Fertilization and Implantation Copy To Students

Fertilization and implantation
Fertilization and implantation
During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis

into the vagina is called insemination.
The motile sperms swim rapidly, pass through the cervix,
enter into the uterus and finally reach the junction of the
isthmus and ampulla (ampullary-isthmic junction) of the
fallopian tube
Fertilisation - if the ovum and sperms are

transported simultaneously to the ampullary
isthmic junction.
The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called

Fertilisation.
• Sperm contacts with zona pellucida of ovum & induces
changes in membrane that blocks entry of other sperm
• Acrosome of sperm secretes lytic enzymes (hyaluronidase)

helps in
penetration into the ovum cytoplasm through zona pellucida &
plasma
membrane
Meiotic division of secondary
oocyte after sperm enters
plasma membrane of the ovum.
Second meiotic division – second

polar body and ovum / ootid
Nucleus of Ovum + Sperm = Zygote
Sex of baby decided this stage

Sperm and
ovum
Fertilization and passage of growing embryo through Fallopian tube
Pregnancy Embryonic development
Chorionic villi – finger like projections on trophoblast
Villi surrounded by maternal blood, uterine tissues
Villi & uterine tissue- interdigitated – structural &
functional unit between foetus (embryo) & maternal
body- Placenta
Inner cell mass – ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm - different
organs
Function of Placenta:
1. Helps in nutrition of the embryo & transports nutrients like amino
acids, sugars, vitamins form maternal blood to foetal blood
2. Respiration of embryo- exchange of O2 & CO2 through diffusion from
foetal blood to maternal blood vice versa
3. Excretion – nitrogenous waste like urea into maternal blood
4. Endocrine gland- estrogen, progesterone, human
chronic gonadotropin (hCG) & human placental
lactogen (hPL)
Development of Embryo
Cleav
age
Zygote from isthmus (oviduct) to uterus– mitotic division, first
cleavage in first 36 hrs
2,4,8,16 daughter cells- blastomeres
Embryo with 8 – 16 blastomeres – Morula
Morula – division continues – hollow ball called Blastocyst.
The blastomeres in blastocyst arranged into two layers.
An outer layer called trophoblast and an inner cells
called inner cell mass.
Trophoblast cells attaches to the endometrium. It
helps in implantation and development of placenta.
Inner cell mass gets differentiated into the embryo.
The complete attachment of Blastocyst to the
uterine endometrium is called implantation.
• Later phase of pregnancy relaxin- secreted by ovary
• hCG , hPL & relaxin- only during pregnancy
• Other hormones like estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, prolactin,
thyroxin- increases several fold in maternal blood
• Hormones- supporting fetal growth, metabolic changes in
mother & maintenance of pregnancy
• After implantation- inner cell mass differentiates- outer
ectoderm and inner endoderm & middle mesoderm soon
appears- tissue & organs
• Inner cell mass contain certain cells- Stem cells- potency to give
rise to
all tissues & organs
• Pregnancy will last for 9 months 270 days from day of
3 trimesters of pregnancy
• 1.First trimester (0-13 week)-bone formation begins,genitalia

formed,heart has been pumping blood since 4th week ,brain, axial
skeleton will formed
• 2.Second trimester (14-26 weeks)-kidney attain typical structure,fatty

secretion of sebaceous glands cover the body,ear and eye assume
characteristic shape and position,blinking of eyes begin,suckling
motion of lips.
• 3.Third trimester-(27 to 40 weeks)-skin is

wrinkled,fingernail,toenail,are present bone marrow becomes sole site
of blood formation.testes enter scortum in 7th month ,fat laid down in
subcutaneous tissue of skin,body become more propotionate.
• 1st month- embryo heart formed
• First sign- listening heart sound through stethoscope
• 2nd month- limbs & digits, end of 12 weeks(first trimester)-
major organ system- limbs, external genital organs
• 1st movement & hair on head- during fifth month
• End of 24 week (second trimester)- body covered with fine
hair, eye lid separate, eyelashes formed
• End of nine month- foetus fully developed & ready for delivery
Hormonal changes during pregnancy
In pregnancy placenta forms large
quantities of
estrogen,progestron,human
chorionic gonadotropin & human
somatomammotropin
These hormones are essential
to normal pregnancy
Placental hormones
• 1.Estrogen
• 2.Progestrone
• 3.hpl-human placental lactogen or hcs human chorionic somatomammotropin
• 4.HCG
• #PRL-prolactin,a very little amount by placenta mainly secreted by pituitary
• #.relaxin(a very little amount by human placenta but large amount is secreted by corpus luteum)
HUMAN CHORIONIC
GONADOTROPIN(HCG)
❑ Glycoprotein of molecular weight
39,000
❑ HCG is secreted by syncytial
trophoblast cells
❑ Secretion of HCG prevents normal
menstruation
❑ Can be first measured in blood 8 to 9
days after ovulation
❑ Level of secretion reaches maximum
at about 10 to 12 weeks of pregnancy
FUNCTIONS…
Same function as luteinizing hormone
Prevents involution of corpus luteum &
secrete large quantities of sex
hormone
This helps the development of
endometrium
Under the influence of HCG corpus
luteum of mothers ovary grows twice
its initial size
Effect on fetel testis:HCG exerts an
Continuation….
…Interstitial cell-stimulating effect on
testis of male fetus
It results in the secretion of
testesterone during gestation what
causes the fetus to grow male sex
organ instead of female organ
SECRETION OF ESTROGEN BY
PLACENTA
Like corpus luteum placenta secretes
estrogen & progesterone
Secreted by syncytial
trophoblast cells of placenta
Toward the end of pregnancy the
daily production of estrogen
increases
Secretion of estrogen by placenta is
quite different from ovaries
FUNCTION OF ESTROGEN
Function on most reproductive
& associated organs of mother
Extreme quantities of estrogen cause ;
Enlargement of mothers uterus
Enlargement of mothers breast
Enlargement of female external
genitalia
Relaxes pelvic ligaments of
mother
SECRETION OF PROGESTERONE BY
PLACENTA
Important as estrogen
Secreted in moderate quantities by corpus
luteum at beginning & secreted in tremendous
quantities by placenta later
Increases 10 fold during the course of
pregnancy
FUNCTION OF PROSTERONE
Causes decidual cells to develop

in the endometrium
Decreases contractility of
pregnant uterus
Help the development of
conceptus
Help estrogen to prepare mothers
breast for lactation
RELAXIN
• RELAXIN SECRETED BY CORPUS LUTEUM, THEN BY PLACENTA

HELPS IN THE PREPRATION OF THE MOTHER’S BODY FOR CHILD
BIRTH, IT INCREASES ELASTICITY OF THE SYMPHYSIS OF PUBIC
JOINT AND PELVIC LIGAMENT MAKING ROOM FOR GROWING
FETUS AND ALLOWING EXPANSION.RELAXIN ALSO HELPS IN
DIALATES THE CERVIX DURING LABOUR.
SECRETION OF HUMAN
CHORIONIC
SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN
Most recently discovered
placental hormone
This is a protein having a
molecular weight of 38000
Secreted by placenta from the
fifth week of pregnancy
FUNCTION OF HUMAN CHORIONIC
SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN/HUMAN PLACENTAL
LACTOGEN
# Itsstructure and function are similar to

those of growth hormone ,it modify the
metabolic state of mother during pregnancy
to facilitate energy supply of fetus.
OTHER HORMONAL FACTORS
o PITUITARY SECRETION
Anterior pituitary gland of mother enlarges
to 50%during pregnancy, increases
production of corticotropin,thyrotropin&
prolactin.
Secretion of FSH & luteinizing hormone
decreases due to inhibitory effect of
estrogen & progesterone.
o CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION
Rate of adrenal cortical secretion of glucocorticoid
increases.
Vlue of aldosterone secretion reaches a peak at end
of gestation.
o SECRETION BY THYROID GLAND
Thyroid gland enlarges up to 50% during pregnancy
increases its production of thyroxine.
Production of thyroxine is caused by thyrotropic
effect of HCG & HCT.
o SECRETION OF PARATHYROID GLAND
Mothers parathyroid gland enlarges during
pregnancy especially during when the mother is on
ca diet
Enlargement of these glands cause
calcim absorption from mothers born
Secretion of parathyroid
hormone inntensifies during
lactation
Growing baby need more calcim than
fetus
Parturition
The period of pregnancy is called gestation period. It is 9
months in human.
The delivery of foetus is called parturition. It occurs
by the contraction of uterine Myometrium.
The signal of parturition is originated from the fully
developed foetus and the placenta. It induces mild
contraction of uterus called fetal ejection reflex.
Hormone (adrenal gland) secreted by foetus diffuses to
maternal blood & stimulate oxytocin secretion
Oxytocin causes forceful contraction of myometrium (labour
pain) & stimulates further secretion of oxytocin.a positive
feedback loop is established which aid in delivery.
Stages of labour
1-dilation stage –contractions until cervix is fully dialated
about 10 cm in diameter ,it gradually becomes more vigrous
,amnion ruptures breaking the bag.
Continue…..
2.Expulsion stage-In this stage infant passes through the cervix

and birth canal to the outside the body .
3.placental stage/afterbirth stage-The strong uterine

contractions that continue after birth compress uterine blood
vessels cause placenta to detach from the uterine wall
Lactation
Mammary gland of female undergo differentiation &

produce
milk towards end of pregnancy- Lactation
The mammary gland starts producing milk towards
the end of the pregnancy.
Milk produced during initial days of lactation is
called colostrum. It contains several antibodies
like (IgA)which provide immunity (passive) or
resistance to the new born baby.
The milk production is controlled by Lacto
trophic or prolactin hormone secreted by
pituitary.
Breast feeding during initial period of infant
growth is recommended for bringing up a
healthy baby
Lactation amenorrhea
• It is also called postpartum infertility ,is the temporary postnatal

infertility that occur when a woman is not menstruating. Because
• PRL inhibits the GnRH secretion, thus ovulation is inhibited and the
ovaries are inactive so estrogen and progesterone falls to low level
Sex determination:
Sex of a baby is determined during fertilization and in the

zygote.
Sex is determined by the sex-chromosomes present in zygote.
Human contain 2 sets of chromosome- autosome & sex

chromosome.
Sex chromosome present in human female is XX and male XY.

All the female gametes (ova) produced has 22 autosome and
only ‘X’ chromosome.
Sperms produced by male, 50% has 22 autosome with ‘X’ and

50 % has 22 autosome with ‘Y’ chromosome.
The fusion of sperm with Y chromosome with ovum (X) results in
male baby- XY & fusion of sperm with X chromosome with ovum
(X) results in female baby.(XX).
Zygote carrying XX chromosomes develop into female and

with XY chromosome develops into male.
Courtesy
• I am thankful to__
• Ncert textbook class 12
• For images and some articles Google
• Essentials of human anatomy and physiology
• Introduction to endocrinology

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Fertilization and implantation

Fertilization and implantation

During copulation (coitus) semen is released by the penis

Fertilisation - if the ovum and sperms are

The process of fusion of a sperm with an ovum is called

• Acrosome of sperm secretes lytic enzymes (hyaluronidase)

Second meiotic division – second

Nucleus of Ovum + Sperm = Zygote

Sex of baby decided this stage

mother & maintenance of pregnancy

• After implantation- inner cell mass differentiates- outer

ectoderm and inner endoderm & middle mesoderm soon

appears- tissue & organs

• 1.First trimester (0-13 week)-bone formation begins,genitalia

• 2.Second trimester (14-26 weeks)-kidney attain typical structure,fatty

• 3.Third trimester-(27 to 40 weeks)-skin is

Causes decidual cells to develop

• RELAXIN SECRETED BY CORPUS LUTEUM, THEN BY PLACENTA

# Itsstructure and function are similar to

2.Expulsion stage-In this stage infant passes through the cervix

3.placental stage/afterbirth stage-The strong uterine

Mammary gland of female undergo differentiation &

• It is also called postpartum infertility ,is the temporary postnatal

Sex of a baby is determined during fertilization and in the

Sex is determined by the sex-chromosomes present in zygote.

Human contain 2 sets of chromosome- autosome & sex

Sex chromosome present in human female is XX and male XY.

Sperms produced by male, 50% has 22 autosome with ‘X’ and

Zygote carrying XX chromosomes develop into female and

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