2000 July - David Hall & Kate Bayliss - Energy Restructuring in Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Former Yugoslavia

PSIRU
Public Services International Research Unit

School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences
University of Greenwich, 30 Park Row, London SE10 9LS U.K.
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.psiru.org Tel: +44-(0)208- 331-9933 Fax: +44 (0)208-331-7781
Director: David Hall Researchers: Kate Bayliss, Steve Davies
PSIRU for PSI July 2000
Energy restructuring in Albania, Bosnia, Croatia,

Slovenia, former Yugoslavia, and surrounding region
By David Hall and Kate Bayliss
1. Electricity: privatisation and restructuring ............................................................................................................... 2

A. Albania....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
 Corruption ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
B. Bosnia ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
C. Croatia ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2
 Labour protection issues ............................................................................................................................... 2
 Relative private/public credit ratings ............................................................................................................ 2
D. FYR Macedonia ......................................................................................................................................................... 2
E. FYR Serbia ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
F. Kosovo ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
G. Slovenia ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Electricity: IPPs ............................................................................................................................................................ 3

A. Croatia ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
 Jertovec (Enron) - renegotiated ..................................................................................................................... 3
 Plomin (RWE) .............................................................................................................................................. 3
3. Gas: privatisation and restructuring .......................................................................................................................... 3

A. Albania....................................................................................................................................................................... 3
B. Bosnia ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3
C. Croatia ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4
D. Slovenia ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4. Regional plans ............................................................................................................................................................... 4

A. Balkan regional electricity planning .......................................................................................................................... 4
B. Enel (Italy) – regional plan ........................................................................................................................................ 5
C. Gas ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
5. Multinationals active in the region .............................................................................................................................. 6
6. Summary and issues ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
7. Annexes .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
A. Balkan Interconnection Task Force's Common Interest Projects (May 2000) .......................................................... 8
B. EU electricity directive ............................................................................................................................................ 10
_______________________________________________________________________________________
PSIRU for PSI [email protected] 30/06/23
1. Electricity: privatisation and restructuring
A. Albania
Albania plans to privatise the electrical utility KESH, starting with the sale of 30% of shares in distributors
in 3 towns - Elbasan, Vlore and Shkoder. The policy on pricing is that industry will be charged full
economic price for electricity, consumers will retain subsidy. 1
KESH does not have sufficient revenue from charges to cover costs. The tariffs are set below the cost of
production, the collection rate is 40%. The Albanian people are poor but with low payments demand
remains high: KESH is technically unable to meet demand, and is supplying at 150V instead of 220V.2
Enelpower – the international arm of the Italian electricity company Enel – won a management assistance
contract at KESH in April 2000. This was not the original management scheme proposed by the World
Bank, which involved a takeover of KESH minus assets, a proposal the Albanians resisted, but Enelpower
will have the power to disconnect non-payers. 3
In addition, Enelpower plans to build and operate a 100 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Vjosa river in
southern Albania. The power station will be linked to the Albanian and Greek grids, and will be carried out
in partnership with the Becchetti Energy Group. (see below for Enel’s general strategy in the Balkans).
 Corruption
The Albanian minister of privatisation was dismissed in January 2000 because of alleged corruption: he
“was fired after being accused of falsifying documents and giving preferential treatment to individuals and
companies taking part in energy deals,”4.
B. Bosnia
Bosnian Elektropriveda will be privatised, but it will remain as a vertically integrated unit, and will reportedly
be the last sector to be privatised. 5 6 This is quite compatible with EU laws. Bosnia is re-establishing its
exports of electricity to Croatia (& Slovenia).7 Post-war reconstruction of power stations and the grid have
been financed by EBRD. 8
C. Croatia
Croatia plans to partly privatise the electricity authority HEP.9 The planned privatisation of HEP helped
force the renegotiation of the IPP deal with Enron. No private investor was likely to be prepared to assume
the burden implied by the previous obligation on HEP to buy the output. 10 In March 200 new management
was appointed at HEP.
 Labour protection issues

The unions and government have agreed a number of employee protection measures as part of the plans for
privatising both HEP and INA. These include: binding the government to maintain the employment level
during the company's sale; using funds from the sale for employment stimulation; giving workers and
pensioners the right to privileged purchase of shares and as well as. 11
 Relative private/public credit ratings

HEP BBB S&P Nov98
Enron BBB S&P Nov98
HEP is profitable before interest payments, but makes a loss after financing costs.12 It raised a syndicated
international loan worth DM160m in 1998. 13
D. FYR Macedonia
Enron are seeking concessions for some of the grid connector projects in FYR Macedonia. Enron has
expressed particular interest in the construction of the 400kV Dubrovo-Radomir transmission line worth
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$40m linking up Macedonia and Bulgaria, but is interested more generally in these grid schemes which form
part of the Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe's priority projects. 14
FYR Macedonia has increased the price of electricity to households in February and the electricity authority
wanted further increases in April and October. Consumers’ representatives protested. 15
E. FYR Serbia
Serbia's power company Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS) has asked for foreign partners to invest in new power
stations. It also plans for privatisation, initially by an increase in share capital. 16
F. Kosovo
ESB International (ESBI), the international consultancy division of Ireland's Electricity Supply Board and
Electricite de France (EdF) are competing for the EU contract to run Kosovo's power stations and mines.17
G. Slovenia
The government has split the electricity company and is selling off 45% of the 5 distribution companies,
and shares in some generating companies. 18
Krsko remains wholly state-owned. There is a long-running dispute with Croatia’s HEP, which claims part
ownership of the nuclear power plant at Krsko. Up to the start of the year 2000, HEP had claimed $80m
‘rent’ from Slovenija’s electrical company for its exclusive use of Krsko. 19
2. Electricity: IPPs
A. Croatia
 Jertovec (Enron) - renegotiated

Enron had agreed an IPP at Jertovec in 1997, with the government of Tudjman. 20.This included a 20-year
PPA whereby HEP guaranteed to buy all the output, an agreement worth $1.6 billion to Enron. Tudjman had
hoped that a generous PPA would help persuade the USA government to be friendlier to his policies, and to
take the pressure off Croatia at the war crimes tribunal in The Hague. 21
This agreement was economically impossible for HEP and the country to support. In August 2000 it was
terminated, and replaced by a new agreement permitting Enron to build the IPP, but at their own risk,
without any guarantee of purchase from HEP. 22
 Plomin (RWE)
In December 199 the 210MW coal-fired Plomin2 power plant came online. It is a joint venture between HEP
and the German multinational RWE. 23
3. Gas: privatisation and restructuring
A. Albania
The Albanian government announced in October 1999 that it would soon launch sale procedures for several
large state-owned companies, including the gas company Servcom.24
B. Bosnia
In March 2000 the energy unions protested against plans to increase the price of fuel. The union argued that
people could not afford it. 25
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C. Croatia
INA, the Croatian oil and gas company, has experienced the contradictions of energy reform. The new
Croatian government has held down energy prices, and INA has made increasing losses. In June 2000 it
denied that it was unable to meet its liabilities. 26 In 1998 INA successfully raised loans of USD$150m on
the international market at favourable rates.. 27 In March 200 new management was appointed at INA. 28
In 1998 the major Italian gas group ENI/Italgas/SNAM signed a series of major deals with Croatia’s INA.
• Italgas – the Italian gas company, part of energy group ENI - signed an agreement for undersea pipeline
supply of gas with INA. One motive was to provide an alternative to Russian gas from Gazprom. INA
has used the deal to argue for developing a new power station as gas-fired instead of coal-fired. 29
• In 1998, ENI and INA also inaugurated Ivana, the first offshore gas production platform located in the
Croatian Adriatic. ENI's subsidiary Agip Croatia Bv and INA have signed a Production Sharing
Agreement.
• SNAM – another ENI group company - and INA signed a framework agreement to develop the GEA
(Gas Energy Adriatico) project. The two companies will jointly develop a natural gas transmission
system from Italy to Croatia, likely to be extended to other neighbouring countries, and will also co-
operate in distribution. The US$ 300m pipeline will run for over 330 km, of which 130 km off-shore.
ENI said that, as the pipeline would boost the Croatian gas industry and the use of gas in thermal plants,
the company is ready to invest in the operation and management of combined cycle power stations.
D. Slovenia
The state still owns 24.5% of national gas company Geoplin. Six of the 12 regional gas distributors hold
34.6%, with the remaining 40.9% held by 133 shareholders, including the other six distributors. The IMF
has said this is too much like the old Yugoslav system, with a parallel workers council.
In 1995 Italgas (part of Italian energy group Eni) it bought a stake in regional gas company Adriaplin:
Italgas now has 51% with the remainder held by Austria's Steirische Ferngas and the Slovenian state gas
company Geoplin. The initial project for Adriaplin is development and expansion of a regional network,
with focus on the municipal areas of Ljubljana and Maribor.. It has access to both Algerian and - via
Hungary - Russian gas. The deal gives Steirische Ferngas access to Algerian gas as well as Russian gas
supplied via Hungary to Slovenia.
Adriaplin has now bought Slovenski Plinovodi, a group based in Nova Gorica, Slovenia, which controls
seven thirty-year gas distribution concessions and one concession for the purification of water from the
urban network. The purchase was made through Adriaplin, in which30
4. Regional plans
A. Balkan regional electricity planning

There has been a major attempt to develop regional connections and markets in the Balkans. This has been
driven both by the EU and by the desire for stability in the region. A number of benefits are expected:
greater private investment, potential for export to countries outside the region, especially Turkey, synergy
within the region, and reconnecting Greece to the European UCTE – either via Bulgaria and Romania, or via
Mostar.
The model used is of a neoliberal regional market with electricity traded and supplied by private companies.
But in practice developments have been slow, and the delivery of finance appears to have depended on
political backing. It is hard to raise capital for large energy infrastructure projects on pure commercial terms,
even within the EU: successes in the Baltic and Mediterranean have depended on 40% of investment finance
coming from the EU's regional funds.
The EU’s consultants Ramboll now argue that investment should be driven by applying political pressure on
EU based utilities: the EU should amend its strategy to secure "the active involvement of determined and
committed energy utilities from the EU Member States. Adopting this concept should include requiring co-
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financing from the participating EU energy companies in partnership with regional energy companies, so
that the commercial industry contributes the same volume of financial resources as the EU to undertake a
joint project."
This is reinforced by the report that the companies showing the greatest interest in Balkan electricity are the
established (and largely state-owned) EU country electricity companies Enel (Italy) and PPC (Greece),
which have both commercial interest and political commitment. 31
B. Enel (Italy) – regional plan

Enel, the Italian electricity company, has a strategy for expansion in the Balkans. It has formed a joint
venture Enelco with Prometheus Gas and Damco Energy of Greece for the development of power projects
in Greece and the Balkans. It is planning to export surplus power from Italy via an undersea cable to Greece.
It is also building a new power station in Greece, near the border with Turkey.
It has a clear regional policy for the Balkans, which it has developed as part of a task force for the Italian
government. Its chief executive Luigi Giuffrida has said: “"One cannot consider countries [of the Balkans]
individually, instead one has to consider the whole region because the power systems that may be developed
are strongly interconnected". Enelpower has already proposed a single interconnected system..."and some
concrete ideas in that direction" as part of a task force to the Balkans for the Italian government. "We are
creating a framework - or master plan - for the electricity system, to which Enelpower can offer strong
contributions." 32
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C. Gas
As elsewhere in Europe, the major potential gas supplier to the region is the Russian company Gazprom,
which owns over one third of the world’s reserves of natural gas. In the Balkans alternative sources
including local gas reserves and piped gas from North Africa or Italy.
The Italian companies have been most active in the Balkans so far.
• Italgas, the biggest, has already signed exploration agreements and supply agreements with Croatia, and
owns gas distribution interests in Slovenia.
• Montedison has proposed selling gas as well as electricity in Albania.
• Acegas, the municipally-owned Italian gas company in Trieste, has signed a joint venture agreement
with Enron to market gas in the Trieste region, and specifically to look for opportunities for expanding
into the Balkans. 33 Acegas is also part of a triple municipal joint venture with the private Italian group
Montedison to market gas in the northeast of Italy and expand into Slovenia and Croatia. 34
5. Multinationals active in the region

The most striking feature of this area is the strength of the Italian energy companies. This includes:
• ENEL – through its international division Enelpower, with a firm base in Albania and clear regional
strategy
• Italgas/ENI – through its gas interests in Slovenia, and major supply agreements with Croatia
• Other public and private Italian interests – including the municipal gas company of Trieste, Acegas, and
the private energy company Montedison, also looking to Albania as a base.
Only two other energy multinationals are established in the region, both with IPPs in Croatia.
RWE – the large German private electricity company – is a partner with HEP in the first IPP to operate in
Croatia.
Enron – the USA electricity and gas company, and one of the most active energy multinationals – has just
had to renegotiate its IPP agreement in Croatia. Its future is not now clear. Enron is also interested in joint
ventures in the Macedonian grid, and marketing gas from Italy.
Other major European and USA energy multinationals are so far absent eg EdF (France) , Tractebel
(Belgium), Eon (Germany), AES, Cinergy, NRG (USA) Fortum (Finland) National Power (UK).
6. Summary and issues
The area faces similar problems with energy restructuring and development as other countries in central and
eastern Europe and elsewhere in the world. These include:
• Need for state guarantees or investment – the reluctance of the private sector to invest without state
partnership or state guarantees. The problem with PPAs is one aspect of this.
• Unsupportable PPAs – as Croatia has already found, a PPA which is viably profitable for the
multinational concerned may be unaffordable by the electricity authority and consumers. The same
problem has recurred all over the world. These agreements are also inherently anti-competitive, and
Hungary, for example, has just declared that its existing PPAs are invalid.
• Problems with full-cost pricing: moving to full-cost charges for energy places great social strain on
populations which are already economically distressed. The same problems recur elsewhere.
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• EU directives or UK model: whereas the EU directives require liberalisation of the market, and
managerial separation of the grid function in vertically integrated energy authorities, they do not require
electricity companies to be vertically unbundled and privatised. This was the UK approach, also taken
by Hungary. A number of countries are being persuaded to follow this route, and it is not necessary and
may not be wise. Typically, private companies reintegrate generators with distributors, thus reversing
the process shortly after privatisation.
• Regional dimension: regional issues are unusually important for obvious political reasons. If a regional
market is really developed, then fragmented companies, public or private, will seem less appropriate.
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7. Annexes
A. Balkan Interconnection Task Force's Common Interest Projects (May 2000)

(from Power in East Europe Issue 398 12/05/2000)
“…. it has been difficult to confirm that the projects are still the best ones for the region in terms of regional
and national benefits of interconnection or that these projects are actually planned. Last but not least, in
many cases it could not be demonstrated that these projects actually still are backed by supportive host-
governments and by committed energy companies” (Ram boll, Danish consultants to EU Synergy
programme)
E7
Development of a telecommunication system in the Balkan Electricity Sector
Activities going on under this project are the following:
- Bulgaria is developing a telecommunication system using optical fibre cables on HV lines (130 km have been
installed);
the use will not be limited to communication within the electricity sector. Funds are needed to implement a
telecommunication ring in Bulgaria and to interface also with neighbouring countries.
- Improvement of telecommunication between Bulgaria and Greece; financing on the Greek side is provided by
INTERREG/Pare funds. Tender documents will be prepared and financing will be provided through Pare Programme.
- Development of a bilateral project between NEK and CONEL (Romania) is initiated to define advanced
telecommunication and teleinformation facilities. The companies applied for funds through the Phare programme
"Cross- cooperation between Bulgaria & Romania.
E6
Installation of out-of-step relay protection, automatic synchronisation and fault recorder devices on the following 400
kV tie-lines:
1. Blagoevgrad (Bulgaria) - Thessaloniki (Greece)
2. Sofia West (Bulgaria) - Nis (F.R.Yugoslavia)
3. Kozloduy (Bulgaria) -Tintareni (Romania)
4. Maritza East 3 (Bulgaria) - Babaesky (Turkey)
5. Dobrudja (Bulgaria) - Vulkanesti (Moldova)
- This project is directly involving Bulgaria to comply with UCTE recommendations. Only the interconnection lines
with Greece, F.R. Yugoslavia and Romania will be equipped with the devices.
- The Bulgarian electricity company (NEK) has already defined the characteristics of the devices and a contract has
been signed with a manufacturer.
- The installation of the devices completed within 1999.
- Funds have been provided by NEK.
- One device is installed on the tie-line Thessaloniki-Blagoevgrad (by NEK). Another device will soon be installed in
Greece in the 400 kV substation of Ag.Stefanos
E14a1 ; E14b
a) Reconstruction of 400 kV overhead transmission lines :
a1) Trebinje-Gacko-Mostar (BH) - Konisko (Croatia)
b) Refurbishment of 400/220 kV transformation in transformer station Mostar
- The project is still of great interest as it would allow South Eastern Europe countries already UCTE members to be
reconnected to UCTE.
- The investment needs are in the order of DM 37.7m.
- The project involves agreements with Croatia, at present not included among countries supported by the EU.
- Further, attached to this project is also the reconstruction in Bosnia & Herzegovina of internal 400 kV line Sarajevo-
Mostar and Sarajevo substation.
- The World Bank has included recovery of 400 kV and 220 kV network under "Project Power III." Funds for further
recovery have been approved on "III Donor's Conference."
- Feasibility study for the Project III organised by the World Bank is close to finalisation. Results are expected to be
publicised by the end of this year. World Bank Board of Directors will consider the results of this study by March 2000.
If the Board adopts the results the operations will commence in 12-18 months. Project implementation will take 12-18
months.
For implementing Power Project III, the WB puts as pre-conditions the setting of relationships among the three utilities
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the adoption of the draft of the electricity law as well as the adoption of the new tariffs
defined in the study financed by EBRD.
E15a
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Reconstruction of 220 kV overhead interconnection lines:

a) Double circuit Tuzla (BH) - Djakovo (Croatia) (two 220 kV lines)
- One of the two circuits at 220 kV is in operation; the reconstruction of the 2nd line is of interest but agreements are
necessary with Croatia, at present not included within the countries supported by the EU initiatives.
- Bosnia & Herzegovina utilities are interested in rehabilitating the 220 kV Kakani - Priedor-Meduric (Croatia) lines
that need only minor investments.
- The World Bank has included the recovery of the 220 kV lines under its Project Power III - see above.
E17
400 kV interconnection line Oradea (Romania) - Bekescaba (Hungary)
- According to Romanian representatives, the construction of the line is the only viable alternative for the future
connection of Balkan countries to UCTE, irrespective of the time schedule for the reconstruction of the 400 kV
interconnection lines along the Adriatic coast. Hence, the project has high priority for Romania.
- Some difficulties were reported by CONEL representatives for the Hungarian side of the line concerning right-of-way
and land property.
E12
Technical support for data exchange among Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia dispatching centre and the
neighbouring countries Hardware, Software and Telecommunications
- Technical specifications and procurement notice for bids have been issued for the telecommunication system by ESM
with the assistance of Edf. Commissioning of the equipment, including training, is expected within the next two years.
- Feasibility studies for the extension of the existing national dispatching centre (Energy Management System) is
continuing with the assistance of Edf since 1998. The second phase concerning definition of functional requirements,
design and preparation of bidding document is underway.
- The above project activities are arranged within an overall loan from the World Bank (DM 60m).
E11
400 kV interconnection line Elbasan (Albania) - Podgorica (F. R: Yugoslavia)
- Albania is giving more interest to this project, which would allow to strengthen the electric system by establishing a
complete 400 kV interconnection link along the Adriatic coast.
- From Albanian side the project is reported to have top priority. The latest news reported is that Albania in December
1999 asked Montenegro to include it as a priority programme for both countries under the Stability Pact.
- No feasibility studies have been carried out so far.
E2
220 kV transmission line Vrutok (former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) - Bureli (Albania)
- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albanian Ministers reached an agreement for the construction of
the 220 kV line Vrutok-Bureli. According to the Albanian representative this line is mainly of interest to the former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
- It has also been agreed by KESH and ESM to construct a new 110 kV line (25 km in Albania at $6m between
Pogradec (Albania)- Ohrid (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) to improve the operation of the Albanian
system.
- Technical documentation and tender documents in preparation for the 220 kV Bureli-Vrutok.
- In November 1999 delegations from each country decided to start preparing a feasibility study for the project. Vrutok
(the former Yugoslav Republic of Ma-cedonia) - Elbasan (Albania).
E3
Upgrading of the interconnection line Bitola (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) - Amideo (Greece) to 400 kV
- Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece have renewed their interest on the project (for increasing the electricity
exchanges; improving the operation of the two systems). The project is included in the TEN Programme.
- The feasibility study of the project has been completed. In Greece, the line will end at the Florina power station.
- Engineering study and environmental impact studies completed in February 2000.
- Final decision to construct the line was taken by PPC and ESM; commissioning of the line expected by 2002.
- The two countries are searching for funding for the construction of the line.
- Turkey is also involved in the project. The power utilities of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey
are in the final stages with respect to preparing documentation. Priority is given to obtaining finance within the next
year.
E8
400 kV interconnection line between Greece and Bulgaria Either a) Philippi (Greece) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) or b) Philippi
(Greece) - Maritza East 3 (Bulgaria)
- The project has progressed and a feasibility study has been completed. The alternative Philippi-Maritza East 3 has
been chosen.
- Engineering study and environmental impact studies are in execution. These studies are expected to be finalised by
May 2000.
- NEK and PPC will take a final decision for the construction of the line after the completion of technical and
environmental studies that will be carried out by means of TEN project financing.
- The cost for the Maritza East 3 - Philippi 400 kV line is estimated at $30m for each partner.
E9
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400 kV interconnection line Thessaloniki (Greece)-Hamitabat (Turkey)

- The project should be renamed 400 kV line Philippi - Hamitabad as the 400 kV line Thessaloniki - Philippi will soon
be in operation.
- Both Greece and Turkey declared their interest in the project and agreed to carry out the feasibility studies.
- TOR of the studies has been agreed upon by the Balkan utilities and will be financed through the EC TEN-E
Programme up to 50% of the cost.
- Issues concerning the project as well as Turkey's integration to the UCTE grid have been discussed and agreed upon
between TEAS and PPC during a meeting in Athens in August 1999:
- In order to accelerate the relevant procedures a firm commitment by the competent bodies in both companies, for
execution of the project, will be sought in the next two months.
- After the above mentioned decision of the Board of Directors, the formal consent of PPC will be announced to UCTE
in order to start the formal procedures related to the interconnection of TEAS to the UCTE power grid.
- In parallel, the execution of a study related to the implementation of the study in the frame of Trans European
Networks - Energy (TEN- E) of the European Commission, PPC has invited TEAS, which has accepted the invitation
to participate in the execution of said project.
- Furthermore, it is was agreed during a meeting held in Ankara in October 1999 with participation of representatives of
PPC, EKC (F. R. Yugoslavia), NEK (Bulgaria) and TEAS that the ToR for the distribution of the activities, time
schedule and man-hours required for the implementation of the study entitled "Feasibility and evaluation study of
electricity interconnection of Turkey with Balkan pool and Greece" would be carried out under partial 50% financial
assistance from the EC TEN-E Programme.
- The Cooperation Agreement was adopted by the Board of Directors of TEAS and PPC on 24 September and 22
October 1999 respectively and entered into force.
- The line (E9) is expected to be finalised by 2004.
E4
400 kV transmission line Stip (former Yugoslav Republicof Macedonia) - Blagoevgrad (Bulgaria)
- The project has recently been declared a high priority for both Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia. The route has been determined and the documentation is in the process of preparation.
- From the Bulgarian side, the line will end at the Chudomir 400 kV substation instead of Blagoevgrad.
- ESM and NEK have signed a protocol for cooperation.
- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia side has reported the start of implementation of the line; Germany has
awarded a grant.
E5
400 kV transmission line Bitola 2 (f.Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia)- Elbasan (Albania)
- The project has not progressed.
- The project is an alternative to E2.
- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia side considers this project still of low priority, while the Albanian side
considers the project of no great interest.
B. EU electricity directive
Electricity directive implementation (March 2000)
Country Grid Generation Eligible Market opening Derogatio

access access customers n
Austria rTPA Authorisation >40 GWh+dist. 27%(50% in 2003) none
Belgium rTPA Authorisation >100 GWh 35%(100% in 2010) 1 year
Denmark rTPA Authorisation >10 GWh+dist. 90%(100% in 2002) none
Finland rTPA Authorisation all 100% none
France rTPA Authorisation >20 GWh 30%(34% in 2003) none
Germany nTPA / SB Authorisation all+dist. 100% none
Greece nTPA Authorisation >100 GWh+others >26% 2 years
TBA
Ireland rTPA Authorisation >4 GWh 28%(32% in 2003) 1 year
Italy SB / rTPA Authorisation >20 GWh 35%(40% in 2002) none
Luxembourg rTPA Authorisation >100 GWh 45% none
Netherlands rTPA Authorisation 2 MW/20 33%(100% in 2007) none
GWh+dist. for
eligible cons.
Portugal SB / rTPA Tender / auth. >9 GWh+dist.for 34% none
8% of volume
Spain rTPA Authorisation >1 GWh 42%(100% in 2007) none
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Sweden rTPA Authorisation all 100% none

UK rTPA Authorisation all 100% none
rTPA = regulated Third Party Access, nTPA = negotiated TPA, SB = single buyer
Source : DGXVII / Wood Mackenzie, per East European Energy Report Issue 102, 28/03/2000
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1 "28 May 1998 Weekly Economic Report: Albania: State to Axe Energy Subsidy for Industrial Consumers: BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts (Q1:15) Source: ATA news agency, Tirana, in English 1225 gmt 20 May 98 Text of
report by the Albanian news agency ATA
Tirana, 20th May: Power price subsidy for industrial consumers is planned to
be removed, the Public Economy and Privatization Ministry said (on)
Wednesday (20th May), while for family consumers the power price will not be
changed. In Albania the energy price does not correspond with its production cost, because until now the state has
subsidized the price. The measure is though (as received) to be taken when many industrial consumers owe Albanian
Energy Corporation (AEC) money in unpaid electricity bills. AEC losses from all Albanian consumers in unpaid power
bills have mounted to) 50m dollars."
2
Power in East Europe Issue 398 12/05/2000
3
Power in East Europe 32/4
4
World News Connection 11 Jan 2000
5 "21 May 1998 INTERVIEW-BOSNIA POWER COMPANY TO INCREASE EXPORTS: REUTER NEWS
SERVICE - EASTERN EUROPE Reuter Textline (Q2:60) By DARIA SITO-SUCIC SARAJEVO Bosnian power
company Elektroprivreda, one of the country's three electricity providers, plans to increase its export of electricity this
year, the firm's general manager said in an interview. Elektroprivreda signed two export deals with neighbouring
Slovenia and Croatia earlier this year and plans to sign another five-year contract with a new client next month. 'We
are close to signing a new five-year export deal for the delivery of electricity. Negotiations are in their final stages and
we plan to start delivery in July,' Meho Obradovic told Reuters. Obradovic declined to identify the new client but said
details of the deal would be released in the coming weeks. The state-owned Elektroprivreda was the former socialist
republic's only power company and covered the whole of Bosnia-Herzegovina. But during the Bosnia's 1992-95 war,
its activities were reduced to the territory of the Moslem-Croat federation, which together with a Serb republic
comprises post-war Bosnia. 'Elektroprivreda operates at some 50 percent of its pre-war capacity, which had amounted
to about 4,000 MW (megawatts) of power installed at the plants throughout the country,' Obradovic said. Although the
company suffered two billion German marks (Dollars 1.1 billion) worth of damage during the war, it has managed to
recover enough to meet both electricity needs in the federation and the export of a surplus. A 9.8 million mark deal on
the export of 210 gigawatt-hours of electricity to the Slovenian power company ELS was signed in January. The
Slovenian company paid partly in cash and partly in equipment, Obradovic said. Elektroprivreda also signed a Dollars
20 million deal on export of 600 gigawatt-hours of electricity to Croatia last month. Obradovic said he believed there
was even more interest in export of Bosnian electricity to Croatia. 'We are covered by neither state nor the federation
budget,' Obradovic said. 'We are self-sustained.' But international loans have helped the firm to get back on its feet.
'We get loans from the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and soft loans from some
Western governments,' the company director said. The World Bank on Wednesday approved a new International
Development Agency loan to Elektroprivreda worth Dollars 25 million, which will be used primarily for reconstruction
of production facilities. Another source of support for the company is equipment donated through agreements between
Bosnia and other countries. Some 65-70 percent of the electricity in the Moslem-Croat federation is generated in
thermo-electric plants and the rest in hydro-electric plants. 'This is a very unfavourable situation for us, and we plan to
change it by increasing a number of hydro-power plants on the Neretva river' in southern Bosnia, said Obradovic.
Bosnian environmentalists and residents in the Neretva valley oppose the building of new hydro-electric plants.
Obradovic said the critics had to consider the country's long-term needs for energy that would increase with the
recovery of industry. 'We have to improve an existing imbalance between the thermo-and hydro-power production in
favour of water power. It would also create new jobs for the army of unemployed people in Bosnia,' he said.
Elektroprivreda currently employs over 6,000 workers. Apart from Elektroprivreda of Bosnia-Herzegovina (EPBH)
and Elektroprivreda of Republic of Srpska (EPRS), there is also a Croat-controlled Elektroprivreda of the self-styled
Croat Community Herceg-Bosna (EPHB). The three companies last week signed a memorandum of understanding to
improve coordination of their activities in Bosnia, a first step towards forming a single power company for the whole
country. Obradovic said his company would be among the last state enterprises to be privatised. 'We will not make a
mistake and rush into privatisation, like some other countries did,' he said. (Dollars = 1.77 German Marks)"
6
01 Mar 2000 ELEKTROPRIVREDA PLANS 2002 PRIVATISATION: East European
Energy Report FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:11) Bosnia's state-owned electricity
monopoly Elektroprivreda announced in mid March that it hoped to begin
privatisation in 2002. Company director Meho Obradovic confirmed, however, that
the company would remain vertically integrated. "Elektroprivreda will not be
sold piecemeal," he said, speaking at a presentation of the company's
privatisation programme. Elektroprivreda officials added that the company would
be privatised only after restructuring. The Bosnian parliament must also set up
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 12 of 24
a regulatory framework. The timetable and method of privatisation will be

announced by January 2001.
7
18 May 2000 BIH, CROATIAN ELEKTROPRIVREDA COMPANIES SIGN CONTRACT ON
ELECTRICITY: ONASA NEWS AGENCY World Reporter (Q1:34) SARAJEVO, May 18 (ONASA) - Representatives of
the power utility "Elektroprivreda BiH" and "Croatian Elektroprivreda" (HEP) on Thursday signed a contract on
cooperation and transit of electricity. Director of Elektroprivreda BiH Meho Obradovic and HEP Chairman Ivo Covic
signed the contract, which foresees continuation of long-term good relations in this field. It is a general agreement,
which regulates basic principles of cooperation, primarily in the field of electrical system management, exchange,
buy/sell and transit of electricity. The contract on transit of electricity regulates the transit between Elektroprivreda
BiH and HEP annually. "These are the first documents that will start solving the present problems between
Elektroprivredas of the two countries," Obradovic said. The officials agreed on Thursday that teams of experts are to
be formed by October 1, in charge of preparing solutions for the present problems. One of the problems is the issue of
rights and obligations of both sides in power-plants "Tuzla" and "Kakanj". In the former Yugoslavia, HEP had major
investments into electric energy facilities in BiH, and thus it requests return of a part of these facilities or compensation
for their use. Obradovic told ONASA that he was looking forward to negotiations with "Elektro-Slovenia" (ELES)
regarding export of electricity from BiH to this country. "Maybe even tomorrow or on Monday we will discuss a
contract with ELES, which is currently 'frozen'," Obradovic said. However, he could not say whether there would be
changes in the amount of electricity that Slovenia is to take over from Elektroprivreda BiH. According to previous
proposal, the value of the contract between Elektroprivreda BiH and ELES, according to which electricity was to be
supplied from BiH to Slovenia starting from January this year, was between eight to ten million German marks.
WORLD REPORTER World Reporter (Trade Mark). ONASA News Agency, May 18, 2000
8 "01 Dec 1997 BOSNIA & CROATIA IN POWER ROW AS EBRD APPROVES FUNDS: East European Energy Report
FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:86)

..EBRD funds granted
Meanwhile, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) approved a DM27.5m credit for Bosnia
& Herzegovina and Republika Srpska late last month to be used for repairing power stations, the grid and distribution
systems. Part of the funds will also be used for improving the existing EP BIH accounting system and for the
introduction of new industry standards. The official EBRD communique expresses hope that this new credit will help
foster the cooperation between the power sectors of the two Bosnian entities. The loan is part of an international effort,
coordinated by the EBRD, to channel emergency funds into the power system. "The restoration of electricity will enable
displaced people to return to homes and businesses. It will also allow major industrial facilities to restart, bringing
employment to a vast number of people," said Jacques de Larosire, President of the EBRD, at the signing in Sarajevo.
"An additional benefit will be the introduction of modern accounting systems to help strengthen the utilities' financial
management and overall performance" he added. Significant local participation will be required to implement the
project, creating direct employment opportunities. The project is expected to promote exchanges of power supply
between the utilities and foster cooperation and coordination between the Federation and the Republika Srpska. The
EBRD has been involved in the reconstruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina since early 1995. In particular, the EBRD
was designated by the international community to coordinate the international effort to reconstruct the power sector. In
fulfiling this role the Bank has taken a leading position in preparing projects and coordinating funding. This particular
project includes 16 other sources of funds, mostly grants and concessionary loans, totalling Ecu142m."
9
01 Nov 1998 MAJORITY OF HEP TO REMAIN IN STATE HANDS AS IPP PROJECT TALKS GO ON:
East European Energy Report FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:121) Croatia will restructure and privatise parts of
the state power utility Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (HEP) but the government will retain a majority stake in the company,
according to Gordana Lucic, head of the HEP restructuring and privatisation team. While HEP and the government
continue to work on the long-term shape of the industry in Croatia, foreign investors are continuing to vie for IPP
projects in the country although none of the three projects in the pipeline have been sealed as yet. HEP, which is
lagging behind INA and HPT (Croatia Telecom) in the privatisation process, is valued at around Kun23.8bn with 1997
revenues reaching Kun6.7bn (1997 profit - Kun57m). According to Damir Begovic, head of HEP, privatisation is not
an easy matter because "every citizen of this country needs electricity". Croatia's draft 1999 budget envisages
privatisation receipts of Kun4.1bn (#655m) next year, and the head of the country's privatisation agency said more
than half of this was likely to come from HPT alone. Lucic announced that HEP opted for a gradual restructuring and
privatisation model that will be conducted in three separate stages. During the first stage, to be completed in 1999,
HEP will reform its financial and accounting systems, identify non-essential services and improve human resource
management in order to achieve overall management transparency. A feasibility study (commissioned for December
1998) on the merits of separating heating services from HEP will serve as a model for detaching other non-essential
services. HEP currently employs a workforce of 16,000. The second phase of restructuring depends on the adoption of
a new regulatory framework that will be accompanied by further improvements of management at the utility. During
the third and final stage, according to Lucic, a new tariff and pricing system will be devised. One of the critical points
will be changing the current electricity price ratio between households and industry - an overall price increase for
households is expected. Current residential tariffs, although high compared with other countries in the region, do not
reflect the long-term marginal costs of household supply and no mechanism is currently in place for future
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 13 of 24
rebalancing. Average tariffs have been linked to the Deutschemark. According to Standard & Poors, which this month
cut its long-term local currency corporate credit rating for the company to triple-B from triple-B-plus, the company
suffers from an underlying deficit in base-load capacity and limited import capacity which forces it to use inefficient
gas and oil plants when hydro conditions are adverse. In addition, the company has distribution losses which are
double the West European norm. HEP will consist of three clearly defined sectors - generation, transmission and
distribution. The largest stake in the corporation (51%) will remain in government hands while the rest will be sold off
to private investors. However, as elsewhere, this restructuring strategy is susceptible to further changes by the
Croatian government. Plomin 2 to be completed in April Meanwhile, the supervisory board of the Croat-German
(RWE) Plomin 2 power project announced that the thermal plant would be completed in April 1999. Plomin 2, worth
over Kun850m, will be responsible for 10-12% of Croatia's overall power generation in the future. The 210 MW plant
will contribute 1.3 TWh/yr, which represents more than the joint consumption of the city of Rijeka and the coastal
region of Istra. According to Croatian daily Vjesnik, the thermal plant will be fired by imported coal containing ten
times less sulphur than the domestic variety. "The Plomin 2 thermal plant is in fact one of the first examples of foreign
investment in HEP and it symbolises the beginning of the privatisation process," said Damir Begovic. Construction of
Plomin 2 began in the 1980s but ground to a halt in the early 1990s until November 1996 when HEP entered into a
cooperation agreement with RWE on completion of the plant. A joint venture, TE Plomin, was formed to complete the
plant with the German partner to contribute its share of capital via construction costs. Talks with potential investors
HEP is also currently holding talks with potential investors for the construction of a new 2 x 350 MW thermal plant to
be fired with imported coal. HEP wants to finance the construction of the #800m plant by a direct investment
arrangement but without government guarantees. HEP would buy electricity from the plant's owner for the first 15
years after which ownership would revert to HEP. The plant would be operational for a further 25 years. AES,
PowerGen/PreussenElektra and Franco-British Alstom are among the short-listed candidates. Meanwhile, Croatian
Prime Minister Zlatko Matesa received the executive director of the Parsons Corporation James McNulty and his
associates in Zagreb in late October for further talks regarding the upgrade of the Zagreb thermal plant. The value of
the project, to be completed by 2000, is estimated at #128m. In a separate visit to Zagreb in November, representatives
of Enron tried to clinch a deal for the reconstruction of the Jertovac thermal plant. According to reports in the
Croatian press, the price remains the greatest obstacle in closing a deal. HEP's plans for the construction of new
power plants is taking a center-stage position especially in the light of an on-going dispute with Slovenia regarding the
ownership of the Krsko nuclear plant. According to Bozidar Kolega, a HEP power system director, the company is
expecting consumption to peak at 45-50 GWh daily in the beginning of December. However, HEP expects there will be
no reductions in deliveries due to extensive advance preparations for the winter, added Kolega. Croatia said in
November it expected GDP growth in 1999 to fall to 5% from around 6% in 1998, in line with forecasts given in late
October. Croatia's finance minister, Borislav Skegro, speaking at a briefing for reporters in London, also said he
expected the country's current account deficit to decline to #1.4bn in 1998 from #2.4bn in 1997. Croatian central bank
governor Marko Skreb, also at the briefing, added that the 1999 current account deficit was forecast to come in at
#1.1bn. Skegro said Croatia was not particularly hard-hit by the Russian crisis as less than 5% of its exports went to
that market. Copyright 1999 FT Business Ltd
10
28 Apr 2000 ENRON PLANT DEAL 'IN DOUBT': International Gas Report FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:33)
An agreement made by Croatia's former Tudjman government for US Enron to build a 240MW gas fired power plant is
in doubt following critical comments by ministers in the present coalition. According to Zagreb press reports, a review
of Croatia's future energy needs is under way by a government appointed task force and only after it has reported will
the government take a decision on the contract. Under the deal Enron will, besides building the plant at Jertovec north
of Zagreb, operate it for 20years, selling the power to state electricity corporation HEP (Hrvatska Elektroprivreda). At
the end of the period Enron will transfer ownership to HEP for a token one kuna (the Croatian currency unit). Croatia
has to reform its energy sector to EU standards and "today such contracts do not correspond to EU standards", deputy
prime minister Goran Granic told Zagreb daily Jutarnji List. "The principles of an open market stipulate that every
energy producer must be exposed to market forces. Another problem is that HEP faces privatisation, so it is uncertain
who will then assume the obligations from the contract with Enron." After HEP's privatisation, obligations now
guaranteed by the state would disappear. "No one will want to assume the disadvantageous conditions signed by HEP
under unfavourable conditions," he added. Economics minister Goranko Fizulic told the paper there were three
options. "The first is to continue implementing the contract as signed. The second is to try to amend the contract, while
the third is to cancel the contract completely." Unofficial estimates made by government officials were said to put the
cost of cancellation at about US$25m, though Enron was expected to argue for a higher figure.
11
18 May 2000 CROATIAN UNION URGES GOVERNMENT TO RESPECT ACCORDS ON
PRIVATIZATION: BBC MONITORING INTERNATIONAL REPORTS World Reporter (Q1:27) Text of
report in English by Croatian news agency HINA Zagreb, 18th May: If the authorities are not willing to respect
agreements on the privatization of public companies, such as the Croatian Oil Industry (INA) and the Croatian Power
Industry (HEP), the Union of Energy, Chemical and Non-Metal Industry Workers is ready for all forms of protest,
including blocking roads, the union's president Ivan Tomac said on Thursday (18th May). "We are reminding the new
authority that the Federation of Independent Workers' Unions of Croatia and the former government signed an annex
to the agreement on the privatization of public companies," Tomac told reporters. The annex gives workers and
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 14 of 24
pensioners the right to privileged purchase of shares and binds the government to maintain the employment level
during the company's sale as well as use funds from the sale for employment stimulation. The union recently sent the
government draft changes to the Law on Payment Transactions in order to enable the continuation of operation of
companies which are facing bankruptcy proceedings and whose accounts have therefore been blocked. The government
should adopt a regulation enabling trustees to issue orders of transfer so that a company would not lose its market until
the start of bankruptcy proceedings, the union believes.
12
6**02 Jun 1998 TABLE-CROATIA ELECTRICITY BOARD RESULTS FOR 1997: REUTER NEWS
SERVICE - EASTERN EUROPE Reuter Textline (Q2:16) ZAGREB
Results for calendar 1997 for HEP (Hrvatska Elektroprivreda), the state-owned monopoly in charge of electricity
production, transmission and distribution. Millions of kuna unless otherwise stated
Net Profit 57.1 vs 52.5
*Tax --- vs ---
Total Income 6,013.5 vs 5,678.8
Operating Profit 366.6 vs 218.6
**Financial Loss 309.5 vs 166.1
* HEP paid no profit tax during 1996 and 1997 while it paid large interest on its foreign borrowings.
** Financial losses consist of interest expense and net foreign exchange loss.
13
13**28 May 1998 Weekly Economic Report: Croatia: National Power Utility Gets International Syndicated Loan:
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (Q1:14) Source: HINA news agency, Zagreb, in English 1641 gmt 22 May 98
Excerpt from report by the Croatian news agency HINA Brijuni, 22nd May:
Representatives of the Croatian Electric Utility (HEP) and a consortium of 19 European and world banks on Friday
(22nd May) signed a contract on a syndicated international loan worth DM160m. HEP intends to use the loan for the
reconstruction of a thermoelectric power plant in Zagreb worth DM100m and also for the construction of a 400-kV
Croatia-Hungary transmission line worth DM50m, as well as for the movement of a gas power plant in Zagreb, which
will be an investment worth DM10m ..
14
Power East Europe: Issue 103; 19/04/2000 Macedonia : Enron to study grid projects
Enron has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Macedonia's power utility Elektrostopanstvo Na Makedonija
(ESM) to examine the economic feasibility of various transmission grid projects. The agreement was signed on 5 April
by ESM director general Goran Rafajlovski and Enron vice-president for central and southeast Europe, Eric Shaw.
According to Rafajlovski, Enron has expressed particular interest in the construction of the 400kV Dubrovo-Radomir
transmission line worth $40m linking up Macedonia and Bulgaria. The project is one of the Stability Pact for
Southeastern Europe's priority projects, and donor funds have already been secured for it. Macedonian daily Vecer
said Enron, originally interested in a concession agreement for the Dubrovo-Radomir project, is now expected to
prepare a wider strategy for investing in Macedonia by the end of the year. Enron has confirmed its interest in
participating in the regional network projects funded by international donor countries, and would consider providing
capital itself where donor funds were scarce.
15
01 Feb 2000 MACEDONIA RAISES TARIFFS: East European Energy Report FT Bus Rep: Energy
(Q3:37) The Macedonian government approved a request by the national power utility Elektrostopanstvo Na
Makedonija (ESM) for a February increase in the price of electricity. Instead of the requested 11% price hike, the
government approved a 10% price increase - effective 1 February. The government statement attributed the decision to
increased real costs of electricity generation and power system maintenance. The government expects retail prices to
rise an estimated 0.47% and the cost of living an estimated 0.64% as a result of the February change. Macedonian
Trade ministry sources claim that from 1 February, household consumers with two-tariff electricity meters are being
charged Din3.5321/kWh instead of Din3.2110/kWh for the higher (day) tariff and Din1.7598/kWh instead of
Din1.5699/kWh for the lower (night) tariff. Household consumers with one-tariff electricity meters have had their
Din2.5699/kWh winter electricity price increased to Din2.8269/kWh. These new tariffs include a 33.33% fee for
engaged capacity and a 5% sales (retail) tax. ESM claims that the average household bill for February will be between
Din80-100 higher than the respective January bill. In addition to the February price increase, ESM is also petitioning
for another price hike from 1 April when the utility is due to switch back to the lower summer tariff season from the
current winter tariff season. ESM simply wants to retain the winter tariffs as the new 2000 summer tariffs (April-
September) and then, in October switch to a new 50% higher winter tariff season (October-March). According to
independent calculations, ESM's proposal to keep the current winter tariffs in place after March would in fact
represent a new 27% increase in the price of electricity. The government remains undecided. Macedonian consumer
groups are accusing ESM of exploiting household users (an estimated 40% of the domestic market), claiming that the
company uses household consumers to subsidise industrial consumers, though the latter are responsible for the lion's
share of bad debts.
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Page 15 of 24
16 "08 May 1998 SERBIAN POWER MONOPOLY INVITES FOREIGN INVESTORS: REUTER NEWS SERVICE -
EASTERN EUROPE Reuter Textline (Q2:57) By GORDANA FILIPOVIC BELGRADE Serbia's power monopoly
Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS) on Friday invited foreign power companies to tender to finance the completion of a long-
delayed Dollars 755 million power plant. 'Elektroprivreda Srbije invites foreign partners to finance completion of the
thermal power plant Kolubara B,' a company spokesman told Reuters. Construction of the plant, due to be completed in
2001, has been delayed by funding difficulties after a United Nations oil and trade embargo was imposed on
Yugoslavia for its role in the 1992-1995 war in neighbouring Bosnia. So far, Dollars 300 million has been invested in
the project, comprising Dollars 200 million from EPS's own funds and Dollars 100 million through international
credits. Invitations to secure around Dollars 455 million needed to complete the project were sent to British National
Power, German RWE, ENEL of Italy, Greek PPC, Czech Skoda and a Hungarian power company. 'These power
companies can finance the power plant construction either from their own funds or raise money elsewhere. We need
partners with capital,' said the spokesman. Czech engineering entity Skoda as last April signed a Dollars 62 million
deal with EPS for equipment for the first stage of two 350 megawatt units, including supply of steel housing, generators
and transformers. EPS insisted it wanted no more credits because it was already heavily indebted. 'Some companies
offer to sell us equipment on credit. But we do not want any more credits, we are already heavily indebted. We need
capital to secure investments,' the spokesman said. EPS has accumulated around Dollars 848 million in debt over the
last few years. Construction work on Kolubara B was halted in 1992 due to the UN embargo. Kolubara B was granted
a Dollars 300 million World Bank loan in 1991, but the money was never received because of the sanctions.
'Elektroprivreda Srbije invites foreign partners, which have shown interest in investing in the power plant Kolubara B,
to collect tender documentation and submit their offers,' EPS said in a statement. The government will deliver tender
documentation between May 25 and May 30 and offers should be submitted by June 30,. It did not specify the deadline
for selecting the best bids. An industry source said the government could accept more than one successful bidder. 'The
thermal power plant Kolubara B, of 700 megawatt installed capacity, is a priority to meet growing electricity
consumption in Serbia at the beginning of the next century,' EPS said. Electricity consumption in Serbia and
Montenegro, which now make up Yugoslavia, is seen rising by 2.9 percent in 1998 to 38,628 GWh, but planned
production remained at its 1997 level of 37,304 GWh. Cooperation with foreign companies was seen paving the way
for the privatisation of EPS, the monopoly said. 'With this invitation to foreign partners, whose capital will help
complete the power plant, Elektroprivreda Srbije also expresses preparedness to continue its restructuring and embark
on ownership transformation, first of all through capital increase,' the company said. The invitation came on the eve of
more international sanctions against Serbia for its failure to start talks with ethnic Albanian separatists in its troubled
province of Kosovo. Government financial assets were frozen last week and the US-led international Contact Group
has threatened to ban foreign investments too if no progress is made by Saturday."
17
01 Feb 2000 ESBI AND EDF BID FOR POWER SECTOR IN KOSOVO: East European Energy Report
FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:35) ESB International (ESBI), the international consultancy division of Ireland's Electricity
Supply Board and Electricite de France (EdF) are competing to run Kosovo's warn-torn power stations and mines.
According to industry sources, ESBI has teamed up with the UK-based construction company Taylor Woodrow and the
Newcastle-based energy company PB Power. The consortium is competing with EdF for the EU contract, which is due
to take effect in May. The successful bidder will face the formidable task of providing a regular power supply to the
country, making it no longer dependent on its neighbours. Ironically, Kosovo still relies on neighbouring Serbia for
much of its power supplies. The contract involves operating Kosovo's two coal-fired power stations, which are in a
state of serious neglect. Severe power cuts have hit the capital Pristina in recent weeks as the ageing power plants
struggle to cope with winter demand. Kosovars are now putting increased pressure on the system by using electric
heaters whilst not paying electricity bills since the Serbs left the country last summer. ESBI business development
manager John Ashley confirmed the company had forwarded an expression of interest in the project after being
approached by PB Power. UK consulting engineering firm Mott MacDonald has been running the power sector in
Kosovo up to now. The company spearheaded a British trade offensive in Kosovo last year and was awarded the
concession to operate the power stations located on the outskirts of Pristina (EEE 96/18). However, aid sources in
Pristina and London have indicated that the company was happy to sever its links after a series of operational
problems. This might come as a blow to the UK Department of Trade and Industry, which had heralded the deal as a
showcase for UK industry.
18
15 Mar 2000 SLOVENIA: Global Private Power FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:8)
In SLOVENIA the government plans to sell strategic stakes in the country's five distribution companies by the. The sale
of up to 45% in the majority state-owned Celje, Ljubljana, Maribor, Primorska and Gorenjska companies is due to be
launched in the second quarter of 2000. Stakes in several generation companies are also due to be sold.
19
01 Jan 2000 HEP SUES ELES OVER KRSKO: East European Energy Report FT Bus Rep: Energy
(Q3:19) Croatia's power utility Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (HEP) announced in December that it has forwarded a new
$6.18m bill for November to the Krsko nuclear plant and Slovenia's power utility ELES. The bill covers the November
costs of HEP's Krsko capital (worth $392m according to HEP) that the utility claims to have been dispossessed of by
ELES, plus the costs of engaging additional power generating sources in order to cover the deficit caused by the loss of
the Krsko capacity. This latest bill brings HEP's claims to $80m since the Krsko plant stopped delivering electricity,
according to a HEP press release. "As the last bilateral negotiations between Slovenian and Croatian representatives
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 16 of 24
(summer 1999) only served to illustrate the increasing gap between the rival financial claims of the two negotiating
teams, HEP recently launched legal proceedings in an attempt to protect its property in the Krsko nuclear plant," the
HEP release stated.
20
291**01 Dec 1997 ENRON ADVANCES CROATIAN GAS-FIRED SCHEME: Global Private Power FT
Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:51) THE US ENERGY company Enron is moving forward with its plans for a gas-fired
independent power producer (IPP) plant in Croatia. The company is reported to be in negotiation with gas suppliers
from Russia and elsewhere over the sale of gas for the Jertovec plant. The 180MW Jertovec plant will sell its power to
the state electric utility, Hrvatska Elektropriveda (HEP), which may also take an equity stake in the scheme. The power
purchase agreement for the pioneering project will be signed once long-term natural gas supplies have been
contracted. Gas for the plant could come from a number of sources including Russia, Croatia's traditional gas
supplier, or an undersea gas pipeline planned from Italy. The Croatian state oil company, INA, has signed a
preliminary agreement with Italy's Agip for the construction of the pipeline, together with the supply of three billion
cubic metres of gas a year from 2000. At least 40% of the gas from the pipeline would be used for power generation.
There have also been proposals for the development of a liquefied natural gas terminal in Croatia, in which Enron has
expressed strong interest. Enron is said to have plans for the construction of at least two more gas-fired combined
cycle plants in Croatia once the Jertovec scheme has been agreed. A large amount of new capacity will be needed in
Croatia within the next few years. Croatian electricity demand has been expanding rapidly, with increases in power
consumption expected to exceed 5% a year for the next few years. This is in keeping with recent trends in consumption.
Electricity demand grew by 5.7% in 1996, and a further increase of 5.3% is anticipated for 1997. Apart from gas-fired
schemes, Croatia is looking to meet the burgeoning electricity demand with private coal-fired and hydroelectric
projects. The bids submitted for the US#1bn, 700MW Adriatic Coal project will have been analysed by January 1998,
according to HEP. The front runners to develop the imported coal-fired scheme are said to include the US's AES and
Enserch, and the international subsidiaries of the UK's National Power and PowerGen. Concessions for hydroelectric
schemes are also likely to be offered to the private sector in the future. However, according to HEP the leading role in
the development of the hydroelectric schemes is likely to be the preserve of Croatian companies.
21
22 Jun 2000 Financial Times Europe Intelligence Wire: SURVEY - CROATIA: Improved EU relations are a
welcome boost
22
08 Aug 2000 UPDATE 1-Croatia, Enron to sign new power deals.: REUTER NEWS SERVICE -
EASTERN EUROPE Reuter Textline (Q2:36) Zoran Radosavljevic ZAGREB
Croatia and U.S. power giant Enron Corp agreed on Tuesday to sign a package deal in the next two weeks in a bid to
avoid legal wrangling over old contracts and take their troubled relations to a new level. A joint statement, publicly
signed by Croatian power board HEP's CEO Ivo Covic and Enron Europe's vice-president Eric Shaw, said that
previous agreements, worth $1.6 billion, would be terminated and replaced by a package of five new contracts. Before
they are formally signed, the contracts have to be approved by the Croatian government and HEP's supervisory board.
"This is a positive, forward looking solution for Enron, which wants to be a long-term player in the Croatian energy
market. This is much better than going to some legal procedings," Shaw told reporters. Under the old agreements
Enron was to build a power plant at Jertovec and sell electric power to HEP at a fixed price for 20 years. Once the
new contracts are formalised, Enron will be allowed - should it decide so - to build, own and operate a power plant at
Jertovec and sell electricity at the market. It may also help HEP to restructure ahead of its privatisation, planned for
some time next year. The old agreements were entered into by the old Croatian government of Franjo Tudjman, eager
to secure American backing. But experts have described the contract terms as unfavourable, prompting new Croatian
authorities to call for their revision. However, the Croatian side was cautious not to cancel them and risk allienating
other potential foreign investors. "Our involvment has important implications for other investors in Croatia," said
Shaw. HEP and Enron representatives have met several times over the past few months in an attempt to iron out their
differences. A new deal was renegotiated in July but Croatia failed to formalise it, claiming that Enron was demanding
new concessions. Covic and Shaw said the draft agreement was unlikely to change before signing. "Our intention is to
have agreed on every single word of the agreement," said Shaw. Independent weekly Nacional said on Tuesday HEP
would give up its demand for international arbitration on the case but may pay $35 million to compensate Enron for its
expenses so far. Neither official was willing to divulge commercial details of the agreement but Covic said Enron had
recently softened its stance in the talks, and added the new terms were "the best we could get." ((Zagreb Newsroom
+385 1 4811901, fax +385 1 4811904,
23
13 Dec 1999 PLOMIN STARTS FULL OPERATION: International Coal Report FT Bus Rep: Energy
(Q3:23) The 210MW Plomin 2 coal power station on the Istrian peninsula in Croatia was officially brought on line in
early December. The two partners in the project are RWE Energie and Croatian utility company Hrvatska
Elektroprivreda (HEP), each with 50%. HEP is responsible for coal purchasing. Construction of the plant started in
1985, but was stalled by the war in 1991. In 1997 work was resumed and the German and Croatian partners founded
the owner/ operator company TE Plomin. The new unit joins the existing 125MW Plomin 1 unit run by HEP and in
operation since 1971. According to RWE Energie, Plomin 2 uses about 3,000t of coal a day. The project has also
involved dredging the Bay of Plomin to allow access to the port for not only import-coal carrying vessels but also for
ferries. Loans adding up to DM280m ($143m) were furnished for the project by the German state-owned Kreditanstalt
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 17 of 24
fuer Wiederaufbau (which grants special subsidised low interest rates) and by Deutsche Bank. The coal buyer for
Plomin 1 and 2 is Mr. Dalabor Blazeuic; Phone, +385 1 633 2852; Fax, +385 1 617 1296.
24
FT East European Energy Report 1/11/99
25
12 Mar 2000 BIH TRADE UNION PROTESTS AGAINST ELECTRIC ENERGY PRICE INCREASE:
ONASA NEWS AGENCY World Reporter (Q1:22) SARAJEVO, March 12 (ONASA) - The trade Union of Bosnia and
Herzegovina required the BH Federation government not to consider the demand of the BiH Elektroprivreda for
increase of household electric energy prices. "It is unacceptable that the BH Elektroprivreda leadership keep repeating
the demand for electric energy prices increase covering by alleged insisting of the World bank (WB) and forgetting that
the majority of workers cannot realize the minimum salaries of 150 convertible marks even through several-month long
strikes, said a statement issued by the BiH Trade Union. The trade union proposed to the federal government not to
accept at the session scheduled for Wednesday, March 15 the demand of distributors of oil and oil products for
increase of prices. Each increase of prices of electric energy and oil will result with increase of prices of goods and
services which directly affects the living standards of all consumers, especially the workers and the pensioners. The
BiH Trade Union will propose to the BiH Federation government to solve the disputes between the state and oil
distributors by decrease of taxes and not increase of prices.
26
13 Jun 2000 UPDATE 1-Croatian banks say not worried about Ina debt.: REUTER NEWS SERVICE -
EASTERN EUROPE Reuter Textline (Q2:20) ZAGREB Croatian oil and gas company Ina said on Tuesday it was not
in danger of defaulting on its debt, and two leading banks denied media reports they were worried about such a
possibility. "We are settling our domestic and foreign liabilities regularly," said Ina spokesman Mario Dragun, adding
that the allegations had stirred enormous trouble for the company with its international creditors. However, he
admitted Ina was piling up losses because of a government imposed cap on energy prices. "We are losing four million
kuna ($0.5 million) per day because of the government's price policy," Dragun said. Leading Croatian banks
Zagrebacka and Privredna rejected the media reports. "We are not worried," spokeswoman Kristina Laco of Privredna
Banka Zagreb told Reuters. She added there was no substance to a report published by daily Vecernji List on Monday
that said banks could apply to have Ina declared bankrupt if it defaulted on its debt. "The PBZ is not pushing Ina into
bankruptcy," Laco said. Zagrebacka spokeswoman Sanja Kos said: "Business relations between Zagrebacka Banka
and Ina are in order and the bank has not considered filing for Ina's bankruptcy." The Croatian oil market is fully
regulated and every rise in the dollar or the price of crude on world markets sends Ina further into the red. Its net loss
last year amounted to 1.6 billion kuna. Reuter Textline Reuters Limited 2000. English Reuter News Service - Eastern
Europe, Reuter Economic News, 13/06/2000
27 " Dec 1997 (Abstract and full text) INA at the deep end: Corporate
Finance ABI-INFORM (Q1:55)
Abstract: Croatian oil and gas company INA was able to put together a
syndicated loan of Dollars 150 million this past year.
Full text: Croatian oil and gas company INA was in urgent need of
medium-term financing. In the past, the company had been able to access only
short-term trade finance and expensive loans taken out during the Yugoslav
civil war. Now it faced greater capital needs. It wanted to refinance the
Dollars 50 million of high-cost loans and spend about Dollars 100 million on
improvements to refineries and new petrol stations.
A syndicated loan was the obvious answer but when Bankers Trust approached
potential syndicate members the terms it was asking on behalf of the company
would have seemed aggressive, if not outrageous. No other entity from the
country had ventured beyond the three-year maturity achieved by the Republic
of Croatia in 1996 in a deal that had cost the sovereign 175 basis points
over Libor. INA was bold enough to ask for five-year money at just 75bp over
Libor.
Bankers Trust's line was that the market in central Europe and Croatia was
moving quickly. However, the sovereign loan remained the only Croatian
benchmark, leaving the bank's marketing people to point to the ever tougher
pricing and seven-year credits being raised successfully by top corporates
in Hungary and the Czech Republic.
Investors were sceptical at first. Some said that they did not have lines
for Croatia; others did not have lines for corporates in Croatia. And, says
Stephen O'Neil, vice-president at Bankers Trusts' Emerging Europe,
Middle-east and Africa merchant bank: 'An additional challenge was the
tenor. Most institutions' lines were short-term, so we had to convince
people to sell to their credit committees the logic of a five- year
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 18 of 24
transaction, which was clearly appropriate for a project-related financing.'

As weeks passed the terms became more acceptable, with more deals emerging
from the region on ever-tighter conditions - Hungarian companies were
borrowing at 22.5bp over Libor on five-year refinancings.
The company and its arrangers had cleverly and bravely structured the
Dollars 150 million deal in anticipation of the improving environment. The
reward came when it was fully subscribed and signed at the beginning of May.
Says Vedran Perse, INA's managing director of finance in London: 'I try to
be cynical and critical about our banks but the marketing job that they did
was excellent.' Now INA has had a taste of the international debt markets it is keen for more. Expect it to launch a
Eurobond in 1998, probably becoming the first Croatian corporate to do so."
28
01 Mar 2000 ALL CHANGE AT HEP AND INA: East European Energy Report FT Bus Rep: Energy
(Q3:127) Croatia's Racan government began its promised shake-out in state owned energy corporations on 1 March
by replacing the boards of both power utility HEP and the oil and gas company INA. No management changes,
however, have been announced at the Adriatic pipeline (Janaf): director Ante Cicin Sain has kept his job. Minister
Goranko Fizulic claimed that the personnel clear out at HEP and INA reflected dissatisfaction with management
performance. At HEP, the supervisory board made a clean sweep and replaced CEO Damir Begovic as well as his four
managers, though the replacements themselves come from in-house senior management. The supervisory board itself
was not altered, and Goran Granic, who is now deputy Prime Minister, continues as a member. The fact that Fizulic
has himself taken over the post of Chairman of the HEP shareholder assembly indicates the tight control the new
government intends to maintain, and the importance it attaches to HEP. The new HEP CEO is Ivo Covic (39), an
electrical engineer (automation and regulation) who has been working up the ranks of the utility since 1986. After a
stint as director of the Orlovac hydro plant, he transferred to headquarters in 1996 to head the team planning the
Kosinj hydro scheme, and later the hydro plant construction section. In 1999 he was also appointed head of the team
negotiating with the Bosnia-Hercegovinian and Yugoslav utilities over HEP's 750MW stranded assets there. Covic has
also been active in politics. He entered municipal government in Dalmatia part-time in the early 1990's, and last
January was elected to the national parliament on a Social Democratic Party ticket. Other new management board
members are Mato Pazic, who moved up from assistant director to director of production; Ivica Toljan, previously a
division head, is now director of transmission and control; Darko Belic, formerly head of the finance division, has been
appointed director of economic affairs; and Sime Balabanic, formerly with Koncar, has been appointed director of
distribution. After his appointment, Covic noted that HEP had seen poor management of post war and transitional
problems. "Under the banner of efficient decision making, avoiding 'excessive administration' and the like, expertise,
planning, coordination and rational spending of resources were overridden by incompetence, improvisation,
arbitrariness and wastefulness." Covic promised to make HEP "more efficient, rational, purposeful, reliable,
professional, and honest." It will continue with ongoing projects - completion of the cogeneration unit at TE-TO
Zagreb electricity and heating plant, commissioning of Plomin-2, negotiations on the Krsko nuclear plany and with the
Bosnian-Herzegovinian and Yugoslav utilities. Restructuring of HEP and preparations for its privatisation will be
completed parallel with activities to enter the European energy market, accordinbg to the new CEO. Former CEO
Begovic, who was offered an advisory position, said he was surprised by the sacking, considering his accomplishments
at HEP. He took over in the midst of the war in 1993 when HEP was virtually bankrupt, its electricity lines in tatters
and several of its hydro plants occupied or damaged, and amidst severe shortages. Moreover, HEP is completely
liquid, Begovic claimed, although it is owed Kun1.4bn and itself owes Kun640m. Begovic says there was a 'political'
ban on cutting-off debtors to force payments but had he followed the letter of the law the country would have collapsed.
"Every company owes us. I could have cut off absolutely every company and brought life to a standstill in Croatia."
While households paid with an average delay of 45 days, government-financed users are up to 300 days late paying.
The government itself owes an estimated Kun150m and companies on budget-financed rescue programmes another
Kun170m. These priority users accounts for Kun323m, or 22% of the outstanding bills. HEP itself settled its suppliers'
bills in an exemplary 70-90 days, with the exception of INA, which had imposed a tight 15 days term. HEP currently
owes INA Kun340,000. Just days before his removal, Begovic told a press conference in Zagreb that HEP had ended
1999 with a profit and 6% growth in basic revenues, and only 3% growth in costs. Stern given the chop At INA, CEO
Davor Stern was replaced on 1 March by Tomislav Dragicevic, his former chief of strategic development and planning,
but this was the only personnel change in the company announced to date. Stern was Economics minister for over two
years before he took over INA in April 1997. He took his dismissal as a natural consequence of the elections. "Since
INA is owned by the government, no director who does not cooperate with the politicians can survive, which is why
INA has found itself in a bad financial situation, because our oil product prices were not allowed to follow world crude
prices only a magician could have gotten INA running at a profit. Anyway, I don't belong to any of the parties in power
so this turn of events was to be expected," Stern said. INA ended 1999 with an estimated loss of Kun600m and by the
beginning of February this year its uncollected bills reached an estimated Kun1.8bn. Government or government-
financed institutions and companies account for more than half this figure. At the end of December, Stern forced a
major showdown when INA stopped daily payments of taxes and duties to the government to avoid formal bankruptcy.
Incoming CEO Dragicevic is prioritising product price reform and discussing payment discipline with the Economics
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 19 of 24
ministry. Outstanding bills for goods already delivered would be reprogrammed, but for all future deliveries punctual
payments would be demanded on pain of gradual curtailment of deliveries. Dragicevic claims that INA will continue
pressing for liberalised oil product pricing. He also wants gas prices for big users pegged to purchase price at the very
least, though on 4 March the government rejected INA's application for an urgent rise in gasoline prices. Dragicevic
outlined a rehabilitation programme that did not diverge from Stern's 1998-2000 strategic plan. In the short-term,
priority would be given to eliminating or reducing losses due to price disparities; financial factors like exchange rate
differences; and inadequate bill collection. Strategic measures will require a new, modern legislative framework,
restructuring and privatisation, diversification of gas imports, and a transparent price policy. INA will seek customs
protection to 2007 to support modernisation of its refineries. Like Stern, Dragicevic will not adopt Arthur Andersen's
recommendations to close the Sisak refinery and to cut 7,000 jobs. "The Rijeka refinery will be the backbone of INA
refining and Sisak will carry peak load and process domestic crude unlike oil companies abroad that can draw on the
services of high quality outside companies, INA has to hold on to its specialists because this is not feasible in Croatia."
Discussions are continuing with Italian partners in the GEA project to build an undersea gas pipeline from the Italian
to the Croatian coast, although its capacity may be lowered. Copyright 2000 FT Business Ltd Financial Times
Business Reports - Energy East European Energy Report: 00/03/01P.2
29 25 May 1998 CROATIAN GAS, COAL LOBBIES CLASH OVER DOLLARS 1 BLN DEAL: REUTER
NEWS SERVICE - EASTERN EUROPE Reuter Textline (Q2:78) By DaVOR HUIc ZAGREB
Croatia's two biggest monopolies, oil and gas firm INA and the electricity board HEP are at loggerheads over a
planned Dollars 1 billion thermal power plant on the Adriatic coast. INA wants it to run on gas, not coal. 'I hope
reason will prevail. A discussion whether a coal-run thermal power plant in Lukovo Sugarje is needed or not is beside
the point,' INA's CEO Davor Stern told said in a recent interview with Split-based daily Slobodna Dalmacija. Lukovo
Sugarje is one of two locations on the Adriatic coast near Zadar, which HEP proposed for building a 2x350 MegaWatt
coal-run thermal power plant, seen as crucial for meeting increasing electricity consumption in Croatia. The other is
Obrovac, some 50 km south of Sugarje, and the Croatian parliament is expected to confirm one of the locations in
June. Stern said INA was prepared to link southern Croatia on the national natural gas network only if a big consumer
- a thermal power plant burning up to one billion cubic metres of gas per year - is built on the coast, preferably near
Split. Otherwise, an investment of Dollars 800 million, needed to extend the pipeline from Vrbovsko, south of Karlovac,
to Dubrovnik in southern Adriatic would not be warranted. INA is drawing up ambitious plans for developing and
upgrading natural gas network in the country following a mega deal with Italy's Agip SpA, a subsidiary of Eni, on the
exploitation of gas from the northern Adriatic and the supply of a minimum of 2.2 billion cubic metres of natural gas
per year for 24 years, starting in 2001. The deal also envisages construction of a 131-km (81-mile) sub-sea pipeline
from the Italian coast to Pula on the Istrian peninsula, and an overland pipeline of 215 km (125 miles) to Karlovac, 50
km south of Zagreb, worth Dollars 300 million. Northern Croatia, including the capital Zagreb, is now supplied with
gas from Russia through Hungary but the pipeline reaches as far south as Karlovac. The optional deal with Agip is
growing by the day, with the two sides already negotiating to extend the deliveries to up to eight billion cubic metres of
gas per year, Stern said. But on Sunday, Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (HEP)'s CEO Damir Begovic poured cold water
over Stern's proposal, saying that gas thermal plants were not used as basic sources of electricity - which Croatia
needs - but only as additional sources in periods of maximum electricity consumption. 'Given a catastrophic voltage
situation between Rijeka and Split, we have to point out, even insist, on one such (base) power plant,' Begovic told
daily Jutarnji List in an interview. He said reasons for favouring coal were of 'technical and commercial nature',
adding that Croatia cannot afford giving up such a cheap and easily available fuel for basic thermal power plants.
Stern's pro-gas statement came at an awkward time for HEP, which has been lobbying for a coal thermal power plant
in Dalmatia and has already published an international tender, for which bids are now being reviewed. Bidders
include US firm AES, Steag of Germany, Britain's National Power and GEC-ALSTHOM, and German-British
VEBA/PowerGen. Another US giant, Ensearch made a bid before the tender was announced. HEP said it would soon
chose two or three among the bidders for detailed negotiations, which should be completed by the end of the year or
early next
year.
Perhaps a deciding element in the argument pitting Croatia's two largest companies, whose joint turnover accounts for
more than 15 percent of the country's GDP, will be ecology. Stern's proposal coincides with growing public pressure,
fed by the local population, experts and environmental groups who oppose building a giant poluter such as a 700-MW
coal facility in a sensitive area like Sugarje. Sugarje is a tiny village situated on the slopes of the Mount Velebit, part of
which is a national park, and only miles from popular tourist destinations on the island of Pag across the channel. A
telephone voting on independent television network OTV showed last week that those opposing the plan to build a plant
in Sugarje outnumber those in favour by 14-1. Some experts estimated that a coal plant would release 350,000 tonnes
of two-percent sulphur acid, or the equivalent of 350 million tonnes of acid rains per year, some 22 billion cubic metres
of fumes and large amounts of nitrite oxides. An additional problem would be storing some 170,000 tonnes of waste per
year, and the release of billions of cubic metres of hot sea water - used for cooling - back into the sea. But Begovic
denied that a coal power plant would polute the environment to the extent claimed by some experts, adding that new
generation coal power plants are 'completely clean.'"
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 20 of 24
"09 Jan 1998 ENI/INA FIRM UP SUPPY DEAL: International Gas Report FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:36)
Italy's Eni has converted into a firm agreement its memorandum of understanding signed with Croatia's Ina in
November for long term supply of natural gas (IGR 335/1). Some changes, however, have been made. The annual
quantity to be supplied has been lowered to "a minimum of 2.2 Bcm" instead of "about 3 Bcm". The gas, for civil and
industrial consumption and for electric power generation, will be "of Italian production". Earlier mention has been
dropped of taking some of the gas from Ivana, an offshore field in Croatian waters south of Pula, being developed by a
joint venture between Eni's Agip and Ina. The new agreement also stipulates that a pipeline will be laid to the Croatian
coast from Casalborsetti near Ravenna, the collection and processing centre for Agip's north Adriatic gas. It will come
into operation in 2001 and, with maximum throughflow capacity of 5 Bcm/yr, guarantee supplies to Croatia for 24
years, with possibility of extension. Eni's announcement makes no reference to a second line envisaged in the
memorandum, to be laid some 200 km over land from near Pula on the coast to Karlovac short of the Croatian capital
of Zagreb; details of this will presumably be settled later. The agreement was signed between the two state owned
corporations on 16 December during a state visit to Croatia by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro. Signatories were Eni
chairman Guglielmo Moscato and Ina general manager Davor Stern. They also took decisions on the building of new
petrol service stations in Croatia and on transportation of crude from the Black Sea to the Adriatic and central
Europe."
30
AFX EUROPE: ITALGAS UNIT ADRIAPLIN ACQUIRES SLOVENIA'S SLOVENSKI PLINOVODI
96% match; AFX Europe ; 14-Oct-1999 12:03:01 am ; 79 words
Italgas SpA said its Adriaplin unit has acquired Slovenia's Slovenski Plinovodi gas distribution company for an
undisclosed sum. Italgas said the Nova Gorica-based company holds seven gas distribution concessions and one water
purification concession. It said with the acquisition, Italgas will become the largest private distributor of natural gas in
Slovenia. Italgas holds a 51 pct stake in Adriaplin with the remainder held by Austria's Steirische Ferngas and
Slovenia's Geoplin.
31
Power In East Europe 398 12/05/2000
It is hard not to sink into despondency when reading recent reports on Balkan interconnection*. The old regulatory
and political barriers are proving stubbornly resilient to the urgings of western agencies, and now tough competition in
the west is draining investor interest. Its time to focus on projects with a commercial future, a lead consultant believes.
PiEE weighs the evidence
At an April conference on Balkan energy in Milan, an investment banker from London commented on the lack of
western power companies and banks attending. Eighteen months ago the place would have been crawling with them, he
said. Now they are too busy fighting for market share in their home markets. With the German utilities caught up with
internal mergers, driven by wholesale power rates now adjudged to have fallen over 40% in 18 months, it is not
surprising west Europe has less time for long-term projects in riskier markets.
For now the bulk of EU interest is coming from member states close to the region - essentially Italy's Enel and Greece's
PPC - both with clear strategic reasons to participate. Unfortunately these two are not the best-prepared financially or
managerially to make an offensive. Beyond these two, only Electricite de France, which attends regional workshops
and has helped in Bosnia, has shown anything more than a passing interest.
In short, there is little evidence that the 19 power projects identified in 1997 by the Synergy-backed Balkan Energy
Interconnection Task Force are moving from the planning stage to the operational stage.
Ramboll, the Danish consultant contracted by the EU's Synergy programme to report on interconnection progress in
south eastern Europe, has drawn its own conclusions from a years' involvement to February 2000: "it is the view of the
consultant that much further work is required if the CIPs [common interest projects] are to progress to a more
operational stage of investments, either individually or with 2-3 projects in a group. The reasons for this are many but
it must be emphasised that it has been difficult to confirm that the projects are still the best ones for the region in terms
of regional and national benefits of interconnection or that these projects are actually planned. Last but not least, in
many cases it could not be demonstrated that these projects actually still are backed by supportive host-governments
and by committed energy companies - on either side of the respective s."
Need for rigour
Ramboll believes the EU should amend its strategy. It is not enough to award contracts to western consulting
companies. Now there is a clear need to secure "the active involvement of determined and committed energy utilities
from the EU Member States. Adopting this concept should include requiring co-financing from the participating EU
energy companies in partnership with regional energy companies, so that the commercial industry contributes the same
volume of financial resources as the EU to undertake a joint project."
The past 10-15 years has shown it is hard to raise capital for large energy infrastructure projects on pure commercial
terms, even within the EU, Ramboll says. The relative success of establishing gas and power links in the Mediterranean
and Irish Sea region compared to, say, the Baltic Ring project is closely linked to the availability of the EU's regional
funds, which can provide up to 40% of investment needs. "It is not surprising that the present project has demonstrated
that only limited progress on the implementation of the 'Common Interest Projects' in South Eastern Europe has been
accomplished", Ramboll says. "In order to change this trend it is, however, necessary to accept - and adopt - an
approach that secures more focus on a smaller number of the most mature and economically justified energy
interconnection projects of the CIPs."
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 21 of 24
These projects must be linked to the development of a commercial electricity trading regime and a gradual move
towards more gas-firing and CHP, the consultant thinks. To this end there should be new efforts to "create a joint
understanding between the regional gas and electricity companies". This is the aim of an on-going Baltic Sea study
partly funded by the EU's Trans-European Networks (TENs) programme, and should be adapted for the Balkans:
"Using regional gas, electricity and joint sector models to assess the potential for additional gas volumes to power and
CHP production, this will offer important input for the planning of electricity and gas interconnections from the
perspectives of the extent and impact of decentralised/distributed power production, security of supply, environmental
effects etc."
Finally Ramboll believes more detailed analytic methodologies need to be applied in the Balkans to appraise different,
competing projects. "A new study could adopt the three-level analysis model developed in the Baltic Ring Study 4,
where a number of projects were analysed at the regional, country and project levels."
Political will lacking

While one of the Task Force's jobs is to promote the projects, a European Commission official told PiEE it had not
flinched from identifying obstacles to further investment. There was still a perception in many countries that the
problem could be solved by western money. "We say it is not as easy as that. We can give them some money but they
have to attract their own investment and to do that they must reform tariffs and improve collection rates."
This is a message the beneficiary countries do not like to hear. Bulgaria and Romania are reforming in the context of
accession to the EU, but Romania has a collection problem and Bulgaria is developing one as it restructures tariffs and
domestic rates go up.
At the extreme end of the scale is Albania, where rates are far below the cost of production, collection stands at 40%
and technical losses are chronic. "Nobody is going to want to invest in this sector", the official said. "Albania says its
people are poor, but because they know they do not have to pay, demand has increased to the point where [state utility]
KESH is technically unable to meet demand, and is supplying at 150V instead of 220V. It is a question of political will.
The Albanian national assembly does not pay its power bills. What message does that give the average household?"
Enelpower, which recently won a management assistance contract at KESH (PiEE 32/4), has a massive challenge
ahead of it, a Ramboll analyst said. This is not the original management scheme proposed by the World Bank, which
involved a takeover of KESH minus assets, a proposal the Albanians resisted. "But at least Enel has gained a foothold
in the Balkans - and it will have the power to disconnect non-payers".
After these fundamentals come investor demands for the unbundling of the old vertically-integrated entities - this is a
legal obligation for Romania and Bulgaria if they are to join the EU, but "they are really dragging their feet", the
official said. "We tell them we know accession won't happen until, say, 2007, so we do not need to see reforms
tomorrow, but we would like a timetable - and this has not happened."
Then there is regulation. Many do not have a regulator at all, and those that do are weak. Bulgaria claims to have a
fully-functioning energy regulator with a staff of 85. "Actually they have planned for 85, but there are only 29 people
working in the building, and you cannot possibly expect a regulator to carry out its job" with that level of staffing.
Romania is slightly better in this respect, but the Commission has doubts on its independence. The Commission wants
to see regulators deciding prices, with minimal political interference. "In Bulgaria power and district heat prices have
been frozen for one year - until the next elections."
Selling the benefits
The Commission has no problem selling the idea of increasing exports - all the countries are desperate to boost foreign
currency earnings. Both Bulgaria and Romania are contracting to export to Turkey (a key reason for Bulgaria's
reluctance to close Kozlodui). What is proving harder to sell is the idea of importing power to optimise regional
efficiencies. "The UCTE system accounts for a 10% economy in production capacity" - but this obviously involves
buying as well as selling, something several states are loathe to do. Complementarity is also important - most of
southeast Europe has higher demand in winter, when Albania could be taking advantage of its hydro assets. On the
other hand Greece, which is out of phase, has higher demand in the summer because of air conditioning. So differing
demand curves could be complimenting each other. Despite the large number of interconnections between Balkan
states, no lines are operating between Albania and FYROM, FYROM and Bulgaria or between Greece and Turkey.
There are plans to build these lines, but for now it can be safely assumed that there will be very little commercial
money for operational progress until genuine root-and-branch reform is underway.
Reconnecting Greece
Bulgaria and Romania are working "very hard" on synchronous interconnection with UCTE, and are "two to three
years away" from success. The technical and economic benefits are clear. Because this project has been prioritised
politically, it has a good chance of enabling Greece to re-connect to UCTE ahead of restoration of the Adriatic line via
Mostar. Greece itself is promoting the Adriatic line more heavily, for reasons most likely linked to PPC's expansion
plans. The Adriatic line projects remain largely stymied by ethnic divisions. Until recently the Commission has been
unable for political reasons to talk to Croatia or Serbia on the CIPs. "We are starting to remedy this. One quick start
projects within the Stability Pact is a power system study in Croatia", the Commission official concluded. The
Commission's effort has been immense, but the task remains no less daunting than when first undertaken.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 22 of 24
* full reports and descriptions from related studies in the region can be obtained in electronic form on the Black Sea
Regional Energy Centre's website: http://www.bsrec.bg/
32Global Private Powe; Issue 58; 16/03/2000 Enelpower takes root in the Balkans
With numerous projects concluded or lined up across the world, from Argentina to Saudi Arabia, the first nine months
of Enelpower's existence have been a blur of activity. The EPC developer's CEO, Luigi Giuffrida, took time out from
his hectic schedule to speak to PiEE about his company's achievements and future plans in the Balkans and East
Europe.
Since its creation in June 1999, Enelpower, the engineering and construction arm of Italy's majority state-owned
electricity utility Enel SpA, has lost no time in making its mark on the international stage. In its first nine months of
existence, the EPC developer has already concluded contracts worth some $700m for the construction of power plants
in Albania, Argentina, Saudi Arabia and the UK. The geographic range of its projects highlights the extent of the
company's lofty ambitions. However, despite its willingness to exploit opportunities in far-flung regions of the world, it
has concentrated much of its initial efforts on markets closer to home, in the Balkans and the Mediterranean region.
"That area is of great interest to us because of the vicinity, the historic ties . . . and recent political focus on the
region", Giuffrida explains.
First project developments
Enelpower's attraction to the region was quickly apparent from the outset. Within a month of being spun off from Enel,
it had formed a joint venture with Exxon Power, the Houston-based energy group, to engineer, build and operate
power plants in the Mediterranean region and in South Eastern Europe. One month later, in August, it entered into a
joint venture agreement with Prometheus Gas and Damco Energy of Greece for the development of power projects in
Greece and the Balkans. Enelpower holds 50% of this joint venture company known as Enelco. While many were still
recuperating from the millennium celebrations, Enelco, in partnership with Exxon Power and Turkish construction
company Gama, announced they were to study the possible construction and operation of a 400-600 MW CCGT plant
in Thrace, eastern Greece, near the with Turkey.
Most recently, Enelpower announced plans to build and operate a 100 MW hydroelectric power plant on the Vjosa
river in southern Albania. The project, which will see the new power station linked up to the Albanian and Greek grids,
will be carried out in partnership with the Becchetti Energy Group. Enelpower also aims to sell some of the electricity
generated at the hydro plant onto the Italian domestic market using the sub-sea cable, which is currently being laid
between Otranto in Italy and Aetos in Greece by Terna, Enel's transmission subsidiary. The cable is scheduled to enter
service in 2001. The cable will allow Italy to export more power, as well as to import green power generated from
renewable sources outside Italy. According to Italy's liberalisation regulations, at least 2% of the total power
generated must be from renewables. "The Kalivac hydro scheme has to be considered one step in that direction", says
Giuffrida.
An integrated Balkans' solution
The Albanian project is a classic example of Enelpower's overall strategy in the Balkans. Not only does Giuffrida feel it
is important to develop power projects in the region with co-investors, he is also keen to stress the importance of seeing
the Balkan region as a single entity. "One cannot consider countries [of the Balkans] individually, instead one has to
consider the whole region because the power systems that may be developed are strongly interconnected", Giuffrida
explains. Elaborating on this approach, Giuffrida offers the example of Albania: "If you build a 600 MW gas-fired
plant in Albania, this could effect the location of other power plants in Macedonia, for example. It is important to
somehow be consistent with the overall power scheme in the region". Giuffrida concedes that developing in the Balkans
is problematic because the area is both disparate and sometime volatile, however, he believes "this problem is solvable
as long as we do not work on a country by country basis". Enelpower has already proposed a single interconnected
system..."and some concrete ideas in that direction" as part of a task force to the Balkans for the Italian government.
"We are creating a framework - or master plan - for the electricity system, to which Enelpower can offer strong
contributions," he stressed.
The priorities
Within the context of developing joint projects on a regional basis, Enelpower has high and low, as well as short and
long-term priority objectives. Giuffrida explained that the company's current interest in the Balkan region focuses on
its renewable and hydropower potential, which Enelpower is keen to exploit. "New hydro initiatives are easily
identifiable and will occur earlier in the programme. The development of thermal plants, meanwhile "would require
more time", says Giuffrida, "but we have several power projects which we have identified".
He acknowledged that in the longer term, the region may offer exciting opportunities for developing a more integrated
and country-inclusive gas network. Future gas scenarios include building a pipeline from Turkey to Greece and
constructing a gas pipeline alongside the Italy to Greece submarine electricity connection. The development by
Enelpower of gas power plants in the Balkans will depend to a large extent on the fruition of these ambitious gas plans.
As Giuffrida explains: "the construction of gas-fired plant . . . is strictly connected to the availability of gas coming
from somewhere - it could be Greece or Italy". Even given Albania's limited gas network, gas could be brought "at
least up to the so that one could push the gas infrastructure up to a certain point where it becomes usable for Albania".
Alternatively, gas in the form of LNG could be delivered to Albanian ports from neighbouring Greece.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 23 of 24
Beyond the Balkans, Enelpower is also looking to expand into Eastern Europe, possibly, again, as part of joint
ventures. According to Giuffrida, "Enelpower is looking at specific initiatives in Bulgaria, although it is still too early
to elaborate". However, he ruled out asset acquisitions, stressing instead the firm intention to build upon the legacy
handed down to it by Enel's engineering experts. When Enelpower was formed, Enel transferred to it the resources,
capabilities and expertise of its engineering and contracting division to enable Enelpower to pursue its mission both in
Italy and abroad. In Giuffrida's own words: "As an EPC developer, Enelpower is becoming an international player. We
came into this market quite recently but I think that we have all the numbers, all the credentials, all the capabilities and
financial resources to be a major success".
33
Il Sole 24 ore 11 Nov 1999 AGREEMENT BETWEEN ACEGAS AND ENRON:
34
CORRIERE DELLA SERA: EDISON MOVES EAST, ALLIANCE WITH THREE LOCAL AUTHORITIES (EDISON
SBARCA A EST, ALLEANZA CON TRE MUNICIPALIZZATE)
Italian energy company Edison SpA, part of the Montedison SpA industrial group, yesterday (publication date 7/6/00)
announced an agreement with three Italian regional authorities in Friuli-Venezia-Giulia within the gas sector. The
agreement with three gas companies, Acegas of Trieste, Amg of Goriza and Amga in Udine, entails the creation of a
joint venture, Estgas, which will be operational by the summer. The new company will manage, distribute and sell
methane gas in the respective regions. The company also intends to move east, with proposed projects in Slovenia and
Croatia. Estgas will supply gas to the three local authorities and to a select group of customers. Customers consuming
more than 200,000 cubic metres of gas per year will initially be able to choose their gas supplier. However after 2003
all Italian customers will be eligible.
According to the terms of the agreement, Acegas and Amga will each hold stakes of between 32 and 34 per cent in the
new company, whereas Amg will hold a stake of between 10 and 14 per cent and Edison will hold a stake of between 22
and 23 per cent. By 2001 the new company aims to have sold around 400m cubic metres of gas and generated a
turnover of some L100bn
.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Page 24 of 24

2000 July - David Hall & Kate Bayliss - Energy Restructuring in Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Former Yugoslavia

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2000 July - David Hall & Kate Bayliss - Energy Restructuring in Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Former Yugoslavia

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PSIRU

Public Services International Research Unit

PSIRU for PSI July 2000

Energy restructuring in Albania, Bosnia, Croatia,

1. Electricity: privatisation and restructuring ............................................................................................................... 2

2. Electricity: IPPs ............................................................................................................................................................ 3

3. Gas: privatisation and restructuring .......................................................................................................................... 3

4. Regional plans ............................................................................................................................................................... 4

5. Multinationals active in the region .............................................................................................................................. 6

6. Summary and issues ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

1. Electricity: privatisation and restructuring

 Labour protection issues

 Relative private/public credit ratings

 Jertovec (Enron) - renegotiated

3. Gas: privatisation and restructuring

A. Balkan regional electricity planning

B. Enel (Italy) – regional plan

5. Multinationals active in the region

6. Summary and issues

A. Balkan Interconnection Task Force's Common Interest Projects (May 2000)

Reconstruction of 220 kV overhead interconnection lines:

400 kV interconnection line Thessaloniki (Greece)-Hamitabat (Turkey)

Electricity directive implementation (March 2000)

Country Grid Generation Eligible Market opening Derogatio

Sweden rTPA Authorisation all 100% none

a regulatory framework. The timetable and method of privatisation will be

FT Bus Rep: Energy (Q3:86)

Finance ABI-INFORM (Q1:55)

transaction, which was clearly appropriate for a project-related financing.'

Political will lacking

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