Influence of Output Parameters of A High Voltage o

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Influence of Output Parameters of a High Voltage on the Technological

Characteristics of Electron-Ion Devices Technologies
To cite this article: A G Vozmilov et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 272 022138
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International science and technology conference "Earth science" IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 272 (2019) 022138 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/272/2/022138
Influence of Output Parameters of a High Voltage on the

Technological Characteristics of Electron-Ion Devices
Technologies
A G Vozmilov1, A V Melnikov2, D V Astafev1,2

1
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "South Ural
State University" (national research university), 76, Lenin prospekt, Chelyabinsk,
454080
2
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «South Ural
State Agrarian University», 454080, Chelyabinsk region, Chelyabinsk , pr.Lenina, 75
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The article considers parameters of the influence of a high voltage source (HVS), as
a form of the output voltage curve and its influence on the technological parameters of the
electron-ion technology (EIT) devices for various purposes, the HVS schematic solutions and
their classification. A equivalent circuit a single-zone electrostatic precipitator is developed,
differing from the existing ones in that the differential capacitance is moved beyond the key
VD, because the volume charge can be neglected until the moment of ignition of the corona
discharge when considering the corona-discharge system, i.e. for simplicity, the condition is
assumed that volumetric charges are created only by corona discharge. Based on this scheme,
an equivalent electrical equivalent circuit for a two-zone electrostatic precipitator was
constructed. The analytical expression for calculating the electrical constructive capacity of the
most commonly used in the electrostatic precipitator corona-discharge system "a number of
wires - a plane," taking into account the additional electric capacity. The article presents the
results of the investigation of the effect of the frequency of the output voltage of the HVS and
the additional capacitance of the capacitor bank on the volt-ampere characteristic of the
corona-discharge system of the electrostatic precipitator-ozonizer. The analytical expression is
shown in general form, describing the volt-ampere characteristic of the electrostatic
precipitator, taking into account the shape of the HVS output voltage curve. An analytical
expression for determining the ozone concentration at the output of the EIT devices in the
general case is also shown.
1. Introduction
At present, the devices of electron-ion technology (EIT) are increasingly used in technological
processes in various industries [1, 2, 3, 4], such as air cleaning systems for air emissions (at CHP
plants, chemical and metallurgical enterprises). Recently electrostatic precipitators and electrostatic
precipitators-ozonizers are used for cleaning and disinfection of ventilation air in technological
premises of large cattle-breeding and poultry enterprises [4].
At present, when developing EIT devices, researchers and designers consider the regime and
design parameters of their operation without taking into account the influence of output parameters of
HVS [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
When designing EIT devices for their efficient operation, it is necessary to be able to determine the
main technological and electrical parameters of electrostatic precipitators, taking into account HVS.
Calculation of transient processes in the HVS system - the corona-discharge system and expressions
for volt-ampere characteristics (VAC) for the purpose of clarifying the operating mode and
determining the corresponding requirements for HVS is possible on the basis of equivalent circuits of
electrostatic precipitators.
2. Theoretical part
In [1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15], when examining various variants of corona-discharge systems,
expressions were obtained that describe their VAC. Carrying out analysis of these dependences, we
can conclude that in general form the equation of the VAC of a corona discharge can be written:
(1)
where I - discharge current; U - effective value of the voltage of the HVS; U0 – voltage of the
beginning of the corona; G - coefficient, depending on the type of corona-discharge system (geometric
coefficient); K - mobility of the ions, (m/s)/(V/m).
The mobility of ions, according to [11], can not be regarded as a constant. It depends in a certain
range on the resultant field strength and, as a consequence, on the voltage applied to the corona-
discharge system.
The main characteristic of the operation of electrostatic precipitators is the degree of purification
and disinfection of the filtered air (gas). Analyzing the known analytical expression for the degree of
purification of the electrostatic precipitator, it can be concluded that it depends on the voltage applied
to the corona-discharge system:
, (2)
where k - coefficient of dimension, 1/V2.This dependence is confirmed in [7, 8, 9].
The process of corona discharge, and, consequently, all EIT devices, the function of generating
ozone and ions is inherent. The most interesting is the first process, namely the process of generating
ozone by EIT devices for agricultural purposes, since in agriculture there are technological processes
in which ozone is used as a "working tool". On the other hand, in ventilating systems, when cleaning
air and recirculation air with electrostatic precipitators, there is a restriction on the maximum
concentration of ozone in purified air (maximum permissible concentration of ozone in the Russian
Federation is 0.1 μg / m3, in the USA - 0.2 μg / m3) [1].
Thus there is a need to control the ozone generation EIT devices depending on the field of use, in
one case, necessary to reduce the concentration of ozone, increase in the other.
Analyzing the results of previous studies [16], we can conclude that with a negative and positive
corona, the ozone concentration at the output of the EIT device will be directly proportional to the
current of the corona-discharge system:
(3)
When describing the processes taking place in the operating system of electrostatic precipitators, an
important role is played by the correct choice of an equivalent circuit. This choice is necessary when
considering the requirements for a high voltage source at the stage of its calculation and design.
Electrostatic precipitators are divided into two types: single-zone, in which charging and precipitation
of particles occurs in one zone, and two-zone ones using both corona discharge (charging zone) and
electrostatic effect (precipitation zone) [16, 17, 18].
In [19, 20, 21] equivalent circuits for single-zone electrostatic precipitators are given. Based on the
analysis of these schemes and taking into account their shortcomings, we compiled an equivalent
circuit for a single-zone electrostatic precipitator, which is shown in Fig. 1.
2
This scheme differs from the known schemes [19, 20, 21] in that instead of a diode and counter-
emf, which caused unilateral conductivity of the corona discharge (unipolarity) and the initial voltage
of the corona ignition, an unmanaged electronic key VD is included in the circuit. The application of
the counter-emf in the replacement circuit is irrational, since it is not excluded from the substitution
scheme when the corona is ignited and it turns out that the voltage on the corona-discharge system is
less than the supply voltage by the amount of the counter-emf, which is incorrect. Also, the differential
capacitance caused by the volumetric charge created by the ions and the charged particles is
transferred for the key VD, because The volume charge can be neglected until the moment of ignition
of the corona discharge when considering the corona-discharge system, i.e. for simplicity, we accept
the condition that the volumetric charges are created only by corona discharge.
U1 and U2 - the constant and alternating component of the supply voltage Usup respectively; Cadd -
additional electrical capacitance HVS, Cg and Сdif - geometric (structural) and differential electrical
capacitances of the electrostatic precipitator, respectively; Rleak and Rdif are the resistance of the
leakage current circuit and the differential resistance of the corona-discharge system, respectively.
Figure 1. Equivalent circuit single-zone electrostatic precipitator.
This equivalent circuit takes into account all the features of single-zone electrostatic precipitator,
such as structural (Rleak and Cg) and features of the corona discharge itself (VD, Cdif and Rdif). The role
of the idealized unmanaged electronic key (dinistor) VD is that it opens when a certain voltage level is
reached - the voltage of the crown ignition and in the future has a conductivity equal to ∞. Thus, the
condition for the operability of the substitution circuit is that before reaching the ignition voltage of
the crown, Cdif = 0, and Rdif is large, but less than ∞, ie:
(4)
Based on the scheme shown in Figure 1, an equivalent circuit for a two-zone electrostatic
precipitator was constructed, which is shown in Figure 2.
The above scheme takes into account the variant of separate feeding of the charging zone and the
precipitation zone of the electrostatic precipitator. The differential electric capacitance C 0 is caused by
the volumetric charge created by charged particles that have fallen into the precipitation zone from the
charging zone. The nonlinear resistance R0 is due to the deposition of charged particles on the
precipitation electrodes and its nonlinearity is caused in the general case by the inhomogeneity of the
concentration of the incoming charged particles during the operation of the electrostatic precipitator,
the dustiness of the environment under real conditions is not a constant value and depends on many
factors.
3
Rleak0 and R0 - resistance of leakage currents in the precipitation zone and nonlinear resistance,
respectively; Cg0 and C0 are the geometric and differential capacitance of the precipitation zone,
respectively.
Figure 2. Electrical schematic diagram of the replacement of a two-zone electrostatic precipitator.
Resistance to leakage currents and geometric (structural) electrical capacity of the corona-discharge
system depend on the design of the electrostatic precipitator and the insulation materials used. If the
value of the resistance to leakage currents can be determined with sufficient accuracy only with
electrical tests of a specific design of the electrostatic precipitator, the value of the geometric capacity
can be analytically calculated with sufficient accuracy by considering the concrete design of the
corona-discharge system. The value of the geometric capacity can be calculated from the expressions
given in [22].
We obtained an analytical expression for calculating the electrical constructive capacity of the most
commonly used in the electrostatic precipitators of the agricultural system for the corona-discharge
system "a number of wires-a plane" with allowance for the additional electric capacity:
(5)
P
where n - number of corona electrodes; l - length of the corona electrode, m; h - distance between
the corona electrode - plane, m; a - distance between the corona electrodes, m; r - radius of the corona
electrode, m; N - number of planes; Sadd is the value of the additional electric capacity, according to
the equivalent circuits for the replacement of electrostatic precipitators. The number of planes N = 1
for the system "row of wires - plane" and N = 2 for the system "a series of wires between two planes".
One of the significant phenomena of the corona discharge is the intermittent nature of the corona
discharge. It consists in locking the corona under the action of a space charge and is expressed in the
impulse of the discharge current. This effect, according to [23, 10, 11], directly depends on the voltage
applied to the corona-discharge system and, as a consequence, on the shape of the curve of this
voltage. The greater the voltage applied to the discharge gap, the sooner the corona locking process is
performed and the more, therefore, the frequency of the current pulses. The presence of negative ions
at a certain distance from the cathode-the corona electrode, according to the Poisson equation and the
laws of motion of charged particles in a gas, limits the density of the discharge current [11]. The pulse
repetition rate is due to the time of scattering of the space charge formed near the corona electrode. In
order to create a new pulse, it is not necessary for the ions to reach the anode - a precipitation
electrode, it is sufficient that they move back to a relatively small distance from the region of corona
formation [10, 11].
4
Thus, the corona point is a source (generator) of high-frequency current pulses, and the sum of
these currents will be the resultant current of the corona-discharge system. The effect of locking the
corona discharge depends on the voltage applied to the corona-discharge system and increases with the
growth of the latter [10, 11]. Consequently, we can conclude that the current of the corona-discharge
system depends on the volume charge density at the corona point, which is a function of the electric
field strength, and, consequently, on the acting voltage applied to it.
Most EIT devices are powered by rectified voltage, i.e. unipolar pulsating voltage; voltage, the
shape of the curve of which has ups and downs (front and rear pulsation front). Thus, it can be
concluded on the basis of studies [23, 10, 11] that during the decline of the supply voltage (the rear
ripple front), the effect of locking the corona discharge is likely to increase due to a drop in the
emission of electrons from the corona electrode and a large charge density around it from previously
produced ionization. In other words, each subsequent pulse of the discharge at the point of corona will
be locked by the previous one. the mobility of charged dust particles is less than the electron mobility
[10, 16, 24], then they do not have time to move away from the corona point for some distance to form
a new corona pulse and this pulse occurs later, i.e. the duty cycle of current pulses increases at the
corona points and the resultant current value decreases.
From this, it can be concluded that the longer the voltage drop time (the longer the back edge of the
ripple), the lower the resulting current at the same operating voltage.
All EIT devices are active-capacitive system, which means that the rear ripple front will always be
longer than the front one, i.e. the voltage drop time will always be longer than its rise time to the
amplitude value ( ).. It is the change in the ripple decay time that allows you to change the
time for locking the corona discharge.
The shape of the voltage curve is estimated from two known coefficients:
- the coefficient of voltage ripple - the value equal to the ratio of the largest value of the variable
component of the pulsating voltage to its constant component
Um
Kp , (6)
U
- coefficient of amplitude of the AC voltage curve - a value equal to the ratio of the maximum
value in the module over the period of the voltage value to the effective value of the periodic voltage
Um
K (7)
Uv
These coefficients, assuming the condition that U = ≈Ue can be related by the following relation
KA K p 1 (8)
Consequently
Um
Uv (9)
Kp 1
In turn, the pulsation coefficient has a dependence on the repetition rate
1
Kp (10)
2mf
where m - index of the rectification of the rectification circuit; f - frequency pulsations repetition
Hz.
According to the substitution scheme (Fig. 2), the following system of equations
5
Um
Uv ;
(1 2mfcR) 1
Rdif Rleak
R ; (11)
Rdif Rleak
C Cadd Cgo Cdif
It is seen from (11) that for U_m = const, the value of the acting voltage (U_e) will vary, so as the
total electric capacity of the system, frequency or co-electrical capacitance and frequency increases,
the value of the acting voltage increases. It should also be noted that the same value of the actual
voltage with an unchanged value of the pulsation amplitude can be obtained for different values of the
total electrical capacitance of the system and the repetition rate of pulsations. It can be concluded that
due to the change in the additional capacity and the repetition rate, the value of the acting voltage and
current will change, with the help of which, according to the dependencies (1), (2), (3), and (11) of the
circuits in Figures 1, 2 and the effect of locking the corona discharge, it is possible to control the
parameters of the corona-discharge system and, as a consequence, the technological parameters of the
whole EIT devices as a whole. Thus, to optimize the operation mode of the EIT devices for
agricultural purposes in specific technological processes.
3. Results and discussion

The results of the investigation of the effect of the frequency of the output voltage of the HVS and the
additional capacitance of the capacitor battery on the volt-ampere characteristics of the corona-
discharge system of the electrostatic precipitator-ozonizer, its cleaning efficiency and ozone-current
characteristics are shown in Figures 3,4,5,6.
An analysis of the results obtained in Figure 3 shows that with an increase in the frequency or a
decrease in the ripple coefficient, the volt-ampere characteristic shifts to a region of high voltage.
When an additional electric capacitance is introduced into the output stage, the shape of the output
voltage becomes closer to the constant voltage, which also leads to a shift of the volt-ampere
characteristic to the region of high voltages. These dependences reflect the influence of the form of the
output voltage of the HVS on the VAC of the EIT device. This allows to obtain the same current of the
corona-discharge system at high values of the applied voltage applied to the corona-discharge system
and, as a result, to increase the corona discharge power.
The analysis of the data in Figure 4 shows how the type of the output voltage of the HVS changes
with the maximum ripple coefficient at a repetition rate of 50 Hz without connecting additional
capacitors and with a minimum coefficient at the repetition rate of 200 Hz with a maximum capacity
of 3760 pF in the output stage of the HVS.
On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that expression (1) is valid only for a
"constant current source". In general, taking into account the effect of pulsations on the parameters of
the output voltage of the HVS, the expression describing the volt-ampere characteristic of the
electrostatic precipitator can be written in the form
I GKKU (U U 0 )U ;
K f (U ); (12)
KU f U (t ) .
where KU – coefficient depending on the shape of the EIT supply voltage device.
6
Figure 3. VAC of an electrostatic precipitator-ozonizer for various values of the frequency and ripple
of the output voltage of the HVS.
a) b)
Figure 4. Oscillograms of the output voltage of the HVS: a) 0 pF 50Hz; b) 3760 pF 200 Hz. Scale
Y = 5V/cm; X = 5 ms/cm; KDIV = 758
7
Figure 5. Dependence of the degree of air purification on the magnitude and frequency of the ripple of
the output voltage HVS (air flow through the electrostatic precipitator is 3 m/s, the ambient air
temperature is 22 °C, the relative humidity of the ambient air is 64%, the particle size is 0.5 μm).
The analysis of the results in Fig. 5 shows that when the ripple coefficient decreases or when the
ripple frequency increases, the degree of purification increases. Thus, when a maximum capacity of
3760 pF is introduced into the system, i.e. at the maximum reduction of the output voltage HVS at the
maximum pulse repetition frequency of 200 Hz, the increase in the purification rate was 22.5%
compared to the system without the inclusion of additional capacitors with a repetition rate of 50 Hz.
Figure 6. Dependence of the ozone concentration at the output of the electrostatic precipitator-
ozonizer on the value and frequency of the output voltage HVS pulsations (the airflow through the
electrostatic precipitator is 3 m/s, the ambient air temperature is 22 °C, the relative humidity of the
ambient air is 64%, the particle size is 0,5 μm).
8
Analysis of the characteristics (Figure 6) shows that with a decrease in the ripple ratio of the output
voltage of the HVS and an increase in the frequency of these pulsations, the ozone concentration at the
output of the electrostatic precipitator-ozonizer decreases with a fixed corona discharge current of 10
mA. Thus, the ozone concentration at the output of the EIT device is not a function of the mean
current of the corona-discharge system. In the case of a unipolar pulsating voltage, using expression
(3), with K = const, we can write:
z
(13)
where - ion mobility with positive and negative corona, respectively, (m/s)/(V/m).
It is seen from (13) that the ozone concentration will be constant at the output of the EIT device at
. Therefore, the expression (3) is valid only for a specific VAC EIT device and can not be
applied generally.The concentration of ozone at the output of the EIT device in the general case is
determined by the expression:
(14)
Expression (14) takes into account the influence of the shape of the supply voltage curve and,
therefore, can be applied to any of the family of volt-ampere characteristic curves of the EIT device.
This dependence will allow more accurate and correct calculation of the ozone concentration at the
output of the EIT devices.
The main share of EIT devices is made by electrostatic precipitators, ozonizers and electrostatic
precipitator-ozonizers - devices with high energy consumption, the high-voltage part of the HVS is
built on the principle of full-wave rectification and smoothing of the sinusoidal voltage. With this type
of supply voltage and the HVS device, the only VAC of the agricultural EIT devices, at which K U = 1,
is the "natural VAC of the EIT device" (rectified current with a ripple content of no more than 10% of
the actual value). Any other volt-ampere characteristic of the EIT devices obtained under other
parameters supplying the corona-discharge voltage system will be considered artificial.
The natural volt-ampere characteristic of the EIT device, according to the theoretical assumptions
and results of experimental studies, will be shifted to the maximum of voltage. This operating mode
corresponds to the operation mode of electrostatic precipitators, since for a given volt-ampere
characteristic, it is possible to obtain a larger value of the acting voltage at a lower current and, as a
consequence of (2), the maximum degree of air purification.At the same time, the coefficient
depending on the shape of the EUT supply voltage (KU) will be in the interval:
(15)
The mode of operation of ozonizers, according to the dependence (14), requires the provision of the
maximum possible current of the corona-discharge system. For these EIT devices, the optimal mode
will be the work on the "artificial volt-ampere characteristic", shifted to lower voltages. With this volt-
ampere characteristic, the maximum current of the corona-discharge system can be obtained at lower
values of the voltage supplying the EIT device.
9
4. Conclusions
1) Changing the shape of the output voltage curve HVS has a significant effect on the operating mode
of the EIT device. With a decrease in the ripple coefficient, i.e. when the shape of the HVS voltage
curve approaches the DC voltage:
there is a shift of the volt-ampere characteristic to the region of high voltages;
the degree of cleaning of the electrostatic precipitator increases;
the concentration of ozone at its output is reduced.
2) With a decrease in the ripple coefficient:
there is a shift of the volt-ampere characteristic to the region of lower voltages;
the degree of cleaning of the electrostatic precipitator decreases;
the concentration of ozone at its output increases.
3) The classical equation of the volt-ampere characteristic of a corona discharge (1) is valid only
when the corona-discharge system is supplied with a DC voltage. The obtained volt-ampere
characteristic equation (12) takes into account the influence of the shape of the supply voltage curve of
the EIT device.
4) The concentration of ozone at the output of the EIT device is not a function of the mean current of
the corona-discharge system. It is necessary to take into account the influence of the shape of the
supply voltage curve.
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Influence of Output Parameters of a High Voltage on the Technological

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This content was downloaded from IP address 158.46.149.116 on 21/06/2019 at 18:06

Influence of Output Parameters of a High Voltage on the

A G Vozmilov1, A V Melnikov2, D V Astafev1,2

3. Results and discussion

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