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    Calculus 4

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    Germain Trugnan
    The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 3 and 4 of a math course, including: - Definitions of one-sided limits and how to prove limit statements. - Limit laws that can be used to find limits of complicated functions rigorously. - Additional properties of limits like the triangle inequality, one-sided limits theorem, and squeeze theorem. - Extensions of limits to infinity and definitions of infinite, finite, and continuous limits.

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    Calculus 4

    Uploaded by

    Germain Trugnan
    19 views10 pages
    The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 3 and 4 of a math course, including: - Definitions of one-sided limits and how to prove limit statements. - Limit laws that can be used to find limits of complicated functions rigorously. - Additional properties of limits like the triangle inequality, one-sided limits theorem, and squeeze theorem. - Extensions of limits to infinity and definitions of infinite, finite, and continuous limits.

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    The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 3 and 4 of a math course, including: - Definitions of one-sided limits and how to prove limit statements. - Limit laws that can be used to find limits of complicated functions rigorously. - Additional properties of limits like the triangle inequality, one-sided limits theorem, and squeeze theorem. - Extensions of limits to infinity and definitions of infinite, finite, and continuous limits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views10 pages

    Calculus 4

    Uploaded by

    Germain Trugnan
    The document summarizes key concepts from lectures 3 and 4 of a math course, including: - Definitions of one-sided limits and how to prove limit statements. - Limit laws that can be used to find limits of complicated functions rigorously. - Additional properties of limits like the triangle inequality, one-sided limits theorem, and squeeze theorem. - Extensions of limits to infinity and definitions of infinite, finite, and continuous limits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    MATH1.

    1
    Summary of Lecture #3+4

    MATH1.1 1 / 10
    • One-sided limits
    lim f (x) = L
    x→a−

    if for every number ε > 0 there is a number δ > 0, such that

    a−δ <x <a =⇒ |f (x) − L| < ε.

    lim f (x) = L
    x→a+

    if for every number ε > 0 there is a number δ > 0, such that

    a<x <a+δ =⇒ |f (x) − L| < ε.

    MATH1.1 2 / 10
    • The trick estimation
    In general, it is not always easy to prove that limit statements
    are true using the ε, δ definition.
    The main idea of estimation

    It basically means replacing a complicated piece of some


    expression by something larger, but easier to understand,
    easier to work on.

    MATH1.1 3 / 10
    Comment. It is not always easy to prove that limit statements
    are true using the ε, δ definition.
    • What to do?
    The limits of complicated functions can be found rigorously from
    the Limit Laws without resorting to the definition directly.

    MATH1.1 4 / 10
    • Limit Laws
    If lim f (x) = L, lim g(x) = M, then TFAT:
    x→a x→a
    
    Sum/Difference rules: lim f (x) ± g(x) = L ± M
    x→a
    
    Constant multiple rule: lim k · f (x) = k · L
    x→a
    
    Product rule: lim f (x) · g(x) = L · M
    x→a
    f (x) L
    Quotient rule: lim = , provided that M 6= 0
    x→a g(x) M
    n
    Power rule: lim [f (x)] = Ln , n is a positive integer
    x→a
    p √
    n
    Root rule: lim n f (x) = L, n is a positive integer
    x→a
    (If n is even, we assume that f (x) ≥ 0 for all x in an interval
    containing a.)

    MATH1.1 5 / 10
    • The triangle inequality

    For any numbers a, b, we always have



    |a| − |b|
    |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b| =⇒ |a − b| ≥
    |b| − |a|

    MATH1.1 6 / 10
    • The one-sided limits theorem

    lim f (x) = L ⇐⇒ lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) = L.


    x→a x→a− x→a

    The Limit Laws also hold for this type of limits.


    • Limit does not exist
    If
    either of the one-side limits lim− f (x), lim+ f (x) does not
    x→a x→a
    exits,
    or both one-side limits exit, but they are not equal,
    then the limit lim f (x) does not exist.
    x→a

    MATH1.1 7 / 10
    • Two additional properties of limits

    1 Suppose
    there exist the limits lim f (x) = A & lim g(x) = B
    x→a x→a
    f (x) ≤ g(x) for all x in some open interval containing a
    (except possibly at x = a itself).
    Then
    lim f (x) ≤ lim g(x), that is A ≤ B.
    x→a x→a

    2 (The Squeeze Theorem) Suppose


    f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) for all x in some open interval containing
    a (except possibly at x = a itself).
    lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L.
    x→a x→a
    Then there exists lim g(x) = L.
    x→a

    MATH1.1 8 / 10
    • Extension of limits lim f (x) = L
    x→a

    Finite limits at infinity: lim f (x) = L


    x→±∞
    Infinite limits: lim f (x) = ±∞
    x→a
    (also one-side infinite limits lim± f (x) = ±∞)
    x→a
    Infinite Limits at Infinity: lim f (x) = ±∞
    x→±∞

    MATH1.1 9 / 10
    • Continuity

    A function f (x) is continuous at x = a, if

    lim f (x) = f (a).


    x→a

    This means that 3 conditions are satisfied:


    f (a) is defined
    lim f (x) exists
    x→a
    lim f (x) = f (a).
    x→a

    It is “extended” to right-continuous and left-continuous at a.

    MATH1.1 10 / 10

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