Sir M.

VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Krishnadevaraya Nagar, Hunasamaranahalli, Off Airport
Road, Bengaluru-562157

Skill Lab- Fundamentals of Electronics Manual

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Prepared by- Dr. Sasmita Mohapatra
Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

SIR M VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Bengaluru - 562 157

VISION

 TO BE A CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT

EDUCATION CONCURRENTLY FOCUSING ON DISCIPLINED AND
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY THROUGH QUALITY
EDUCATION, SPORTS, CULTURAL AND CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES.

 TO PROMOTE TRANSFORMATION OF STUDENTS INTO BETTER HUMAN

BEINGS, RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS AND COMPETENT PROFESSIONALS TO
SERVE AS A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR INDUSTRY, WORK ENVIRONMENT
AND SOCIETY.

MISSION

 TO IMPART QUALITY TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT EDUCATION,

PROVIDE STATE-OF-ART FACILITIES, ACHIEVE HIGH QUALITY IN
TEACHING-LEARNING AND RESEARCH AND ENCOURAGE EXTRA AND CO-
CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES.

 TO STIMULATE IN STUDENTS A SPIRIT OF INQUIRY AND DESIRE TO GAIN

KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS TO MEET THE CHANGING NEEDS THAT CAN
ENRICH THEIR LIVES.

 TO PROVIDE OPPORTUNITY AND RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPING SKILLS

FOR EMPLOYABILITY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, NURTURING LEADERSHIP
QUALITIES, IMBIBING PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND SOCIETAL
COMMITMENT.

 TO CREATE AN AMBIANCE AND NURTURE CONDUCIVE ENVIRONMENT

FOR DEDICATED AND QUALITY STAFF TO UP-GRADE THEIR KNOWLEDGE
AND SKILLS AND DISSEMINATE THE SAME TO STUDENTS ON A
SUSTAINABLE LONG-TERM BASIS.

 TO FACILITATE EFFECTIVE INTERACTION WITH THE INDUSTRIES, ALUMNI

AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS.

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

SIR M VISVESVARAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Bengaluru - 562 157
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

VISION

To attain excellence in Electronics and communication Engineering and gratify the demand
of industrial development with societal commitment.
MISSION

 To train the students for an excellent career with professional Ethics.

 To stimulate entrepreneurship skills and teamwork through the well-designed and
articulated Program.
 To motivate the students to keep viewing on emerging technology through active
research and contribute to the society.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

PEO1:Graduates have successful careers in Industry/ Entrepreneurship.

PEO2:Graduates show excellence in technical higher Education and in Research.
PEO3:Graduates show good competency and social commitment in their work culture.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POS)

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/ Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet specified needs with
appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal and
environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems using research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data and
synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions.
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PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an under- standing of the limitations.
PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge
of and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations and
give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of engineering and management principles and apply these to owners own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS)

At the end of the B.E Electronics & Communication Engineering program, students are
expected to have developed the following program specific outcomes

PSO1: Able to apply knowledge to Identify, Analyze, Design and find solutions to
complex engineering domain addressing societal needs.

PSO2: Able to grow with bottomless knowledge on modern hardware and software tools
to demonstrate technical competency.

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Syllabus
SKILL LAB
(FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS)
Course Code CIE Marks 50
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P) 0:0:2 SEE Marks 50
Credits 2 Exam Hours 03
Course objectives:

1-To make the students comfortable with all electronics components and equipments for developing
mini projects.
2- To make the students aware of the differences among spring board, bread board and PCB board.
3- To make the students comfortable of soldering to bring up the complete circuitry in electronics.
4- To make the students comfortable of designing a PCB Board.
5- To make the students aware of using 555 Timer IC for various applications.

Sl. Experiments
NO
1 Introduction to all passive and active components.
Introduction to all equipments.
(Both in Analog and Digital Electronics Lab)
2 Animated description for the internal configuration of CRO, Function Generator, Power
Supply, Digital Trainer Kit
A real time demonstration of the internal configuration of CRO, Function Generator, Power
Supply, Digital Trainer Kit
3 Introduction to Spring Board, Bread Board
Opening the Bread Board and showing the internal configuration
Introduction to soldering.
Few experiments with bread board and soldering the components-
a- Detection of ac current using 555 Timer
b- Touch-ON-OFF
c- Delay Timer
4 Introduction to PCB Board Designing and wire tracking in PCB Board.
Few experiments using PCB Board-
a- IC Tester using PCB Board
5 Experiments to be done using both bread board and PCB Board
a- Clap ON-OFF
b- Flasher
c- Fade Flasher
Course outcomes
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
CO1: Conduct different experiments in Electronics Lab (Both Analog and Digital)
CO2: Design electronic circuits in spring boards, bread boards.
CO3: Build mini projects completely by their own using PCB Board with the help of different
ICs and other active and passive components.

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Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)

The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam (SEE)
is 50%. The minimum passing mark for the CIE is 50% of the maximum marks (25 marks). A
student shall be deemed to have satisfied the academic requirements and earned the credits allotted
to each course. The student has to secure not less than 35% (18 Marks out of 50) in the semester-
end examination (SEE).

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE):

CIE marks for the practical course is 50 Marks.
The split-up of CIE marks for record/ journal and test are in the ratio 60:40.
 Each experiment to be evaluated for conduction with observation sheet and record write-

Signature of Lab In-charge Signature of HOD

(Dr. Sasmita Mohapatra) (Dr. R Sundaraguru)

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EXPERIMENT - 1

Aim- Introduction to all passive and active components and all the equipments of Analog and
Digital Electronics Lab.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

BASIC DEFINITIONS:

Active element:

An active element is one which is capable of generating energy of its own.

Eg: Transistors, FET etc

Passive element:

A passive element is one which is incapable of generating energy of its own. But it is
capable of storing and dissipating energy.

Eg: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor etc.

Waveform:

The path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage plotted as a function of some
variable such as time, position, degrees, radiations, temperature, and so on.

Instantaneous value:

The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by lowercase letters (e1,
e2)

Peak value:

The amplitude of a waveform of the extent of its voltage or current excursion from the
zero reference.

Peak to peak value = 2 X peak value

Ep-p = 2Em

Periodic waveform:

A waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval. The Fig.
shows a periodic waveform.

Period (T):

The time of a periodic waveform.

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RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive circuit element which consumes energy.

SYMBOL

RESISTOR COLOR CODE

Color coding is used for identifying the value of the given resistor. There are two
different methods of color coding in use , namely

1. Four colored band

2. Five colored band
Four colored band

Color band Color Multiplier Color Tolerance

Black 0 Silver 10-2 Red ±2%

Brown 1 Gold 10-1 Gold ±5%

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Red 2 Black 100 =1 Silver ±10%

Orange 3 Brown 101 = 10 No color ±20%

Yellow 4 Red 102

Green 5 Orange 103

Blue 6 Yellow 104

Violet 7 Green 105

Grey 8 Blue 106

White 9

Example

Brown ; Black ; Red ; Gold

1 0 102 ±5%

Value is 1000 ±5% Ω

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Five colored band

Color band Color Multiplier Color Tolerance

Black 0 Silver 10-2 Brown ±1%

Brown 1 Gold 10-1 Red ±2%

Red 2 Black 100 =1 Gold ±5%

Orange 3 Brown 101 = 10 Silver ±10%

Yellow 4 Red 102 No color ±20%

Green 5 Orange 103

Blue 6 Yellow 104

Violet 7 Green 105

Grey 8 Blue 106

White 9

Example

Red ; Yellow ; Black ; Black ; Red

2 4 0 100 ±5%

Value is 240 ±2% Ω

CAPACITOR

A capacitor is a circuit element which is capable of storing energy in the form of

voltage during some period and returns during other time.

SYMBOL

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TYPES OF CAPACITOR

CAPACITOR CONVERSION TABLE

CODE / Marking µF nF pF
microfarads nanofarads picofarads

1RO 0.000001 0.001 1

100 0.00001 0.01 10

101 0.0001 0.1 100

102 0.001 1 1,000

103 0.01 10 10,000

104 0.1 100 100,000

105 1 1,000 1,000,000

106 10 10,000 10,000,000

107 100 100000 100,000,000

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CAPACITOR TOLERANCE TABLE

C +/- 0.25pF

D +/- 0.5pF

F 1%

G 2%

J 5%

K 10%

M 20%

Z +80 -20%

Examples:
103K = 0.01µF i.e 10nF with 10% Tolerance
104K = 0.1µF i.e. 100nF with 10% Tolerance

DIODE

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric

transfer characteristic, with low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and
high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

SYMBOL

anode cathode

TESTING OF DIODE

1. Connect a multimeter ( in resistance mode) across the diode

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2. Observe the resistance of the diode in that position. If it shows lower resistance value,
diode is in forward bias. Then the terminal connected to the positive terminal of the
multimeter is anode (p-junction) and other terminal is cathode ( n-junction).
3. Now reverse the multimeter position and observe the resistance value. If it shows high
resistance then the given diode is good.

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT)

A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device constructed

of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications.
Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes.

SYMBOL

E- Emitter

B-Base

C-Collector

PIN DIAGRAM

Bottom view of SL100 & BC107

TESTING OF BJT

1. For an npn transistor connect the multimeter positive terminal to base terminal of
the transistor and negative terminal to the emitter terminal of the transistor.

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2. Follow the procedure given for diode. If it is successful then the given transistor
base emitter junction is good.
3. Now shift the negative terminal of the multimeter to the collector terminal of the
transistor by maintaining the positive terminal same.
4. Follow the same procedure given for the diode. If it is successful then the given
transistors base collector junction is good.
5. Observe the collector to emitter resistance of the given transistor. It should be a
high resistance in both directions.
6. Above said procedure can be executed for pnp transistor. Here multimeter
positions should be interchanged. Remaining procedure remains the same.

JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (JFET)

The junction field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field to
control the shape and hence the conductivity of a channel of one type of charge carrier in a
semiconductor material. FETs are sometimes called unipolar transistors to contrast their
single-carrier-type operation with the dual-carrier-type operation of bipolar junction
transistors (BJT).

SYMBOL

n-channel p-channel
JFET JFET

PIN DIAGRAM

Bottom view of BFW10

TESTING OF FET

1. Drain to source should be fixed resistance in either direction.

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2. Gate to drain or gate to source should be an open circuit or very high resistance.
Procedure to determine the amplitude and time period of the signal:

1. Turn on the Oscilloscope, wait a couple of seconds to warm up, then the trace will

show up on the screen.

2. Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace.

3. Use the X &Y-post. Knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically.

4. Connect a cable to Ch1 socket.

5. Turn on the function generator.

6. Connect the cable from Ch1 of the CRO to the output connector of the function generator.

7. A signal will appear on the screen.

8. Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked

clockwise.

9. Set the frequency of the generator to 1000 Hz and amplitude =1V

10. Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal

(from 1-2 wavelengths filling most of the screen vertically).

11. Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then calculate the peak

to peak value as: Vp-p= No. vertical Div. * Volt/Div

12. Calculate the period T

T = No. horizontal Div. * Time/Div

13. Calculate the frequency, f=1/T.

14. Repeat steps 9-13 for the different frequency values

Tabular Column:

Type of No. Volt/Div Vp-p= No. Time/Div T = No. Frequency

Signal vertical No. horizontal horizontal = 1/T
Div. vertical Div. Div. *
Div. * Time/Div
Volt/Div

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Result:

VIVA QUESTIONS :
1- What are the differences between active and passive elements?
2- Name some active and passive elements.
3- How many types of resistors are there according to color band structure?
4- How to calculate resistance for a resistor?
5- What is a capacitor?
6- How to calculate value of a capacitor?
7- How many types of capacitors are there?
8- What is a CRO?
9- How to calculate the P-P amplitude of any signal?
10- What is a Function Generator?

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Experiment No-2

Aim - Description for the internal configuration and operation of CRO, Function Generator
and Regulated Power Supply.

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

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A Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is an instrument used to display measure and analyze
various waveforms. A cathode ray oscilloscope is a very fast Y-T and X-Y plotter that can
display an input signal versus time or another signal.

It uses luminous spots which are produced by striking the beam of electrons and this
luminous spot moves according to the variation in the input quantity.
The electron beam is used as low effects of beam of electrons can be used for following the
changes in the instantaneous values of rapidly changing input quantity. Usually the CRO
plots the voltage change.
With the help of transducer various physical quantities like current, pressure, acceleration etc
can be changed to voltage and can be displayed on cathode ray oscilloscope.

Construction of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

The heart of cathode ray oscilloscope is cathode ray tube.

Internal configuration of a CRO

Basically the cathode ray tube consists of five main parts:

1. Electron gun
2. Deflection plate system
3. Fluorescent screen
4. Glass envelope
5. Base

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Internal structure of a CRT

Electron Gun:

It is the source of accelerated, energized and focused beam of electrons.

It consists of six parts-
1-Heater
2-Cathode
3-A grid

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4-Pre-accelerating anode
5-A focusing anode
6-An accelerating anode

In order to obtain the high emission of electrons the layer of barium oxide (which is deposited
on the end of cathode) is indirectly heated at moderate temperature.
The electrons emitted from cathode pass through a small hole called control grid which is
made up of nickel. The control grid with its negative bias controls the number of electrons or
the intensity of emitted electrons from cathode.
After passing through the control grid these electrons are accelerated with the help of pre-
accelerating and accelerating anodes. The pre-accelerating and accelerating anodes are
connected to a common positive potential of 1500 volts.
After this the focusing anode focuses the beam of the electrons which is produced. The
focusing anode is connected to adjustable voltage 500 volts. There are two methods of
focusing the electron beam Electrostatic focusing.

1. Electromagnetic focusing
2. Electrostatic Focusing

Block Diagram of CRT

2. Horizontal Deflection System

It has the following blocks

 Trigger Circuit
 Time Base Generator
 Horizontal Amplifier

Trigger Circuit
Trigger Circuit triggers the time base generator to generate a saw tooth waveform when the
vertical input signal is present.

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It is used to convert the incoming signal into a trigger pulse so that the input signal and the
sweep frequency can be synchronized.

Time Base Generator

A time Base Generator is used to generate a saw tooth voltage which is applied to horizontal
deflection plates.

The generated voltage decrease to zero must be fast so the beam can very rapidly move from
right to left.

Horizontal Amplifier
A horizontal Amplifier is used to amplify the saw tooth voltage before it is applied to
horizontal deflection plates.

3. Vertical Deflection System

It consists of the following parts

 Attenuator
 Vertical Amplifier
 Delay Line

Attenuator
An attenuator is a voltage divider network consisting of a number of resistors. By selecting
the proper resistor, the corresponding voltage is obtained.

Vertical Amplifier
A vertical Amplifier is a wideband amplifier used to amplify the signal in the vertical section
of the signal.

Delay Line
Delay Line is used to delaying signals for some time in the vertical section.

4. Power Supply
There are two power supplies-

a) Negative high voltage (HV) Supply

b) Positive low voltage supply (LV). The +ve voltage supply is from +300V to 400V, the
negative voltage supply is from -1000 V to -1500 V.

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Applications of CRO

 Voltage measurement

 Current measurement
 Identification of waveform
 Measurement of phase and frequency using Lissajous pattern
 Component Testing

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Function Generator
Function generators are very versatile instruments which are capable of producing a wide
variety of waveforms of different amplitude and frequencies. A function generator is a signal
source that has the capability of producing different types of waveforms as its output signal.
The most common output waveforms are sine-waves, triangular waves, square waves,
and saw tooth waves.

Digital Function Generator

Analog Function Generator

Many function generators are also capable of generating two different waveforms
simultaneously (from different output terminals, of course).
Some function generators are capable of phase-locking to an external signal source. One
function generator may be used to phase lock a second function generator and the two output
signals can be displaced in phase by an adjustable amount. In addition, one function generator
may be phase locked to a harmonic of the sine-wave of another function generator. The
function generator can also be phase locked to an accurate frequency standard, and all its
output waveforms will have the same frequency, stability, and accuracy as the standard.

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Function Generator Working & Block Diagram

In this instrument, the frequency is controlled by varying the magnitude of the current that
drives the integrator. The frequency controlled voltage regulates two current supply sources.
Current supply source 1 supplies a constant current to the integrator whose output voltage
rises linearly with time. An increase or decrease in the current increases or reduces the slope
of the output voltage and thus controls the frequency.

The voltage comparator multivibrator changes state at a predetermined maximum level, of

the integrator output voltage. This change cuts-off the current supply from supply source 1
and switches to the supply source 2.

The current supply source 2 supplies a reverse current to the integrator so that its output drops
linearly with time. When the output attains a predetermined level, the voltage comparator
again changes state and switches on to the current supply source.

The output of the integrator is a triangular wave whose frequency depends on the current
supplied by the constant current supply sources. The comparator output provides a square
wave of the same frequency as output. The resistance diode network changes the slope of the
triangular wave.

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Regulated Power Supply

Mostly electronic circuits need an unregulated AC to be converted to constant DC. The

devices have a certain power supply limit and the electronic circuits inside these devices must
be able to supply a constant DC voltage within this limit.

This DC supply is regulated and limited in terms of voltage and current. But the supply
provided from mains may be fluctuating and could easily break down the electronic
equipment, if not properly limited. This work of converting an unregulated alternating current
(AC) or voltage to a limited Direct current (DC) or voltage to make the output constant
regardless of the fluctuations in input, is done by a regulated power supply circuit.

Many low power systems can be run with a battery. But, for a long time operating devices,
batteries could prove to be costly and complicated. The best method used is in the form of an
unregulated power supply –a combination of a transformer, rectifier and a filter.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Regulated power supply is an electronic circuit that is designed to provide a constant dc

voltage of predetermined value across load terminals irrespective of ac mains fluctuations or
load variations.

A regulated power supply essentially consists of

1- Ordinary power supply

2- A voltage regulating device

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The output from an ordinary power supply is fed to the voltage regulating device
which contains a step down transformer, bridge rectifier and filter circuit where the ac input
is brought down to a low level first then rectified and finally filtered to give a smooth DC
output as the final output. The output voltage remains constant irrespective of variations in
the ac input voltage or variations in output (or load) current.

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Transformer
A step down transformer is used to step down the voltage from the input AC to the required
voltage of the electronic device. This output voltage of the transformer is customized by
changing the turns ratio of the transformer. The input of the transformer being 230 Volts AC
mains, the output is provided to a full bridge rectifier circuit.

Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

The FWR consists of 4 diodes which rectifies the output AC voltage or current from the
transistor to its equivalent DC quantity. As the name implies the FWR rectifies both half’s of
the AC input. The rectified DC output is given as input to the filter circuit.

Filter Circuit
The filter circuit is used to convert the high rippled DC output of the FWR to ripple free DC
content. A ∏ filter is used to make the waveforms ripple free.

OPERATION

1. The ac voltage, typically 230 Vrms is connected to a transformer which transforms that
ac voltage to the level for the desired dc output.
2. A bridge rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by
a ∏ (or C-L-C) filter to produce a dc voltage.
3. The resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
4. A regulating circuit use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has much
less ripple voltage but also remains constant even if the input dc voltage varies
somewhat or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
5. The regulated dc supply is available across a voltage divider.

6. If more than one dc voltage is required for the operation of electronic circuits. A
single power supply can provide as many as voltages as are required by using a
voltage (or potential) divider. A potential divider is a single tapped resistor connected
across the output terminals of the supply. The tapped resistor may consist of two or
three resistors connected in series across the supply.

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Disadvantages of unregulated power supply

1. Poor Regulation – When the load varies, the output does not appear constant. The output
voltage changes by a great value due to the huge change in the current drawn from the
supply. This is mainly due to the high internal resistance of the power supply (>30 Ohms).
2. AC Supply Main Variations – The maximum variations in AC supply mains is give or
take 6% of its rated value. But this value may go higher in some countries. When the value is
higher it’s DC voltage output will differ largely.
3. Temperature Variation – The use of semiconductor devices in electronic devices may
cause variation in temperature.
These variations in dc output voltage may cause an inaccurate or erratic operation or even
malfunctioning of many electronic circuits.

Viva Questions

1- What is CRO?
2- Which one is the main part of one CRO?
3- What are the other parts of a CRO?
4- CRO is an I/P or O/P device?
5- How does a CRO display the signal?
6- What is the main working principle of a CRO?
7- What is a Function Generator?
8- How different forms of signals are generated from a Function
Generator?
9- How to control Amplitude and Frequency of any signal generated from
the Function Generator?
10- What are the basic blocks of a DC Power Supply?

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Experiment No.-3(a)

Aim- To design ac current detector circuit using 555 Timer.

Components Required-

Components Value Numbers

IC 555 1
Resistor 10KΩ 1
330Ω 1
Capacitor 1μF 1
LED Green 1

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1- Connect the 555 timer on the bread board.

2- Short circuit 4 & 8 pins and 6 & 7 pins.
3- Connect 10K resistor between 7 and 8 pins.
4- Connect 1μF capacitor between pin 1 and 7.
5- Connect antenna to pin 2.(It can be just one conductor)
6- Connect 330Ω resistor to pin 3.
7- Connect green LED between pin 1 and 330Ω resistor.( -ve side of LED to pin 1 and
+ve side of LED TO 330Ω resistor)
8- Connect pin 1 to –ve terminal and pin 8 to +ve terminal of 4V. battery.
9- Connect any cable with current flow and bring it near the LED

Observation

If there is a current flowing through the cable then it will be detected and the LED will glow.

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

Experiment No.-3(b)

Aim- To design a Touch ON-OFF circuit using 555 Timer.

Components Required-

Components Value Numbers

IC 555 1
Resistor 68Ω 1
Copper Wire
LED Green 1

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1- Connect the 555 timer on the bread board.

2- Connect 68Ω resistor one end at Pin-1.
3- Connect LED (+ve terminal) at Pin-3.
4- Connect other end of resistor and other end of LED together.
5- Connect copper wires to PIN-1 and PIN-2.
6- Short circuit PIN-4 and PIN-8 by copper wire.
7- Connect a copper conductor at PIN-6.
8- Give 4V. supply between PIN-1 and PIN-8. (-ve supply to PIN-1 and +ve supply to
PIN-8)

Observation
1- Short circuit 1 and 2 conductors by hand LED will glow.
2- Short circuit 6 and 8 conductors by hand LED will be switched off.

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

Experiment No.-3(c)
Experiment No.-3(c)

Aim- To design a Delay Timer using 555 IC.

Components Required-

Components Value Numbers

IC 555 1
Resistor 56KΩ 1
Capacitor 100μF 1
LED Green 1

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1- Place 555 Timer on Breadboard.

2- Connect PIN-4 and PIN-8.
3- Connect PIN-2 and PIN-6.
4- Capacitor between PIN-1 and PIN-2.( -ve terminal to PIN-1 and +ve PIN-2)
5- Connect 56KΩ resistor between PIN-6 and PIN-8.
6- Connect LED between PIN-3 and PIN-4.
7- Give supply of 4V. to PIN-1 and PIN-8.
Observation

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

1- After giving supply wait around 6 seconds till the LED glows.
Experiment No.-4

Aim- To design IC tester using PCB Board.

Components Required-

Components Value Numbers

IC 555 1
Zero PCB 1
8-PIN IC Base 1
Resistor 10KΩ 1
100 KΩ 1
470Ω 1
Capacitor 4.7μF 1
LED Green 1

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1- Fix IC Base to PCB.

2- Put IC to be tested on IC Base.
3- Connect capacitor between PIN-2 and PIN-1.
4- Ground PIN-1.
5- Connect resistor of 470 Ω at PIN-1.
6- The other end of the resistor should be connected to LED.
7- LED other end should be connected to PIN-3.
8- Short circuit PIN-2 and PIN-6.
9- Connect resistor of 100KΩ between PIN-6 and PIN-7.

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

10- Short circuit PIN-4 and PIN-8.

11- Connect 10KΩ resistor between PIN-7 and PIN-8.
12- Give a supply voltage of 12V. to PIN-8.

Observation

Switch on the supply. If LED will blink the IC is a good one.

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

Experiment No.-5(a)

Aim- To design a clap ON-OFF circuit using 555Timer.

Components Required-

Components Value Numbers

IC 555 2
Zero PCB 1
8-PIN IC Base 1
Resistor 10KΩ 2
100 KΩ 3
56KΩ 1
1 KΩ 1
Capacitor (Electrolytic) 1μF 1
10 μF 1
LED Green 1
Mic 1
Transistor C945 2

Circuit Diagram

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

Procedure

Part-1

1- Take 555-IC (1) and place on the PCB board.

2- Short circuit PIN-4 and PIN-8.
3- Short circuit PIN-2 and PIN-6.
4- Connect 10KΩ resistor between PIN-1 and PIN-2.
5- Connect 10KΩ resistor between PIN-6 and PIN-8.
6- Connect negative terminal of 1μF capacitor to PIN-1.
7- Connect 100KΩ resistor to PIN-3.
8- Other end (positive terminal) of the capacitor and 100KΩ resistor other end should be
shorted.
9- Connect collector (middle terminal) of transistor-1 C-945 to capacitor and resistor
shorting.
10- Connect PIN-6 of the IC to emitter of transistor-1.
11- Connect Base of the transistor-1 to 2nd 100K resistor.
12- Connect LED between PIN-1 and PIN-3.
13- Connect negative terminal of DC Supply voltage to PIN-1 and positive supply to PIN-
8.

Part-2

1- Take the 555-IC (2) and place on the PCB board.

2- Short circuit PIN-4 and PIN-8.
3- Short circuit PIN-6 and PIN-7.
4- Connect negative terminal of 1μF capacitor-2 to PIN-1 and positive terminal to PIN-6
and 7 shorting.
5- Connect C945 transistor-2 emitter to PIN-1 and collector to PIN-2.
6- Connect 1KΩ between PIN-2 and PIN-4.
7- Connect 56KΩ resistor between PIN-4 and base of transistor-2.
8- Connect Mic between Base and Emitter of transistor-2. (Negative terminal to emitter
and positive terminal to Base)
9- Connect 100KΩ between PIN-7 and PIN-8.

Part-3

1- PIN-8 of both the ICs can be shorted and positive supply should be given.
2- PIN-1 of both the ICs can be shorted and negative supply should be given.

Observation

Clap near the mic and control the LED.

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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

Experiment No.-5(b)

Aim- To design a Flasher circuit using 555Timer.

Components Required-

Components Value Numbers

IC 555 1
Zero PCB 1
8-PIN IC Base 1
Resistor 1KΩ 1
68 KΩ 1
Capacitor (Electrolytic) 10 μF 1
LED Green 2

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1- Take 555-IC (1) and place on the PCB board.

2- Short circuit PIN-4 and PIN-8.
3- Short circuit PIN-2 and PIN-6.
4- Connect negative terminal of 10μF capacitor to PIN-1 and positive terminal to PIN-2.
5- Connect 68KΩ resistor between PIN-6 and PIN-7.
6- Connect 1KΩ resistor between PIN-7 and PIN-8.
7- Connect LED-1 between PIN-3 and PIN-4.
8- Connect LED-2 between PIN-3 and PIN-1.
9- Give supply between PIN-1 (negative terminal) and between PIN-8 (positive
terminal).

Observation
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Skill Lab (Fundamentals of Electronics) I Sem (All branches)

Once the supply has been switched on the LED will glow alternatively.
Experiment No.-5(c)

Aim- To design a Fade Flasher circuit using 555Timer.

Components Required-

Components Value Numbers

IC 555 1
Zero PCB 1
8-PIN IC Base 1
Resistor 100Ω 1
Capacitor (Electrolytic) 47 μF 1
LED (4V.) Green 1
Pot 20K 1
Transistor C945 1

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1- Take 555-IC (1) and place on the PCB board.

2- Short circuit PIN-4 and PIN-8.
3- Short circuit PIN-2 and PIN-6.
4- Connect negative terminal of 47μF capacitor to PIN-1 and positive terminal to PIN-2.
5- Connect 20KΩ Pot between PIN-2 and PIN-3.
6- Connect 100Ω resistor to emitter of transistor.
7- Connect collector of transistor to PIN-4 and base to PIN-2 of the IC.
8- Connect the LED between resistor’s other end and PIN-1 of IC.

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9- Give a supply of 12V.between PIN-1 (-VE) and PIN-8(+VE)

Observation

1- Once the supply has been switched on the LED will flash.
2- Adjust the pot the intensity of LED can be varied.

Viva Questions

1- What is an IC?
2- Why a 555 Timer is so named?
3- What are the applications of 555Timer?
4- Why VCC supply is given to reset PIN of 555 Timer?
5- Usually which PIN is used to take the O/P from a 555 Timer?

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