Basic Electronics Engineering

Experiment No.: 3
V-I characteristics of:
a) P-N Junction Diode (Study the datasheet of typical PN junction diode 1N 400X)
b) Zener Diode (Study the datasheet of typical Zener diode 1N 4148)

Aim: V-I characteristics of:

a) P-N Junction Diode (Study the datasheet of typical PN junction diode 1N 400X)
b) Zener Diode (Study the datasheet of typical Zener diode 1N 4148)
.

Equipments: Experimental kit

CRO,
Connecting wires,
DMM, P-N diode, Zener Diode
Variable Resistance etc.

Theory:
Part A) Characteristics of the P-N diode:

Construction and Types of P-N Junction Diodes:

A P-N junction diode (known as a semiconductor or crystal diode) consists of a P-N junction,
formed either in germanium or silicon crystal. The diode has two terminals namely anode and
cathode. The anode refers to the P-type region and cathode refers to the N-type region as shown in
following Fig. Its circuit symbol is as shown in following Fig.

The arrow head, shown in the circuit symbol, points the direction of current flow, when it is
“forward biased” (It is the same direction in which the movement of holes takes place).

V-I Characteristics of a P-N Junction Diode:

Fig.1. V-I characteristics of PN junction diode

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Forward Characteristics:

I
R f
f

Fig.2. FW characteristics of PN junction diode

Reverse characteristics:

Fig.3. RW characteristics of PN junction diode

Procedure:
Forward Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.2 (PN Junction diode with milli-ammeter in series with the
diode).
2. Initially vary Regulated Power Supply (RPS) voltage Vs in steps of 0.1 V. Once the current starts
increasing vary Vs in steps of 0.02V and note down the corresponding readings Vf and If.
3. Tabulate different forward currents obtained for different forward voltages.
4. Plot the V-I characteristics and calculate the resistance levels

Reverse Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.3 (PN diode in series with micro ammeter).
2. Vary V in the Regulated Power Supply (RPS) gradually in steps of 1V from 0V to 12V and note
down the corresponding readings Vr and Ir.
3. Tabulate different reverse currents obtained for different reverse voltages.
4. Plot the V-I characteristics and calculate the resistance levels

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Observation Table:

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

Sr. Forward Forward Reverse Reverse
no. Applied Applied
Volatge Current Volatge Current
V (V) V (V)
Vf (V) If(mA) Vr (V) Ir(µA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Part B : Characteristics of the Zener Diode

ZENER DIODE:

A properly doped P-N junction crystal diode which has a sharp breakdown voltage is known
Zener diode. The voltage-regulator diode is commonly called a ‘Zener’ diode. Zener diode acts as
normal PN junction diode. And during reverse bias as reverse voltage reaches breakdown voltage
diode starts conducting. To avoid high current, we connect series resistor with it. Once the diode
starts conducting it maintains constant voltage across it. Specially made to work in the break down
region. It is used as voltage regulator.

Zener diode

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Procedure:
Forward Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.4 (Zener diode with milli-ammeter in series with the diode).
2. Initially vary Regulated Power Supply (RPS) voltage Vs in steps of 0.1 V. Once the current starts
increasing vary Vs in steps of 0.02V and note down the corresponding readings Vf and If.
3. Tabulate different forward currents obtained for different forward voltages.
4. Plot the V-I characteristics and calculate the resistance levels

Reverse Bias:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DC power supply is increased gradually in steps of 1 volt.
3. Corresponding Voltmeter and Ammeter readings are noted and the V-I characteristics are plotted
with zener voltage on X axis and current along the Y axis.
4. Break voltage is found and the break down resistance of zener diode is calculated.

Observation Table:

Forward Bias Reverse Bias

Sr. Forward Forward Reverse Reverse
no. Applied Applied
Volatge Current Volatge Current
V (V) V (V)
Vf (V) If(mA) Vr (V) Ir(µA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Conclusion:

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Experiment no.: 4
Rectifier circuits: a) Implement half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier using diodes
b) Observe the effect of capacitor filter on rectifier output.

Aim: Rectifier circuits: a) Implement half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier using diodes
b) Observe the effect of capacitor filter on rectifier output.

Equipments: Experimental kit, DC power supply, CRO, Function generator, DMM, Connectors,
Bread Board, BNC probes

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: 1. Capacitor (100µF) 2. Diode (1N4007)

Theory: In Half wave rectifier circuit there is one diode, transformer and a load resistance.
During the positive half cycle of the input, diode is forward biased and it conducts. Hence current
flows through load resistance and voltage gets developed across it. During the negative half cycle
the diode is reversed biased, it is in off state and hence no current flows through load resistance
and no voltage gets developed across load resistance.

Circuit diagram:
1. Half Wave Rectifier:

2. Full Wave Rectifier: Centre Tapped Rectifier

Bridge Rectifier

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Sr. No. Half Wave Rectifier Centre Tapped Rectifier Full Wave Rectifier

Vin(mV) Vout(V) Vin(mV) Vout(V) Vin(mV) Vout(V)

Procedure:
1. Give the suitable AC input voltage with standard input frequency 50Hz.
2. Observe the input waveform.
3. Observe the input and output waveform.
4. Note down Vin as the peak to peak amplitude of the input signal.
5. Note down peak to peak amplitude of the output signal.

Observation Table:

Waveforms:

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Conclusion:
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Experiment no.: 6
Operational Amplifier Applications

Aim: Use of the op-amp as Inverting and Non inverting amplifier.

Equipment’s: 741 Op-Amp, Resistors etc.

Theory:

The op-amp is basically a differential amplifier having a large voltage gain, very high input
impedance and low output impedance. The op-amp has a "inverting" or (-) input and "noninverting"
or (+) input and a single output. The op-amp is usually powered by a dual polarity power supply in
the range of +/- 5 volts to +/- 15 volts.

The primary use of the operational amplifier is as signal amplifier. By using feedback,
operational amplifiers can be designed to have a wide range of gains. The opamp draws very little
currents into its inputs. This means that the input impedance looking into the inverting and the non-
inverting inputs is very large. The open-loop gain is also very large. Assuming the open-loop gain is
infinity, we can show that the voltages at the inverting and the non-inverting terminals should be
approximately the same (potential) at all the times. Because of this, we say that the two terminals
“track” each other. Based on these assumptions, a simple procedure for op-amp analysis can be
formed.

Inverting Amplifier:
If the input voltage source and resistors are connected to the inverting then the circuit can
be used inverting amplifier through the selection of appropriate values of resistor.

The gain of this amplifier is: A= -Rf/R1

Figure 1: Opamp as Inverting Amplifier.

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This means that the gain is completely determined by the external resistors. The negative sign implies
an inverting amplifier. This amplifier has an input resistance of approximately R1.

Op-amp as Non-inverting Amplifier:

An Opamp can be used as a non-inverting amplifier. As shown in fig 2. input signal can be given to
non-inverting terminal of opamp through appropriate external resistors. Output of Circuit is in same
phase with input and amplified by gain 1+Rf/R1

Figure 2: Op-amp as Non inverting Amplifier

Procedure:

1. Construct the amplifier circuit. Calculate numerically amplifier gain.

2. Power the op-amp with +9V and -9V and apply a 1 kHz sinusoidal input signal to the amplifier.
Amplitude of the input signal is to be kept on minimum.
3. Display Vin and Vout at the same time on the scope. Measure the input voltages Vin and Vout.
4. From this, calculate the gain of the amplifier. Is this value close to what you have calculated in
step 1?
5. Draw the input, output waveforms.

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Observation Table:

Input Output
Sr. Resistors Gain
Voltages Voltages
No.
Vin Vout R1 Rf Thorotical Practical
1. Inverting Amplifier

2. Non inverting Amplifier

1.

Waveforms:

Conclusion: -

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Experiment no.: 5

Aim: Frequency response of MOSFET:

A) To plot frequency response of BJT amplifier. (Simulation)
B) To plot frequency response of MOSFET amplifier.(Simulation)

APPARATUS:
Simulation software multisim.

Theory:
Frequency response of an amplifier tells about how well an amplifier amplifies the signal of
particular interest. For example an audio amplifier with 20 KHz bandwidth in 20 Hz to 20 KHz
frequency range means the amplifier gives an acceptable amplification in the audio frequency range.
Generally, frequency response gives the plot of gain variation against frequency variation
and is related in terms of bandwidth and gain. For example 3dB bandwidth gives you at least 70.7%
of maximum gain of the amplifier (in the mid frequency range) everywhere in the frequency band
where the bandwidth is calculated.

PROCEDURE:

1. Draw the circuit diagram of common emitter amplifier.

2. For I part:- Observe input output waveforms
a. Give input voltage V (p-p)= 20mV at 1KHz frequency, keeping the values of Coupling
capacitor at input CC1=10µF and at output CC2=10µF.
b. Simulate the circuit and double click on oscilloscope connected at output terminals of
amplifier.
c. Observe the output waveform and measure output voltage.
3. For II part:- Observe Frequency Response

Conclusion: -

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Experiment no.: 7
Aim: Test and verify the truth tables of:
a) Basic and Universal Gates (Study the data sheet of respective IC’s)
b) Half / Full Adder
c) RS/JK/T/D flip flop
Apparatus Required:

Digital Trainer Kit, Connecting wires, IC7404LS, IC 7408LS, IC 7432LS, IC7400LS,

IC 7402LS, IC 7486LS, IC 7410LS, IC 7420LS

Theory:
The logic gate is the basic building block in digital systems. Logic gates operate with
binary numbers. Gates are therefore referred to as binary logic gates. All voltages used with logic
gates will be either HIGH or LOW. A HIGH voltage will mean a binary 1. A LOW voltage will
mean a binary 0.
Remember that logic gates are electronic circuits. These circuits will respond only to HIGH
voltages (called 1s) or LOW (ground) voltages (called Os).

Procedure:

1. Place the IC on IC Trainer Kit.

2. Connect VCC and ground to respective pins of IC Trainer Kit.
3. Connect the inputs to the input switches provided in the IC Trainer
Kit.
4. Connect the outputs to the switches of O/P LEDs,
5. Apply various combinations of inputs according to the truth table and observe
condition of LEDs.
6. Disconnect output from the LEDs and note down the corresponding voltage
readings for various combinations of inputs.

Logic gates Verification:

Inverter Gate (NOT Gate) - 7404LS

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2-Input AND Gate - 7408LS

2-Input NAND Gate - 7400LS

2-Input OR Gate - 7432LS

2-Input NOR Gate - 7402LS

2-Input EX-OR Gate - 7486LS

Half Adder:

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Theory: Half adder is combinational unit of two inputs & two outputs. It is a basic building block
for the addition of two single bit numbers. This circuit has two outputs viz sum & carry.

Block Diagram of Half Adder:

INPUTS OUTPUTS
S
A SUM
HALF ADDER
B CARRY

Logic Circuit Diagram (using logic gates):

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the kit.
3. Change the states of inputs & observe the output & verify the output according
to truth table.

Truth Table:

INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B SUM CARRY
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Full Adder:

Theory: Full adder is combinational unit of three inputs & two outputs. It is a basic building block
for the addition of three single bit numbers. This circuit has two outputs sum & carry.

Block Diagram:

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INPUTS OUTPUTS
S
A SUM
FULL ADDER
B
CARRY
C

Logic Circuit Diagram (using two half adder)

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the kit.
3. Change the states of inputs & observe the output & verify the output
according to truth table.

Truth Table:
INPUTS OUTPUTS
A B C SUM CARRY
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1

SR Flip Flop ( Observation Table is Expected )

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JK Flip Flop

D Flip Flop

T Flip Flop

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Conclusion:

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Experiment no.: 11
Content Beyond Syllabus

Aim: Implement Binary Addition & Subtraction by using Binary adder IC 7483.

Equipment’s: Digital trainer kit, IC 7483, IC 7404

Theory: The most common is a 4-bit parallel adder IC 7483 that contains four interconnected
full adders and the look ahead carry circuitry needed for high speed operation.
The subtraction of binary numbers can be done most conveniently by means of complements.
The subtraction (A-B) can be obtained by taking the 2‟s complement of B and adding it to A.

Pin Diagram:

a. Binary Addition

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b. Binary Subtraction

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Conclusion:

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