1.

Important Facts on India

INDIA
• Area-3.28 million sq. km
• 2.4 per cent of the world’s land surface
• Seventh largest country in the world
3214 km
Distance from north to
south extremity.
2,933 km
Distance from east to
west. Northern part: sub-tropical zone
or the warm temperate zone.

𝟏
Tropic of Cancer (23 ͦ N)
𝟐

Southern part: Covers 8 states: Gujarat,

Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
within the tropics
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West
Sri Lanka Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Separated from India by 82°30’ E
the Gulf of Mannar and ‘Standard meridian’ of India.
Palk Strait Ahead of Greenwich Mean Time by
5 hours and 30 minutes. It passes
through UP, MP, Chhattisgarh,
Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.

• India’s territorial limit- up to 12

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT nautical miles (about 21.9 km)
• Includes Pakistan, Nepal, from the coast.
Bhutan, Bangladesh and India • Coastline (Mainland)- 6,100 km.
• Coastline (Mainland + Island)-
7,517 km
2. Important Physiographic Landforms
Kashmir or North-western Himalayas
• Between the Indus and the Ravi River.
• Includes Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar and Pir
Panjal.
• Valley of Kashmir and Dal Lake: Between the
Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range.
• Important glaciers of South Asia: Baltoro and
Siachen.
• Famous for Karewas Formations (lacustrine
deposits, useful for Zafran [saffron] cultivation.
Hindu Kush • Important passes:
Covers Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan • Zoji La on the Great Himalayas,
• Banihal on the Pir Panjal,
Pamir Knot
• Photu La on the Zaskar and
Junction of notable mountains, like Tian
• Khardung La on the Ladakh range.
Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, Hindu
• Fresh water lakes: Dal and Wular
Kush and the Himalaya mountain
• Saltwater lakes: PangongTso and TsoMoriri.
ranges.
Rivers: Indus, Jhelum (in youthful stage, forms
meanders) and the Chenab.

Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas

• Between the Ravi in the west and the Kali (a tributary of Ghaghara) in the east.
• Includes the Great Himalayan range, the Lesser Himalayas (locally known as Dhaoladhar in
Himachal Pradesh, Nag tibha in Uttarakhand) and the Shiwalik range from the North to the
South.
• ‘Dun (longitudinal valleys) formations.’ Example: Chandigarh-Kalka dun, Nalagarh dun,
Dehra Dun, Harike dun and the Kota dun, etc.
• Inhabited by Bhotia‘s [nomadic groups who migrate to Bugyals (summer grasslands) and
practice transhumance]
 Namcha Barwa The Darjeeling and Sikkim
Kangchenjunga Himalayas
Mount Everest Location: Tibet
Location: Indo- Bordering Nepal Himalayas in the west
Location: Border Eastern most
Nepal Border and Bhutan Himalayas in the east.
between Nepal and the part of
Third Largest Fast-flowing rivers such as Teesta
Tibet Autonomous Himalayas
Mountain in the Lepcha tribes
Region of China.
world
Elevation: 8848.86 m

Garo, Khasi, Jantia The Arunachal Himalayas

• Location: Meghalaya • From the east of the Bhutan
• Part of Meghalaya Plateau. Himalayas up to the Diphu pass in
• Formed in the same age as Malwa Plateau. the east.
• Direction: southwest to northeast.
The Eastern Hills and Mountains • Important mountain peaks:
• Alignment: north to the south Kangtu and NamchaBarwa.
• Local names: Patkai Bum (In North), Naga hills, • Important Rivers: Brahmaputra,
the Manipur hills, Mizo or Lushai hills (In Kameng, Subansiri, Dihang, Dibang
South). and Lohit.
• Barak River: Manipur and Mizoram. • Ethnic tribal communities:
• Loktak Lake: Manipur Monpa, Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi
• Molassis Basin: Mizoram and the Nagas.
The Northern Plains
• Formed by the alluvial deposits.
• From the north to the south,
• Three major zones: the Bhabar, the Tarai and the alluvial plains (further divided into
Khadar [new alluvium deposits] and Bhangar [old alluvium deposits]).
• Features: mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars,
meanders, ox- bow lakes and braided channels, riverine Islands.
• Famous Delta: Sunderbans.

Indian Desert
The Central Highlands
• To the northwest of the Aravalli
• Formed by the disjunctive ranges of the Satpura
hills.
and Vindhya Hills.
• Longitudinal dunes and barchans.
• Example of the relict mountains.
• Low rainfall below 150 mm per
• Longitudinal sand ridges and crescent shaped
year
sand dunes called barchans.
• River: Luni
• Presence of metamorphic rocks such as marble,
• Typical case of inland drainage by
slate, gneiss, etc.
joining a lake or playa.

The North-Eastern Plateau

• Extension of peninsular plateau.
• Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau detached from
the main Peninsular Block.
• Chhota Nagpur Plateau: Jharkhand adjacent parts of
Odisha, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh.
• The Meghalaya plateau is further subdivided into three:
The Garo Hills, The Khasi Hills, The Jaintia Hills.
The Coastal Plains
• Western Coastal Plains
• Submerged Coastal Plain
• Natural conditions for the development of ports and harbors.
• Natural Ports: Kandla, Mazagaon, JLN port Nhava Sheva, Marmagao, Mangalore,
Cochin, etc.
• Divided into:
• Kachchh and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat.
• Konkan coast in Maharashtra.
• Canara coast and Malabar coast in Karnataka and Kerala respectively.
• Rivers do not form any delta.
• ‘Kayals‘(backwaters) in the Malabar coast
• Eastern Coastal Plains:
• Emergent coast. Less number of ports and harbors.
• Well-developed deltas: of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and the Kaveri.

Bay of Bengal Island group

Islands of the Arabian Sea • Divided into Andaman and Nicobar.
• Includes Lakshadweep and Minicoy • Southward extension of Arakan Yoma
• Coral origin. range (Myanmar)
• Largest Island: Minicoy • Barren Island, the only active volcano in
• Divided by the Eleventh-degree channel. India.
• Equatorial vegetation.
The Peninsular Plateau
• Includes the Delhi ridge in the northwest, (extension of Aravalis), the
Rajmahal hills in the east, Gir range in the west and the Cardamom hills in
the south, Shillong and Karbi-Anglong plateau in the Northeast.
• Patland plateaus: Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Malwa, Coimbatore and the
Karnataka plateau, etc.
• From west to the east .
• Features: tors, block mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky structures, series
of hummocky hills and wall-like quartzite dykes offering natural sites for water
storage.
• Black soil: western and north-western part
• Ravines and gorges: Chambal, Bhind and Morena.

The Deccan Plateau

Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, and the Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo
hills.
3. Drainage System

Indus
Origin: Kailash Mountain Range
Tributaries: Gilgit, Gartang, Dras, Shiger, Hunza

Jhelum
Origin: Verinag Spring at the foot of the Pir
Panjal.
Flows through: Srinagar and the Wular lake.

Chenab
Largest tributary of Indus.
Origin: Formed by two streams, the Chandra
and the Bhaga, which join at Tandi near
Keylong in Himachal Pradesh.

Ravi Satluj
Orgin: Kullu Hills, near Origin: Rakas Lake, near Mansarovar,
Rohtang Pass, Himachal Tibet
Pradesh. Flows through: Gorge at Rupar,
Flows through: Area between Shipki La and the Punjab plains.
the Pir Panjal and Dhaoladhar
Range.

Beas
Origin: Rohtang Pass

Brahmaputra (called as Tsangpo

in Tibet)
• Origin: Chemayungdung
glacier, Kailash range near
the Mansarovar lake.
• Enters: Bangladesh near
Dhubri.
• In Bangladesh, Tista +
Brahmaputra → Jamuna
• Well-known for floods,
channel shifting and bank
erosion.
• Tributaries -Dihang, Lohit,
Subansiri, Teesta, Meghna
(Barack in Assam), Manas
Teesta
• Origin: Sikkim (known as
lifeline of Sikkim)
Alaknanda Ganga
Origin: Satopanth Glacier, Badrinath Origin (as Bhagirathi): Gangotri
Bhagirathi + Alaknanda → Meet at Devprayag Glacier, near Gaumukh,
Pindar + Alaknanda → Meet at Karna Prayag Uttarakhand
Mandakini/Kali Ganga + Alaknanda → Meet at Rudra Length: 2525 Km
Prayag Tributaries: Ramganga, Gomati,
Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi,
Mahananda.

Ramganga
Origin: Garhwal Hills, near Gairsain, UK
Joins Ganga near Kannauj

Ghaghara
Origin: Mapchachungo Glacier
Meets Ganga at Chappra, Bihar

Gandak
Origin: Nepal Himalayas
Kaliganga and Trishul Ganga are its two
streams.
Joins Ganga at Sonpur near Patna

Yamuna Chambal Son

Longest and western most tributary of Tributary of Yamuna Origin: Amarkantak Plateau
Ganga Origin: Mhow, Malwa
Meets Ganga at Prayag (Prayagraj) Plateau, MP Mahananda
Tributaries: Badland topography or Origin: Darjeeling Hills
Right Bank: Chambal, Sind, Betwa, Chambal Ravines.
Ken
Left bank: Hindon, Rind, Senger,
Varuna.
 Narmada
Sabarmati Tapi
Origin: Amarkantak plateau
Combined stream of Origin: Multai, Betul district,
Forms Dhuandhar waterfall
Sabar and Hathmati Madhya Pradesh
near Jabalpur
Origin: Aravalli States: Maharashtra, Madhya
Drains Into: Arabian Sea
States: Rajasthan and Pradesh, Gujarat
Tributaries: Sher, the
Gujarat Drains Into: Arabian Sea
Shakkar, the Dudhi, Tawa.

Tawa
Origin: Satpura
Range, Betul, MP
Longest tributary
of Narmada
Drains Into:
Arabian Sea

Sharavati
Origin: Shimoga,
Karnataka
Creates Jog Falls
Drains Into:
Arabian Sea

Mahi
Origin: Dhar, MP
States: Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan,
and Gujarat
Drains Into: Gulf of
Cambay

Mahanadi
Godavari Origin: Sihawa, Raipur,
Largest Peninsular river Chhattisgarh
Krishna States: Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh
system
Origin: and Odisha
Also called the Dakshin
Mahabaleshwar in Drains Into: Bay of Bengal
Ganga.
Sahyadri Tributaries: Seonath, Jonk, Hasdeo,
Origin: Nasik,
States: Maharashtra, Mand, Ib, Ong, Tel etc.
Maharashtra
Karnataka, Andhra
States: Maharashtra,
Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh, Kaveri
Drains Into: Bay of
Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Origin: Brahmagiri Hills, Kodagu
Bengal
Andhra Pradesh district, Karnataka
Tributaries: Koyna,
Drains Into: Bay of Bengal. States: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil
Tungabhadra, Bhima.
Tributaries: Penganga, Nadu
Indravati, Pranhita, Manjra. Drains Into: Bay of Bengal
Tributaries: Kabini, Bhavani,
Amravati.
 4. Major Soil Types

Forest Soils Black Soil/ Regur Soil/Black

Location: Forest areas where sufficient rainfall is available. Cotton Soil
Feature: Loamy and silty on valley sides and coarse-grained in Location: Most of the Deccan
the upper slopes. Plateau which includes parts of
Characteristics: Acidic with low humus content in Snow covered Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Himalayas while fertile in lower valleys. Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and
some parts of Tamil Nadu.
Alluvial Soils Feature: Clayey, deep, and
Location: Northern plains and the River Valleys impermeable, swells and become
Extent: 40 per cent of the total area of the country. sticky when wet and shrinks when
Features: Depositional soils, transported and deposited by rivers dried, Develops wide cracks like
and streams. ‘self-ploughing‘.
Characteristics: From Sandy Loam to clay. Rich in Potash, poor Characteristics: Rich in lime,
in Phosphorous iron, magnesia and alumina.
Bangar –old alluvium Also contain potash. Lack
Khaddar- new alluvium phosphorus, nitrogen, and organic
Kankar –calcareous deposits matter. Color ranges from deep
Intensively cultivated black to grey.
Arid Soils Red and Yellow Soil
Location: Western Rajasthan Red soil: develops on crystalline
Feature: Range from red to brown in color, sandy in igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall
structure and saline in nature in the eastern and southern part of the
Characteristics: Lacks moisture and humus. Insufficient Deccan Plateau.
Nitrogen and normal phosphate content. Lower horizons of Location: Parts of Odisha and
the soil are occupied by ‘kankar‘ (calcium) layers which Chhattisgarh and in the southern parts
restricts the infiltration of water while the soil moisture is of the middle Ganga plain.
readily available when irrigation is available. Feature: Reddish color due to
diffusion of iron in crystalline and
Laterite Soil
metamorphic rocks. Looks yellow in
Location: Areas with high temperature and high rainfall.
its hydrated form.
Result of intense leaching due to tropical rains. Covers
Characteristics: Fine-grained red and
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the
yellow soils are normally fertile,
hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
whereas coarse-grained soils found in
Characteristics: Poor in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate
dry upland areas are poor in fertility.
and calcium, while iron oxide and potash are in excess. Not
Generally, poor in nitrogen,
suitable for cultivation. Red laterite soils are suitable for tree
phosphorous and humus
crops like cashew nut.
 5. Natural Vegetation Tropical Evergreen forests
Location: western slope of the Western
Ghats, hills of the north-eastern region
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Annual Precipitation: over 200 cm.
Mean Annual Temperature: 22 ͦC.
Montane
Forest
Tree Species: Rosewood, Mahogony, aini,
ebony, etc.
Montane
Forest
Semi Evergreen Forests
Mixture of evergreen and moist deciduous
Tropical
Tropical Tropical
trees.
Thorn Forest
Deciduous Evergreen Tree Species: white cedar, hollock and kail
Forest Forest
Mangrove Forests
Location: Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Sunderbans of West Bengal, Mahanadi, the
Godavari and the Krishna deltas.
Tropical Mangrove Forest
Evergreen Area: Spread over 6,740 sq. km which is 7
Forest per cent of the world’s mangrove forests

Tropical Thorn Forests

Location: semi-arid areas of southwest
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
Rainfall: Less than 50 cm
Tree Species: Babool, ber, and wild date
palm, khair, neem, khejri, palas
Montane Forests Features: Plants remain leafless for most
Northern Mountain Forests part of the year and give an expression of
Location: Himalayan Ranges scrub vegetation. Tussocky grass grows up
Features: to a height of 2 meters.
Deciduous Forests: Foothills of
Himalayas Tropical Deciduous Forests/most widespread forests in
Wet Temperate: Higher hill areas India/Monsoon forests
of West Bengal and Uttaranchal. Location: Areas with rainfall of 70-200 cm.
Practice of transhumance by tribes like Moist Deciduous
Gujjars, Bakarwals, Bhotiyas, and Gaddis. Location: northeastern states along the foothills of
Tree Species: Oak, chestnut, Pine, Chir, Himalayas, eastern slopes of the Western Ghats and
Deodar, Silverfirs, junipers, birch, and Odisha.
rhododendrons, etc. are predominant. Rainfall: 100-200 cm
Southern Mountain Forests Tree Species:Teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla,
Location: Western Ghats, the Vindhyas semul, kusum, and sandalwood etc.
and the Nilgiris Dry Deciduous Forest
Features: Temperate forests are called Location: rainier areas of the Peninsula and the plains of
Sholas in the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, and Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Palani hills. Rainfall: 70- 100 cm
Tree Species: magnolia, laurel, cinchona, Tree Species: Tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, axlewood
and wattle. etc.
 6. Minerals
India’s Rank
Lithium: 7th
Iron Ore: 1st (in Asia)
India’s share in world Manganese (Reserves):2nd
production Manganese (Production): 5th
Mica: 60% Jharkhand
Uranium: 2% Iron Ore, Uranium
Gold: less than 1% Madhya Pradesh
(Jaduguda of
Manganese (13%), Diamond (Panna,
Singhbhum,
Madhya Pradesh), Mica, Lithium
Jammu and Hazaribagh), Thorium,
Kashmir Zirconium (Ranchi and
Lithium Hazaribagh), Lithium

Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan Uranium
Silver (Zawar Mines, (Saharanpur)
Udaipur), Mica,
Gypsum (99%),
Thorium, Lithium
Bihar
Uranium (Gaya),
Gujarat Thorium
Mica

Chhattisgarh
Maharashtra Iron Ore, Mica, Dolomite
Manganese (8%) (28%)

Odisha
Goa
Iron Ore, Manganese (44%),
Iron Ore
Dolomite (13%)

Karnataka
Iron Ore, Manganese
(22%), Gold (leading
producer, 99%- Major
Gold field: Kolar, Hutti) Andhra Pradesh
Diamond: Raichur- Kerala Gold field (in Ramgiri),
Gulbarga region. Thorium (Largest
Tamil Nadu Mica (Leading
Mica, Thorium Producer), Asbestos
deposits),
Zirconium (Leading Producer),
Dolomite (23%)
 Bauxite
• Ore of Aluminium. Copper
Distribution of Bauxite Production: Location:
• Kalahandi and Koraput belt of Odisha • Madhya Pradesh (58%),
(36%), • Rajasthan (32%),
• Gujarat (20%), • Jharkhand(11%).
• Maharashtra (13%) Major Centres of Copper Mining:
• Jharkhand (13%). • Singhbhum (Jharkhand),
Major Companies of Bauxite Mining • Malanjkhand (MP),
• NALCO • Khetri-Singhana and Alwar (Rajasthan),
• BALCO • Kho- Dariba and Delwara Kirovli(Rajasthan)
• HINDALCO
 Alpine (E)
Region: Himalayan region
7. KOEPPEN’S SCHEME above 4,500 meters
Characteristics:
•Cold throughout the year
•Heavy snowfall
Arid (BWh) •Short summers with cool
Region: Northwestern temperatures
India, parts of
Rajasthan and Gujarat
Characteristics:
•Hot summers
•Dry throughout the
year
•Low rainfall

Tropical Wet and Dry (Aw) Tropical Wet (Am)

Region: Southern Maharashtra, Region: Northeastern India, Subtropical Dry Winter (Cwa)
Goa, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Region: Eastern Maharashtra,
Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala Jharkhand, Bihar, eastern Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and
Characteristics: Uttar Pradesh, and Assam parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan
•Rainfall mainly during the summer Characteristics: Characteristics:
monsoon season •High temperatures throughout •Hot summers
•Dry winters the year •Dry winters
•High temperatures throughout the •Heavy rainfall throughout the •Rainfall mainly during the summer
year year with a peak during the monsoon season
summer monsoon season
8. Major Crops
Rice
Temperature: Not above 35°C
Rainfall: 150-300 cm
Soil: Clayey or loamy
Major Areas: West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh

Wheat
Temperature: 19°-15°C (winter), 21°-26°C
(Summer)
Rainfall: 80 cm
Soil: Well drained loamy and clay loam
Major Areas: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab
and Madhya Pradesh

Sugarcane
Temperature: 20°-26°C
Rainfall: 100-150 cm
Soil: Any type of soil that can retain moisture
Major Areas: Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
 Jute
Temperature: 25-30 °C
Rainfall: 160-200 cm
Soil: Alluvial/Loamy Soil, Red Soil (with
manure)
Major Areas: Bihar and West Bengal

Cotton
Temperature: 21°-26°C, but not below 21°C,
200 frost free days
Rainfall: 50-75 cm
Soil: Black soil (regur), alluvial or laterite soils
Major Areas: Maharashtra and Gujarat

Coffee
Temperature: 15°-28°C
Rainfall: 150-200 cm
Soil: Rich, well drained friable loams
containing good amount of vegetable mould
Major Areas: Karnataka and Kerala

Tea
Temperature: 24°-30°C
Rainfall: 125-375 cm, grown on hill slopes
Soil: Well drained, deep friable loams or
forest soils, rich in organic matter
Major Areas: Assam and Kerala
9. Transport

North-South Corridor East-West Corridor

Implemented by: National Highway Authority of Implemented by: National Highway
India Authority of India
Connects: Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) Connects: Silchar (Assam)
and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) and Porbandar (Gujarat)

Golden Quadrilateral
A national Highway network implemented by National Highway Authority of India.
It connects four major metro cities: Delhi (North), Kolkata (East), Mumbai (West), and Chennai
(South).
 Maharashtra
West Bengal
Mumbai, biggest port
Haldia, to decongest
Gujarat with natural and well Odisha
Kolkata port
Kandla, tidal sheltered harbors. Paradip, major
Kolkata, riverine port
port Jawaharlal Nehru iron ore export
located on Hoogly
Port, to decongest
river
Mumbai port.

Tamil Nadu Andhra

Goa Tuticorin, natural
Karnataka Pradesh
Marmagao, Kerala harbor
New Mangalore, Visakhapatnam
major iron ore Kochi, Natural Chennai, oldest
major iron ore deepest land
export
harbor artificial port
export locked and well
Ennore or protected port.
Kamarajar
The Dedicated freight corridors in India are a network of broad gauge freight railway lines that
solely serve freight trains, thus making the freight service in India faster and more efficient.

Railway Ministry
formed the Dedicated
Freight Corridor
Corporation of India
Limited (DFCCIL) in
2006. It is responsible
for planning, building
and operating the
‘Dedicated Freight
Corridor’ (DFC) to
smoothen the
transportation of
goods by freight trains
to the major Indian
cities.
10. Energy
 Madhya Pradesh
Thermal Power Plants: Singrauli, Amarkantak,
Satpura

Uttar Pradesh
Haryana Thermal Power Plants:
Thermal Power Harduaganj, Panki, Parichha,
Plant: Faridabad Rihand
Nuclear Power Plant: Naraura
Rajasthan
Nuclear Power Bihar
Plant: Rawat Bhata Thermal Power
Plant: Barauni
Gujarat Assam
Thermal Power Plants: Thermal Power Plant:
Sabarmati, Gandhinagar, Bongaigaon, Namrup
Ahmedabad, Ukai,
Dhuvaram, Vanakbari
Nuclear Power Plant:
Kakrapara

Jharkhand
Thermal Power
Plant:Chandrapura

West Bengal
Thermal Power Plant:
Santaldih, Kolkata,
Durgapur
Odisha
Thermal Power Plant:
Chattisgarh Talcher
Thermal Power
Plant: Korba Telangana
Maharashtra Kudankulam* Thermal Power
Thermal Power Plants: Ramagundam,
Plants: Trombay, Uran, Tamil Nadu Kottagudam
Nashik, Bhusawal, Karnataka Thermal Power
Parli, Koradi, Nuclear Power Plant: Ennore,
Chandrapur Neyveli, Tuticorin Andhra Pradesh
Plant: Kaiga Thermal Power
Nuclear Power Plants: Nuclear Power
Tarapur Plant: Kalpakkam, Plant: Vijayawada
Kudankulam
 Haryana Madhya Pradesh
Oil Fields: Coal Mines: Singrauli
Sonipat, Oil Fields: Vijaipur, Jhabua
Gurugram

Delhi
Oil Field
Uttar Pradesh
Oil Fields: Aonla, Shahjahanpur,
Rajasthan Jagdishpur, Auraiya, Babrala, Sahibabad
Oil Field: Anta

Assam
Coal Mines: Makum, Janji,
Najira
Oil Fields: Digboi, Naharkatia,
Sibsagar, Moran
Gujarat:
Oil Fields: Kalol, West Bengal
Vadodara, Hajira, Coal Mine: Raniganj
Ankaleshwar

Chattisgarh
Coal Mine:
Korba

Maharashtra Andhra Jharkhand

Tamil Nadu Odisha
Oil Fields: Pradesh Coal Mines:
Coal Mine: Coal Mine:
Bassien, Mumbai Coal Mine: Bokaro, Jharia
Neyveli Talcher
High Singareni
11. Industries
Jharkhand
Chhattisgarh Bokaro (International Partnership
Bhilai (International with Soviet Union)
Partnership with Soviet Union) Jamshedpur

Western West Bengal

Durgapur
(International
Partnership with UK)
Burnpur

Karnataka Andhra Northern Odisha

Vijaynagara, Pradesh Rourkela (International
Tamil Nadu
Bhadravati Vishakhapatna Partnership with
Salem
m Germany)
Gujarat (Major
Cotton Producing Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh
State) Ujjain Agra, Hathras
Bharuch (Lower Labor (Lower Labor
Costs) Costs)

West Bengal
Kolkata
(Port Facilities)
Maharashtra
(Major Cotton
Producing State)

Tamil Nadu
(Major Cotton Producing State)
Abundant availability of hydel
power for the mills
Coimbatore (Lower Labor Costs)
 Assam
Digboi, Numaligarh, Guwahati,
Bongaigaon

Punjab Haryana
Bathinda Panipat
Bihar
Barauni

Uttar Pradesh
Mathura
Gujarat
Koyali, Jamnagar,
Vadiner

West Bengal
Haldia
Madhya Pradesh
Bina
Odisha
Paradwip

Maharashtra
Mumbai Andhra Pradesh
Vishakhapatnam,
Tatipaka

Karnataka
Mangaluru

Tamil Nadu
Chennai, Nagapattinam
Kerala
Kochi
 Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut
Located far from mineral and
power resources and hence
mainly light and market-
oriented industries.

Gujarat
The nucleus of this
region lies in
Ahmedabad and
Vadodara. Located in
the cotton growing
area, has the double Chotanagpur
advantage of proximity Extends over Jharkhand, northern
to raw materials and Odisha, and western West Bengal.
markets. Known for heavy metallurgical
industries.

Hugli
Located along the Hugli
River. Extends from
Banseria (North) to
Birlanagar (South).
Kolkata-Haora forms the
nucleus of this region.

Mumbai- Pune
Extends from Mumbai-Thane to Pune Visakhapatnam-Guntur
including adjoining districts of Nashik Extends from Visakhapatnam to Kurnool
and Solapur. and Prakasam district in the south.
Coalfields of Godavari basin provide energy.

Bangalore-Tamil Nadu
Witnessed rapid industrial growth.
Kollam- Thiruvananthapuram Spread over Extends to all districts of Tamil Nadu
Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alwaye, except Viluppuram. Away from Coal
Ernakulam and Alappuzha districts. fields. Development here is dependent
Industrial base provided by Plantation on Pykara hydroelectric plant.
agriculture and hydropower.
12. Earthquake Zones
Natural Hazards vs. Natural Disasters
• Both undesirable natural events with potential to harm life and property.
• Natural Disasters have relatively far greater impact

Earthquakes
• Tectonic Origin, Movement of Indian Plate towards Eurasian Plate, most Devastating
• Most Vulnerable States: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
and the Darjeeling subdivision of West Bengal and all the 7 states of the northeast .

High Damage Risk

Zone
• Jammu and Kashmir,
• Himachal Pradesh,
• Northern parts of
Punjab,
• Eastern parts of
Haryana,
• Delhi,
• Western Uttar
Pradesh,
• Northern Bihar

Very high Damage

Risk Zone
• North-east states,
• Areas to the north of
Darbhanga and
Araria along the
Indo-Nepal border in
Bihar,
• Uttarakhand,
• Western Himachal
Pradesh

Tsunami / Shallow Water Waves

• Caused by Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruption, Long wavelengths over deep waters,
higher speed in shallow waters
• Frequent Occurrence: Pacific ring of fire, (coast of Alaska, Japan, Philippines), Islands
of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and India.
13. Cyclones
Tropical Cyclones
(Regions of intense low-pressure)
• Latitudinal Range: 30° N and 30° S
latitudes
• Horizontal Extent: Up to 500-1,000 km
• Vertical Extent: Surface to 12-14 km
• Expansion of the wind belt : 10-150 km

Conditions for Tropical Cyclone

1.Large and continuous supply of warm and
moist air.
2.Strong Coriolis Force.
3.Unstable condition through the troposphere .
4.Absence of strong vertical wind wedge.

Distribution of Tropical Cyclone

•Tropical cyclones in India originate in the
Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian
Sea in the west.
•Season and Latitude: Mostly Monsoon
Season (Bay of Bengal Region: Months of
October and November) and between 10°-15°
north latitudes

14. Floods

Distribution of Flood
•South, Southeast and East Asian countries,
in general.
•China, India and Bangladesh, in particular.

As per Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National

Flood Commission)
•40 million hectares of land are flood-prone
in India
•Assam, West Bengal and Bihar are
among the high flood-prone states of India.

Causes of Flood
•Surface runoff exceeds the carrying
capacity of the river channels.
•Storm surge (in the coastal areas).
•High intensity rainfall for considerably
longer time period.
•Melting of ice and snow.
•Reduction in the infiltration rate.
•Presence of eroded material in the water.