UNIT-4 CLOUD SERVICE MODELS AND PROVIDERS

Characteristics of IaaS,PaaS,SaaS:-
IaaS has helped improving the infrastructure allocation and utilization. The key characteristics of
IaaS (Infrastructure as a service) are:
IaaS is generally accepted to comply with the following main characteristics:
1. Resources are provided as a service
2. Allows for dynamic scaling and elasticity
3. Has a variable cost, usage based pricing model (pay per go and pay per use)
4. Has multi-tenet architecture, includes multiple users on a single piece of hardware
5. IaaS typically has enterprise grade infrastructure

IaaS Classifications: Private, Public and Hybrid Cloud (Cloud classification is based on the basis
of the resting infrastructure)

1. Private Cloud – IaaS on a private network dedicated for a company or a group of

companies deployed inside the firewall of them. Analogy of a private cloud is a
‘Company cab’. Private Cloud is considered as a most secured IaaS offering.
2. Public Cloud – IaaS service deployed over the internet; for firms to pay and use the
service. Analogy of a public cloud is the utility services such as electricity, gas and water.
3. Hybrid Cloud – a combination of both – private cloud and public cloud in an
organization.

PAAS:-
One of the major benefits of platform as a service (PaaS) is its ability to improve a developer’s
productivity. PaaS provides direct support for business agility by enabling rapid development
with faster and more frequent delivery of functionality. It does this through continuous
integration techniques and automatic application deployment. PaaS also enables developers to
realize the cloud’s broader benefits.
This includes:
 Scalability, including rapid allocation and deallocation of resources with a pay-as-you-use model
(noting that the use of individual resources can vary greatly over the life cycle of an application)
 Reduced capital expenditure
 Reduced lead times with on-demand availability of resources
 Self-service with reduced administration costs
 Reduced skill requirements
 Support of team collaboration
 Ability to add new users quickly
SAAS:-

The key characteristics of SaaS software are the following:

 Network-based management and access to commercially available software from central

locations rather than at each customer’s site, enabling customers to access applications
remotely via the Internet.
 Application delivery from a one-to-many model (single-instance, multitenant
architecture), as opposed to a traditional one-to-one model.
 Centralized enhancement and patch updating that obviates any need for downloading and
installing by a user. SaaS is often used in conjunction with a larger network of
communications and collaboration software,  sometimes as a plug-in to a PaaS
architecture.

Pros and cons of cloud computing:-

Pros of cloud computing

There are a lot of reasons why cloud computing has become so popular throughout the world. It is not
only cost-effective, but it also has a lot of other benefits. The advantages of cloud computing are
considerably more intricate and important than you would believe, so let’s take a look at what they have
to offer.

Cost-efficient
In-house data storage is expensive for businesses. There’s the upfront cost of each new server and the cost
of setting it up. You must either hire your IT staff to install the equipment or pay a third party. Then you
must make sure that the hardware is properly maintained and backed up regularly.

Unlimited storage capacity

You may purchase as much storage as you require, regardless of the cloud, and it’s far less expensive than
purchasing new storage hardware and software regularly. Simply be aware of the provider’s restrictions
regarding file additions and removals.

Backup and recovery

All of your data is stored in the cloud, so backing it up and restoring it is considerably simpler than
maintaining it on a tangible device. Furthermore, most cloud service providers are generally capable of
managing data recovery. As a result, this makes backup and recovery much easier than traditional data
storage methods.
Forget about administrative or management hassles
When it comes to purchasing or upgrading hardware, a lot of time is lost looking for the finest suppliers,
receiving quotations, haggling rates, obtaining permits, and waiting for delivery. Then there’s installing
the infrastructure.

Endless scalability
One of the key advantages of IaaS is that it assures you against downtime from a Cloud outage. If your
business is on the cloud, you can ensure that your website or web application activity won’t be disrupted
by a promotional campaign or an unusual surge in visits. You may use all of the RAM, CPU, and other
physical resources you require at any given moment without worrying about overpaying for them.

Hardware and software investments optimization

Since most business software now uses the SaaS model, saving money on project expenses might be easy
in the cloud. They provide Enterprise plans for group usage, so you won’t have to pay individually for
each person on your team.

Security
When it comes to adopting a cloud-computing solution, many organizations have security issues. After
all, how can you be sure that your files, applications, and other data are secure if they aren’t kept onsite
securely? What’s to stop a cybercriminal from doing the same thing if you can access your data remotely?
There is quite a lot.

Environmentally friendly
Since a firm does not need to purchase actual servers, it may save money on energy and reduce its carbon
footprint. The cloud might be the ideal answer for businesses looking to become more environmentally
friendly.

Speed
When the appropriate enterprise technologies back cloud computing, tests have shown that speeds
obtained can rival onsite results. For example, an organization may backup data much faster than disk
consolidation if it has many servers backing up data simultaneously.

The flexibility of work practices

You can work from pretty much anywhere if you have a decent internet connection, and the country
you’re in doesn’t prohibit access to any of the material you require.
Increase automation
Regular backups are a must to keep your data safe. Creating backups and scheduling them around regular
operations is time-consuming for the IT department. Cloud computing services take much of the struggle
out of this process by automating these everyday backups so that your staff may return to doing what
matters most: growing your business.

Save on space
Servers, as well as all of their related equipment, take up a lot of room. Moving an in-house system may
require careful preparation because additional space might be required. Larger companies may have some
breathing room to expand into, but small businesses are often vying for every square inch they have.

Data control
Another major advantage of the cloud is that it collects all of a company’s data from several projects and
branch offices to a single location. You have complete control over the data without going to various
locations to verify it.

Reliability
Infrastructural changes in the cloud improve application and service availability. Cloud services run on
shared, redundant infrastructure, ensuring a greater number of IT services

Disadvantages of cloud computing

Despite its advantages, as previously said, cloud computing has cons. Before adopting this technology,
firms, especially smaller ones, must be aware of these drawbacks.

The costs
Isn’t that an advantage? As you will see in the other articles below, some advantages can also be
disadvantages.

While the cloud may help you save money in certain areas, it’s vital to ensure that making the shift to the
cloud is worthwhile. It’s critical to develop a solid strategy and examine all elements of the company. The
goal is to analyze your systems and categorize them into two groups: those that should be moved to the
cloud and those that should remain on-premises. After this has been decided, you can create a budget for
the project.

Technical issues
Even though information and data may be obtained from the cloud at any time and from anywhere, this
technology is sometimes prone to malfunctions. You should be aware that this technology is always
vulnerable to outages and other technical problems. Even the greatest cloud services companies run into
issues due. Furthermore, you will need a strong Internet connection to access the server. In any case, if
your network or connectivity goes down, you will be stranded.

Dependent upon an internet connection at all times

Most connectivity service providers maintain a 99.99 percent availability rate. There’s always the chance
of a natural disaster, billing difficulties, broken lines caused by local construction or similar activities, and
larger regional outages cutting you off and halting you in whatever online business you’re executing.
While data center hackers are rare, this type of broader picture issue may also happen

Lack of Control
Some Cloud vendors provide entirely inflexible contracts, even though you don’t need the features and
still pay for them. They also restrict access to all system components, giving you less control over your
migration. This can make moving to another provider difficult and lengthy.

Security
The disadvantage of this solution is that it gives you centralized data storage but comes with the risk of a
data leak if you don’t oversee the infrastructure and cannot influence security standards within the
system.

Denial of service attacks

A DoS (denial-of-service) assault is an attack designed to shut down a computer or network, making it
unusable to its intended users. DoS attacks work by bombarding the victim with traffic or providing it
information that causes a catastrophe. Users of cloud services have little to no control over DoS attacks;
they further underscore the need for personal data backups.

Bandwidth limitations
There may be a bandwidth limit for certain services. If your company uses more bandwidth than is
allowed, charges may be expensive. Some providers give unrestricted bandwidth, so keep this in mind
when picking the best provider.

Compliance
It’s possible that working within the public cloud is not feasible for your industry due to the degree of
regulation. This is especially true in healthcare, financial services, and publicly traded businesses, which
have to be even more cautious when considering this option.
 Cloud Service Models:-
Cloud Computing can be defined as the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the
Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
Companies offering such kinds of cloud computing services are called cloud providers and typically
charge for cloud computing services based on usage. Grids and clusters are the foundations for cloud
computing.
Types of Cloud Computing
Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories: 
1. Software as a service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
4. Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)
5. Function as a Service (FaaS)
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack because they are built on top of one another.
Knowing what they are and how they are different, makes it easier to accomplish your goals. These
abstraction layers can also be viewed as a layered architecture where services of a higher layer can be
composed of services of the underlying layer i.e, SaaS can provide Infrastructure. 

Software as a Service(SaaS)

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and applications over the Internet. Instead
of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it via the Internet, freeing ourselves from the
complex software and hardware management. It removes the need to install and run applications on our
own computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of hardware as well as software
maintenance. 
SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud
service provider. Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser without any
downloads or installations required. The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based software,
on-demand software, or hosted software.
Advantages of SaaS 
1. Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
2. Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser without needing to
download and install any software. This reduces the time spent in installation and configuration and
can reduce the issues that can get in the way of the software deployment.
3. Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
4. Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a SaaS provider to
automatically perform the updates.
5. Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.
The various companies providing Software as a service are Cloud9 Analytics, Salesforce.com, Cloud
Switch, Microsoft Office 365, Big Commerce, Eloqua, dropBox, and Cloud Tran. 
Disadvantages of Saas :
1. Limited customization: SaaS solutions are typically not as customizable as on-premises software,
meaning that users may have to work within the constraints of the SaaS provider’s platform and
may not be able to tailor the software to their specific needs.
2. Dependence on internet connectivity: SaaS solutions are typically cloud-based, which means that
they require a stable internet connection to function properly. This can be problematic for users in
areas with poor connectivity or for those who need to access the software in offline environments.
3. Security concerns: SaaS providers are responsible for maintaining the security of the data stored on
their servers, but there is still a risk of data breaches or other security incidents.
4. Limited control over data: SaaS providers may have access to a user’s data, which can be a concern
for organizations that need to maintain strict control over their data for regulatory or other reasons.

Platform as a Service

PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and environment to allow developers to
build applications and services over the internet. PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by
users simply via their web browser. 
A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure. As a result, PaaS frees users
from having to install in-house hardware and software to develop or run a new application. Thus, the
development and deployment of the application take place independent of the hardware. 
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network,
servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly
configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. To make it simple, take the example of
an annual day function, you will have two options either to create a venue or to rent a venue but the
function is the same.
Advantages of PaaS: 
1. Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and other IT services, which
users can access anywhere via a web browser.
2. Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus eliminating the expenses
one may have for on-premises hardware and software.
3. Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete web application lifecycle:
building, testing, deploying, managing, and updating.
4. Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity thus, the overall
development of the application can be more effective.
The various companies providing Platform as a service are Amazon Web services Elastic Beanstalk,
Salesforce, Windows Azure, Google App Engine, cloud Bees and IBM smart cloud. 
Disadvantages of Paas:
1. Limited control over infrastructure: PaaS providers typically manage the underlying infrastructure
and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over
the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the PaaS provider for the availability,
scalability, and reliability of the platform, which can be a risk if the provider experiences outages or
other issues.
3. Limited flexibility: PaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of workloads or
applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.

Infrastructure as a Service

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers computer infrastructure on an

outsourced basis to support various operations. Typically IaaS is a service where infrastructure is
provided as outsourcing to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices, database, and web
servers. 
It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by
the hour, week, or month. Some providers also charge customers based on the amount of virtual
machine space they use. 
It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security, networking, and servers for developing
such applications, and services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc. 
 Advantages of IaaS: 
1. Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and IaaS customers pay on a
per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.
2. Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than traditional web hosting.
3. Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your existing software.
4. Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the introduction of new
releases of the development or underlying software. This is all handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.
The various companies providing Infrastructure as a service are Amazon web services, Bluestack,
IBM, Openstack, Rackspace, and Vmware. 
Disadvantages of laaS :
1. Limited control over infrastructure: IaaS providers typically manage the underlying infrastructure
and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over
the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
2. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications, which can be
a significant undertaking.
3. Limited access: Cloud computing may not be accessible in certain regions and countries due to legal
policies.

Anything as a Service

It is also known as Everything as a Service. Most of the cloud service providers nowadays offer
anything as a service that is a compilation of all of the above services including some additional
services. 
Advantages of XaaS:  
1. Scalability: XaaS solutions can be easily scaled up or down to meet the changing needs of an
organization.
2. Flexibility: XaaS solutions can be used to provide a wide range of services, such as storage,
databases, networking, and software, which can be customized to meet the specific needs of an
organization.
3. Cost-effectiveness: XaaS solutions can be more cost-effective than traditional on-premises
solutions, as organizations only pay for the services.
Disadvantages of XaaS:
1. Dependence on the provider: Users are dependent on the XaaS provider for the availability,
scalability, and reliability of the service, which can be a risk if the provider experiences outages or
other issues.
2. Limited flexibility: XaaS solutions may not be able to accommodate certain types of workloads or
applications, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.
3. Limited integration: XaaS solutions may not be able to integrate with existing systems and data
sources, which can limit the value of the solution for certain organizations.
Function as a Service :
FaaS is a type of cloud computing service. It provides a platform for its users or customers to develop,
compute, run and deploy the code or entire application as functions. It allows the user to entirely
develop the code and update it at any time without worrying about the maintenance of the underlying
infrastructure. The developed code can be executed with response to the specific event. It is also as
same as PaaS.
FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented in the serverless container. When the
application is developed completely, the user will now trigger the event to execute the code. Now, the
triggered event makes response and activates the servers to execute it. The servers are nothing but the
Linux servers or any other servers which is managed by the vendor completely. Customer does not
have clue about any servers which is why they do not need to maintain the server hence it is serverless
architecture.
Both PaaS and FaaS are providing the same functionality but there is still some differentiation in terms
of Scalability and Cost. 
FaaS, provides auto-scaling up and scaling down depending upon the demand. PaaS also provides
scalability but here users have to configure the scaling parameter depending upon the demand.
In FaaS, users only have to pay for the number of execution time happened. In PaaS, users have to pay
for the amount based on pay-as-you-go price regardless of how much or less they use.
Advantages of FaaS :
 Highly Scalable: Auto scaling is done by the provider depending upon the demand.
 Cost-Effective: Pay only for the number of events executed.
 Code Simplification: FaaS allows the users to upload the entire application all at once. It allows you
to write code for independent functions or similar to those functions.
 Maintenance of code is enough and no need to worry about the servers.
 Functions can be written in any programming language.
 Less control over the system.
The various companies providing Function as a Service are Amazon Web Services – Firecracker,
Google – Kubernetes, Oracle – Fn, Apache OpenWhisk – IBM, OpenFaaS, 
Disadvantages of FaaS :
1. Cold start latency: Since FaaS functions are event-triggered, the first request to a new function may
experience increased latency as the function container is created and initialized.
2. Limited control over infrastructure: FaaS providers typically manage the underlying infrastructure
and take care of maintenance and updates, but this can also mean that users have less control over
the environment and may not be able to make certain customizations.
3. Security concerns: Users are responsible for securing their own data and applications, which can be
a significant undertaking.
4. Limited scalability: FaaS functions may not be able to handle high traffic or large number of
requests.

Cloud Service providers:-

Cloud Service providers are vendors which provide Information Technology (IT) as a service
over the Internet. Cloud computing is a term which is used for storing and accessing data
over the internet. It doesn’t store any data on the hard disk of your PC. Cloud companies
helps you to access your data from a remote server.

Cloud computing companies services range from full application development platforms to
servers, storage, and virtual desktops. Here is a handpicked cloud service providers list. This
cloud provider list contains various types of cloud computing services that are available in
the market.

1. Kamatera:-

A cloud server tool developed by Kamatera is very much similar to a physical server. It operated in a
virtual infrastructure cloud, making it highly flexible and cost-effective. This cloud server pricing is based
on pay as you use model a standard in the industry.
Features:

 13 Data Centers across four continents for ultimate performance and availability
 Customized and Tailored Made VPS Hosting to fit your needs
 Scalability: Allows you to quickly add load balancers, firewalls, private networks and
apps such as: pfSense, Docker, CPanel, Drupal, Jenkins, WordPress, Magento, node.JS
and many more.
 All SSDs with UNLIMITED TRAFFIC. 99.95% Up-Time Guaranteed
 Scale across hundreds of servers in seconds
 Billing options – Per Month or Per Day
 24/7/365 Tech Human Support
 30 Day Free Trial to test the services

2) DigitalOcean
Digitalocean’s droplet is a scalable computer service. It is more than just virtual machines. This
cloud platform offers add-on storage, security, and monitoring capabilities to run production
applications easily.

Features:

 DigitalOcean is offering a 60-day free trial with a $200 credit.

 15 data centers across 8 regions for optimal performance and reliability
 Minimal downtime for peace of mind that your application or website is available.
99.99% uptime SLA for Droplets and Volumes
 Affordable and predictable pricing that helps you save as you scale
 Complete set of building block services including IaaS, PaaS, Managed Kubernetes,
networking, storage, and database
 Rich set of learning content around technology topics – from the basics of virtual
machines to database optimizations and container orchestration.

3) Amazon Web Services

AWS is Amazon’s cloud web hosting platform which offers fast, flexible, reliable and cost-
effective solutions. It is one of the top cloud service providers which offers a service in the form
of building block which can be used to create and deploy any kind of application in the cloud. It
is the most popular as it was the first to enter the cloud computing space.

Features:

 Easy sign-up process

 Fast Deployments
 Allows easy management of add or remove capacity
 Access to effectively limitless capacity
 Centralized Billing and management
 It is one of the cloud companies that offers Hybrid Capabilities and per hour billing
4) Hostinger
Hostinger is a cheap and reliable cloud hosting provider having datacenters in Netherlands,
Lithuania, the United Kingdom, Singapore, India, France, Brazil, North America. You can easily
select the datacentre during checkout.

Features:

 Optimized for Speed & performance

 It supports G Suite and Office 365 integration support. Reliable servers and technology
 Easy to use Interface – custom-built hPanel combined with dedicated resources and easy
scaling from a VPS
 Free website transfer and setup
 99.9% uptime guarantee and downtime alerts
 They offer 24/7 top-quality support, where you can reach them via 2 different channels:
1) chat, 2) support ticket. However, if you are submitting a support ticket, you will most
likely get a reply within the first 15-20 minutes.
 30-Day no question asked money-back guarantee

5) ScalaHosting
Nothing major has happened in the managed cloud industry for the past decade. That’s
why ScalaHosting developed SPanel – an ALL-IN-ONE cloud management platform 100%
compatible with cPanel allowing every website owner to have a fully managed cloud VPS with
ultra-high security at an affordable price.

Benefits:

 24/7 Fully Managed – “ask anything” live technical support

 Isolated cloud container, high-availability and redundancy, 3 snapshots on 3 different
storage servers, daily backups, AI-powered cybersecurity provided by the in-house
developed SShield
 Free & Effortless Migration for all your websites
 Global Availability – 10+ datacenter locations in the US, Asia, and Europe
 Industry Leading Performance – blazing fast speed and performance with 100% SSD
storage and premium networking
 Flexible cloud without restrictions – pay as much as you use and enjoy limitless software
freedom

6) Cloudways
Cloudways provides managed cloud hosting to agencies, stores, and SMBs. The platform has
partnered with top cloud providers including AWS, Google Cloud, DigitalOcean, Vultr and
Linode. Experience the freedom to build, deploy and manage applications including PHP,
Laravel, WordPress, and Magento without requiring any knowledge of cloud server
management. Cloudways users can focus on business growth without worrying about the
technical complexities of server management, security, and maintenance.
Features:

 PHP 7 Ready Servers

 Simple 1-Click App Installation
 Pre-configured PHP-FPM and Redis
 Free SSL Certificates
 Automated Backups
 Staging Environment
 24/7/365 Support

7) OVHcloud
OVHcloud is public cloud software that works on a large scale with the best hardware. It offers
infrastructures with the most competitive price/performance ratio.

Features:

 You can add one or more disks to increase the storage space available on your servers.
 It is based on SSD technology, which offers exceptional read/write performance.
 Offers rebuild mode, which allows you to reset the operating system instead of the
instance.
 It allows you to import your own images, to complete the catalogue.
 Helps you to protect your sensitive data

8) Linode
Founded in 2003, Linode is the largest Independent Open Cloud Provider with over 800,000
customers in 196 countries. Get industry leading price-performance and deploy more with our
Linux virtual machines, global infrastructure, and simple pricing. No surprise bills, no lock-in,
and the same price across every 11 data centers.

 Affordable Shared plans for general workloads include generous amounts of free bundled
transfer.
 Dedicated and High Memory instances on their own CPU cores.
 On-demand GPUs for machine learning, scientific computing, and video processing.
 24/7/365 human support.
 S3-Compatible Object Storage and scalable Block Storage.
 $100 in free credits during a 60-day trial.

9) LiquidWeb
The liquid web offers cloud Sites which is a managed hosting platform which offers creatives
freedom to build and launch websites without the need to learn cPanel or server management.

Features:

 It allows you to manage your sites quickly and effortlessly

 Host Unlimited Sites & Apps with a single Account
  Not require any server management skill
 The tool can easily be integrated with WordPress, Drupal, Joomla, etc.

10) Vultr
Vultr is a cloud service that provides software that is ideal for a web application or development
environment. It offers fully automate dedicated servers with zero virtualization layer.

Features:

 It allows you to bring automation in your business by using Vultr’s API.

 Fast SSD-backed scalable and redundant storage
 Provide dedicated cloud compute instances
 Offers control panel to ease the server management process.

11) CloudSigma
Cloudsigma is a flexible cloud server, and virtual private server hosting solutions. It offers a
straightforward and transparent approach for pricing. You can easily stream at multiple gigabit
speed from their cloud servers.

Features:

 Helps you to achieve complete control and flexibility over your cloud environment
 Allows you to mix & match all SSD and magnetic storage
 This cloud computing service tool is certified as compliant with the highest ISO 27001
requirements for security and data privacy

12) Microsoft Azure
Azure is a cloud platform which is launched by Microsoft in February 2010. This open source
and flexible cloud platform which helps in development, data storage, service management &
hosting solutions.

Features:

 Windows Azure offers the most effective solution for your data needs
 Provides scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness
 Offers consistency across clouds with familiar tools and resources
 Allow you to scale your IT resources up and down according to your business needs

13) Google Cloud Platform

Google Cloud is a set of solution and products which includes GCP & G suite. It is one of the top
cloud service providers which helps you to solve all kind of business challenges with ease

Features:
  It is one of the cloud companies that allows you to scale with open, flexible technology
 Solve issues with accessible AI & data analytics
 Eliminate the need for installing costly servers
 Allows you to transform your business with a full suite of cloud-based services

14) Oracle Cloud

Oracle Cloud offers innovative and integrated cloud services. It is one of the best cloud services
providers that helps you to build, deploy, and manage workloads in the cloud or on premises.
Oracle Cloud also helps companies to transform their business and reduce complexity.

Features:

 Oracle offers more options for where and how you make your journey to the cloud
 Oracle helps you realize the importance of modern technologies including Artificial
intelligence, chatbots, machine learning, and more
 Offers Next-generation mission-critical data management in the cloud
 Oracle provides better visibility to unsanctioned apps and protects against sophisticated
cyber attack

15) IBM Cloud

IBM cloud is a full stack cloud platform which spans public, private and hybrid environments. It
is one of the best cloud providers which is built with a robust suite of advanced and AI tools.

Features:

 IBM cloud offers infrastructure as a service (IaaS), software as a service (SaaS) and
platform as a service (PaaS)
 IBM Cloud is used to build pioneering which helps you to gain value for your businesses
 It is one of the best name of cloud computing website that offers high performing cloud
communications and services into your IT environment

16) LimeStone
OnePortal Rapid is built with the latest open source technology to offer fast, feature rich, highly
scalable cloud platform.

Features:

 It is one of the best cloud computing service providers that helps you to build and deploy
applications with standard OpenStack based API libraries
 OpenStack Horizon web dashboard allows easy tracking and managing your cloud
 Flexible billing method ensures you only pay for the resources you use
 Scale quickly with additional compute and storage resource.
AWS:-

Amazon Web Services (AWS), a subsidiary of Amazon.com, has invested billions of dollars in
IT resources distributed across the globe. These resources are shared among all the AWS
account holders across the globe. These account themselves are entirely isolated from each
other. AWS provides on-demand IT resources to its account holders on a pay-as-you-go
pricing model with no upfront cost.  Amazon Web services offers flexibility because you can
only pay for services you use or you need. Enterprises use AWS to reduce capital expenditure
of building their own private IT infrastructure (which can be expensive depending upon the
enterprise’s size and nature). AWS has its own Physical fiber network that connects with
Availability zones, regions and Edge locations. All the maintenance cost is also bared by the
AWS that saves a fortune for the enterprises.
Security of cloud is the responsibility of AWS but Security in the cloud is Customer’s
Responsibility. The Performance efficiency in the cloud has four main areas:-
 Selection
 Review
 Monitoring
 Tradeoff

AWS Global Infrastructure

The AWS global infrastructure is massive and is divided into geographical regions. The
geographical regions are then divided into separate availability zones. While selecting the
geographical regions for AWS, three factors come into play
 Optimizing Latency
 Reducing cost
 Government regulations (Some services are not available for some regions)
Each region is divided into at least two availability zones that are physically isolated from each
other, which provides business continuity for the infrastructure as in a distributed system. If
one zone fails to function, the infrastructure in other availability zones remains operational.
The largest region North Virginia (US-East), has six availability zones. These availability
zones are connected by high-speed fiber-optic networking.
There are over 100 edge locations distributed all over the globe that are used for the
CloudFront (content delivery network). Cloudfront can cache frequently used content such as
images and videos(live streaming  videos also) at edge locations and distribute it to edge
locations across the globe for high-speed delivery and low latency  for end-users. It also
protects from DDOS attacks.

AWS Management Console

The AWS management console is a web-based interface to access AWS. It requires an AWS
account and also has a smartphone application for the same purpose. So When you  sign in for
first time, you see the console home page  where you see all the services provided by AWS.
Cost monitoring is also done through the console.
AWS resources can also be accessed through various Software Development Kits (SDKs),
which allows the developers to create applications as AWS as its backend. There are SDKs for
all the major languages(e.g., JavaScript, Python, Node.js, .Net, PHP, Ruby, Go, C++). There
are mobile SDKs for Android, iOS, React Native, Unity, and Xamarin. AWS can also be
accessed by making HTTP calls using the AWS-API. AWS also provides a Command Line
Interface (CLI) for remotely accessing the AWS and can implement scripts to automate many
processes. This Console is also available as an app for Android and iOS. For mobile apps, you
can simply download AWS console app. 

AWS Cloud Computing Models

There are three cloud computing models available on AWS.

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): It is the basic building block of cloud IT. It generally
provides access to data storage space, networking features, and computer hardware(virtual
or dedicated hardware). It is highly flexible and gives management controls over the IT
resources to the developer. For example, VPC, EC2, EBS.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): This is a type of service where AWS manages the
underlying infrastructure (usually operating system and hardware). This helps the developer
to be more efficient as they do not have to worry about undifferentiated heavy lifting
required for running the applications such as capacity planning, software maintenance,
resource procurement, patching, etc., and focus more on deployment and management of
the applications. For example, RDS, EMR, ElasticSearch.
3. Software as a Service(SaaS): It is a complete product that usually runs on a browser. It
primarily refers to end-user applications. It is run and managed by the service provider. The
end-user only has to worry about the application of the software suitable to its needs. For
example, Saleforce.com, Web-based email, Office 365 .

Google App Engine:-

Google App Engine (GAE) is a platform-as-a-service product that provides web app developers and
enterprises with access to Google's scalable hosting and tier 1 internet service.

GAE requires that applications be written in Java or Python, store data in Google Bigtable and use
the Google query language. Noncompliant applications require modification to use GAE.

GAE provides more infrastructure than other scalable hosting services, such as Amazon Elastic
Compute Cloud (EC2). GAE also eliminates some system administration and development tasks to
make writing scalable applications easier.

Google provides GAE free up to a certain amount of use for the following resources:
 processor (CPU)

 storage

 application programming interface (API) calls

 concurrent requests

GAE is a fully managed, server less platform that is used to host, build and deploy web
applications. Users can create a GAE account, set up a software development kit and
write application source code. They can then use GAE to test and deploy the code in the
cloud.

One way to use GAE is building scalable mobile application back ends that adapt to
workloads as needed. Application testing is another way to use GAE. Users can route
traffic to different application versions to A/B test them and see which version performs
better under various workloads.

Key features of GAE include the following:

API selection. GAE has several built-in APIs, including the following five:

 Blob store for serving large data objects;

 GAE Cloud Storage for storing data objects;

 Page Speed Service for automatically speeding up webpage load times;

 URL Fetch Service to issue HTTP requests and receive responses for efficiency and scaling;
and

 Memcache for a fully managed in-memory data store.

Managed infrastructure. Google manages the back-end infrastructure for users. This approach
makes GAE a serverless platform and simplifies API management.

Several programming languages. GAE supports a number of languages, including GO, PHP,

Java, Python, NodeJS, .NET and Ruby. It also supports custom runtimes.
Support for legacy runtimes. GAE supports legacy runtimes, which are versions of
programming languages no longer maintained. Examples include Python 2.7, Java 8 and Go
1.11.

Application diagnostics. GAE lets users record data and run diagnostics on applications to
gauge performance.

Security features. GAE enables users to define access policies with the GAE firewall and
managed Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security certificates for free.

Traffic splitting. GAE lets users route requests to different application versions.

Versioning. Applications in Google App Engine function as a set of microservices that refer

back to the main source code. Every time code is deployed to a service with the corresponding
GAE configuration files, a version of that service is created.

Google App Engine benefits and challenges

GAE extends the benefits of cloud computing to application development, but it also has
drawbacks.

Benefits of GAE

 Ease of setup and use. GAE is fully managed, so users can write code without
considering IT operations and back-end infrastructure. The built-in APIs enable users to build
different types of applications. Access to application logs also facilitates debugging and
monitoring in production.

 Pay-per-use pricing. GAE's billing scheme only charges users daily for the resources they
use. Users can monitor their resource usage and bills on a dashboard.

 Scalability. Google App Engine automatically scales as workloads fluctuate, adding and

removing application instances or application resources as needed.
 Security. GAE supports the ability to specify a range of acceptable Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. Users can allowlist specific networks and services and blocklist specific IP
addresses.
GAE challenges

 Lack of control. Although a managed infrastructure has advantages, if a problem occurs in

the back-end infrastructure, the user is dependent on Google to fix it.

 Performance limits. CPU-intensive operations are slow and expensive to perform using
GAE. This is because one physical server may be serving several separate, unrelated app
engine users at once who need to share the CPU.

 Limited access. Developers have limited, read-only access to the GAE filesystem.

 Java limits. Java apps cannot create new threads and can only use a subset of the Java
runtime environment standard edition classes.
Examples of Google App Engine

One example of an application created in GAE is an Android messaging app that stores user log
data. The app can store user messages and write event logs to the Firebase Realtime Database
and use it to automatically synchronize data across devices.

Java servers in the GAE flexible environment connect to Firebase and receive notifications from
it. Together, these components create a back-end streaming service to collect messaging log data.

GAE can be used in many different application contexts. Additional sample application code
in GitHub includes the following:

 a Python application that uses Blobstore;

 a program that uses MySQL connections from GAE to Google Cloud Platform SQL; and

 code that shows how to set up unit tests in GAE.

 Microsoft Azure:-

Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform that provides a wide variety of services that we can use
without purchasing and arranging our hardware. It enables the fast development of solutions and
provides the resources to complete tasks that may not be achievable in an on-premises environment.
Azure Services like compute, storage, network, and application services allow us to put our effort into
building great solutions without worrying about the assembly of physical infrastructure.

This tutorial covers the fundamentals of Azure, which will provide us the idea about all the Azure key
services that we are most likely required to know to start developing solutions. After completing this
tutorial, we can crack job interviews or able to get different Microsoft Azure certifications.

Microsoft Azure is a growing set of cloud computing services created by Microsoft that hosts your
existing applications, streamline the development of a new application, and also enhances our on-
premises applications. It helps the organizations in building, testing, deploying, and managing
applications and services through Microsoft-managed data centers.

Azure Services
o Compute services: It includes the Microsoft Azure Cloud Services, Azure Virtual Machines, Azure
Website, and Azure Mobile Services, which processes the data on the cloud with the help of
powerful processors.
o Data services: This service is used to store data over the cloud that can be scaled according to
the requirements. It includes Microsoft Azure Storage (Blob, Queue Table, and Azure File services),
Azure SQL Database, and the Redis Cache.
o Application services: It includes services, which help us to build and operate our application, like
the Azure Active Directory, Service Bus for connecting distributed systems, HDInsight for
processing big data, the Azure Scheduler, and the Azure Media Services.
o Network services: It helps you to connect with the cloud and on-premises infrastructure, which
includes Virtual Networks, Azure Content Delivery Network, and the Azure Traffic Manager.

How Azure works

It is essential to understand the internal workings of Azure so that we can design our applications on
Azure effectively with high availability, data residency, resilience, etc.
Microsoft Azure is completely based on the concept of virtualization. So, similar to other virtualized data
center, it also contains racks. Each rack has a separate power unit and network switch, and also each rack
is integrated with a software called Fabric-Controller. This Fabric-controller is a distributed application,
which is responsible for managing and monitoring servers within the rack. In case of any server failure,
the Fabric-controller recognizes it and recovers it. And Each of these Fabric-Controller is, in turn,
connected to a piece of software called Orchestrator. This Orchestrator includes web-services, Rest API
to create, update, and delete resources.

When a request is made by the user either using PowerShell or Azure portal. First, it will go to the
Orchestrator, where it will fundamentally do three things:

1. Authenticate the User

2. It will Authorize the user, i.e., it will check whether the user is allowed to do the requested task.
3. It will look into the database for the availability of space based on the resources and pass the
request to an appropriate Azure Fabric controller to execute the request.

Aneka Platform:-

Manjrasoft is focused on the creation of innovative software technologies for simplifying the
development and deployment of applications on private or public Clouds. Our product Aneka plays the
role of Application Platform as a Service for Cloud Computing. Aneka supports various pr
Aneka Cloud Computing Task Thread Mapreduceogramming models involving Task Programming,
Thread Programming and MapReduce Programming and tools for rapid creation of applications and
their seamless deployment on private or public Clouds to distribute applications.

Aneka technology primarily consists of two key components:

SDK (Software Development Kit) containing application programming interfaces (APIs) and tools
essential for rapid development of applications. Aneka APIs supports three popular Cloud programming
models: Task, Thread, and MapReduce; and
A Runtime Engine and Platform for managing deployment and execution of applications on private or
public Clouds.
One of the notable characteristics of Aneka PaaS is to support provisioning of private cloud resources
ranging from desktops, clusters to virtual datacenters using VMWare, Citrix Zen server and public cloud
resources such as Windows Azure, Amazon EC2, and GoGrid Cloud Service.

The potential of Aneka as a Platform as a Service has been successfully harnessed by its users and
customers in three various sectors including engineering, life science, education, and business
intelligence
VMware:-

VMware first introduced the vCloud tag at the Las Vegas 2008 VMworld conference. In the
early days, there were many iterations from vCloud Pavilion, through to vCloud Hybrid Service
and vCloud Air. The latter providing public Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) running VMware
vSphere, which was eventually acquired in 2017 by French cloud computing company OVH.
Over the last few years, VMware has shifted its focus towards cloud-agnostic software, and the
integration of its products with leading cloud providers from Amazon, Microsoft, Google, IBM,
and Oracle.
Furthermore, VMware aims to bring the benefits of cloud computing to customer’s existing data
centers through private and hybrid cloud deployments, as well as to provide platforms for cloud-
native application development.
Although VMware still partners with OVH on go-to-market solutions and customer support for
vCloud Air, the acquisition suggested a move away from VMware itself being a cloud provider,
and more towards engineering the building blocks for deployment and management of multi-
cloud platforms.
VMware now classifies vCloud Suite as a cloud infrastructure management solution, and
VMware Cloud Director (VCD) a cloud-service delivery platform for Cloud Providers.
According to VMware’s Public Cloud Solution Service Definition, VMware Cloud Providers
are a global network of ‘service providers who have built their cloud and hosting services on
VMware software.’
 VMware powered private clouds, service provider-managed or unmanaged, use VMware
vSphere with the vRealize Suite, which forms VMware vCloud Suite.
 VMware powered public clouds use VMware vSphere, with VMware Cloud Director,
and generally with vCloud Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) exposed to its
tenants.