Film

LESSON 3 PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY
The Production Stage – or also known as Principal Photography - is the execution phase of a film project. It
is when most of the elements and parts such as actors, lights, equipment, crews, and sets are present on-
location.
Principal photography is it’s also the most expensive stage of film production because most items are paid
for on a per-day basis, and there are also daily expenses such as extras, food, and transportation.
Film Language or Cinematic Language are the methods and styles used in films to communicate or connect
with an audience.
The elements of Cinematic or Film Language are:

Shot: the most basic and smallest element.
- a window that you show your audiences. What audiences see in a shot exist in the world of the film
you create; what is not in the shot, does not exist.
- Shots are commonly Long Shots (LS), Medium Shots (MS), or Close Ups (CU); other shots may
also be used such as Establishing Shots (ES), Medium Close Ups (MCU), and Extreme Close Ups
(ECU).
Composition: what you place and how you place elements into a shot.
- How you compose your shot can give audiences expectations, guide their attention to a subject, or
simply make the shot more appealing to the eye.
- Techniques in cinematic composition are very similar to photography such as the Rule of 3rds,
Leading Lines, and Depth of Field.
Camera Position, Angle, and Movement:
- we see most of the world from eye level, but when you move the camera to above or below eye level
then perspectives change; this change affects how the audience understands the shot. –
- Moving a shot such as using a dolly, crane, or drone also changes how audiences see the world and
how they interpret the events in the shot or scene.
Light and Color:
- the basic purpose of light is illumination, but how bright or dark an object is can determine how the
audience feels about the scene: scared, happy, tense, or sad.
- Darker lighting and colors usually communicate a lower or sadder mood, while brighter lights and
colors feel more positive, safer, and happier.
Sound:
- sounds can be a very powerful tool in communicating your story, and it is so much more than words.
Sound effects, tones, music, and other audio elements create a whole environment or world that your
audiences can believe in.
Editing: how your shots are placed one after another.
- How you place or position your shots in the story is one of the biggest factors in making stories
engaging and compelling. Shorter, tighter edits usually mean tension or excitement; longer cuts are
more experiential and allow audiences to see and process more information from each shot. Using
other editing techniques like cuts, dissolves, wipes, and visual effects also affect how your story is
communicated.
Storyboards
- are a visual representation of how your film or visual story will develop shot-by-shot.
- It is an important planning tool in any film production as it helps the director organize his or her
thoughts. It also is a great tool to see if the ideas going on in the director’s head can really be
translated into the reality of a film project.
There are 3 major steps in creating a storyboard:
a) Prepare the template – there are numerous templates available online, and your choice of
template may depend on the project or your needs (some directors prefer larger boxes for shots, other
prefer more boxes to see more of the story unfold on one page). 2 different storyboard templates are
available in the appendices
b) Input your script – begin by placing moments of the film or pieces of dialogue into the template.
This gives you a guide as to how shots will progress during filming
c) Sketch your shot – start sketching the shot! Remember, it is important that your team
understands what is going to happen. Storyboards do not have to be artistic masterpieces. A bad
drawing is so much better than none at all!
LESSON 4 POSTPRODUCTION
Postproduction
- is the stage when all the elements developed in preproduction and principal photography are brought
together into a final film.
- can sometimes be the most tiring part of the production process. Since it comes towards the end,
most of the main crew members – the director, producer, assistant directors – are already tired from
working on the project since the beginning.
- Editing and Audio Postproduction can also require a lot of long hours, sleepless nights, and endless
sessions inside closed rooms called “editing suites”
Editing
- can be defined as “creating a relationship between shots”. It is in the process of editing that you place
two or more shots together to create an idea or mental concept.
In the images below, the shot of children running plus the shot of balloons flying give us the idea that
this is a birthday party. We have seen or experienced something like this before, so our mind gives us
that mental concept of a party; it also gives us the emotions of “fun”, “happiness”, and “celebration”.
But what happens when you change the shots? Look at the two sets of “edits” below and see how the
mental concept changes simply by changing what the audience will see
Editing Techniques
- The process of editing requires understanding some basic techniques of how shots are placed
together to create mental images or mental concepts.
- Film editing began with actual film strips; editors had to physically cut and glue pieces of film
together to create edits. Video technology allowed for faster and repeatable edits using electronic
tape-to-tape editing machines.
- These tapes were used for TV and advertising, but rarely for actual movies. Digital technology
allowed for what is now called “non-linear desktop editing”; this is the process of being able to
manipulate and edit digital files and move them around without “destroying” the original material.
The most common techniques of editing are:
Editing Systems
Modern digital technologies have made available a whole range of editing systems designed for everyone
from amateurs to professionals. As a young filmmaker learning about the craft of moviemaking, it is
important that you choose an app or software that will give you the ability to make exacting edits and add-on
effects, audio tracks, and titles.
The common video editing systems available for Android, iOS, Windows, and Mac include: • Apple
iMovie • Windows Movie Maker • Kinemaster • Filmora • PowerDirector • Adobe Spark Video •
Adobe Premiere Rush • HitFilm Express • Adobe Premiere Pro • DaVinci Resolve
Regardless of cost or brand, most proper editing systems will look somewhat like the image below and will
also have these basic parts. Depending on the software, the placement or names of these parts will differ
When editing, it is important to have a workflow or process to follow. Things can get hectic during
postproduction and having a system can save you from more stress and \hardship than is necessary.
For most projects you can do with this simple workflow:
1. Load footage, graphics, music, etc. into the app
2. Assemble the raw footage onto the timeline
3. Rough Cut by cutting/ trimming/ editing out bad takes and mistakes
4. Fine Cut your film by fine-tuning the edits and streamlining your storytelling
5. Add graphics or visuals (as necessary) over the fine cut
6. Add music, sound effects, ambience
7. Mix the music to not overpower the main voice track
8. Preview, preview, preview
9. Export to a final output file like AVI, MOV, or MP4
Lastly, it is important to know that editing is not a skill that can be learned or mastered overnight. It takes
time and patience to be a good editor, and admittedly, not everyone has what it takes to put a story together
in postproduction.
Some advice to young filmmakers:
• Get to know your app. Take the time to practice and familiarize yourself with “how do I do this?”.
• Think like a viewer: what do I want to see? What do I NEED to see? Can I hear things?
• Preview, playback, watch repeatedly! After every cut or edit, playback that portion if the cut or edit looks
and feels natural.
• Begin with a “rough cut”: this is the basic assembly and sequence of your video. After your rough cut is
assembled on the timeline cut down your lecture into its desired length.
• Do not fall in love with yourself or your footage. Trim, cut, or focus on what is important.
• Do not stress your personal skill or talent, there is no punishment for mistakes, there is no reward for
doing well the first time.
• Editing can take time, cramming and time constraints will cause more mistakes and frustration. Give
yourself allowances to have to re-do or tweak
some edits.
• Avoid effects. They are generally “baduy” and distract the viewer.

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LESSON 3 PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY

The elements of Cinematic or Film Language are:

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