HANDOUTS

for
GRADE 10

Research
A piece of academic writing based on its author’s original research on a particular topic and analysis together with the
presentation of research findings.
PARTS OF A RESEARCH
  Preliminaries
 Chapter 1 (Introduction)
 Chapter 2 ( Review of Related Literature)
 Chapter 3 ( Methodology)
 Chapter 4 ( Presentation, Analysis and interpretation of Data)
 Chapter 5( Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation)
 References
 Appendices
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Brief Background/ Background of the Study
o provide an overview of the scope of the research.

o the reader is oriented to the problem that the researcher seeks to solve, and it is there that the reader is
made to understand why the problem is an important one. In other words, a background of the study
acquaints a reader with the background of the problem; provide a statement of the problem, and review of
previous research.
2. Objectives of the Study/ Statement of the Problem
o articulate what you intended to find out or achieve in the study. It is a clear and sharply defined statement
of actual problem. It is what the researcher aims to discover or establish. Research demand that a clear
statement of the problem be made.
3. Hypothesis
o A tentative explanation for certain behaviors, phenomena or events which have occurred or will occur”
(Gay, 1976). It states that the researcher’s expectations concerning the relationship between the variables
in the research problem. A hypothesis then is the most specific statement of a research problem.
4. Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework
o A research study should be supported with various theories and concepts, to show that the study is
researchable on a scientific basis. The theories relative to the investigation provide directions on
undertaking the study.
5. Significance of the Study
o Discuss the relevance of the study to your intended audience. You should to value not only to yourself
but also to the management of your company, the community wherein you live, the respondents
themselves, and furthermore, it should have an impact on your field of specialization. You should be able
to mention the sectors that will be benefited by your study.
6. Scope and delimitation
 Research Design
 Coverage Of The Study Area
  Subjects/Responders
 Research Instrument/s
 Research Issues And Concerns
 Statistical Tools Used
7. Definition of Terms
o This is done for the purpose of knowing their meanings and for you to communicate the said meaning to
your readers.

How to Develop Questionnaires in Research?

Questionnaire
 Is a form prepared and distributed through the mail or filled out by the respondent under the supervision of the
investigator or the interviewer.
Types of Questionnaire
 1. Open-ended questionnaire
-respondents are free to answer the answer the questions asked in the questionnaire when the researcher usually does not
limit the information coming from the respondents.
Examples of Open Ended Questions:
1. How satisfied or dissatisfied are you with this process?
2. What would (did) you expect to happen when you …?
3. Did you find it?
4. How would this fit into your work?
5. How might this change the way you do that today?
6. What do you think about that?
7. What kinds of questions or difficulties have you had when doing this in the past?
8. What happened when you did this before?
9. Please describe your level of experience with …
2. Closed-ended questionnaire
- refers to guided response type, closed form or restricted. The respondents are guided in answering questions; options may
be provided like in multiple-choice tests while answers are based on the rating scales provided.
Examples of Close- Ended Questions:
1. Do you like our service?
2. Is London the capital of England?
3. Can you run 5 kilometers?
4. Have you enjoyed the event?
5. What year were you born?
6. On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied are you?
7. Which university did you attend?
8. How often do use public transport?
9. Would you recommend our product/ service?
10. How helpful was our customer service?
How to Develop Questionnaires in Research?
1. Figure out what information you are trying to gather from this survey.
2. Write an introduction for your questionnaire.
3. Use closed questions for questionnaires.
4. Order your questions in a way that is meaningful and easy to follow.
 5. Put the more important questions at the beginning of your questionnaire.
6. Add a little variety to your questions.
Importance of Questionnaire
Practicality
Questionnaires enable researchers to strategically manage their target audience, questions and format while gathering
large data quantities on any subject.
Cost-efficiency
You don’t need to hire surveyors to deliver your survey questions — instead, you can place them on your website or email
them to respondents at little to no cost.
Speed
You can gather survey results quickly and effortlessly using mobile tools, obtaining responses and insights in 24 hours or
less.
Comparability
Researchers can use the same questionnaire yearly and compare and contrast research results to gain valuable insights
and minimize translation errors.
Scalability
Questionnaires are highly scalable, allowing researchers to distribute them to demographics anywhere across the globe.
Standardization
You can standardize your questionnaire with as many questions as you want about any topic.
Respondent comfort
When taking a questionnaire, respondents are completely anonymous and not subject to stressful time constraints, helping
them feel relaxed and encouraging them to provide truthful responses.
Easy analysis
Questionnaires often have built-in tools that automate analyses, making it fast and easy to interpret your results.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

-is the part of the research that discusses published information in a particular subject area. It provides the recap and a re-
organization of information, or it might also trace the intellectual progress on the Subject at hand.
KINDS OF LITERATURE
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
-a literature taken from articles or books written by authorities giving their opinions, experiences, theories or ideas of what is
good or bad, desirable and undesirable within the problem area.
-This is the type of literature which is more readily available and more comprehensive than research literature.
-Sources are books, magazines, journals, newspapers, etc.
RESEARCH LITERATURE
-is a literature taken from published reports of actual research studies done previously where results are substantiated by
data.
- includes those taken from scientific papers, theses and dissertations, and research journals.
PARTS OF LITERATURE
1. Introductory Paragraph
-enumerate different topics included in the chapter.
2. Discuss the part of related literature by: (The Body)
- Presenting by topic or in topical form (integrate the related studies), which must be based on the
objectives/statement of the problem. The related literature must be linked with the present study.
Things to look into when reviewing related studies:
a. Author
b. Problem
c. Instrument/s
d. Population/sample --- sampling design
e. Methodology
f. Statistical tools
g. Findings
h. Conclusions
3. Analysis
-this section will present the review and brief analysis of the related literature reviewed in relation to the present
study. Ties the major trends revealed in the literature reviewed and present a composite picture of studies reviewed.

Qualities of a Good Literature Review

1. Limitation
 limit the amount of information you have to work with to write your paper. In a 15-page article, maybe only a few
paragraphs pertain to your research question.
2. Comparison
 the placement of notes will give you a bird's-eye view of how the authors' ideas relate to other authors' ideas. By
labeling the ideas that pertain to your question, you can see where authors agree and disagree -and where other
authors ignored an idea altogether.
3. Discovery
 anticipate what ideas will emerge and label those in advance of reading.
4. Location
 a reference list of an articles. That is easy to do if you keep track of citations as you find the sources in electronic
databases or in the Internet.
5. Labeling
 The names of the first authors of each study appear across the top of the matrix. The names can easily be related
to the full citation information.
6. Note-taking
 As you read the research, make brief notes in the blank cells about ideas that address your research question.
7. Expanding
 RRL is need to be expanded as you review more studies.

The Greek Mythology

World View
In the North lived the Hyperboreans – an extremely happy people for whom life was sweet. When the old people
became tired of living, they threw themselves into the sea. This was a land of constant vacation where people were said to
live for 1,000 years.
In the South lived the Ethiopians. The Ethiopians were said to be on good terms with the gods and liked to entertain
them.
To the West were the Elysian Fields. This was the closest the Greeks got to the idea of heaven; only the best and
brightest of the dead people got to go there

The Gods and Goddesses

Zeus
Zeus was the king of the hill. He was dominating, powerful and had a soft spot for pretty women. He could be
terrifying when angry. His symbols were the thunderbolts, or lightning bolts made for him by the Cyclopes (his uncles); the
eagle; and the scepter, or rod.
Hades
Hades, or Pluto, was the god of the underworld and of the dead. He was called the same names by the Romans,
but they also sometimes called him Dis or Dis Pater. He was Zeus’s brother and married Persephone after kidnapping her
against her will. He was gloomy and frightening.
Poseidon
Poseidon, or Neptune, as the Romans called him. He was Zeus’s brother, and he was the god of the sea and also
earthquakes. He often is shown with a three-pronged spear called a trident that was made for him by his nephew,
Hephaestus, and/or a fish.
Hera
Sister of Zeus and his wife. Hera’s Roman name is Juno, and she is the queen of the god, the jealous wife of Zeus.
She is the guardian of marriage and was well-loved by the Greeks; the peacock was her symbol. In fact, the circles in a
peacock’s tail are said to be the eyes of her 100-eyed servant, Argus.
Athena
Athena, or Minerva, the daughter who sprang fully formed from the head of Zeus after a major headache. She is the
goddess of wisdom and war and also the protector and namesake of the city of Athens. She turned Arachne into a spider
for bragging that she could spin better than Athena. She was very competitive and is often pictured with her helmet and a
spear. She carried Zeus’s shield, called the Aegis.
Apollo
His Roman name was the same as his Greek name. He was the god of the sun or light, poetry, music and medicine
and was famous for his oracles (wise women to whom he gave his power to predict and interpret the future). His symbols
were the gold bow and arrows, and he often appears golden and shining.
Artemis
Artemis was Apollo’s twin. Her Roman name was Diana, and she was the goddess of hunting, chastity and the
moon. She protects women and small children, is fiercely independent and particularly dislikes men. In pictures, she is seen
accompanied by three hunting hounds, a bow and a fawn.
Ares
Ares or, as he is known by his Roman name, Mars, was the god of war. He would fight on both sides, if possible.
He was young, strong and handsome, and liked to dress in battle clothes even when he wasn’t fighting.
Hephaestus
Hephaestus, or Vulcan, was born lame and was further crippled when he was thrown from Olympus by his mother,
Hera, in a rage. He was the only Olympian with a disability. He was unhappily married to Aphrodite and worked as a
blacksmith in the gods’ forge.
Aphrodite
Hephaestus’s wife, Aphrodite, whose Roman name was Venus, was the goddess of love and beauty. She was born
out of sea foam when the blood of Uranus dropped into the ocean. Her symbol was a cestus, or magic belt, that made
everyone fall in love with the wearer; sometimes she would lend it to humans.
Hermes
Hermes, or Mercury, was the god of science and invention, but he is best known as the messenger of the gods. He
is often pictured with a winged helmet and sandals. He is said to have invented the alphabet, boxing and Gymnastics.
Hestia
Hestia was Zeus’s sister and the goddess and protectress of hearth and home. She is also known by her Roman
name, Vesta. She was gentle and kind and was very popular with the Greeks. She didn’t have a lot of adventures, so she’s
rarely pictured in art.
Demeter
Demeter was the goddess of the crops and the harvest. She is also known as Ceres (Roman) and sometimes Deo.
Her symbols include a torch, a crown, a scepter and stalks of grain. She is often portrayed with her daughter, Persephone,
who was kidnapped by Hades and taken to the underworld.
Dionysus
 Dionysus was the partier of the mountain retreat. He was Zeus’s son by another woman, who was driven crazy by
Hera and her jealousy. Dionysus went all around teaching people how to make wine and having a good time. Eventually,
Hestia gave up her throne for him, and he lived on Olympus. He was the god of wine, of course, and also vegetation.
 THE NORSE MYTHOLOGY
Before the dawn of time and before the world was created in Norse mythology there was only a big dark vast emptiness
called Ginnungagap. From this, two realms came into existence, Niflheim, and Muspelheim.
In the north Niflheim formed, it became such a dark and cold place that there was nothing else than ice, frost, and fog.
To the south of Ginnungagap, the realm of Muspelheim formed, this became the land of fire, and it became so hot that it
would only consist of fire, lava, and smoke. This is the place where the fire giant Surtr lives along with other fire demons and
fire giants.
The world was created
The world was created from the remains of the giant Ymir in Norse mythology. The three brothers dragged Ymir’s lifeless
body towards the center of Ginnungagap.
THE NORSEMEN
“Norse” encompasses the peoples of Scandinavia (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden) and Iceland. The Norsemen were
fierce warriors and fearless sailors. Overpopulation in Scandinavia prompted some Norsemen to conduct raids the other
European countries “Berserkers” were animal-pelt-wearing warriors who fought with a crazy fury, which they imagined to be
the “spirit of Odin.
” Viking means “bay-warrior”—making it the equivalent of our word for pirate, one who raids from the water. Vikings were
young men from Scandinavia, who had no hope of gaining their fortune at home.
Historians believe they consumed drugged foods to inspire their frenzy. The word berserk originates here. In Norse society
women were treated as equals. Norse legends are filled with stories of shield-maidens or women who fought alongside their
men. Living conditions in Scandinavia were frigid and cruel, which accounts for the gloomy Norse outlook on life The
Norsemen colonized Iceland, Greenland, and (around 1,000 A.D.) were the first to discover North America
The Norse believed that there were nine worlds supported by the World Tree, Yggdrasil
1. ASGARD

Asgard is the home of the Æsir, a ruling class of deities that includes Odin, Frigg and Thor. Snorri Sturluson writes that
“Asgard is a land more fertile than any other, blessed also with a great abundance of gold and jewels.”

The world is surrounded by an incomplete wall, attributed to a stone mason that Thor struck down when the gods learned
he was a Hrimthurs in disguise.

Asgard is also the location of Valhalla “hall of the slain”, an enormous feasting hall ruled over by Odin. In Valhalla, the dead
join the masses of those who have died in combat known as “Einherjar” as they prepare to aid Odin during the events of
Ragnarök.
2. ALPHEIM

Álfheim is loosely translated as “Land of the Elves” or “Elfland” and as the name suggests, is home of the Jósálfar light
elves ruled by the Goddess Freya. Text describing Álfheim is scarce, but the elves themselves have been mentioned in
poem as more “beautiful than the sun”.
3. Niðavellir/Svartálfaheimr

Niðavellir translates as “new moon” or “the wane of the moon” and is the realm of the Dwarfs, a race of master smiths and
craftsmen who reside underground working the mines and forges. (Text also associates the realm to that of the black/dark
elves).
4. Midgard (Earth)

Midgard is a realm inhabited by a race known as humans, surrounded by an impassable ocean encircled by the great sea
serpent Jörmungandr. The god’s of Asgard journey to Midgard via the Bifröst, a burning rainbow bridge that ends in heaven
at Himinbjörg, the residence of the god Heimdallr.
According to the Eddas (Icelandic literary works), Midgard will be destroyed at Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world.
Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean, poisoning the land and sea with his venom and causing the sea to rear up and lash
against the land. The final battle will take place on the plane of Vígríðr, where Midgard and almost all life on it will be
destroyed and sink beneath the waves. In the aftermath, Midgard will rise again, fertile and green in a new creation cycle.
5. Jötunheimr/Útgarðr
Jötunheimr is the homeland of the Jötnar, the giants in Norse mythology. In the Eddas the realm is described as having
dark forests and mountain peaks where winter never eases its frosty grip. It was here in Jötunheimr that Odin sacrificed an
eye in exchange for wisdom at the well of Mímisbrunnr.
6. Vanaheim
Little is known about Vanaheim, other than it is the home of the Vanir, a group of gods associated with fertility, wisdom, and
the ability to see the future. After the Æsir–Vanir War, the Vanir became a subgroup of the Æsir. Subsequently, members of
the Vanir are sometimes also referred to as members of the Æsir.
7. Niflheim
Niflheim, translated as “Abode of Mist” or “Mist World” is a realm of primordial ice and one of the first to emanate out of
Ginnungagap in the creation story of the Yggdrasil tree. The word “Niflheim” is only found in the works of Snorri and in the
Hrafnagaldr Óðins.
8. Muspelheim
Muspelheim is a realm of fire and was the first elemental world to emanate from the primordial void of Ginnungagap. The
world is ruled by Surtr, a jötunn giant who plays a major role during the events of Ragnarök where the flames that he brings
will engulf Midgard.
9. Hel
Hel, also referred to as “Helheim” or “The Realm of Hel” is an underworld for many of the dead, ruled by the deity “Hel”.
Unlike the Christian form of hell, this Norse underworld is more a continuation of life elsewhere, neither a place of eternal
bliss nor one of endless torment.

THE NORSE GODS

Odin
The Norse gods were separated into two main groups, the Æsir and the Vanir, who at one point in their histories engaged in
a fierce and bitter war. Odin was the King of the Æsir clan and known as 'the father of all gods'. He was often depicted as a
one-eyed, bearded old man wearing a hat and a cloak, who rode a flying eight-legged horse called Sleipnir.
Odin was said to have slain the first being known as Ymir, before carving up his dead body to help create the Earth.
Odin was one of the most powerful and revered of all the Norse gods and subsequently associated with several themes
including wisdom, knowledge, healing, death and war. He also ruled over the ‘hall of the slain’ known as Valhalla.
We owe a number of the days of the week to the Vikings, with Odin directly to thank for ‘Wednesday’ as the word comes
from ‘Woden’ a variation of Odin’s name.
Frigg
As the wife of Odin, Frigg was regarded as the Queen of the Æsir gods and therefore possibly the most important of all the
Norse goddesses. She was the only one allowed to sit next to her husband and although he conducted many extra-marital
affairs, she always stuck by her partner.
Worshipped as the goddess of the sky, Frigg was associated with wisdom, marriage, family and fertility. She was also
blessed with the power of divination, although she never revealed her visions to anyone. Her fiercely protective motherly
instincts would play a pivotal role in the tragic death of her son Balder.
The name of our final working day of the week ‘Friday’ stems from her name.
The most powerful goddesses in Norse mythology
Thor
Thor is one of the most famous and recognisable Norse gods in today’s world. He was the god of thunder and lightning who
wielded the Mjölnir, a devastatingly powerful hammer that could slay giants and smash mountains. He rode a chariot drawn
by two massive goats called Tanngniost and Tanngrisnir.
Although he was the son of Odin, he was often regarded as the strongest of all the Norse deities since he was tasked with
safeguarding Asgard, the stronghold of the Æsir. He was perhaps the most popular of all the gods and was worshipped by
most Vikings.
We also have Thor to thank for ‘Thursday’, as the word stems from Old Norse meaning ‘Thor’s Day’.
Loki
Another god made famous in modern times thanks to his inclusion in the Marvel movies, although in Norse mythology he
wasn’t the son of Odin and brother of Thor as the films have made out. Instead, he was considered a ‘blood brother’ of Odin
who lived amongst the Æsir.

Loki was known as the trickster god, equipped with the ability to shapeshift into a multitude of different forms. His
relationship with the other gods was complex; on some occasions he helped them, on others he hindered them.
Loki’s most mischievous tricks in Norse mythology
Whilst he was depicted as more mischievous than pure evil, he was still capable of causing great harm. He was the chief
engineer behind the death of the god Balder, carving an arrow out of his only weakness, mistletoe.
Freya
Freya was the goddess of fate, love, beauty, gold, war and fertility. She was a member of the Vanir and ruled over the
heavenly meadow of Fólkvangr, where half of all those who died in combat would go, whilst the other half were guided by
the Valkyries to Valhalla which was ruled over by Odin.
She owned a torc or necklace known as the Brísingamen, as well as a cloak made of falcon feathers. She rode a chariot
drawn by two cats and was often accompanied by a boar called Hildisvíni.
She practised Seidr, a form of magic that gifted her with the ability to control and manipulate the desires and prosperity of
others. Her association with fate and destiny made her one of the most powerful Norse goddesses.
Serious viking warrior in the attack, running along the shore with Drakkar on the background.
Balder
Another son of Odin and half-brother to Thor, Balder was the god of light and purity. He was described as a fair, kind and
handsome god, whose beauty was unparalleled. Often praised by others for his mercifulness, Balder was the epitome of all
things wise and good.
However, he is most famous for his demise. Although it was believed he was immortal, he had been prophesied to die. To
prevent this from happening his mother Frigg visited every entity in the cosmos to secure an oath from them that they
wouldn't harm her son. She neglected to consult the mistletoe believing it too small and harmless to threaten the life of her
son.
The mischievous god Loki got wind of this oversight and carved an arrow out of the mistletoe, which would eventually be
thrown at Balder by his blind half-brother Höðr out of jest. The arrow pierced Balder’s heart and the 'best of the gods' fell
dead.
Two ghostly groups of Viking Gods in the morning haze, ready for battle, sky with storm clouds and bright sun
Hel
The daughter of Loki, Hel presided over the Norse underworld, a place where all those Vikings who didn’t die in battle went.
Half of her body was flesh and blood, the other half was just bones. Her decaying features befitted a goddess who ruled
over the land of the dead, judging and deciding the fate of the souls who entered her realm. It was said that within the
underworld she was more powerful than Odin himself, a belief that was reinforced when she held the final say on what
happened to Balder’s soul after he was slain.
 Philippine Literature
● is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side-by-side with the country’s history. Literature had started
with fables and legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of Spanish influence. The main themes
of Philippine literature focus on the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its
colonial and contemporary traditions.
Why We Need to Study Philippine Literature?
 We can better appreciate our literary heritage.
 We need to understand that we have a great and noble tradition which can serve as the means to assimilate other
cultures.
 We will realize our literary limitations conditioned by certain historical factors and we can take steps to overcome
them.
 We have to manifest our deep concern for our own literature and this we can do by studying the literature of our
country.
 Keeping alive the thoughts, beliefs and cultural variations of your ancestors that differentiate your country from the
rest of the world.