proceeds from the
center of the body outward.
5.12 The ___________ principle is the principle that simple skills typically develop separately
and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.
Answer: a Page(s): 118 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The principle of hierarchical integration is the principle that simple skills
typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex
skills.
5.13 The principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later
integrated into more complex skills is known as the ___________ principle.
a. cephalocaudal c. hierarchical integration
Answer: c Page(s): 118 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
skills.
5.14 Initially infants are only able to bat at objects; they then learn to grasp them utilizing their
whole hand. Later, infants are able to pick up small objects with just their index finger and
thumb. This illustrates the ___________ principle.
Answer: c Page(s): 118 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
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skills. In this example, the ability to pick up things using the whole hand comes before the
ability to manipulate things with the fingers alone.
5.15 Luis learned to raise his head off the floor when he was placed on his stomach. He then
learned how to sit unattended and to rock back and forth using his arms and legs before he
finally learned how to crawl. This illustrates the ___________ principle.
skills. In this example, Luis learns first to sit and rock before crawling.
5.16 The principle of ___________ states that different body systems mature at different rates.
Rationale: The principle of the independence of systems states that different body systems
grow at different rates.
5.17 The most basic level of the nervous system is the individual cells, known as
a. neurons. c. somas.
b. dendrites. d. axons.

Rationale: Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system.
LO2: How do the nervous system and brain develop?
5.18 ___________ receive messages from other cells.
a. Dendrites c. Axons
b. Terminal buttons d. Somas
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Rationale: Dendrites, a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron, receive messages from other
cells.
5.19 The ___________ system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend throughout
the body.
a. nervous c. cardiovascular
b. lymph d. blood
Rationale: The nervous system is composed of the brain and the nerves that extend
throughout the body.
5.20 The basic nerve cells of the nervous system are called
a. synapses. c. neurons.
b. dendrites. d. glial.
Rationale: Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system.
5.21 Like all cells in the body, ___________ have a cell body containing a nucleus. But unlike
other cells, they have the ability to communicate with other cells.
a. synapses c. neurons
b. dendrites d. glial
Rationale: Neurons, like other cells in the body, contain a nucleus. However, neurons are
unlike other body cells in that they communicate with other cells.
5.22 At one end of a neuron is a cluster of fibers called ___________; they receive messages
from other cells.
a. synapses c. neurons
b. dendrites d. glial
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Rationale: The dendrites are a cluster of fibers located at one end of the neuron. The
dendrites receive messages from other neurons.
5.23 Neurons have a long extension called an ___________, the part of the neuron that carries
messages destined for other neurons.
a. atom c. axon
b. axiom d. adam
Rationale: The axon is a long tail-like extension that carries the message from the cell body
to other neurons.
5.24 Neurons send messages to other neurons by crossing a small gap known as a
a. neurotransmitter. c. receptor.
b. synapse. d. dendrite.
Rationale: Neurons do not actually touch one another. They communicate with other
neurons through neurotransmitters, which travel across small gaps, known as synapses.
5.25 Neurons communicate by sending chemical messengers, ___________, that travel across
the small gaps known as ___________, between neurons.
a. synapses; neurotransmitters c. neurotransmitters; dendrites
b. neurotransmitters; synapses d. synapses; dendrites
Rationale: Neurons communicate with other neurons through chemical messages, known
as neurotransmitters, which travel across small gaps, known as synapses.
5.26 Messages are transmitted from one neuron to other neurons by means of chemical
messengers called
a. neuromites. c. neurochemicals.
b. neurotransmitters. d. neuroelectricals.
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Rationale: The chemical messengers that carry the message from one neuron to another are
neurotransmitters.
5.27 The result of synaptic pruning is to allow established neurons
a. to make room for more neurons.
b. to provide more space for each established neuron.
c. to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons.
d. to die off so that new neurons can develop.
Rationale: The result of synaptic pruning is to allow established neurons to build more
elaborate communication networks with other neurons.
5.28 The rapid increase in the overall size of the brain during the first two years can be attributed
to
a. neurons. c. myelin.
b. neurotransmitters. d. synapses.
Rationale: The axons of neurons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that, like an
electric wire, provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.
5.29 Although estimates vary, infants are born with between 100 and 200 ___________ neurons.
a. thousand c. billion
b. million d. hundred
Rationale: Although estimates vary, infants are born with between 100 and 200 billion
neurons.
5.30 If a baby’s experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, those connections are
eliminated—a process called
a. synaptic division. c. neuron pruning.
b. synaptic pruning. d. neuron division.
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Answer: b Page(s): 119-120 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Infants form billions of new connections during the first two years of life, more
than are necessary. If a baby’s experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, those
connections will be eliminated through synaptic pruning.
5.31 In addition to growth in dendrites, the axons of neurons become coated with ___________,
a fatty substance that, like the insulation on an electric wire, provides protection and speeds
the transmission of nerve impulses.
a. myelin c. neural plastic
b. dendrite coats d. axon membrane
Rationale: The axons of neurons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that, like an
electric wire, provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.
5.32 The gaps at the connections between neurons through which neurons chemically
communicate with one another are known as
a. synapses. c. neurons.
b. dendrites. d. glial.
Rationale: Neurotransmitters travel from the neuron and pass through a small gap known
as the synapse to reach another neuron.
5.33 By adulthood, a single neuron is likely to have a minimum of ___________ connections to
other neurons, or other body parts.
a. 5 c. 500
b. 50 d. 5,000
Answer: d Page(s): 119 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: In adulthood, a single neuron is likely to have a minimum of 5,000 connections
to other neurons, or other body parts.
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5.34 The specific but limited time, usually early in an organism’s life, during which the organism
is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of
development, is known as the
a. critical period. c. neural period.
b. sensory period. d. sensitive period.
Rationale: As noted in Chapter 1, a sensitive period is a specific, but limited, time during
which an organization is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to
some particular facet of development.
5.35 The upper layer of the brain is known as the
a. cortex. c. medulla.
b. cerebellum. d. cerebral cortex.
Answer: d Page(s): 120 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The upper layer of the brain is known as the cerebral cortex.
5.36 The cerebral cortex is responsible for
a. higher-order thought processes. c. speech recognition.
b. speech production. d. motor control.
Rationale: The cerebral cortex, the upper layer of the brain and the largest structure in the
brain, is responsible for higher-order thought processes.
5.37 The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience is
called
a. plasticity. c. pliable.
b. placenta. d. practical.
Rationale: Plasticity is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable
due to experience.
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5.38 Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior are known as
a. rhymes. c. routes.
b. rhythms. d. cycles.
Rationale: Rhythms are repetitive, cyclical patterns of behaviors.
LO3: How would you describe the processes by which a baby’s bodily systems are
integrated?
5.39 The changes from wakefulness to sleep are known as
a. rhymes. c. routes.
b. rhythms. d. cycles.
Rationale: Changes from wakefulness to sleep are cyclical patterns of behavior or rhythms.
integrated?
5.40 As a newborn, Li Chan went through periods in which her legs would jerk in a regular
pattern every minute or so. This is known as a
a. rhyme. c. route.
b. rhythm. d. cycle.
Answer: b Page(s): 121 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Newborns often jerk their legs in repetitive, cyclical patterns, known as rhythms.
integrated?
5.41 The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation is
known as an infant’s
a. cycle. c. state.
b. rate. d. rhyme.
Answer: c Page(s): 121-122 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: State refers to the degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and
external stimulation.
integrated?
15
5.42 Six-week-old Nigel went through periods of alertness, fussing, and crying. These periods
are referred to as
a. cycles. c. states.
b. rates. d. rhymes.
Answer: c Page(s): 121-122 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
Rationale: In this example, the periods refer to the degree of awareness Nigel displays:
alertness, fussing, and crying.
integrated?
5.43 Maryam often wished she could sleep like a baby until she had a baby. Aftab, her 1-month-
old son, went through various stages of sleep ranging from quiet sleep to periods during
which he was actively moving about and crying in his sleep. These periods are called
a. cycles. c. states.
b. rates. d. rhymes.
Answer: c Page(s): 121-122 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
Rationale: The various periods exhibited by Aftab represent different states, or periods of
varying degrees of awareness.
integrated?
5.44 A device called an __________ measures brain-wave patterns.
a. electromagneticgram c. electrogram
b. encephalogram d. electroencephalogram
Rationale: Some different states that infants experience produce changes in electrical
activity in the brain. These changes are reflected in different patterns of electrical brain
waves, which can be measured by a device called an electroencephalogram (EEG).
integrated?
5.45 On average, newborn infants sleep approximately ___________ hours a day.
a. 8 c. 16
b. 6 d. 24
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Rationale: On average, infants sleep some 16 to 17 hours a day. However, there are wide
variations.
integrated?
5.46 The period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming
is known as
a. rapid eye movement. c. slow eye movement.
b. rapid eye pattern. d. slow eye pattern.
Rationale: Rapid eye movement is a period of active sleep that is associated with dreaming.
integrated?
5.47 Initially, rapid eye movement accounts for about ___________ of an infant’s sleep.
a. one-eighth c. one-quarter
b. one-half d. one-fifth
Rationale: Initially, rapid eye movement accounts for about one-half of an infant’s sleep.
The proportion of REM sleep decreases as we age.
integrated?
5.48 The Kipsigis infants (located in Africa) do not sleep for periods greater than three hours for
the first eight months of life; however, 8-month-old infants in the United States may sleep
for as long as eight hours at a time. This difference is the result of
a. culture. c. personality.
b. genes. d. brain development.
Answer: a Page(s): 123 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Cultural practices affect infants’ sleep patterns. Because they are often out and
on the go, Kipsigis infants do not sleep through the night until much later than babies in
Western societies.
integrated?
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5.49 Babies who are allowed to sleep with their mothers and are able to nurse at will
a. sleep through the night. c. remain awake during the night.
b. wake up frequently. d. sleep for long stretches, day and night.
Answer: b Page(s): 123 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Babies who sleep with their mothers and are able to nurse at will sleep for short
periods and will wake up frequently. Babies who sleep in their own beds tend to sleep for
longer stretches.
integrated?
5.50 As we age, the total amount of time we sleep ___________, and the proportion of REM
sleep ___________.
a. increases; increases c. increases; decreases
b. decreases; decreases d. decreases; increases
Answer: d Page(s): 123 Type: Factual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: As we age, the proportion of REM sleep decreases as the proportion of non-
REM sleep increases. In addition, the total amount of sleep falls as we get older.
integrated?
5.51 A stage of sleep associated with dreaming, this stage of active sleep includes a movement
of the closed eyes back and forth and is known as
a. activity sleep. c. REM sleep.
b. non-REM sleep. d. Stage 4 sleep.
Rationale: REM, or rapid-eye-movement sleep, is an active sleep that involves a movement
of the closed eyes in a back-and-forth motion. This sleep is associated with dreaming.
integrated?
5.52 ___________ is a disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep.
a. Sudden infant death syndrome c. Sudden instant death syndrome
b. Systematic infant death syndrome d. Systematic instant death syndrome
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Rationale: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a disorder in which seemingly healthy
infants die in their sleep.
LO4: What is SIDS, and how can it be prevented?
5.53 The American Academy of Pediatrics has helped to reduce the incidence of sudden infant
death syndrome by requesting that parents place their infants on their ___________ when
they sleep.
a. stomachs c. backs
b. sides d. all of these answers
Rationale: Although no reliable means for preventing SIDS has been found, the American
Academy of Pediatrics now suggests that babies sleep on their backs rather than on their
sides or stomachs.
5.54 Unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of
certain stimuli are known as
a. reflexes. c. repeats.
b. states. d. reorganizations.
Chapter Section: Motor Development
Rationale: Reflexes are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur
automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
LO5: What are reflexes, and how do they contribute to motor development?
5.55 When Sarah’s daddy pressed 3-day-old Sarah’s palm with his finger, she responded by
tightly winding her small fist around his finger and grasping it. When he moved his finger
higher, she held on tighter. Sarah is using her
a. instinct. c. imprinting.
b. critical period. d. reflex.
Answer: d Page(s): 125 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Reflexes are unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur
5.56 Newborn Petra had a tendency to turn her head toward things that touched her cheek. This
is an example of the ___________ reflex.
a. rooting c. swimming
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b. stepping d. sucking
Answer: a Page(s): 125 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The rooting reflex is the neonate’s tendency to turn his or her head toward things
that touch the cheek.
5.57 Twelve-year-old Laura loves to hold her 1-month-old cousin, Mary, in an upright position
with her feet touching the floor, so that Mary can walk. This is an example of the
___________ reflex.
Answer: b Page(s): 125 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The stepping reflex is movement of legs when held upright with feet touching
the floor.
5.58 Six-month-old Natalia crawled to the edge of a pool and fell in. Her mother found her lying
face down in the water, paddling and kicking. Her mother immediately pulled Natalia out
of the pool. This is an example of the ___________ reflex.
Answer: c Page(s): 125 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The swimming reflex is the infant’s tendency to paddle and kick in a sort of
swimming motion when lying face down in a body of water.
5.59 Four-month-old George would thrust out his arms and attempt to grasp onto his mother
whenever he felt like he was falling. This is an example of the ___________ reflex.
b. stepping d. Moro
Answer: d Page(s): 125-126 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The Moro reflex is activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly
removed. The arms of the infant are thrust outward and then appear to grasp onto something.
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5.60 Which of the following reflexes disappears around 8-12 months?
a. Babinski. c. sucking.
b. eye blinking. d. gagging.
Answer: a Page(s): 125 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: The eye blinking, sucking, and gagging reflexes remain throughout the lifetime.
The Babinski reflex disappears around 8 to 12 months.
5.61 An example of a gross motor skill is
a. crawling. c. drawing.
b. grasping. d. pinching.
Answer: a Page(s): 126-127 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Gross motor skills are large motor skills. Of the four choices presented here,
only crawling would be considered a gross motor skill.
LO6: How would you discuss the development and coordination of infants’ motor skills?
5.62 An example of a fine motor skill is
a. crawling. c. running.
b. drawing. d. walking.
Answer: b Page(s): 127 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Fine motor skills are smaller, detailed motor skills. Of the four choices presented
here, only drawing would be considered a fine motor skill.
5.63 Eleven-month-old Esteban loves to pick up Cheerios, peas, and beans with just his thumb
and index finger. This method of picking up objects is known as the ___________ grasp.
a. pincher c. pincer
b. ulnar d. scissor
Rationale: The pincer grasp is the use of the thumb and index finger to form a circle. It
allows for considerably more precise motor control.
5.64 The term for the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age is the
a. normal. c. average.
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b. bell curve. d. norm.
Answer: d Page(s): 128 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
Rationale: Norms represent the average performance of a large sample of children of a
given age.
LO7: How are developmental norms used and interpreted?
5.65 Dynamic systems theory proposes that crawling is a result of
a. appropriate muscle development.
b. activation of a cognitive program.
c. coordination among muscles, perception, cognition, and motivation.
d. delayed fine motor development.
Answer: c Page(s): 128 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Dynamic Systems Theory indicates that motor development, such as beginning
to crawl, is not just dependent on the brain initiating a "crawling program." Instead, crawling
requires the coordination of muscles, perception, cognition, and motivation.
5.66 Ache infants tend to walk later than Jamaican and Kipsigis infants. This is due in part to
a. genes. c. parental expectations.
b. delayed gross motor development. d. delayed fine motor development.
Answer: c Page(s): 129-130 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: The Ache infants do tend to show delayed motor development, relative to
Kipsigis infants and to children raised in Western societies. However, in the long run the
developmental differences disappear. Instead, it appears that the expectations of the parents
play a role in the timing of motor skills. Parental expectations of appropriate timing
influence the development of specific skills.
5.67 The condition of having an improper amount or balance of nutrients is called
a. malnutrition. c. undernutrition.
b. marasmus. d. kwashiorkor.
Answer: a Page(s): 131-132 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: Malnutrition refers to the condition of having an improper amount and balance
of nutrients.
22
LO8: How would you explain the relationship between nutrition and physical development?
5.68 A disease characterized by the cessation of growth is called
a. marmar. c. masmas.
b. marasmus. d. morna.
Rationale: Marasmus is a disease characterized by the cessation of growth. It is attributable
to a severe deficiency in proteins and calories, causes the body to waste away, and ultimately
results in death.
5.69 Nakisha is a baby from the United States who is not able to be breastfed by her mother, lives
below the poverty level, and is now deficient in protein and calories. She has stopped
growing and is exhibiting features of the disease ___________, which, if not treated, will
ultimately lead to early death.
a. nonorganic failure to thrive c. psychosocial dwarfism
b. kwashiorkor d. marasmus
Answer: d Page(s): 133 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Marasmus is a disease characterized by the cessation of growth. It is attributable
to a severe deficiency in proteins and calories, causes the body to waste away, and ultimately
results in death.
5.70 How early does the American Academy of Pediatrics indicate that babies can begin to start
eating some solid foods?
a. 12 months c. 3 months
b. 6 months d. 9 months
Answer: b Page(s): 131 Type: Factual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: AAP suggests that babies can start solids at around 6 months, though they are
not needed until 9-12 months of age.
5.71 What type of solid food should be introduced into a baby’s diet first?
a. cereal c. meats
b. strained fruit d. peanut butter
23
Answer: a Page(s): 131 Type: Factual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: The AAP and AAFP suggest that babies can start with cereals and introduce
foods one at a time to determine any allergies and preferences.
5.72 Once solid foods are introduced, bottle and breastfeeding should
a. stop immediately.
b. continue until 2 to 3 years of age.
c. gradually be decreased and stop by 9 months.
d. continue at least for the first 12 months.
Answer: d Page(s): 131 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
Rationale: The AAP recommends that infants be fed breast milk for the first 12 months.
5.73 ___________ is the physical stimulation of the sense organs, and ___________ is the mental
process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense organs
and brain.
a. Perception; sensation c. Questioning; perception
b. Sensation; perception d. Sensation; questioning
Chapter Section: The Development of the Senses
Rationale: Sensation is the physical stimulation of the sense organs. Perception is the
mental process of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing, and integrating stimuli from the sense
organs and brain.
LO9: What visual perception skills do infants have?
5.74 At about 14 weeks, children are able to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth
and motion. This visual ability is known as
a. monocular vision. c. binocular vision.
b. visual acuity. d. distance vision.
Rationale: Binocular vision is the ability to combine images coming to each eye to see
depth and motion. This visual ability appears at about 14 weeks.
5.75 To test the presence of depth perception of infants, experimenters use a ___________.
a. cleft palate c. cliff hanger
24
b. visual cliff d. visual cleft
Rationale: The visual cliff experiment examines the depth perception of infants.
5.76 This equipment, used to measure depth perception in infants, consists of a piece of heavy
glass. A checkered pattern appears under one half of the glass sheet, making it seem that the
infant was on a stable floor. On the other half of the glass, the pattern dropped down several
feet. This equipment is known as a
a. cleft palate. c. cliff hanger.
b. visual cliff. d. visual cleft.
Rationale: The visual cliff is used to measure depth perception in infants. The cliff is
formed by a pattern that drops several feet under a heavy piece of glass making it appear as
if there is a visual cliff.
5.77 Infants can begin to hear ___________.
a. prenatally c. about one hour after birth
b. at birth d. about one day after birth
Rationale: Babies can actually hear prenatally.
LO10: What auditory perception skills do infants have?
5.78 Sound localization, pinpointing the source of a sound, is slightly poorer in infants due to
a. their lack of hearing experience. c. waxy buildup in their ears.
b. low frequency sounds. d. their smaller heads.
Answer: d Page(s): 136-137 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
Rationale: Compared to adults, infants have a slight handicap in terms of sound
localization. This hearing ability is dependent on the slight difference in the times the sound
reaches our two ears. Because infants’ heads are smaller than those of adults, the difference
in the timing of the arrival of the sound is less than it is in adults.
5.79 Infants express which of the following reactions?
25
a. disgust, when they taste something bitter
b. pleasure, when they smell rotten eggs
c. surprise, when they see their friends
d. crinkle their noses, when they smell butter
Answer: a Page(s): 138 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
Rationale: While infants show signs of disgust, pleasure, and sadness, they neither register
surprise, nor do they have recognition of others, with the possible exception of caregivers.
LO11: How would you describe infants’ abilities to smell, taste, and feel?
5.80 Although historically infants were thought not to feel pain, today it is widely acknowledged
that infants show signs of distress when in pain and express this by
a. changing the intensity of their crying.
b. slowed respiration.
c. facial expression of pleasure.
d. rooting reflexes.
Answer: a Page(s): 138 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
Rationale: Although historically infants were thought not to feel pain, today it is widely
acknowledged that infants show signs of distress when in pain and express this by increased
heartbeat, sweat, facial expressions of discomfort, and changing the intensity and tone of
crying.
True/False Questions
5.81 The proximodistal principle states that simple skills develop separately and independently,
and then are integrated into more complex skills.
Answer: False Page(s): 118 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
5.82 At 6 months, Elena is able to sit up and has strong upper body strength, but she cannot yet
walk. This illustrates the cephalocaudal principle.
Answer: True Page(s): 117-118 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
26
5.83 During the first months of life, Erik would bat at his toys. Now he has the ability to reach
and grasps his toys by manipulating his fingers. This illustrates the principle of hierarchical
integration.
Answer: True Page(s): 118 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
5.84 The concept that different body systems grow at different rates is known as the principle of
the independence of systems.
Answer: True Page(s): 118 Type: Factual Diff: Easy
5.85 Neurons are the basic cells of the nervous system.
5.86 Infants raised in severely restricted settings are likely to show differences in brain structure
and weight than those raised in enriched environments. This concept illustrates the brain’s
plasticity.
5.87 The cerebral cortex is the lower layer of the brain.
Answer: False Page(s): 120 Type: Factual Diff: Difficult
5.88 Plasticity refers to the degree to which a developing structure is modifiable due to
experience.
Answer: True Page(s): 120 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
5.89 The notion that unless an infant receives a certain level of stimulation, they may suffer
damage or fail to develop capabilities supports the notion of sensitive periods.
27
5.90 Lisa is a newborn who generally sleeps about 16-17 hours per day. Therefore, Lisa’s sleep
schedule is considered average.
Answer: True Page(s): 122 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
integrated?
5.91 An infant’s state is the period of sleep that is associated with dreaming.
Answer: False Page(s): 121-122 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
integrated?
5.92 One strategy for preventing SIDS is to put babies to sleep on their backs according to the
American Academy of Pediatrics.
5.93 Two-day-old Emily grasped on to her mother’s finger when it was placed in her hand. This
is an example of a learned behavior.
Answer: False Page(s): 125 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
5.94 Two-month-old Miranda moves her feet as if to walk when her legs touch the floor as she
is held upright. This illustrates the startle reflex.
Answer: False Page(s): 125 Type: Applied Diff: Difficult
5.95 The dynamic systems theory describes how motor skills develop and are coordinated.
Short Answer Questions
28
5.96 Identify and describe the four major principles of growth.
Page(s): 117-118 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
Answer: A good answer would include the following key points:
 The cephalocaudal principle states growth follows a pattern that begins with the upper
body parts and proceeds to the rest of the body.
 The proximodistal principle states that development proceeds from the center of the
body outward.
 The principle of hierarchical integration states that simple skills develop separately and
independently. Later they are integrated into more complex skills.
 The principle of the independence of systems suggests that different body systems grow
at different rates.
5.97 What type of research has influenced the notion of the brain’s plasticity?
Page(s): 120-121 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
 Work with nonhumans has helped reveal the nature of the brain’s plasticity.
 Studies have compared rats raised in an unusually visually stimulating environment to
those raised in more typical and less interesting cages.
 Results show that areas of the brain associated with vision are both thicker and heavier
for the rats reared in the enriched environment.
 Thus, indicating the environmental influences on brain development, and the notion that
a developing structure is modifiable due to experience.
5.98 What issues does the notion of sensitive periods raise in relation to development?
 It suggests that unless an infant receives a certain level of early environmental
stimulation during a sensitive period, the infant may suffer damage or fail to develop
potential capabilities.
 It reinforces the notion of the importance of an early, enriched environment.
 Cuddling, talking, playing and singing all help to enrich a child’s environment. This
helps ensure optimal development.
29
5.99 Provide an overview of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) and note the current
recommendations to minimize the risk of SIDS.
 SIDS is a disorder in which a seemingly healthy infant dies in his/her sleep. The disorder
is unexplained and occurs in 1 in 1,000 infants.
 Currently the AAP recommends putting infants to sleep on their backs and to consider
using a pacifier during naps and bedtime.
 Although the number of cases of SIDS has decreased since these guidelines were
developed, SIDS is still the leading cause of death in children under the age of one year.
5.100 Define reflexes and provide an evolutionary explanation of reflexes and their gradual
disappearance.
 Reflexes are defined as unlearned, involuntary, organized responses that occur
 Evolutionary explanations of development attribute the gradual disappearance of
reflexes to the increase in voluntary control over behavior.
 Reflexes may form the foundation of future behavior.
 It may be that reflexes stimulate parts of the brain responsible for more complex
behaviors.
5.101 Identify and describe three reflexes that are present at birth.
 Rooting reflex: a neonate’s tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek.
 Sucking reflex: infant’s tendency to suck at things that touch its lips.
 Gag reflex: an infant’s reflex to clear its throat.
5.102 What evidence can you list for the benefits of breast-feeding during the infancy period?
30
Page(s): 130-131 Type: Applied Diff: Moderate
 Breastfeeding is recommended for the first 12 months of life.
 Breast milk contains all the nutrients necessary for growth and it seems to offer some
degree of immunity to a variety of childhood diseases.
 Breast milk is more easily digested than cow’s milk. It is sterile, warm, and convenient
for the mother to dispense.
 Breastfeeding offers emotional advantages to mother and child.
 Breastfeeding may reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancer.
5.103 Provide a brief overview of sensory development during the infancy period.
 Infants’ visual and auditory perceptions are rather well developed, but not as developed
as the senses of smell and taste.
 Infants use their highly developed sense of touch to explore and learn about their world.
 Several of the basic reflexes require touch and infants do have the capacity to experience
pain.
5.104 Describe the multimodal approach to perception.
Page(s): 139 Type: Conceptual Diff: Difficult
 This approach considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory
systems is integrated and coordinated.
 It appears infants are able to relate what they have learned about an object from one
sensory system to another.
 Infants’ abilities at multimodal perception indicate their increasingly sophisticated
perceptual abilities.
LO12: How would you explain multimodal perception?
Essay Questions
31
5.105 Compare and contrast the cephalocaudal principle and the proximodistal principle. Provide
examples of each.
 The cephalocaudal principle states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the
head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.
 The proximodistal principle is the principle that development proceeds from the center
of the body outward.
 Appropriate examples would be expected.
5.106 Explain and provide an example of the principle of hierarchical integration.
 The principle of hierarchical integration is the principle that simple skills typically
develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.
 Examples would incorporate these points.
5.107 Explain and provide an example of the principle of the independence of systems.
 The principle of the independence of systems is the principle that different body systems
grow at different rates.
 Examples would incorporate these points of the definition.
5.108 Define and provide an example of brain plasticity.
 Plasticity is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to
experience.
 Brain plasticity can be demonstrated in either human or non-human subjects. The
textbook gives several examples of research done with kittens.
32
5.109 Compare and contrast Apgar scores and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale
(NBAS).
 Apgar score is an evaluation of a newborn’s general health.
 Apgar score is based on five dimensions with a score of zero to two for each dimension.
 Apgar is done immediately after birth.
 Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS) is an evaluation of an infant’s
normative standing.
 NBAS is designed to determine neurological and behavioral responses to the
environment.
 NBAS includes 27 separate categories of responses in four general areas.
 NBAS serves as a supplement to the Apgar.
5.110 What are the major gross and fine motor milestones during the first two years of life, and
approximately when does each milestone occur?
Page(s): 127 Type: Factual Diff: Moderate
 3 months—rolling over, grasping rattle
 6 months—sitting without support
 7 months—standing while holding on to furniture for support
 8 months—grasping with thumb and finger
 11 months—standing independently, without support
 12 months—walking
 15 months—building a tower with two blocks
 16 months—placing a peg in a board
 17 months—walking up steps
 24 months—jumping in place
 33 months—able to copy (draw) a circle
5.111 How does training and cultural expectations affect the timing of the development of motor
skills?
33
 Certain cultural restrictions may delay (in the short term) the acquisition of specific
motor skills.
 Children in cultures that encourage certain skills may actually acquire the specific skill
at an earlier age.
 Parental expectations of appropriate ages for specific skills influences timing of motor
development.
5.112 Explain the interaction between sensation and perception.
Page(s): 134 Type: Conceptual Diff: Moderate
 Sensation addresses the raw sensory information.
 Perception deals with the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of sensory
stimuli.
Virtual Child Questions
5.113 Think about the rapid pace of physical growth during the infancy period as discussed in
your text. Have you noticed examples of the major principles that govern growth when you
observe your virtual child? Provide examples in regard to gross and fine motor
development.
5.114 As discussed in your text, the period of infancy is noted for a rapid amount of physical
growth. How does the arrangement of the environment help facilitate motor development
of your virtual child? Alternatively, how might the environment hinder motor development?
What are some strategies you might use to foster both motor and sensory development?
5.115 Think about the sleeping patterns of your virtual child. How would you describe the various
behavioral states that your child displays? For example, perhaps you have noticed periods
of alertness followed by crying or fussy periods. Write a description of your virtual child’s
rhythms and states for a week. Then try to determine if there is a pattern to these behaviors,
and if the environment has any effect on your child’s behavioral states.
5.116 Note your choice of feeding your virtual child. After reading your text, pages 129-130, you
should have a good understanding of the benefits of breastfeeding. What are some of the
benefits of breastfeeding and do you think that breastfeeding is best for your child?
Additionally, think about the time when you will introduce solids into your child’s diet.
34
How should solids be introduced to allow for awareness of your child’s preferences and
possible allergies?
5.117 Read over the description of sensory development in Chapter 5. What have you noticed
about your infant’s preferences in regard to taste, vision, and auditory development?
Describe these preferences. Additionally, how might you engage your infant in regard to
physical and sensory stimulation? What types of toys do you think would stimulate both
sensory development and physical development? Provide a description.
35

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Solution Manual for Child Development 7th Edition by

Feldman ISBN 0133852032 9780133852035

LO4: What is SIDS, Multiple Choice 52-53

LO6: How would Multiple Choice 61-62, 65 63

LO7: How are Multiple Choice 66 64

LO8: How would Multiple Choice 67-68, 70-71 72 69

Quick Quiz Answers

Physical Development in Infancy

5.1 At birth, the average baby weighs approximately ___________ pounds.

Answer: a Page(s): 118 Type: Factual Diff: Easy

Short Answer Questions

Virtual Child Questions

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