Effects of feeding

various levels of bean

Presented by: Group 12

Janille Garcia

Roberto Gonzales
 Introduction

Our farmers' expertise is restricted to our socioeconomic circumstances, as most of them are not
properly taught for egg production and chicken growing performance. Pharmaceutical corporations take
advantage of this. As a result, every chicken has an antibiotic and other inorganic material storage facility.
So these antibiotic and other inorganic residues enter the human body when these chickens are consumed,
providing substantial human health risks due to drug resistance.

Therefore, researchers are refocusing on using the old medicinal system to uncover beneficial
herbs and plants that may be utilized safely to boost output. Specifically, bean leaves can be used
as an alternative source of phytase. Phytase is an indigestible organic form of phosphorus found
in grains and oil seeds that converts inorganic phosphorus into a useful form. Phytases have been
found in animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria, although they have been found and characterized
most frequently in fungi. The liberation of inorganic phosphate from phytic acid by phytase is
employed as an animal feed additive, most commonly in chicken and swine, to improve the
nutritional value of plant material.

The organic phosphate found in phytic acid is largely unavailable to the animals that consume it,
but the inorganic phosphate that phytases release can be easily absorbed. Ruminant animals can
use phytic acid as a source of phosphorus because the bacteria that inhabit their gut are well-
characterized producers of many types of phytases (Attia et al., 2012).

Approximately 61–70% of the phosphorus found in poultry diet ingredients is in the form of
phytate phosphorus. But monogastric animals like poultry birds are unable to utilize this phytate
phosphorus as they lack endogenous phytase, which necessitates the addition of inorganic feed
containing phosphates to poultry diets to meet the phosphorus requirements of poultry (Tisch

ler et al., 201

Objective of the study

The of this research is to know the performance and various level of bean leaf. To see how the
dietary phytase affects chicken growth.

Related Review Literature

Effect of feeding in chicken’s performance

Body weight has an important role in the development of the hen and the emphasis should be on
an undisturbed growth rate during the first eight weeks of a hen’s life [9]. Breeder pullets must
obtain a minimum body weight to initiate egg production, although the unlimited feeding
chickens may obtain this body weight by 14 or 15 weeks, they do not begin laying until they are
24 or 25 weeks old, suggesting that an age threshold must be achieved [10]. The same author
reported under ad libitum conditions, some strains were significantly heavier at sexual maturity.
However, under a common feed limited programmed, laying was initiated at a similar weight in
all strains.

Feeding and body temperature of chickens are related things and several studies showed the
effect of body temperature on reproductive performances. The weights of reproductive organs
(ovaries and oviducts) were found to be low in chickens that were exposed to high temperatures
[4]. The development of the combs and wattles responds positively to the low temperatures and
eggs from chickens that are raised in high temperature had a low hatching percentage and
fertility compared to the ones kept in low temperature

Introduce the whole grain and choice-feeding a month before the onset of lay (at about 15 weeks
of age for commercial layers and 24 weeks for village hens). This adjustment period will allow
the chickens time to learn how to choice-feed themselves before they are exposed to the
nutritional demands of egg production. It will also allow the pullets the opportunity to increase
their calcium consumption and build up the calcium reserves in their bones before they start to
lay eggs. Finally, it takes the gizzard three weeks to build muscle mass to enable the hen to be
able to efficiently grind the grain once egg production begins.

Leaf meal as functional feedstuffs for broiler chickens

In the post-antibiotic era, effort has been intensified to search the alternative stuffs for in-feed
antibiotics. The use of leaf meal has been reported to improve the health status and physiological
conditions of broilers in farms (Table 3). Hence, there is potential to use leaf meal as the
alternative to in-feed antibiotics for broiler chickens. Several active ingredients in leaf meal are
most likely to involve, either alone or in conjunction, in improving the immune competences of
broilers. Among the active compounds, phenols have been reported to promote the immune
organ development as well as stimulate the immune system of chicks (Kamboh et al 2015).

Several studies have shown the benefits of dietary incorporation of leaf meal on the production
performance and health status of broilers.

METHODOLOGY

EXPERIMENTAL SITE/MATERIALS

Research will conduct at Tarlac City. In order to conduct this study the following are the
materials that will be needed: one hundred eighty (180) layer chicken, chicken cage, feeder,
waterers, weighing scale, record notebook, ball pen, camera, blender, empty gallon, commercial
feeds, clean water, bean leaf.

EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL/S

In this study, a total of one hundred eighty (180) layer chickens will be involved as the
experimental animals, to be able to determine their various levels of bean leaf on performance of
layer chicken.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

A two-factorial experimental in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) is the

FACTOR A

A1 = Bean Leaf

A2 = No bean Leaf

FACTOR B

B1= 0 (control)

B2= 5% or 10 gm per liter of drinking water

B3= 10 % or 4gm per liter of drinking water

Treatment Combinations

   A1B1              =          Neutral (Control)

   A1B2              =           5 % or 50 gm of bean leaf per liter of drinking water 

   A1B3              =          10 % or 10 gm of No ban leaf per liter of drinking water 

   A2B1              =          Neutral (Control)

   A2B2              =          5 % or 50 gm of bean leaf per liter of drinking water

   A2B3              =          10 % or 10 gm of No ban leaf per liter of drinking water 

Experimental Layout

A1B1 A2B1 A1B3 A2B2 A1B3 A1B2

A2B1 A2B2 A1B1 A2B1 A1B3 A1B2

A1B3 A2B2 A1B3 A1B2 A1B1 A2B1

Number of treatments              =   6 

Number of replications            =   3 

Number of birds/treatment      =   30 

Number of birds/replication    =   10 

Total number of birds              =   180 

Space Requirements                =   1 sq. ft./ bird

Initial Weight

      This is taken after the brooding period of 14 days because it was the start of feeding the

experimental rations. The weight was taken by weighing the broilers individually using a

weighing scale.

Final Weight

        This is taken by weighing the broilers individually when they were 31 days old.

Gain in Weight

        The gain in weight was computed by deducting the final weight from the initial weight.

               Gain in Weight = Final Weight - Initial Weight

Feed Consumption

         This will be determined by subtracting the remaining feeds from the amount of feeds

offered. Recording of feed consumed was done daily. Feed consumption was computed using the

formula below.

Feed consumption = Amount of Feeds given less amount of feeds remaining.

Feed Conversion Ratio

           This is obtained by dividing the total feed consumption of the broilers by their gain in

weight, as shown in the formula below.

Average Feed Consumption

FCR=Average Gain in weight

Percentage Mortality

       This will be determined by dividing the total number of dead birds at the start of the study,

and then multiple by 100. This was computed using the formula below:

                                    Total number of dead birds

Percentage mortality= * 100

                                    Original number of birds

Preparation of drinking water

     10 gm bean leaf and 50 gm no bean leaf will be used in this study .

Brooding

     The brooding pen that was used in this study was made up of bamboo and coco-lumber

measuring 180 sq. ft. The floor and the walls were covered with sacks and green bags to

maintain the temperature inside. Nine 10-watt incandescent bulbs were used to keep the birds

warm. Brooding lasted for two weeks.

Weighing and Grouping of the birds

     The layers will be distributed to their respective treatments upon their arrival. Prior to

distribution, the weight of the layer was taken and recorded as the initial weight of the chicks at

the start of the study. The final weight was taken when they were 31 days old.

Care and Management

About one week before the arrival of layer chicks, all facilities and equipment including the area

will be clean and disinfect to eliminate the disease-causing organisms. Brooding will be done

during the first 14 days. They will transfer to growing cages and allow to stay in the cages until

the termination of the study.

Collection of Data

       The experimental animals will be monitor; daily collection of data will be done during the

whole time of experiment. All data will be note and record properly.

Data Gathering

       The data that will be gather are the following: Initial weight It will be taken at the 14th day

Feeds and Feeding

       Two types of feeds were fed to the chicks throughout the duration of the study. Feeds were

offered ad libitum to the birds from the start until the end of the study.

         The schedule of feeding was as follows:

         Age (Day)                      Type of feed

              1-14                              Chick Booster

              15-28                             Formulated Layer Starter

               29-42                            Layer finisher

Watering
      The birds were raised for six weeks. During the brooding period plain water was supplied to

all treatments.  On the third week until the sixth week plain water drinking water was given

treatment A1B1 and the next treatment and the end.

Vaccination

Vaccination was given to birds seven days after their arrival. NCD B1B1 vaccine was used to

protect the layer chicks against New Castle Disease. Administration of B1B1 vaccine was

through intranasal route at the rate of one drop per bird.

Manure and Sanitation program

       Manure was also removed daily to avoid foul odor and to The pens, feeders and waterers

were cleaned daily.  maintain proper sanitation. of the study. This will take by getting the weight

individually using a weighing scale.

References
Kabir MH, Ali MS, Islam F, Hossain MA, Kober MH (2007) Choice feeding and broiler
performance. Intern J Agri Techn 6: 61-66.
Aksit M, Yalcin S, Ozkan S, Metin K, Ozdemir D (2006) Effects of temperature during
rearing and crating on stress parameters and meat quality of broilers. Poultry Science 85:
1867-1874.
S Sugiharto, T Yudiarti, I Isroli, E Widiastuti, H I Wahyuni and T a Sartono
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro
University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
[email protected]