02 Programming Foundations - What Is Computer

ProgrammingAdvices.
com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

Copyright© 2022 MBA, PMOC, PgMP®, PMP®, PMI-RMP®, CM, ITILF, MCPD, MCSD
26+ years of experience
ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud
Computer Foundations
What is Computer?
Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud
26+ Years of Experience Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud
ProgrammingAdvices.com
MBA, PMOC, PgMP®, PMP®, PMI-RMP®, CM, ITILF, MCPD, MCSD
Before we know what is computer?
Let us remember...

What is the difference between…
Data Information Knowledge Wisdom
VS VS VS

What is computer? Knowledge
Processing
According to Rules
Data Input Output Information
Wisdom
Is an Electronic Device

Computer Functions
Functionalities of Computer
Input Data Stores Data Process Data Output Info. Control
Takes data as input. Stores the data/instructions Processes data and Generates Controls all
in its memory and use them convert it to useful Information as previous steps.
when required. information. output.
5
4
3
2
1

Computer is:
• Electronic Device.
• Operating under the control of instructions.
• Accepts Data (Input).
• Processes Data according to certain rules.
• Produces Information (Output).
• Stores information for future use.

Computer Components
Computer Components

Software
Software
System Software: Operating Systems

Windows, Mac OS, Unix, DOS, Linux, Android, …etc
Application Software:
Ms Office, Photoshop, Browsers, …etc

Hardware
Hardware

Computer Units
Computer Units
4
Input
3 5
Primary Memory Central Processing
1 2
Output Secondary Storage

Computer Units
Central Processing Unit
CPU
Arithmetic
And
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Cache L1 Registers
Input Control Output
Primary Secondary
Memory Storage
Computer Units - Input
Input
1
Any device that
provides data or
signal to
computer.

Computer Units - Output
Output
2
Any device used
to communicate
results.
Monitor
Printer Speaker

Computer Units – Primary Memeory
Primary Memory
Temporary
3 Permanent
Example: It stores the
instructions for the
computer to start up.
RAM & ROM
Random Access Memory
Read Only Memory

Computer Units – Secondary Storage
Secondary Storage
4
Stores data
parentally

hundreds of millions or
Computer Units - CPU

even billions of transistors
CPU
Transistor
CPU
5 Known as microprocessor or processor

Transistor is a binary switch
prevents or allows electricity.
It is responsible ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

for all functions
and processes.
Control Unit
Cache & Registers
Central Process Unit (CPU)

Computer Units
Central Processing Unit
CPU
Arithmetic
And
Logic Unit
(ALU)
Cache L1 Registers
Input Control Output
Primary Secondary
Memory Storage
Arithmetic and logical Unit - ALU:
• Executes Arithmetic and logical operations.
• Arithmetic calculations (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

Division).
• Logical Operations ( Compare numbers, letters, characters).

Control Unit - CU:
• Controls and coordinates computer components.
• Reads data from memory
• Sends data to ALU or register
• Instructs hardware to perform the requested operation

Cache & Registers:
• Cache is a Highigh-Speed memory inside the CPU chip.

• Registers are Highigher-Speed memory inside the CPU chip.
These are memory locations that can be directly accessible

by processor.

CPU Access to Memory
CPU
Instantly available data

Registers
Temporary Simi instantly available data
Makes Access to data much faster
Slow access to data
Memory Types
Graphics Processing Unit
GPU
What is GPU?
• GPU stands for graphics processing unit.
• You'll also see GPUs commonly referred to as graphics cards
or video cards!
• But it is not graphic card, it’s only one part of it.

GPU vs CPU
• CPU is designed to handle tasks quickly but are limited in

the concurrency of tasks that can be running.
• A GPU is designed to quickly render high-resolution images

and video concurrently.

How Computer Deals

with data?
32bit operating systems can allocate only 4GB of memory
(2^32 = 4294967296), whereas 64bit ones can allocate a lot
What is 32 vs 64 more (2^64 = 18446744073709551616). So if you have under 4
GB of RAM in your computer, you don’t need a 64-bit CPU, bu
32-bit number has 2^32 possible addresses, if you have 4 GB or more, Then you must have 64 Bit CPU and
or 4,294,967,296. On other side, a 64-bit number’s capacity operating system.
is 2^64, or 18,446,744,073,709,551,616. Comparing ~4
billion bytes (about 4 gigabytes) to ~18 quintillion bytes
(about 18 billion gigabytes or 16 exabytes) showcases the vast
difference.
x64 or x86-64 and 32-bit hardware and software are often
referred to as x86 or x86-32.
•64-bit computer architecture provides higher performance
than 32-bit architecture by handling twice as many bits of
information in the same clock cycle.
•A computer with a 32-bit processor can only run a 32-bit
operating system and 32-bit software. But a computer
with 64-bit processor can run both 64-bit and 32-bit
operating systems and software.
Note: if you have installed 32-bit operating system on a 64-bit
computer, then it can run 32-bit software only. ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud
CPUs are built by placing billions of microscopic transistors onto
a single computer chip.
a transistor is a binary switch and the fundamental building block of computer

circuitry. Like a light switch on the wall, the transistor either prevents or allows current
to flow through. A single modern CPU can have hundreds of millions or even billions
of transistors.


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ProgrammingAdvices.

com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

Data Input Output Information

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

System Software: Operating Systems

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

Input Control Output

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

Random Access Memory

Read Only Memory

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

Computer Units - CPU

5 Known as microprocessor or processor

It is responsible ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Cache & Registers

Central Process Unit (CPU)

Input Control Output

• Arithmetic calculations (Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,

• Logical Operations ( Compare numbers, letters, characters).

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

• Cache is a Highigh-Speed memory inside the CPU chip.

These are memory locations that can be directly accessible

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

CPU Access to Memory

Instantly available data

Temporary Simi instantly available data

Makes Access to data much faster

Slow access to data

Graphics Processing Unit

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

• CPU is designed to handle tasks quickly but are limited in

• A GPU is designed to quickly render high-resolution images

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

How Computer Deals

a transistor is a binary switch and the fundamental building block of computer

ProgrammingAdvices.com Mohammed Abu-Hadhoud

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